Pegmatites in the Blue Ridge of North Carolina are important sources of sheet and scrap mica, feldspar, kaolin, and quartz. Small amounts of beryl, columbite-tantalite, monazite, samarskite, and uranium minerals also have been produced. The mica-bearing pegmatites occur in mica and hornblende gneiss and schist throughout the Blue Ridge province but are concentrated in the Spruce Pine and Franklin-Sylva districts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp577","usgsCitation":"Lesure, F.G., 1968, Mica deposits of the Blue Ridge in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 577, Report: iii, 124 p.; 6 Plates: 27.35 x 27.91 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp577.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 124 p.; 6 Plates: 27.35 x 27.91 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0577/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33159,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0577/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33160,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0577/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33161,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0577/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33162,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0577/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33163,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0577/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33164,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0577/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33165,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0577/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Blue Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.3145751953125,\n 34.9895035675793\n ],\n [\n -83.1170654296875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -82.3590087890625,\n 35.209721645221386\n ],\n [\n -80.8154296875,\n 36.5670120564234\n ],\n [\n -81.661376953125,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -84.287109375,\n 35.21420969483077\n ],\n [\n -84.3145751953125,\n 34.9895035675793\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a56e4b07f02db62dad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lesure, Frank Gardner","contributorId":70752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesure","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Gardner","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55872,"text":"ofr68262 - 1968 - Hydrologic effects of pumping from the Floridan aquifer in northwest Hillsborough, northeast Pinellas, and southwest Pasco Counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:01","indexId":"ofr68262","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-262","title":"Hydrologic effects of pumping from the Floridan aquifer in northwest Hillsborough, northeast Pinellas, and southwest Pasco Counties, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68262","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J.W., 1968, Hydrologic effects of pumping from the Floridan aquifer in northwest Hillsborough, northeast Pinellas, and southwest Pasco Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-262, 226 p., 15 pls., 60 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68262.","productDescription":"226 p., 15 pls., 60 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db606f34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, J. W.","contributorId":72774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55876,"text":"ofr68299 - 1968 - Compilation of hydrologic data, Deep Creek, Colorado River basin, Texas, 1966","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T15:27:09","indexId":"ofr68299","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-299","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data, Deep Creek, Colorado River basin, Texas, 1966","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68299","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1968, Compilation of hydrologic data, Deep Creek, Colorado River basin, Texas, 1966: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-299, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68299.","productDescription":"54 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9f08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6137,"text":"pp610 - 1968 - Principal gold-producing districts of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:57","indexId":"pp610","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"610","title":"Principal gold-producing districts of the United States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior,","doi":"10.3133/pp610","usgsCitation":"Koschmann, A.H., and Bergendahl, M., 1968, Principal gold-producing districts of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 610, 283 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp610.","productDescription":"283 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0610/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33206,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0610/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66725d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koschmann, Albert Herbert","contributorId":77525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koschmann","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"Herbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergendahl, M.H.","contributorId":23538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergendahl","given":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55877,"text":"ofr68301 - 1968 - Compilation of hydrologic data, Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas, 1966","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T15:24:30","indexId":"ofr68301","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-301","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data, Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas, 1966","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68301","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1968, Compilation of hydrologic data, Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas, 1966: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-301, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68301.","productDescription":"44 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9f79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6083,"text":"pp422L - 1968 - River channel bars and dunes - Theory of kinematic waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T11:13:06","indexId":"pp422L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"422","chapter":"L","title":"River channel bars and dunes - Theory of kinematic waves","docAbstract":"A kinematic wave is a grouping cf moving objects in zones along a flow path and through which the objects pass. These concentrations may be characterized by a simple relation between the speed of the moving objects and their spacing as a result of interaction between them.
Vehicular traffic has long been known to have such properties. Data are introduced to show that beads carried by flowing water in a narrow flume behave in an analogous way. The flux or transport of objects in a single lane of traffic is greatest when the objects are spaced about two diameters apart; beads in a single-lane flume as well as highway traffic conform to this property.
