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As part of this study, 57 samples of pan concentrates were taken from streams draining three types of areas: (1)'barren' areas, where gold mineralization might be geologically possible but no deposits are known, (2) slightly mineralized areas that contain only a few known veins and prospects and small mines, and (3) well-mineralized areas that contain numerous veins and some very productive mines. The concentrate samples were analyzed by the fire-assay-atomic-absorption method. Replicate analyses of large samples gave results consistent enough to permit placing considerable confidence in the results obtained for smaller samples on which only one analysis was made. For general field practice, it is necessary to pan only enough sand and gravel to yield about 15 grams of concentrate. The analytical r6sults are also quantitatively compatible with known geologic relations and indicate that a few samples from a stream are adequate to distinguish between 'barren' and mineralized areas and to determine the relative amount of gold in mineralized areas. In other areas of similar gold deposits, data of this type should help decide whether more intensive search for gold deposits is justified.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir592","usgsCitation":"Fischer, R.P., and Fisher, F.S., 1968, Interpreting pan-concentrate analysis of stream sediments in geochemical exploration for gold: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 592, iii, 9 p. :illus., map. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir592.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p. :illus., map. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31039,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0592/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0592/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfc29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, Richard Philip","contributorId":94283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Philip","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Frederick S.","contributorId":17979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2778,"text":"wsp1608I - 1968 - Fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region, West Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp1608I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1608","chapter":"I","title":"Fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region, West Pakistan","docAbstract":"An extensive program of test drilling and water sampling, undertaken by the Water and Soils Investigation Division (WASID) of the West Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) to evaluate hydrologic problems related to waterlogging and soil salinity, has furnished data for the delineation of fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region of West Pakistan. Fresh ground water containing generally less than 500 ppm (parts per million) of total dissolved solids is found in wide belts paralleling the major rivers and in other areas of ground-water recharge. The fresh groundwater zone of upper (northeastern) Rechna Doab, where annual precipitation in places exceeds 30 inches, is the most extensive of the Punjab region and attains a depth of 1,700 feet or more below land surface near Gujranwala. Fresh ground water adjacent to the Indus River extends locally to depths of about \r\nl,500 feet. \r\n\r\nSaline ground water occurs downgradient from sources of recharge, particularly in the central parts of the interfluvial areas. Also, available data indicate a gradual increase in mineralization with depth and distance from sources of fresh-water recharge. Thus, even extensive fresh-water zones appear to be underlain, at variable depths, by saline ground water in most of the Punjab region. The saline ground waters of the Punjab region do not constitute, however, a distinct salt-water body that can be defined in terms of stratigraphic position, sea-level datum, particular lithology, or by chemical character. \r\n\r\nThe ground waters of the Punjab region are characterized by a gradation from calcium magnesium bicarbonate types, near the sources of recharge, to waters containing a dominant proportion of sodium. Water containing from 500 to 1,000 ppm is commonly of the sodium bicarbonate type, or it may be of the mixed type, having about equal proportions of the common anions (bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate). With increasing mineralization from about 1,000 to 3,000 ppm, ,the relative proportion of chloride and sulfate increases, and these waters are generally of the sodium chloride or sodium sulfate type. The highly mineralized waters of the Punjab region are generally of the sodium chloride type, whereas in Dera Ismail (D.I.) Khan District sodium sulfate waters predominate. The ground waters from more than 900 sampling sites have been classified into eight types, according to dominant cations and anions. These types have been further subdivided into groups containing different amounts of total dissolved solids. \r\n\r\nThe pattern of distribution of saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region and the observed gradual increase in mineral content, downgradient from sources of fresh-water recharge, can be explained best by the processes of evaporation from the water table and solution of minerals within the alluvial aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1608I","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, W., 1968, Fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region, West Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1608, iii, 24 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1608I.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29226,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29227,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29228,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29229,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, W.V.","contributorId":80243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66240,"text":"i566 - 1968 - Geologic map of the Ptolemaeus Quadrangle of the moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-26T13:51:26.393245","indexId":"i566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"566","subseriesTitle":"MOON","title":"Geologic map of the Ptolemaeus Quadrangle of the moon","docAbstract":"The Ptolemaeus quadrangle is near the center of the lunar disk, in the northern part of the southern highlands. Smooth dark maria border the quadrangle on the west and north, but most of the area is complex, highly cratered terra.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/i566","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., and Masursky, H., 1968, Geologic map of the Ptolemaeus Quadrangle of the moon: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 566, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/i566.