{"pageNumber":"655","pageRowStart":"16350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68919,"records":[{"id":70040672,"text":"ofr20121182 - 2012 - Predicting sea-level rise vulnerability of terrestrial habitat and wildlife of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-24T14:23:16","indexId":"ofr20121182","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1182","title":"Predicting sea-level rise vulnerability of terrestrial habitat and wildlife of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"If current climate change trends continue, rising sea levels may inundate low-lying islands across the globe, placing island biodiversity at risk. Recent models predict a rise of approximately one meter (1 m) in global sea level by 2100, with larger increases possible in areas of the Pacific Ocean. Pacific Islands are unique ecosystems home to many endangered endemic plant and animal species. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), which extend 1,930 kilometers (km) beyond the main Hawaiian Islands, are a World Heritage Site and part of the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument. These NWHI support the largest tropical seabird rookery in the world, providing breeding habitat for 21 species of seabirds, 4 endemic land bird species and essential foraging, breeding, or haul-out habitat for other resident and migratory wildlife. In recent years, concern has grown about the increasing vulnerability of the NWHI and their wildlife populations to changing climatic patterns, particularly the uncertainty associated with potential impacts from global sea-level rise (SLR) and storms. In response to the need by managers to adapt future resource protection strategies to climate change variability and dynamic island ecosystems, we have synthesized and down scaled analyses for this important region. This report describes a 2-year study of a remote northwestern Pacific atoll ecosystem and identifies wildlife and habitat vulnerable to rising sea levels and changing climate conditions. A lack of high-resolution topographic data for low-lying islands of the NWHI had previously precluded an extensive quantitative model of the potential impacts of SLR on wildlife habitat. The first chapter (chapter 1) describes the vegetation and topography of 20 islands of Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, the distribution and status of wildlife populations, and the predicted impacts for a range of SLR scenarios. Furthermore, this chapter explores the potential effects of SLR on wildlife breeding habitats for each island. The subsequent chapter (chapter 2) details a study of the Laysan Island ecosystem, describing a quantitative model that incorporates SLR, storm wave, and rising groundwater inundation. Wildlife, storm, and oceanographic data allowed for an assessment of the phenological and spatial vulnerability of Laysan Island's breeding bird species to SLR and storms. Using remote sensing and geospatial techniques, we estimated topography, classified vegetation, modeled SLR, and evaluated a range of climate change scenarios. On the basis of high-resolution airborne data collected during 2010-11 (root-mean-squared error = 0.05-0.18 m), we estimated the maximum elevation of 20 individual islands extending from Kure Atoll to French Frigate Shoals (range: 1.8-39.7 m) and computed the mean elevation (1.7 m, standard deviation 1.1 m) across all low-lying islands. We also analyzed general climate models to describe rainfall and temperature scenarios expected to influence adaptation of some plants and animals for this region. Outcomes for the NWHI predicted an increase in temperature of 1.8-2.6 degrees Celsius (&deg;C) and an annual decrease in precipitation of 24.7-76.3 millimeters (mm) across the NWHI by 2100. Our models of passive SLR (excluding wave-driven effects, erosion, and accretion) showed that approximately 4 percent of the total land area in the NWHI will be lost with scenarios of +1.0 m of SLR and 26 percent will be lost with +2.0 m of SLR. Some atolls are especially vulnerable to SLR. For example, at Pearl and Hermes Atoll our analysis indicated substantial habitat losses with 43 percent of the land area inundated at +1.0 m SLR and 92 percent inundated at +2.0 m SLR. Across the NWHI, seven islands will be completely submerged with +2.0 m SLR. The limited global ranges of some tropical nesting birds make them particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts in the NWHI. Climate change scenarios and potential SLR impacts presented here emphasize the need for early climate change adaptation and mitigation planning, especially for species with limited breeding distributions and/or ranges restricted primarily to the low-lying NWHI: <i>Cyperus pennatiformis</i> var. <i>bryanii</i>, Black-footed Albatross (<i>Phoebastria nigripes</i>), Laysan Albatross (<i>P. immutabilis</i>), Bonin Petrel (<i>Pterodroma hypoleuca</i>), Gray-backed Tern (<i>Onychoprion lunatus</i>), Laysan Teal (<i>Anas laysanensis</i>), Laysan Finch (<i>Telespiza cantans</i>), and Hawaiian monk seal (<i>Monachus schauinslandi</i>). Furthermore, SLR scenarios that include the effects of wave dynamics and groundwater rise may indicate amplified vulnerability to climate change driven habitat loss on low-lying islands. In chapter 2, we incorporated the combined effects of SLR, dynamic wave-driven inundation, and rising groundwater in a quantitative study specifically for the Laysan Island ecosystem. This is the first hydrodynamic model to simulate the combined impacts of SLR and wave-driven inundation in the NWHI. We developed a high-resolution digital elevation model (mean vertical accuracy of 0.32 m) for the island. Then using recent satellite imagery, geospatial models, and historical oceanographic, storm, and biological data we estimated potential inundation extent, habitat loss, and wildlife population impacts for a range of potential SLR scenarios (0.00, +0.50, +1.00, +1.50, and +2.00 m) that may occur over the next century. Additionally, we estimated the carrying capacity of Laysan Island for five species based on the available population monitoring data and described how potential losses in nesting habitat could influence population dynamics for Black-footed Albatross, Laysan Albatross, Red-footed Booby (Sula sula), Laysan Teal, and Laysan Finch. For some other seabird populations (Masked Booby, <i>S. dactylatra</i>; Brown Booby, <i>S. leucogaster</i>; Great Frigatebird, <i>Fregata minor</i>; and Sooty Tern, <i>Onychoprion fuscata</i>), we used recent colony distribution data, land cover maps, and nesting behavior to estimate potential losses of nesting habitat from SLR and wave-driven inundation. We observed far greater potential impacts of SLR to wildlife with the dynamic wave-driven modeling approach than with the passive modeling approach. Depending on SLR scenario and coastal orientation, during storms under a +2.00 m SLR scenario, the wave-driven inundation model predicted three times more inundation than the passive model (17.2 percent of total terrestrial area versus 4.6 percent, respectively). Large-wave events generally added 1 m of water height to passive inundation surfaces, therefore our dynamic models (during storm events) forecasted comparable inundation extents earlier than passive models. Although wave-driven water levels were highest in the northwest quadrant of Laysan Island, the greatest extent of inundation occurred in the southeast where coastal dunes less than 3 m above mean sea level provide little protection from wave-driven inundation. When wave-driven inundation was included in the SLR model for Laysan Island greater nesting habitat loss and potential impacts on wildlife population dynamics were predicted. The consequences of habitat loss due to SLR may be worse for species with colonies in the wave-exposed coastal zones (for example, Black-footed Albatross) and for populations already near the island's carrying capacity (for example, Laysan Teal). Species whose peak incubation and chick-rearing periods coincide with seasonally high wave heights also will be increasingly vulnerable, especially those species nesting on the ground in areas vulnerable to inundation, such as Gray-backed Tern and Black-footed Albatross. Other species that have space for population growth, or are not restricted to a narrow range of habitat types on Laysan (for instance, Sooty Terns), may be less sensitive to habitat loss from SLR over the next century. Our assessments of inundation risk, habitat loss, and wildlife species vulnerability synthesize current knowledge about individual islands and contribute to a broader understanding of the impacts of inundation from SLR and storm-induced waves. Yet, most NWHI and their bird populations lack monitoring data to evaluate adaptations to and impacts of climate change. Exceptions include some data sets from long-term monitoring of wildlife populations, tides, or weather at French Frigate Shoals, Laysan Island, and Midway Atoll. These data sets are potentially valuable baselines, which could be informative for adaptive learning (integrating management and science) to predict, adapt, and mitigate the effects of climate change on NWHI wildlife in the future. This study provides the first quantitative vulnerability assessment for all of the low-lying NWHI, and results identify biological communities, locales, and resident endangered species of Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument expected to be at risk from SLR. This report is also intended as a reference for managers and conservation planners, a tool to identify and potentially reduce uncertainty, and a starting place for developing climate change monitoring priorities and future scientific studies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121182","collaboration":"Chapter 1: Climate change vulnerability assessment of the low-lying northwestern Hawaiian Islands; Chapter 2: Sea-level rise and wave-driven inundation models for Laysan Island","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., Berkowitz, P., Courtot, K., and Krause, C.M., 2012, Predicting sea-level rise vulnerability of terrestrial habitat and wildlife of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1182, ix, 139 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121182.","productDescription":"ix, 139 p.","numberOfPages":"153","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":36940,"text":"National Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9P5WHVH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Sea-level Rise Scenarios and Models 2010-2015"},{"id":263022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1182.gif"},{"id":263021,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1182/of2012-1182.pdf"},{"id":263020,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1182/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,10.0 ], [ -180.0,33.0 ], [ -150.0,33.0 ], [ -150.0,10.0 ], [ -180.