By considering the sand in a pipe or flume to a depth affected by dune movement, it is shown that flux-concentration curves similar to the previously known cases can be constructed from experimental data. From the kinematic point of view, concentration of particles in dunes and other wave bed forms results when particles in transport become more numerous or closely spaced and interact to reduce the effectiveness of the ambient water to move them.
Field observations over a 5-year period are reported in which individual rocks were painted for identification and placed at various spacings on the bed of ephemeral stream in New Mexico, to study the effect of storm flows on rock movement. The data on about 14,000 rocks so observed show the effect of variable spacing which is quantitatively as well as qualitatively comparable to the spacing effect on small glass beads in a flume.
Dunes and gravel bars may be considered kinematic waves caused by particle interaction, and certain of their properties can be related to the characteristics of the flux-concentration curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp422L","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., and Leopold, L.B., 1968, River channel bars and dunes - Theory of kinematic waves: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422, iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp422L.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.","startPage":"L1","endPage":"L20","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":33125,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0422l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0422l/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db60008d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, Walter Basil","contributorId":40581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Basil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67342,"text":"i556 - 1968 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the Dufur quadrangle, Hood River, Sherman, and Wasco Counties, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:14","indexId":"i556","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"556","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the Dufur quadrangle, Hood River, Sherman, and Wasco Counties, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i556","usgsCitation":"Waters, A.C., 1968, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Dufur quadrangle, Hood River, Sherman, and Wasco Counties, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 556, 1 map :col. ;45 x 32 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i556.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;45 x 32 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106831,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9344.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9344"},{"id":188102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.5,45 ], [ -121.5,45.5 ], [ -121,45.5 ], [ -121,45 ], [ -121.5,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a72e4b07f02db642c2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waters, A. C.","contributorId":13304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55878,"text":"ofr68313 - 1968 - Radar bibliography for geoscientists","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:01","indexId":"ofr68313","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-313","title":"Radar bibliography for geoscientists","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr68313","usgsCitation":"Walters, R., 1968, Radar bibliography for geoscientists: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-313, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68313.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635086","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, R.L.","contributorId":41080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62270,"text":"gq737 - 1968 - Geologic map of the Cravens quadrangle, Bullitt and Nelson Counties, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:45","indexId":"gq737","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"737","title":"Geologic map of the Cravens quadrangle, Bullitt and Nelson Counties, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq737","usgsCitation":"Peterson, W.L., 1968, Geologic map of the Cravens quadrangle, Bullitt and Nelson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 737, 1 map :col. ;78 x 94 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq737.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;78 x 94 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103458,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2044.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"2044"},{"id":248454,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0737/report.pdf","size":"33","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":253515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0737/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.61749999999999,37.75 ], [ -85.61749999999999,37.8675 ], [ -85.5,37.8675 ], [ -85.5,37.75 ], [ -85.61749999999999,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b09e4b07f02db69c0bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Warren Lee","contributorId":68303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67343,"text":"i540 - 1968 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the Eagle Rock quadrangle, Crook County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:14","indexId":"i540","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"540","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the Eagle Rock quadrangle, Crook County, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i540","usgsCitation":"Waters, A.C., and Vaughan, R., 1968, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Eagle Rock quadrangle, Crook County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 540, 1 map :col. ;45 x 32 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i540.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;45 x 32 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103200,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1692.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1692"},{"id":188103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.75,44 ], [ -120.75,44.25 ], [ -120.5,44.25 ], [ -120.5,44 ], [ -120.75,44 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a72e4b07f02db642c45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waters, A. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68291","usgsCitation":"Petrafeso, F.A., and Long, C.L., 1968, Aeromagnetic map of the Tuscarora quadrangle, Elko County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-291, 1 Plate: 31.52 x 40.52 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68291.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 31.52 x 40.52 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492941,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8289.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":79816,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0291/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":135541,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Elko County","otherGeospatial":"Tuscarora quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 41.