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":439079,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P14GGEMU","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Interactive Map: IMAP 566 - Geologic map of the Ptolemaeus Quadrangle of the moon"},{"id":439078,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9MV2I1U","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Ptolemaeus Quadrangle of the moon"},{"id":187760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101331,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0566/plate-1.pdf","size":"11646","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db691543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masursky, Harold","contributorId":94304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3455,"text":"cir557 - 1968 - Lead, copper, molybdenum, and zinc geochemical anomalies south of the Summitville district, Rio Grande County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-27T17:52:06","indexId":"cir557","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"557","title":"Lead, copper, molybdenum, and zinc geochemical anomalies south of the Summitville district, Rio Grande County, Colorado","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir557","usgsCitation":"Sharp, W.N., and Gualtieri, J.L., 1968, Lead, copper, molybdenum, and zinc geochemical anomalies south of the Summitville district, Rio Grande County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 557, iii, 7 p. :maps. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir557.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p. :maps. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0557/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30467,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0557/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a883c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, William N.","contributorId":18751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gualtieri, James Louis","contributorId":46491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gualtieri","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Louis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3694,"text":"cir604 - 1968 - Distribution of gold, copper, and some other metals in the McCarthy B-4 and B-5 quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-25T15:32:17","indexId":"cir604","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"604","title":"Distribution of gold, copper, and some other metals in the McCarthy B-4 and B-5 quadrangles, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir604","usgsCitation":"MacKevett, E., and Smith, J., 1968, Distribution of gold, copper, and some other metals in the McCarthy B-4 and B-5 quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 604, iii, 25 p. :maps. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir604.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p. :maps. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0604/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30746,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0604/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648650","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKevett, E. M.","contributorId":32910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKevett","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":98712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68108,"text":"ha308 - 1968 - Occurrence of ground water in the Judith River Formation, north-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:26","indexId":"ha308","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"308","title":"Occurrence of ground water in the Judith River Formation, north-central Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha308","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., 1968, Occurrence of ground water in the Judith River Formation, north-central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 308, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha308.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89378,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/308/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,47.25 ], [ -109,48 ], [ -107,48 ], [ -107,47.25 ], [ -109,47.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db692408","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3852,"text":"cir600 - 1968 - Geochemical evidence for possible concealed mineral deposits near the Monticello Box, northern Sierra Cuchillo, Socorro County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-25T13:10:24","indexId":"cir600","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"600","title":"Geochemical evidence for possible concealed mineral deposits near the Monticello Box, northern Sierra Cuchillo, Socorro County, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir600","usgsCitation":"Griffitts, W.R., and Alminas, H.V., 1968, Geochemical evidence for possible concealed mineral deposits near the Monticello Box, northern Sierra Cuchillo, Socorro County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 600, iii, 13 p. :illus., maps. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir600.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p. :illus., maps. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30926,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0600/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0600/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffitts, Wallace R.","contributorId":103260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffitts","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alminas, Henry V.","contributorId":59783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alminas","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3230,"text":"cir589 - 1968 - Distribution of gold, silver, and other metals near Gold Acres and Tenabo, Lander County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-27T17:54:48","indexId":"cir589","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"589","title":"Distribution of gold, silver, and other metals near Gold Acres and Tenabo, Lander County, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir589","usgsCitation":"Wrucke, C.T., Armbrustmacher, T.J., and Hessin, T.D., 1968, Distribution of gold, silver, and other metals near Gold Acres and Tenabo, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 589, iii, 19 p. :maps. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir589.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. :maps. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30222,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0589/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640caa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wrucke, Chester T.","contributorId":21145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wrucke","given":"Chester","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armbrustmacher, Theodore J.","contributorId":31376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbrustmacher","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hessin, Thomas D.","contributorId":63355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hessin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":63331,"text":"gq764 - 1968 - Geologic map of the Ford quadrangle, central Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:40","indexId":"gq764","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"764","title":"Geologic map of the Ford quadrangle, central Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq764","usgsCitation":"Black, D.F., 1968, Geologic map of the Ford quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 764, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq764.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103484,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2070.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"2070"},{"id":249433,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0764/report.pdf","size":"36","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0764/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.36749999999999,37.8675 ], [ -84.36749999999999,38 ], [ -84.25,38 ], [ -84.25,37.8675 ], [ -84.36749999999999,37.8675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69931f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Black, Douglas F. B.","contributorId":106498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"F. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3848,"text":"cir591 - 1968 - Direct-current arc and alternating-current spark emission spectrographic field methods for the semiquantitative analysis of geologic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-25T15:32:26","indexId":"cir591","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"591","title":"Direct-current arc and alternating-current spark emission spectrographic field methods for the semiquantitative analysis of geologic materials","docAbstract":"Two spectrographic methods are used in mobile field laboratories of the U. S. Geological Survey. In the direct-current arc method, the ground sample is mixed with graphite powder, packed into an electrode crater, and burned to completion. Thirty elements are determined. In the spark method, the sample, ground to pass a 150-mesh screen, is digested in hydrofluoric acid followed by evaporation to dryness and dissolution in aqua regia. The solution is fed into the spark gap by means of a rotating-disk electrode arrangement and is excited with an alternating-current spark discharge. Fourteen elements are determined. In both techniques, light is recorded on Spectrum Analysis No. 1, 35-millimeter film, and the spectra are compared visually with those of standard films.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir591","usgsCitation":"Grimes, D.J., and Marranzino, A., 1968, Direct-current arc and alternating-current spark emission spectrographic field methods for the semiquantitative analysis of geologic materials: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 591, iii, 6 p. :illus. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir591.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p. :illus. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30922,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0591/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0591/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64abea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimes, D. J.","contributorId":73575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marranzino, A. P.","contributorId":61798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marranzino","given":"A. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2616,"text":"wsp1663C - 1968 - Ground-water resources of the Acu Valley, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp1663C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1663","chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water resources of the Acu Valley, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil","docAbstract":"The Acu Valley is the lower part of the Rio Piranhas valley in the northwestern part of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. It begins where the Rio Piranhas leaves the crystalline Precambrian rocks to flow across the outcrop of sedimentary rocks. The area considered in this report extends northward for about 45 kilometers; it is terminated arbitrarily where encroachment by sea water has contaminated the aquifer and imparted a disagreeable saline taste to the water in it. The boundary was not determined in the field, however, for lack of special equipment. Part of the extensive uplands on either side of the valley are included. This makes the total area approximately 2,500 square kilometers. The largest town, Acu, had a population of about 8,000 in 1960. \r\n\r\nThe area is considered to be part of the Drought Polygon of northeast Brazil because the precipitation, although averaging 448 millimeters annually at Acu, varies widely from year to year and often is deficient for many months. The precipitation has been supplemented by use of irrigation wells, but irrigated agriculture is not yet far advanced, and the quantities of water used in irrigation are small. \r\n\r\nGeologically, the area consists of basement crystalline rocks (Precambrian), a wedge of sedimentary rocks thickening northward (Cretaceous), and alluvial sediments constituting a narrow band in the bottom of the valley (Alluvium and terrace deposits). The crystalline rocks contain water mainly in fractures and, in general, are impermeable. The sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age comprise two units: a thick but fine-grained sandstone grading upward into siltstone and shale (Acu Sandstone), and limestone and dolomite with an included shale zone (Jandaira Limestone). The sandstone especially and the limestone to a lesser degree are ground-water reservoirs of large capacity. The limestone has been tapped at several places, but the sandstone and its contained water are practically untested and, hence, imperfectly understood. \r\n\r\nThe alluvium of the first terrace is the aquifer supplying most of the ground water being used in the area. Wells in the alluvium yield as much as S0,000 liters per hour. Larger yields probably could be obtained from wells designated to take full advantage of the aquifer. There are in the valley about 300 dug wells which are used for irrigation. Half of these are equipped with pumps and engines. The rest, together with about 500 drive-point wells, are equipped with manual or windmill-driven pumps. In addition to