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509cf2bce4b0e374086f468b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509100,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berkowitz, Paul pberkowitz@usgs.gov","contributorId":4642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkowitz","given":"Paul","email":"pberkowitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509101,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Courtot, Karen N.","contributorId":26909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courtot","given":"Karen N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509102,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krause, Crystal M.","contributorId":101919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krause","given":"Crystal","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509103,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berkowitz, Paul pberkowitz@usgs.gov","contributorId":4642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkowitz","given":"Paul","email":"pberkowitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Courtot, Karen N.","contributorId":26909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courtot","given":"Karen N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krause, Crystal M.","contributorId":101919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krause","given":"Crystal","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040679,"text":"fs20123126 - 2012 - Mapping grasslands suitable for cellulosic biofuels in the Greater Platte River Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-08T14:38:17","indexId":"fs20123126","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3126","title":"Mapping grasslands suitable for cellulosic biofuels in the Greater Platte River Basin, United States","docAbstract":"Biofuels are an important component in the development of alternative energy supplies, which is needed to achieve national energy independence and security in the United States. The most common biofuel product today in the United States is corn-based ethanol; however, its development is limited because of concerns about global food shortages, livestock and food price increases, and water demand increases for irrigation and ethanol production. Corn-based ethanol also potentially contributes to soil erosion, and pesticides and fertilizers affect water quality. Studies indicate that future potential production of cellulosic ethanol is likely to be much greater than grain- or starch-based ethanol. As a result, economics and policy incentives could, in the near future, encourage expansion of cellulosic biofuels production from grasses, forest woody biomass, and agricultural and municipal wastes. If production expands, cultivation of cellulosic feedstock crops, such as switchgrass (<i>Panicum virgatum L.</i>) and miscanthus (<i>Miscanthus species</i>), is expected to increase dramatically. The main objective of this study is to identify grasslands in the Great Plains that are potentially suitable for cellulosic feedstock (such as switchgrass) production. Producing ethanol from noncropland holdings (such as grassland) will minimize the effects of biofuel developments on global food supplies. Our pilot study area is the Greater Platte River Basin, which includes a broad range of plant productivity from semiarid grasslands in the west to the fertile corn belt in the east. The Greater Platte River Basin was the subject of related U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) integrated research projects.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123126","usgsCitation":"Wylie, B.K., and Gu, Y., 2012, Mapping grasslands suitable for cellulosic biofuels in the Greater Platte River Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3126, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123126.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","ipdsId":"IP-038945","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263031,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3126/"},{"id":263032,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3126/FS2012-3126.pdf"},{"id":263033,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3126.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Nebraska;South Dakota;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Greater Platte River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.790000,38.570000 ], [ -107.790000,44.450000 ], [ -95.310000,44.450000 ], [ -95.310000,38.570000 ], [ -107.790000,38.570000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509cf293e4b0e374086f467b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gu, Yingxin 0000-0002-3544-1856 ygu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3544-1856","contributorId":409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gu","given":"Yingxin","email":"ygu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040651,"text":"ofr20121222 - 2012 - Microbial source tracking markers at three inland recreational lakes in Ohio, 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-07T10:33:02","indexId":"ofr20121222","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1222","title":"Microbial source tracking markers at three inland recreational lakes in Ohio, 2011","docAbstract":"During the 2011 recreational season, samples were collected for <i>E. coli</i> and microbial source tracking (MST) marker concentrations to begin to understand potential sources of fecal contamination at three inland recreational lakes in Ohio - Buckeye, Atwood, and Tappan Lakes. The results from 32 regular samples, 4 field blanks, and 7 field replicates collected at 5 sites are presented in this report. At the three lakes, the ruminant-associated marker was found most often (57-73 percent of samples) but at estimated quantities, followed by the dog-associated marker (30-43 percent of samples). The human-associated marker was found in 14 and 50 percent of samples from Atwood and Tappan Lakes, respectively, but was not found in any samples from the two Buckeye Lake sites. The gull-associated marker was detected in only two samples, both from Tappan Lake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121222","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ohio Water Development Authority and Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., and Stelzer, E.A., 2012, Microbial source tracking markers at three inland recreational lakes in Ohio, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1222, iv, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121222.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262981,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1222/"},{"id":262982,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1222/pdf/ofr2012-1222.pdf"},{"id":262983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1222.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Atwood Lake;Buckeye Lake;Tappan Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.0,39.75 ], [ -83.0,41.0 ], [ -80.75,41.0 ], [ -80.75,39.75 ], [ -83.0,39.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e03f5de4b0fec3206eb4e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stelzer, Erin A. 0000-0001-7645-7603 eastelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-7603","contributorId":1933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelzer","given":"Erin","email":"eastelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040650,"text":"ofr20121173 - 2012 - Upper Clear Creek watershed aquatic chemistry and biota surveys, 2004-5, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Shasta County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-07T09:37:10","indexId":"ofr20121173","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1173","title":"Upper Clear Creek watershed aquatic chemistry and biota surveys, 2004-5, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Shasta County, California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service and Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, performed a comprehensive aquatic biota survey of the upper Clear Creek watershed, Shasta County, California, during 2004-5. Data collected in this study can provide resource managers with information regarding aquatic resources, watershed degradation, and regional biodiversity within Whiskeytown National Recreation Area. Surveys of water chemistry, bed-sediment chemistry, algae assemblages, benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, aquatic vertebrate assemblages, in-stream habitat characteristics, and sediment heterogeneity were conducted at 17 stream sites during both 2004 and 2005, with an additional 4 sites surveyed in 2005. A total of 67 bed-sediment samples were analyzed for major and trace inorganic element concentrations. Forty-six water samples were analyzed for trace metals and nutrients. A total of 224 taxa of invertebrates were collected during these surveys. Eleven fish species, seven of which were native, and two species of larval amphibians, were collected. A total of 24 genera of soft algae and 159 taxa of diatoms were identified. To date, this survey represents the most comprehensive inventory of aquatic resources within Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, and this information can serve as a baseline for future monitoring efforts and to inform management decisions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121173","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Park Service, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area","usgsCitation":"Wulff, M.L., May, J., and Brown, L.R., 2012, Upper Clear Creek watershed aquatic chemistry and biota surveys, 2004-5, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Shasta County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1173, Report: vi, 8 p.; Tables 1-19, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121173.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 8 p.; Tables 1-19","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262974,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1173/"},{"id":262975,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1173/pdf/ofr20121173.pdf"},{"id":262976,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1173/ofr20121173_tables.xlsx"},{"id":262977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1173.bmp"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Shasta","otherGeospatial":"Whiskeytown National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.716667,40.55 ], [ -122.716667,40.725 ], [ -122.5,40.725 ], [ -122.5,40.55 ], [ -122.716667,40.