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae7e4b07f02db68c396","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petrafeso, F. A.","contributorId":50874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrafeso","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, C. L.","contributorId":98699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":41963,"text":"ofr68284 - 1968 - Aeromagnetic map of the Eureka region, Eureka and White Pine Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T19:11:40.543167","indexId":"ofr68284","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-284","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Eureka region, Eureka and White Pine Counties, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68284","usgsCitation":"Marcellus, B., and Petrafeso, F., 1968, Aeromagnetic map of the Eureka region, Eureka and White Pine Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-284, 1 Plate: 32.84 x 38.77 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68284.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 32.84 x 38.77 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492935,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8282.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":79723,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0284/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136664,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Eureka County, White Pine County","otherGeospatial":"Eureka region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 39.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6966ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marcellus, B.D.","contributorId":14494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcellus","given":"B.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petrafeso, F.A.","contributorId":40656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrafeso","given":"F.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14163,"text":"ofr68136 - 1968 - Preliminary materials map of the Woronoco quadrangle, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-24T19:43:21.561417","indexId":"ofr68136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-136","title":"Preliminary materials map of the Woronoco quadrangle, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68136","usgsCitation":"Holmes, G.W., 1968, Preliminary materials map of the Woronoco quadrangle, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-136, Report: 8 p.; 1 Plate: 28.21 × 27.53 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68136.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p.; 1 Plate: 28.21 × 27.53 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":42815,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42814,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0136/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0136/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":397561,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8259.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Woronoco quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.875,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -72.75,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -72.75,\n 42.125\n ],\n [\n -72.875,\n 42.125\n ],\n [\n -72.875,\n 42.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, George William","contributorId":79107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68340,"text":"ha273 - 1968 - Travel rates of water for selected streams in the Willamette River basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:25:14","indexId":"ha273","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"273","title":"Travel rates of water for selected streams in the Willamette River basin, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha273","usgsCitation":"Harris, D.D., 1968, Travel rates of water for selected streams in the Willamette River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 273, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha273.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":101456,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/273/report.pdf","size":"34","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101457,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/273/plate-1.pdf","size":"6932","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101458,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/273/plate-2.pdf","size":"745","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":190414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/273/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.5,43.25 ], [ -124.5,46.333333333333336 ], [ -121.5,46.333333333333336 ], [ -121.5,43.25 ], [ -124.5,43.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, David Dell","contributorId":24338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Dell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47116,"text":"ofr68124 - 1968 - Geologic map of the complex of alkalic rocks at Iron Hill, Gunnison County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T13:25:09.404127","indexId":"ofr68124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-124","title":"Geologic map of the complex of alkalic rocks at Iron Hill, Gunnison County, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68124","usgsCitation":"Hedlund, D.C., and Olson, J.C., 1968, Geologic map of the complex of alkalic rocks at Iron Hill, Gunnison County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-124, 2 Plates: 34.10 x 28.74 inches and 8.09 x 33.78 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68124.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 34.10 x 28.74 inches and 8.09 x 33.78 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":84138,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0124/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84139,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0124/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":492934,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8251.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gunnison County","otherGeospatial":"Iron Hill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.105,\n 38.292\n ],\n [\n -107.105,\n 38.2228\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 38.2228\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 38.292\n ],\n [\n -107.105,\n 38.292\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedlund, D. C.","contributorId":101624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedlund","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, J. C.","contributorId":55403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13064,"text":"ofr6842 - 1968 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Craig Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13064,"text":"ofr6842 - 1968 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Craig Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"ofr6842","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Craig Quadrangle, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":59195,"text":"mf433 - 1972 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Craig Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"mf433","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Craig Quadrangle, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":59195,"text":"mf433 - 1972 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Craig Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"mf433","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Craig Quadrangle, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T23:14:18.937649","indexId":"ofr6842","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-42","title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Craig Quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6842","usgsCitation":"1968, Metallic mineral resources map of the Craig Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-42, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6842.