irrigation, the water is used in homes and for cattle. The quantities of water currently used in irrigation are relatively small, both per hectare and in the area as a whole, but .this will probably increase substantially when intensive irrigation becomes a reality. The annual pumpage from the alluvium, nearly constant since 1959, was about 2.5 million cubic meters in 1964, which is only about 90 cubic meters from each hectare-meter of saturated alluvium. This amount would lower the water table about 1 meter in 11 years, if there were no recharge. Actually, no such decline is likely to occur, because the recharge from precipitation alone is estimated to be more than enough to replace the water currently being pumped. \r\n\r\nChemical analyses of eight samples show that the ground water in the alluvium is acceptable for most uses. The water in the Acu Sandstone and Jandazra Limestone is more mineralized than that in the alluvium and at some places, at least, is not acceptable for human consumption. The available chemical data on this water, however, are not adequate to judge fully the quality of the water in these formations. \r\n\r\nIt is estimated that about .'22 million cubic meters of water would be needed annually if irrigation were extended to all the bottom land, which totals about 25,000 hectares. This amount is only one-fourth to one-half the estimated recharge from precipitation alone. The present rate of application of water is very low ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1663C","usgsCitation":"Rodis, H.G., and de Castro Araujo, J.M., 1968, Ground-water resources of the Acu Valley, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1663, iv, 34 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1663C.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1663c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28907,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1663c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28908,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1663c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"de Castro Araujo, Jonas Maria.","contributorId":72648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Castro Araujo","given":"Jonas","email":"","middleInitial":"Maria.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2059,"text":"wsp1839O - 1968 - A hydrogeologic study of the ground-water reservoirs contributing base runoff to Four Mile Creek, east-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp1839O","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1839","chapter":"O","title":"A hydrogeologic study of the ground-water reservoirs contributing base runoff to Four Mile Creek, east-central Iowa","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1839O","usgsCitation":"Kunkle, G.R., 1968, A hydrogeologic study of the ground-water reservoirs contributing base runoff to Four Mile Creek, east-central Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1839, iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1839O.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839o/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27602,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839o/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27601,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839o/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunkle, George R.","contributorId":54972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkle","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2620,"text":"wsp1775 - 1968 - Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52067,"text":"ofr603 - 1960 - Ground-water conditions in the Hunt River basin, Rhode Island-April 1960","indexId":"ofr603","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water conditions in the Hunt River basin, Rhode Island-April 1960"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2620,"text":"wsp1775 - 1968 - Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island","indexId":"wsp1775","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T19:57:42.874774","indexId":"wsp1775","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1775","title":"Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"English","doi":"10.3133/wsp1775","usgsCitation":"Rsenshein, J.S., Gonthier, J.B., and Allen, W., 1968, Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1775, Report: iv, 38 p.; 5 Plates: 50.00 x 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1775.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 38 p.; 5 Plates: 50.00 x 36.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414123,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24952.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28932,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28931,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28930,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28929,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28934,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28933,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138145,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Potowomut-Wickford area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.397,\n 41.69\n ],\n [\n -71.562,\n 41.69\n ],\n [\n -71.562,\n 41.509\n ],\n [\n -71.397,\n 41.509\n ],\n [\n -71.397,\n 41.69\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rsenshein, J. S.","contributorId":49338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rsenshein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonthier, Joseph B.","contributorId":74350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonthier","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, William B.","contributorId":22321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"William B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2589,"text":"wsp1852 - 1968 - Water resources of King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T21:32:56.352719","indexId":"wsp1852","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1852","title":"Water resources of King County, Washington","docAbstract":"Although the total supply of water in King County is large, water problems are inevitable because of the large and rapidly expanding population. The county contains a third of the 3 million people in Washington, most of the population being concentrated in the Seattle metropolitan area.
King County includes parts of two major physiographic features: the western area is part of the Puget Sound Lowland, and the eastern area is part of the Cascade Range. In these two areas, the terrain, weather, and natural resources (including water) contrast markedly.
Average annual precipitation in the county is about 80 inches, ranging from about 30 inches near Puget Sound to more than 150 inches in parts of the Cascades. Annual evapotranspiration is estimated to range from 15 to 24 inches.