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e55ee5e4b0a4aa5bb03d78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wulff, Marissa L. 0000-0003-0121-9066 mwulff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0121-9066","contributorId":1719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wulff","given":"Marissa","email":"mwulff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":14791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040695,"text":"sir20125168 - 2012 - Construction of estimated flow- and load-duration curves for Kentucky using the <u>W</u>ater <u>A</u>vailability <u>T</u>ool for <u>E</u>nvironmental <u>R</u>esources (WATER)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-09T12:15:41","indexId":"sir20125168","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5168","title":"Construction of estimated flow- and load-duration curves for Kentucky using the <u>W</u>ater <u>A</u>vailability <u>T</u>ool for <u>E</u>nvironmental <u>R</u>esources (WATER)","docAbstract":"Flow- and load-duration curves were constructed from the model outputs of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) application for streams in Kentucky. The WATER application was designed to access multiple geospatial datasets to generate more than 60 years of statistically based streamflow data for Kentucky. The WATER application enables a user to graphically select a site on a stream and generate an estimated hydrograph and flow-duration curve for the watershed upstream of that point. The flow-duration curves are constructed by calculating the exceedance probability of the modeled daily streamflows. User-defined water-quality criteria and (or) sampling results can be loaded into the WATER application to construct load-duration curves that are based on the modeled streamflow results. Estimates of flow and streamflow statistics were derived from TOPographically Based Hydrological MODEL (TOPMODEL) simulations in the WATER application. A modified TOPMODEL code, SDP-TOPMODEL (Sinkhole Drainage Process-TOPMODEL) was used to simulate daily mean discharges over the period of record for 5 karst and 5 non-karst watersheds in Kentucky in order to verify the calibrated model. A statistical evaluation of the model's verification simulations show that calibration criteria, established by previous WATER application reports, were met thus insuring the model's ability to provide acceptably accurate estimates of discharge at gaged and ungaged sites throughout Kentucky. Flow-duration curves are constructed in the WATER application by calculating the exceedence probability of the modeled daily flow values. The flow-duration intervals are expressed as a percentage, with zero corresponding to the highest stream discharge in the streamflow record. Load-duration curves are constructed by applying the loading equation (Load = Flow*Water-quality criterion) at each flow interval.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125168","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Unthank, M.D., Newson, J.K., Williamson, T., and Nelson, H.L., 2012, Construction of estimated flow- and load-duration curves for Kentucky using the <u>W</u>ater <u>A</u>vailability <u>T</u>ool for <u>E</u>nvironmental <u>R</u>esources (WATER): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5168, vi, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125168.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5168.gif"},{"id":263067,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5168/"},{"id":263068,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5168/pdf/sir2012-5168_report_508_rev110612.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.5715,36.4972 ], [ -89.5715,39.1475 ], [ -81.965,39.1475 ], [ -81.965,36.4972 ], [ -89.5715,36.4972 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e3412e4b0cbd9af3af72b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Unthank, Michael D. 0000-0003-2483-0431 munthank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-0431","contributorId":3902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"Michael","email":"munthank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newson, Jeremy K. jknewson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newson","given":"Jeremy","email":"jknewson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williamson, Tanja N. tnwillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Tanja N.","email":"tnwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040649,"text":"cir1379 - 2012 - The United States National Climate Assessment - Alaska Technical Regional Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-08T08:41:59","indexId":"cir1379","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1379","title":"The United States National Climate Assessment - Alaska Technical Regional Report","docAbstract":"The Alaskan landscape is changing, both in terms of effects of human activities as a consequence of increased population, social and economic development and their effects on the local and broad landscape; and those effects that accompany naturally occurring hazards such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Some of the most prevalent changes, however, are those resulting from a changing climate, with both near term and potential upcoming effects expected to continue into the future. Alaska's average annual statewide temperatures have increased by nearly 4&deg;F from 1949 to 2005, with significant spatial variability due to the large latitudinal and longitudinal expanse of the State. Increases in mean annual temperature have been greatest in the interior region, and smallest in the State's southwest coastal regions. In general, however, trends point toward increases in both minimum temperatures, and in fewer extreme cold days. Trends in precipitation are somewhat similar to those in temperature, but with more variability. On the whole, Alaska saw a 10-percent increase in precipitation from 1949 to 2005, with the greatest increases recorded in winter. The National Climate Assessment has designated two well-established scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Nakicenovic and others, 2001) as a minimum set that technical and author teams considered as context in preparing portions of this assessment. These two scenarios are referred to as the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A2 and B1 scenarios, which assume either a continuation of recent trends in fossil fuel use (A2) or a vigorous global effort to reduce fossil fuel use (B1). Temperature increases from 4 to 22&deg;F are predicted (to 2070-2099) depending on which emissions scenario (A2 or B1) is used with the least warming in southeast Alaska and the greatest in the northwest. Concomitant with temperature changes, by the end of the 21st century the growing season is expected to lengthen by 15-25 days in some areas of Alaska, with much of that corresponding with earlier spring snow melt. Future projections of precipitation (30-80 years) over Alaska show an increase across the State, with the largest changes in the northwest and smallest in the southeast. Because of increasing temperatures and growing season length, however, increased precipitation may not correspond with increased water availability, due to temperature related increased evapotranspiration. The extent of snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased by about 10 percent since the late 1960s, with stronger trends noted since the late 1980s. Alaska has experienced similar trends, with a strong decrease in snow cover extent occurring in May. When averaged across the State, the disappearance of snow in the spring has occurred from 4 to 6 days earlier per decade, and snow return in fall has occurred approximately 2 days later per decade. This change appears to be driven by climate warming rather than a decrease in winter precipitation, with average winter temperatures also increasing by about 2.5&deg;F. The extent of sea ice has been declining, as has been widely published in both national and scientific media outlets, and is projected to continue to decline during this century. The observed decline in annual sea ice minimum extent (September) has occurred more rapidly than was predicted by climate models and has been accompanied by decreases in ice thickness and in the presence of multi-year ice. This decrease was first documented by satellite imagery in the late 1970s for the Bering and Chukchi Seas, and is projected to continue, with the potential for the disappearance of summer sea ice by mid- to late century. A new phenomenon that was not reported in previous assessments is ocean acidification. Uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) by oceans has a significant effect on marine biogeochemistry by reducing seawater pH. Ocean acidification is of particular concern in Alaska, because cold sea water absorbs CO2 more rapidly than warm water, and a decrease in sea ice extent has allowed increased sea surface exposure and more uptake of CO2 into these northern waters. Ocean acidification will likely affect the ability of organisms to produce and maintain shell material, such as aragonite or calcite (calcium carbonate minerals structured from carbonate ions), required by many shelled organism, from mollusks to corals to microscopic organisms at the base of the food chain. Direct biological effects in Alaska further along the food chain have yet to be studied and may vary among organisms. Some of the potentially most significant changes to Alaska that could result from a changing climate are the effects on the terrestrial cryosphere - particularly glaciers and permafrost. Alaskan glaciers are changing at a rapid rate, the primary driver appearing to be temperature. Statewide, glaciers lost 13 cubic miles of ice annually from the 1950s to the 1990s, and that rate doubled in the 2000s. However, like temperature and precipitation, glacier ice loss is not spatially uniform; most glaciers are losing mass, yet some are growing (for example Hubbard Glacier in southeast Alaska). Alaska glaciers with the most rapid loss are those terminating in sea water or lakes. With this increasing rate of melt, the contribution of surplus fresh water entering into the oceans from Alaska's glaciers, as well as those in neighboring British Columbia, Canada, is approximately 20 percent of that contributed by the Greenland Ice Sheet. Permafrost degradation (that is, the thawing of ice-rich soils) is currently (2012) impacting infrastructure and surface-water availability in areas of both discontinuous and continuous ground ice. Over most of the State, the permafrost is warming, with increasing temperatures broadly consistent with increasing air temperatures. On the Arctic coastal plain of Alaska, permafrost temperatures showed some cooling in the 1950s and 1960s but have been followed by a roughly 5&deg;F increase since the 1980s. Many areas in the continuous permafrost zone have seen increases in temperature in the seasonally active layer and a decrease in re-freezing rates. Changes in the discontinuous permafrost zone are initially much more observable due to the resulting thermokarst terrain (land surface formed as ice rich permafrost thaws), most notable in boreal forested areas. Climate warming in Alaska has potentially broad implications for human health and food security, especially in rural areas, as well as increased risk for injury with changing winter ice conditions. Additionally, such warming poses the potential for increasing damage to existing water and sanitation facilities and challenges for development of new facilities, especially in areas underlain by permafrost. Non-infectious and infectious diseases also are becoming an increasing concern. For example, from 1999 to 2006 there was a statistically significant increase in medical claims for insectbite reactions in five of six regions of Alaska, with the largest percentage increase occurring in the most northern areas. The availability and quality of subsistence foods, normally considered to be very healthy, may change due to changing access, changing habitats, and spoilage of meat in food storage cellars. These and other trends and potential outcomes resulting from a changing climate are further described in this report. In addition, we describe new science leadership activities that have been initiated to address and provide guidance toward conducting research aimed at making available information for policy makers and land management agencies to better understand, address, and plan for changes to the local and regional environment. This report cites data in both metric and standard units due to the contributions by numerous authors and the direct reference of their data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1379","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., Trainor, S., and Chapin, F.S., 2012, The United States National Climate Assessment - Alaska Technical Regional Report: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1379, xiv, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1379.","productDescription":"xiv, 148 p.","numberOfPages":"166","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1379.jpg"},{"id":262978,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1379/"},{"id":262979,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1379/pdf/circ1379.