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145137,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0042/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Craig Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -134.667,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -132,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -132,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -134.667,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -134.667,\n 55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627423","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Cobb, Edward H.","contributorId":64689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"Edward H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891031,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64672,"text":"i533B - 1968 - Transcontinental geophysical survey (35°-39° N): Bouguer gravity map from 100° to 112° W longitude","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T21:11:14.179669","indexId":"i533B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"533","chapter":"B","title":"Transcontinental geophysical survey (35°-39° N): Bouguer gravity map from 100° to 112° W longitude","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i533B","usgsCitation":"Center, T.A., 1968, Transcontinental geophysical survey (35°-39° N): Bouguer gravity map from 100° to 112° W longitude: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 533, Report: 1 p.; 1 Plate: 46.96 × 22.69 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i533B.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; 1 Plate: 46.96 × 22.69 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409033,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1717.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":255092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0533b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":255091,"rank":301,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0533b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255090,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0533b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,35 ], [ -112,39 ], [ -100,39 ], [ -100,35 ], [ -112,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627157","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Center, the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information","contributorId":71639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Center","given":"the U.S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6105,"text":"pp587 - 1968 - Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-15T21:44:14.466407","indexId":"pp587","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"587","title":"Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina","docAbstract":"The boundary between Tennessee and North Carolina is delimited for about 50 miles in midlength by the crests of the Great Smoky Mountains, which include some of the highest summits in the southeastern United States, and which culminate in Clingmans Dome (alt 6,642 ft). Ramifying spurs and foothills descend northwestward from the State line divide toward the Appalachian Valley in Tennessee, as well as southeastward toward the less regularly disposed mountains of the main part of the Blue Ridge in North Carolina. All the Great Smoky Mountains are heavily forested, the higher summits being covered by spruce and fir, and the lower slopes, by a great variety of hardwoods. Much of this forested mountain wilderness has been set aside for public benefit and enjoyment as Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
For most visitors to Great Smoky Mountains National Park, prime attractions are its noble forests, its open coves set gemlike amongst them, the animals of the forests and coves, and the relics of the mountaineers who have made their homes there. Only now and then, when the visitor's trail through the forest must circuit a rough ledge of rock, can he realize that the forest and the soil on which it grows are a mere veneer—a thin cover over the ancient rocks of the mountains. In the Yosemite, the Grand Canyon, and most of our other national parks in the West, the situation is very different; there, the impact of the bedrock of the parks is overwhelming in relation to the plants and animals that live on the bedrock.
The terrain of the Great Smoky Mountains, their soils, unconsolidated deposits, and details of slope sculpture tell a geologic story of the last few million years of earth history, a story dominated by the drastic fluctuations of the ice-age climate. Although the mountains themselves were not covered with glacial ice, the climate at this latitude approached glacial conditions, and the mountaintops were occasionally above tree line. Deposits of debris that resulted from the associated accelerated erosion of the hillsides during glacial intervals and the deeply weathered soils produced during the episodes of warm and humid interglacial climate are evident at many places. These climatic oscillations also controlled the flora and fauna. The complex process of adjustment of plants and animals to the prevailing climate is one of the factors that has produced their present great diversity. This latest phase of the geologic history is not further treated in this publication. Maps showing the younger deposits and interpretations based on them are included in the several recent U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers referred to below.
Our concern in this text and its accompanying map (pl. 1) is with the bedrock geology of the Great Smoky Mountains and their surroundings, and with the story of far earlier times in earth history—when there were no Great Smoky Mountains, and when the geography and the landscape were very different from those today.
Because of the forest cover and the scantiness of rock outcrops, the bedrock geology of the Great Smoky Mountains is not easy to decipher, and this difficulty is compounded by the enigmatic nature of most of the rocks themselves. It thus has come about that knowledge of the geology of the mountains has lagged behind that in surrounding regions. Following pioneer investigations of Safford (1869) and of Keith (1895, 1896), little further geologic study of the mountains was made until after World War II. The present text and map summarize the results of the more recent investigations, details of which are given at much greater length in a set of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers (Hamilton, 1961; Hadley and Goldsmith, 1963; King, 1964; Neuman and Nelson, 1965).
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