Average annual runoff ranges from about 15 inches in the lowlands to more than 100 inches in the mountains. Most of the streamflow is in the major basins of the county--the Green-Duwamish, Lake Washington, and Snoqualmie basins. The largest of these is the Snoqualmie River basin (693 square miles), where average annual runoff during the period 1931-60 was about 79 inches. During the same period, annual runoff in the Lake Washington basin ( 607 square miles) averaged about 32 inches, and in the Green-Duwamish River basin (483 square miles), about 46 inches. Seasonal runoff is generally characterized by several high-flow periods in the winter, medium flows in the spring, and sustained low flows in the summer and fall.
When floods occur in the county they come almost exclusively between October and March. The threat of flood damage is greatest on the flood plaits of the larger rivers, but in the Green-Duwamish Valley the threat was greatly reduced with the completion of Howard A. Hanson Dam in 1962. In the Snoqualmie River basin, where no such dam exists, the potential damage from a major flood increases each year as additional land is developed in the Snoqualmie Valley.
Only moderate amounts of sediment are transported by most streams in the county, except during short periods of heavy rain in the winter. The temperature and chemical quality of surface waters are well suited to the requirements of fisheries and for municipal, industrial, and domestic supplies. Little treatment is needed for most uses of surface water, except where the water is subject to pollution.
Most recoverable ground water in the county occurs in the Puget Sound Lowland, where great volumes of unconsolidated sedimentary deposits were left by the continental glaciers of the Pleistocene Epoch. Bedrock, most of which is in the Cascade Range, contains very little ground water. Numerous springs, largely undeveloped, occur in several parts of the county.
Most of the ground water is of good to excellent quality except for excessive iron, which in some places may require treatment of the water before it is suitable for domestic or industrial use.
Excluding water used for hydroelectric-power, recreation, and fisheries, more than 80 percent of the water used in the county is provided by municipal-supply systems. Each of the major river basins includes municipal watersheds that provide large supplies of excellent water. By the 1980's, more than 90 percent of the county's population will probably be served by the Seattle municipal supply. With full development, Seattle's water system would have a capacity sufficient to supply more than 2 million people with 300 gallons per person per day. Most industrial and commercial establishments in the county obtain water from public supply systems.
The most serious water problem in the county at present (1965) is the threat of pollution in the densely populated areas. The immediate threat in the Seattle area is being reduced by the sewage-treatment program of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, which will eliminate the discharge of waste into Lake Washington. Expected increases in population and industry will introduce new problems that will require additional planning to assure adequate water quality for fisheries, recreation, and other uses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1852","usgsCitation":"Richardson, D., Bingham, J., Madison, R.J., and Williams, R., 1968, Water resources of King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1852, Report: v, 74 p.; 2 Plates: 20.00 x 22.80 inches and 20.00 x 19.24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1852.","productDescription":"Report: v, 74 p.; 2 Plates: 20.00 x 22.80 inches and 20.00 x 19.24 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411295,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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The three most destructive floods occurred in March from Alabama to West Virginia and Ohio, in June in Nebraska, and in August in Buffalo, N.Y.
Widespread disastrous floods struck the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains from Alabama to West Virginia and Ohio as a result of three storms moving over the area during March 4-19. Precipitation during the first storm period, March 4-6, caused some major stream overflows and produced conditions favorable for high runoff from subsequent rainfall. Heavy rainfall on March 11-13 produced record-breaking floods on many streams in Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia. Noteworthy floods occurred in the bordering States of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Ohio. The third storm on If arch 16-19 was .significant because it prolonged the period of flooding and produced high-volume runoff in some areas. Twenty-six lives were lost, and more than 30,000 persons were forced from their homes. Damage to highways, railroads municipal and private property amounted to approximately \\$98 million.
Floods of June 24 in small basins in east-central Nebraska were the most severe known in the area. Discharges in many streams greatly exceeded the 50-year flood. Twenty-five cities and villages and more than 600 families suffered property loss. Three lives were lost. Property loss was about \\$13 million.
On July 29 the most severe rainstorm in 18 years occurred in western New York. On August 7, rains of near-record magnitude again fell over western New York, and record intensities were recorded in Buffalo for 1-, 2-, and 6-hour storms. The resulting floods on Scajaquada Creek were the highest recorded in a short period of record, and flood damage in Buffalo was estimated at \\$35 million.
In addition to the three floods mentioned above, 21 others of lesser magnitude are considered important enough to be included in this annual summary.
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