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -172.45,51.21 ], [ -172.45,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ -172.45,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509cf2f2e4b0e374086f46ae","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J.","contributorId":67122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509084,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trainor, Sarah F.","contributorId":21396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainor","given":"Sarah F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509082,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F. Stuart III","contributorId":65632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Stuart","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":509083,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J.","contributorId":67122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trainor, Sarah F.","contributorId":21396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainor","given":"Sarah F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F. Stuart III","contributorId":65632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Stuart","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":468712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70200641,"text":"70200641 - 2012 - Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-22T20:02:27.756573","indexId":"70200641","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T13:55:42","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Cambrian-Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks that likely formed as part of the Laurentian continental margin, and may thus have been part of the Cambrian-Ordovician great American carbonate bank, occur in east-central Alaska in the Nation Arch area. These strata accumulated on the southwestern margin (present-day coordinates) of the Yukon stable block, a broad area of early Paleozoic carbonate platform deposition in the northern Yukon Territory, and constitute two successions. The first consists of approximately 900 m (∼2950 ft) of shallow-water limestone and dolostone that are in part silicified, laminated, oolitic, and pisolitic, and make up the lower member of the Jones Ridge Limestone. Conodonts, trilobites, archaeo-cyathids, and brachiopods indicate an age of Early Cambrian to early Early Ordovician (Tremadoc; Ibexian) and have Laurentian biogeographic affinities. Upper Ordovician bio-clastic limestone (the upper member of the Jones Ridge Limestone) unconformably overlies these strata.</p><p>A roughly coeval, but somewhat deeper water, succession crops out near the Jones Ridge Limestone and consists of, in ascending order, the Funnel Creek Limestone, Adams Argillite, and Hillard Limestone. The Funnel Creek (15-400 m [50-1310 ft] thick) is mainly nonfossilif-erous, extensively silicified, commonly oolitic limestone and dolostone and is assumed to be Lower Cambrian in age. It is overlain by argillite, siltstone, cross-laminated quartzite, and oolitic to sandy limestone of the Adams Argillite (90-180 m [295-550 ft] thick). This unit contains the trace fossil<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Oldhamia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and Lower Cambrian archaeocyathids and trilobites that have Siberian affinities. The Hillard (30-150 m [100-490 ft] thick) is chiefly limestone, with local ooids, edgewise and boulder conglomerate, and phosphatic horizons, and likely formed in a platform-margin setting. Trilobites and brachiopods from this unit are Early Cambrian to earliest Ordovician in age and have mainly Laurentian affinities. Slope and/or basinal rocks of the Road River Formation that are as old as Early Ordovician (early middle Arenig; Ibexian) unconformably overlie the Hillard Limestone. Abrupt facies transitions between the two Nation Arch area carbonate successions may reflect relatively steep paleoslopes and/or telescoping of facies by imbricate thrust faults.</p><p>Carbonate strata of Cambrian–Ordovician age are also found north of the Nation Arch area in the Porcupine terrane. These rocks have been little studied, and their precise Stratigraphic succession and paleogeographic setting are uncertain. The few fossil collections indicate mainly Laurentian affinities and include Cambrian(?) trilobites and Lower and Middle Ordovician conodonts. Lower Paleozoic strata of the Porcupine terrane probably formed at or near the northwestern edge (present-day coordinates) of the Yukon stable block.</p><p>Cambrian–Ordovician carbonate strata occur widely in northern Alaska (parts of the Arctic Alaska, York, and Seward terranes) and interior Alaska (Farewell terrane). These rocks share distinctive lithologic and faunal features and were deposited in a range of shallow-shelf to basinal environments. Carbonate platform successions in northern and interior Alaska include fossils of both Laurentian and Siberian biotic provinces and may have formed on a single crustal fragment that rifted away from the Siberian craton during the late Proterozoic. These Alaskan strata were most likely in faunal exchange with, but not physically attached to, the great American carbonate bank.</p><p>Lower–Middle Ordovician carbonate and siliciclastic rocks are also found in the White Mountains, Livengood, and Ruby terranes of interior Alaska, the Alexander terrane in southeastern Alaska, and the Goodnews terrane in southwestern Alaska. These successions were likely not attached to Laurentia during their deposition, although some authors have proposed Laurentian origins for the White Mountains and Livengood terranes.</p><p>Little detailed information is available on the resource potential of Cambrian–Ordovician successions in Alaska. Most have low porosity and are too thermally mature to be prospective for oil and gas, although a few units in east-central and northern Alaska may have some potential as petroleum source and reservoir rocks. Strata of this age have potential for metallic mineral resources; strata-bound Zn-Pb ± Ag occurrences are known in the Funnel Creek Limestone in east-central Alaska, as well as several units of possible Cambrian and/or Ordovician age in northern and interior Alaska.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The great American carbonate bank: The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"The American Association of Petroleum Geologists","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 2012, Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks of Alaska, chap. <i>of</i> The great American carbonate bank: The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia, p. 649-673.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"673","ipdsId":"IP-019880","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":359089,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1267/chapter/107110574/cambrian-ordovician-sedimentary-rocks-of-alaska"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70040619,"text":"ofr20121195 - 2012 - A multi-metric assessment of environmental contaminant exposure and effects in an urbanized reach of the Charles River near Watertown, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-26T11:48:28","indexId":"ofr20121195","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1195","title":"A multi-metric assessment of environmental contaminant exposure and effects in an urbanized reach of the Charles River near Watertown, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Charles River Project provided an opportunity to simultaneously deploy a combination of biomonitoring techniques routinely used by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program, the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends Project, and the Contaminant Biology Program at an urban site suspected to be contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition to these standardized methods, additional techniques were used to further elucidate contaminant exposure and potential impacts of exposure on biota. The purpose of the study was to generate a comprehensive, multi-metric data set to support assessment of contaminant exposure and effects at the site. Furthermore, the data set could be assessed to determine the relative performance of the standardized method suites typically used by the National Water Quality Assessment Program and the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends Project, as well as the additional biomonitoring methods used in the study to demonstrate ecological effects of contaminant exposure. The Contaminant Effects Workgroup, an advisory committee of the U.S. Geological Survey/Contaminant Biology Program, identified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as the contaminant class of greatest concern in urban streams of all sizes. The reach of the Charles River near Watertown, Massachusetts, was selected as the site for this study based on the suspected presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and the presence of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>), largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>), and white sucker (<i>Catostomus commersoni</i>). All of these fish have extensive contaminant-exposure profiles related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other environmental contaminants. This project represented a collaboration of universities, Department of the Interior bureaus including multiple components of the USGS (Biological Resources Discipline and Water Resources Discipline Science Centers, the Contaminant Biology Program, and the Status and Trends of Biological Resources Program), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Samples for analyzing water chemistry, sediment chemistry and toxicity, fish community structure, tissue chemistry, and fish (20 carp, 20 bass, and 40 white sucker) and invertebrate pathology were collected in late August, 2005. This report provides results from the analyses of fish pathology, biomarkers of exposure and effects (reproductive, carcinogenic, genotoxic, and immunologic), sediment chemistry, toxicity, and fish and invertebrate community structure.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121195","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.B., Anderson, P.J., Baumann, P.C., DeWeese, L.R., Goodbred, S.L., Coyle, J.J., and Smith, D.S., 2012, A multi-metric assessment of environmental contaminant exposure and effects in an urbanized reach of the Charles River near Watertown, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1195, x; 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121195.","productDescription":"x; 116 p.","numberOfPages":"128","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-08-01","temporalEnd":"2005-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1195.gif"},{"id":264785,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1195/OF12-1195.pdf"},{"id":264783,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1195/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Lower Charles River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.250000,42.250000 ], [ -71.250000,42.416667 ], [ -71.000000,42.416667 ], [ -71.000000,42.250000 ], [ -71.250000,42.250000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509a3167e4b04d64aa094c7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Stephen B.","contributorId":14765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Patrick J. 0000-0003-2281-389X andersonpj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-389X","contributorId":3590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Patrick","email":"andersonpj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baumann, Paul C.","contributorId":104455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumann","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeWeese, Lawrence R.","contributorId":72047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWeese","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goodbred, Steven L. sgoodbred@usgs.gov","contributorId":497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodbred","given":"Steven","email":"sgoodbred@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Coyle, James J.","contributorId":56741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coyle","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, David S.","contributorId":25416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70040641,"text":"ds731 - 2012 - Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-06T15:57:44","indexId":"ds731","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"731","title":"Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2011","docAbstract":"Previous investigations indicate that concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds are substantial in groundwater beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. Phytoremediation combined with ongoing natural attenuation processes was the preferred remedy selected by the U.S. Navy, as specified in the Record of Decision for the site. The U.S. Navy planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill in spring 1999 to remove and to control the migration of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater. The U.S. Geological Survey has continued to monitor groundwater geochemistry to ensure that conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation as specified in the Record of Decision. This report presents groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data collected at Operable Unit 1 by the U.S. Geological Survey during June 20-22, 2011, in support of long-term monitoring for natural attenuation. In 2011, groundwater samples were collected from 13 wells and 9 piezometers. Samples from all wells and piezometers were analyzed for redox sensitive constituents and dissolved gases, and samples from 5 of 13 wells and all piezometers also were analyzed for chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Concentrations of redox sensitive constituents measured in 2011 were consistent with previous years, with dissolved oxygen concentrations all at 0.4 milligram per liter or less; little to no detectable nitrate; abundant dissolved manganese, iron, and methane; and commonly detected sulfide. The reductive declorination byproducts - methane, ethane, and ethene - were either not detected in samples collected from the upgradient wells in the landfill and the upper aquifer beneath the northern phytoremediation plantation or were detected at concentrations less than those measured in 2010. Chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations in 2011 at most piezometers were similar to or slightly less than chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations measured in previous years. For the upper aquifer beneath the southern phytoremediation plantation, chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations in 2011 in groundwater from the piezometers were extremely high and continued to vary considerably over space and between years. At piezometer P1-9, the total chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations increased from 9,500 micrograms per liter in 2010 to more than 44,000 micrograms per liter in 2011. Total chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations decreased at piezometers P1-6, P1-7, and P1-10 compared to the concentrations measured in 2010. One or both of the reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene were detected at all piezometers and three of the four wells in the southern plantation. For the intermediate aquifer, concentrations of redox sensitive constituents and chlorinated volatile organic compounds in 2011 were consistent with concentrations measured in previous years, with the exception of notable decreases in sulfate and chloride concentrations at well MW1-28. Concentrations of the reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene decreased at wells MW1-25 and MW1-28 compared to previously measured concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds731","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities, Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Huffman, R.L., and Frans, L., 2012, Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 731, iv, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds731.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"48","ipdsId":"IP-040805","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_731.jpg"},{"id":262971,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/731/"},{"id":262972,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/731/pdf/ds731.pdf"}],"projection":"Washington State Plane, North Zone","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Dogfish Bay;Liberty Bay;Naval Undersea Warfare Center;Division Keyport","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.633333,47.686111 ], [ -122.633333,47.708333 ], [ -122.608333,47.708333 ], [ -122.608333,47.686111 ], [ -122.633333,47.686111 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509a317be4b04d64aa094c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huffman, Raegan L. 0000-0001-8523-5439 rhuffman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-5439","contributorId":1638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"Raegan","email":"rhuffman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frans, L.M.","contributorId":74803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frans","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040624,"text":"sir20125219 - 2012 - Grain-size distribution and selected major and trace element concentrations in bed-sediment cores from the Lower Granite Reservoir and Snake and Clearwater Rivers, eastern Washington and northern Idaho, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T16:26:21","indexId":"sir20125219","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5219","title":"Grain-size distribution and selected major and trace element concentrations in bed-sediment cores from the Lower Granite Reservoir and Snake and Clearwater Rivers, eastern Washington and northern Idaho, 2010","docAbstract":"<p>Lower Granite Dam impounds the Snake and Clearwater Rivers in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, forming Lower Granite Reservoir. Since 1975, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has dredged sediment from the Lower Granite Reservoir and the Snake and Clearwater Rivers in eastern Washington and northern Idaho to keep navigation channels clear and to maintain the flow capacity. In recent years, other Federal agencies, Native American governments, and special interest groups have questioned the negative effects that dredging might have on threatened or endangered species. To help address these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected and analyzed bed-sediment core samples (hereinafter cores) in Lower Granite Reservoir and impounded or backwater affected parts of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers. Cores were collected during the spring and fall of 2010 from submerged sampling locations in the Lower Granite Reservoir, and Snake and Clearwater Rivers. A total of 69 cores were collected by using one or more of the following corers: piston, gravity, vibrating, or box. From these 69 cores, 185 subsamples were removed and submitted for grain size analyses, 50 of which were surficial-sediment subsamples. Fifty subsamples were also submitted for major and trace elemental analyses. Surficial-sediment subsamples from cores collected from sites at the lower end of the reservoir near the dam, where stream velocities are lower, generally had the largest percentages of silt and clay (more than 80 percent). Conversely, all of the surficial-sediment subsamples collected from sites in the Snake River had less than 20 percent silt and clay. Most of the surficial-sediment subsamples collected from sites in the Clearwater River contained less than 40 percent silt and clay. Surficial-sediment subsamples collected near midchannel at the confluence generally had more silt and clay than most surficial-sediment subsamples collected from sites on the Snake and Clearwater Rivers or even sites further downstream in Lower Granite Reservoir. Two cores collected at the confluence and all three cores collected on the Clearwater River immediately upstream from the confluence were extracted from a thick sediment deposit as shown by the cross section generated from the bathymetric surveys. The thick sediment deposits at the confluence and on the Clearwater River may be associated with floods in 1996 and 1997 on the Clearwater River.</p>\n<p>Fifty subsamples from 15 cores were analyzed for major and trace elements. Concentrations of trace elements were low, with respect to sediment quality guidelines, in most cores. Typically, major and trace element concentrations were lower in the subsamples collected from the Snake River compared to those collected from the Clearwater River, the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers, and Lower Granite Reservoir. Generally, lower concentrations of major and trace elements were associated with coarser sediments (larger than 0.0625 millimeter) and higher concentrations of major and trace elements were associated with finer sediments (smaller than 0.0625 millimeter).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125219","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Braun, C.L., Wilson, J.T., Van Metre, P., Weakland, R.J., Fosness, R.L., and Williams, M.L., 2012, Grain-size distribution and selected major and trace element concentrations in bed-sediment cores from the Lower Granite Reservoir and Snake and Clearwater Rivers, eastern Washington and northern Idaho, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5219, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125219.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","numberOfPages":"91","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035056","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5219.gif"},{"id":262969,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5219/pdf/sir2012-5219.pdf"},{"id":262968,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5219/"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universe Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 11","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Clearwater River, Granite Reservoir, Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,46.366667 ], [ -117.5,46.666667 ], [ -117.0,46.666667 ], [ -117.0,46.366667 ], [ -117.5,46.366667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509a3176e4b04d64aa094c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5540-2854 clbraun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2854","contributorId":925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Christopher","email":"clbraun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Jennifer T. 0000-0003-4481-6354 jenwilso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-6354","contributorId":1782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Jennifer","email":"jenwilso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C.","contributorId":34104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weakland, Rhonda J. weakland@usgs.gov","contributorId":3541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weakland","given":"Rhonda","email":"weakland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fosness, Ryan L. 0000-0003-4089-2704 rfosness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-2704","contributorId":2703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fosness","given":"Ryan","email":"rfosness@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Williams, Marshall L. mlwilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Marshall","email":"mlwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040617,"text":"70040617 - 2012 - Feeding response of sport fish after electrical immobilization, chemical sedation, or both","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-07T14:28:18","indexId":"70040617","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding response of sport fish after electrical immobilization, chemical sedation, or both","docAbstract":"Fishery managers frequently capture wild fish for a variety of fishery management activities. Though some activities can be accomplished without immobilizing the fish, others are accomplished more readily, humanely, and safely (for both the handler and the fish) when fish are immobilized by physical (e.g., electrical immobilization) or chemical sedation. A concern regarding the use of chemical sedatives is that chemical residues may remain in the fillet tissue after the fish recovers from sedation. If those residues are harmful to humans, there is some risk that a postsedated fish released to public waters may be caught and consumed by an angler. To characterize this risk, a series of four trials were conducted. Three trials assessed feeding activity after hatchery-reared fish were electrically immobilized, chemically sedated, or both, and one trial assessed the likelihood of an angler catching a wild fish that had been electrically immobilized and chemically sedated. Results from the first trial indicated that the feeding activity of laboratory habituated fish was variable among and within species after electrical immobilization, chemical sedation, or both. Results from the second trial indicated that the resumption of feeding activity was rapid after being mildly sedated for 45 min. Results from the third trial indicated that the feeding activity of outdoor, hatchery-reared fish was relatively aggressive after fish had been chemically sedated. Results from the fourth trial indicated that the probability of capturing wild fish in a more natural environment by angling after fish had been electrically immobilized and chemically sedated is not likely, i.e., in a group of five fish caught, 3 out of 100 times one would be a fish that had been sedated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.686955","usgsCitation":"Meinertz, J.R., Fredricks, K., Ambrose, R.D., Jackan, L.M., and Wise, J.K., 2012, Feeding response of sport fish after electrical immobilization, chemical sedation, or both: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 4, p. 679-686, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.686955.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"686","ipdsId":"IP-033263","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262967,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.686955"}],"country":"United States","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50dcceb4e4b0d55926e40c00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meinertz, Jeffery R. 0000-0002-8855-2648 jmeinertz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8855-2648","contributorId":2495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meinertz","given":"Jeffery","email":"jmeinertz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fredricks, Kim T. 0000-0003-2363-7891 kfredricks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-7891","contributorId":5163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredricks","given":"Kim T.","email":"kfredricks@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ambrose, Ryan D.","contributorId":101157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambrose","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackan, Leanna M.","contributorId":15482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackan","given":"Leanna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wise, Jeremy K. 0000-0003-0184-6959 jwise@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-6959","contributorId":5009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"Jeremy","email":"jwise@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70047233,"text":"70047233 - 2012 - Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T14:19:10","indexId":"70047233","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T13:50:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"The unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain was investigated as a possible site for the nation's first high-level nuclear waste repository. Scientific investigations included infiltration studies, matrix properties testing, borehole testing and monitoring, underground excavation and testing, and the development of conceptual and numerical models of the hydrologic processes at Yucca Mountain. Infiltration estimates by empirical and geochemical methods range from 0.2 to 1.4 mm/yr and 0.2–6.0 mm/yr, respectively. Infiltration estimates from numerical models range from 4.5 mm/yr to 17.6 mm/yr. Rock matrix properties vary vertically and laterally as the result of depositional processes and subsequent postdepositional alteration. Laboratory tests indicate that the average matrix porosity and hydraulic conductivity values for the main level of the proposed repository (Topopah Spring Tuff middle nonlithophysal zone) are 0.08 and 4.7 × 10<sup>−12</sup> m/s, respectively. In situ fracture hydraulic conductivity values are 3–6 orders of magnitude greater. The permeability of fault zones is approximately an order of magnitude greater than that of the surrounding rock unit. Water samples from the fault zones have tritium concentrations that indicate some component of postnuclear testing. Gas and water vapor movement through the unsaturated zone is driven by changes in barometric pressure, temperature-induced density differences, and wind effects. The subsurface pressure response to surface barometric changes is controlled by the distribution and interconnectedness of fractures, the presence of faults and their ability to conduct gas and vapor, and the moisture content and matrix permeability of the rock units. In situ water potential values are generally less than −0.2 MPa (−2 bar), and the water potential gradients in the Topopah Spring Tuff units are very small. Perched-water zones at Yucca Mountain are associated with the basal vitrophyre of the Topopah Spring Tuff or the Calico Hills bedded tuff. Thermal gradients in the unsaturated zone vary with location, and range from ~2.0 °C to 6.0 °C per 100 m; the variability appears to be associated with topography. Large-scale heater testing identified a heat-pipe signature at ~97 °C, and identified thermally induced and excavation-induced changes in the stress field. Elevated gas-phase CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and a decrease in the pH of water from the condensation zone also were identified. Conceptual and numerical flow and transport models of Yucca Mountain indicate that infiltration is highly variable, both spatially and temporally. Flow in the unsaturated zone is predominately through fractures in the welded units of the Tiva Canyon and Topopah Spring Tuffs and predominately through the matrix in the Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded units and Calico Hills Formation. Isolated, transient, fast-flow paths, such as faults, do exist but probably carry only a small portion of the total liquid-water flux at Yucca Mountain. The Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded units act as a storage buffer for transient infiltration pulses. Faults may act as flow boundaries and/or fast pathways. Below the proposed repository horizon, low-permeability lithostratigraphic units of the Topopah Spring Tuff and/or the Calico Hills Formation may divert flow laterally to faults that act as conduits to the water table. Advective transport pathways are consistent with flow pathways. Matrix diffusion is the major mechanism for mass transfer between fractures and the matrix and may contribute to retardation of radionuclide transport when fracture flow is dominant. Sorption may retard the movement of radionuclides in the unsaturated zone; however, sorption on mobile colloids may enhance radionuclide transport. Dispersion is not expected to be a major transport mechanism in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain. Natural analogue studies support the concepts that percolating water may be diverted around underground openings and that the percentage of infiltration that becomes seepage decreases as infiltration decreases.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2012.1209(02)","usgsCitation":"LeCain, G.D., and Stuckless, J.S., 2012, Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada, chap. <i>of</i> Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California, v. 209, p. 9-72, https://doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(02).","productDescription":"64 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"64","ipdsId":"IP-009120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278774,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(02)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Calico Hills Formation;Paintbrush Tuff;Tiva Canyon;Topopah Spring Tuff;Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.2379,35.4976 ], [ -117.2379,37.501 ], [ -115.4938,37.501 ], [ -115.4938,35.4976 ], [ -117.2379,35.4976 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"209","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a2188e4b051792d019550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeCain, Gary D.","contributorId":52207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCain","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70100646,"text":"70100646 - 2012 - River turbidity and sediment loads during dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-31T09:06:59","indexId":"70100646","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T10:51:34","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"River turbidity and sediment loads during dam removal","docAbstract":"<p>Dam decommissioning has become an important means for removing unsafe or obsolete dams and for restoring natural fluvial processes, including discharge regimes, sediment transport, and ecosystem connectivity [Doyle et al., 2003]. The largest dam-removal project in history began in September 2011 on the Elwha River of Washington State (Figure 1a). The project, which aims to restore the river ecosystem and increase imperiled salmon populations that once thrived there, provides a unique opportunity to better understand the implications of large-scale river restoration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2012EO430002","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., Duda, J., Magirl, C.S., and Curran, C.A., 2012, River turbidity and sediment loads during dam removal: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 93, no. 43, p. 425-426, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO430002.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"426","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041317","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285655,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012EO430002"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,45.55 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -116.92,49.0 ], [ -116.92,45.55 ], [ -124.79,45.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"93","issue":"43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355955de4b0120853e8c1b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curran, Chris A.","contributorId":34429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70100649,"text":"70100649 - 2012 - The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-04T10:23:05","indexId":"70100649","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T10:16:02","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed","docAbstract":"The occurrence of two wildfires separated by 31 yr in the chaparral-dominated Arroyo Seco watershed (293 km<sup2</sup>) of California provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the effects of wildfire on suspended-sediment yield. Here, we compile discharge and suspended-sediment sampling data from before and after the fires and show that the effects of the postfire responses differed markedly. The 1977 Marble Cone wildfire was followed by an exceptionally wet winter, which resulted in concentrations and fluxes of both fine and coarse suspended sediment that were ˜35 times greater than average (sediment yield during the 1978 water year was 11,000 t/km<sup>2</sup>/yr). We suggest that the combined 1977–1978 fire and flood had a recurrence interval of greater than 1000 yr. In contrast, the 2008 Basin Complex wildfire was followed by a drier than normal year, and although suspended-sediment fluxes and concentrations were significantly elevated compared to those expected for unburned conditions, the sediment yield during the 2009 water year was less than 1% of the post–Marble Cone wildfire yield. After the first postfire winters, sediment concentrations and yield decreased with time toward prefire relationships and continued to have significant rainfall dependence. We hypothesize that the differences in sediment yield were related to precipitation-enhanced hillslope erosion processes, such as rilling and mass movements. The millennial-scale effects of wildfire on sediment yield were explored further using Monte Carlo simulations, and these analyses suggest that infrequent wildfires followed by floods increase long-term suspended-sediment fluxes markedly. Thus, we suggest that the current approach of estimating sediment yield from sediment rating curves and discharge data—without including periodic perturbations from wildfires—may grossly underestimate actual sediment yields.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B30451.1","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., Hatten, J., Pasternack, G., Gray, A., Goni, M., and Wheatcroft, R.A., 2012, The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed: Geological Society of America Bulletin, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30451.1.","ipdsId":"IP-026419","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285689,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B30451.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355959fe4b0120853e8c27f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, J.A.","contributorId":53503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatten, J.A.","contributorId":101493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pasternack, G.B.","contributorId":70566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pasternack","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, A.B.","contributorId":37648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goni, M.A.","contributorId":32347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goni","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wheatcroft, R. A.","contributorId":76503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wheatcroft","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040616,"text":"sir20125232 - 2012 - Computing daily mean streamflow at ungaged locations in Iowa by using the Flow Anywhere and Flow Duration Curve Transfer statistical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-05T15:58:01","indexId":"sir20125232","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5232","title":"Computing daily mean streamflow at ungaged locations in Iowa by using the Flow Anywhere and Flow Duration Curve Transfer statistical methods","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maintains approximately 148 real-time streamgages in Iowa for which daily mean streamflow information is available, but daily mean streamflow data commonly are needed at locations where no streamgages are present. Therefore, the USGS conducted a study as part of a larger project in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources to develop methods to estimate daily mean streamflow at locations in ungaged watersheds in Iowa by using two regression-based statistical methods. The regression equations for the statistical methods were developed from historical daily mean streamflow and basin characteristics from streamgages within the study area, which includes the entire State of Iowa and adjacent areas within a 50-mile buffer of Iowa in neighboring states. Results of this study can be used with other techniques to determine the best method for application in Iowa and can be used to produce a Web-based geographic information system tool to compute streamflow estimates automatically. The Flow Anywhere statistical method is a variation of the drainage-area-ratio method, which transfers same-day streamflow information from a reference streamgage to another location by using the daily mean streamflow at the reference streamgage and the drainage-area ratio of the two locations. The Flow Anywhere method modifies the drainage-area-ratio method in order to regionalize the equations for Iowa and determine the best reference streamgage from which to transfer same-day streamflow information to an ungaged location. Data used for the Flow Anywhere method were retrieved for 123 continuous-record streamgages located in Iowa and within a 50-mile buffer of Iowa. The final regression equations were computed by using either left-censored regression techniques with a low limit threshold set at 0.1 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) and the daily mean streamflow for the 15th day of every other month, or by using an ordinary-least-squares multiple linear regression method and the daily mean streamflow for the 15th day of every other month. The Flow Duration Curve Transfer method was used to estimate unregulated daily mean streamflow from the physical and climatic characteristics of gaged basins. For the Flow Duration Curve Transfer method, daily mean streamflow quantiles at the ungaged site were estimated with the parameter-based regression model, which results in a continuous daily flow-duration curve (the relation between exceedance probability and streamflow for each day of observed streamflow) at the ungaged site. By the use of a reference streamgage, the Flow Duration Curve Transfer is converted to a time series. Data used in the Flow Duration Curve Transfer method were retrieved for 113 continuous-record streamgages in Iowa and within a 50-mile buffer of Iowa. The final statewide regression equations for Iowa were computed by using a weighted-least-squares multiple linear regression method and were computed for the 0.01-, 0.05-, 0.10-, 0.15-, 0.20-, 0.30-, 0.40-, 0.50-, 0.60-, 0.70-, 0.80-, 0.85-, 0.90-, and 0.95-exceedance probability statistics determined from the daily mean streamflow with a reporting limit set at 0.1 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. The final statewide regression equation for Iowa computed by using left-censored regression techniques was computed for the 0.99-exceedance probability statistic determined from the daily mean streamflow with a low limit threshold and a reporting limit set at 0.1 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. For the Flow Anywhere method, results of the validation study conducted by using six streamgages show that differences between the root-mean-square error and the mean absolute error ranged from 1,016 to 138 ft<sup>3</sup>/s, with the larger value signifying a greater occurrence of outliers between observed and estimated streamflows. Root-mean-square-error values ranged from 1,690 to 237 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Values of the percent root-mean-square error ranged from 115 percent to 26.2 percent. The logarithm (base 10) streamflow percent root-mean-square error ranged from 13.0 to 5.3 percent. Root-mean-square-error observations standard-deviation-ratio values ranged from 0.80 to 0.40. Percent-bias values ranged from 25.4 to 4.0 percent. Untransformed streamflow Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values ranged from 0.84 to 0.35. The logarithm (base 10) streamflow Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values ranged from 0.86 to 0.56. For the streamgage with the best agreement between observed and estimated streamflow, higher streamflows appear to be underestimated. For the streamgage with the worst agreement between observed and estimated streamflow, low flows appear to be overestimated whereas higher flows seem to be underestimated. Estimated cumulative streamflows for the period October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2009, are underestimated by -25.8 and -7.4 percent for the closest and poorest comparisons, respectively. For the Flow Duration Curve Transfer method, results of the validation study conducted by using the same six streamgages show that differences between the root-mean-square error and the mean absolute error ranged from 437 to 93.9 ft<sup>3</sup>/s, with the larger value signifying a greater occurrence of outliers between observed and estimated streamflows. Root-mean-square-error values ranged from 906 to 169 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Values of the percent root-mean-square-error ranged from 67.0 to 25.6 percent. The logarithm (base 10) streamflow percent root-mean-square error ranged from 12.5 to 4.4 percent. Root-mean-square-error observations standard-deviation-ratio values ranged from 0.79 to 0.40. Percent-bias values ranged from 22.7 to 0.94 percent. Untransformed streamflow Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values ranged from 0.84 to 0.38. The logarithm (base 10) streamflow Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values ranged from 0.89 to 0.48. For the streamgage with the closest agreement between observed and estimated streamflow, there is relatively good agreement between observed and estimated streamflows. For the streamgage with the poorest agreement between observed and estimated streamflow, streamflows appear to be substantially underestimated for much of the time period. Estimated cumulative streamflow for the period October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2009, are underestimated by -9.3 and -22.7 percent for the closest and poorest comparisons, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125232","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Linhart, S., Nania, J.F., Sanders, C.L., and Archfield, S.A., 2012, Computing daily mean streamflow at ungaged locations in Iowa by using the Flow Anywhere and Flow Duration Curve Transfer statistical methods: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5232, vi, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125232.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-033054","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5232.gif"},{"id":262963,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5232/"},{"id":262964,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5232/sir2012-5232.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 15","country":"United States","state":"Illinois;Iowa;Minnesota;Missouri;Nebraska;Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.0,39.75 ], [ -98.0,44.15 ], [ -88.5,44.15 ], [ -88.5,39.75 ], [ -98.0,39.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5098dfe9e4b0a35ac147a79e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linhart, S. Mike","contributorId":61073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S. Mike","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nania, Jon F. jfnania@usgs.gov","contributorId":4767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nania","given":"Jon","email":"jfnania@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanders, Curtis L. Jr.","contributorId":76391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"Curtis","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Archfield, Stacey A. 0000-0002-9011-3871 sarch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-3871","contributorId":1874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archfield","given":"Stacey","email":"sarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040594,"text":"cir1376 - 2012 - Streamflow depletion by wells--Understanding and managing the effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-07T09:13:51","indexId":"cir1376","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1376","title":"Streamflow depletion by wells--Understanding and managing the effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater is an important source of water for many human needs, including public supply, agriculture, and industry. With the development of any natural resource, however, adverse consequences may be associated with its use. One of the primary concerns related to the development of groundwater resources is the effect of groundwater pumping on streamflow. Groundwater and surface-water systems are connected, and groundwater discharge is often a substantial component of the total flow of a stream. Groundwater pumping reduces the amount of groundwater that flows to streams and, in some cases, can draw streamflow into the underlying groundwater system. Streamflow reductions (or depletions) caused by pumping have become an important water-resource management issue because of the negative impacts that reduced flows can have on aquatic ecosystems, the availability of surface water, and the quality and aesthetic value of streams and rivers. Scientific research over the past seven decades has made important contributions to the basic understanding of the processes and factors that affect streamflow depletion by wells. Moreover, advances in methods for simulating groundwater systems with computer models provide powerful tools for estimating the rates, locations, and timing of streamflow depletion in response to groundwater pumping and for evaluating alternative approaches for managing streamflow depletion. The primary objective of this report is to summarize these scientific insights and to describe the various field methods and modeling approaches that can be used to understand and manage streamflow depletion. A secondary objective is to highlight several misconceptions concerning streamflow depletion and to explain why these misconceptions are incorrect.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1376","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Streamflow depletion by wells--Understanding and managing the effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow; 2012; CIR; 1376; Barlow, Paul M.; Leake, Stanley A.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":262918,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1376/"},{"id":262919,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1376/pdf/circ1376_barlow_report_508.pdf"},{"id":262920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1376.jpg"}],"publishedDate":"2012-11-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5094dd8ee4b0e5cfc2acdc8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040592,"text":"sir20125230 - 2012 - Completion summary for borehole USGS 136 near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T18:31:20","indexId":"sir20125230","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5230","title":"Completion summary for borehole USGS 136 near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, cored and completed borehole USGS 136 for stratigraphic framework analyses and long-term groundwater monitoring of the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Laboratory. The borehole was initially cored to a depth of 1,048 feet (ft) below land surface (BLS) to collect core, open-borehole water samples, and geophysical data. After these data were collected, borehole USGS 136 was cemented and backfilled between 560 and 1,048 ft BLS. The final construction of borehole USGS 136 required that the borehole be reamed to allow for installation of 6-inch (in.) diameter carbon-steel casing and 5-in. diameter stainless-steel screen; the screened monitoring interval was completed between 500 and 551 ft BLS. A dedicated pump and water-level access line were placed to allow for aquifer testing, for collecting periodic water samples, and for measuring water levels.</p><p>Geophysical and borehole video logs were collected after coring and after the completion of the monitor well. Geophysical logs were examined in conjunction with the borehole core to describe borehole lithology and to identify primary flow paths for groundwater, which occur in intervals of fractured and vesicular basalt.</p><p>A single-well aquifer test was used to define hydraulic characteristics for borehole USGS 136 in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer. Specific-capacity, transmissivity, and hydraulic conductivity from the aquifer test were at least 975 gallons per minute per foot, 1.4 × 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>feet squared per day (ft<sup>2</sup>/d), and 254 feet per day, respectively. The amount of measureable drawdown during the aquifer test was about 0.02&nbsp;ft. The transmissivity for borehole USGS 136 was in the range of values determined from previous aquifer tests conducted in other wells near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex: 9.5 × 10<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 1.9 × 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ft<sup>2</sup>/d.</p><p>Water samples were analyzed for cations, anions, metals, nutrients, total organic carbon, volatile organic compounds, stable isotopes, and radionuclides. Water samples from borehole USGS 136 indicated that concentrations of tritium, sulfate, and chromium were affected by wastewater disposal practices at the Advanced Test Reactor Complex. Depth-discrete groundwater samples were collected in the open borehole USGS 136 near 965, 710, and 573 ft BLS using a thief sampler; on the basis of selected constituents, deeper groundwater samples showed no influence from wastewater disposal at the Advanced Test Reactor Complex.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Twining, B.V., Bartholomay, R.C., and Hodges, M., 2012, Completion summary for borehole USGS 136 near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5230, vi; 32 p.; Appendixes A-D, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125230.","productDescription":"vi; 32 p.; Appendixes A-D","numberOfPages":"42","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5230.jpg"},{"id":262905,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5230/"},{"id":262906,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5230/pdf/sir20125230.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee44e4b0c8380cd49c75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twining, Brian V. 0000-0003-1321-4721 btwining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-4721","contributorId":2387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twining","given":"Brian","email":"btwining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodges, Mary K.V.","contributorId":66848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Mary K.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040595,"text":"sir20125055 - 2012 - Development of invertebrate community indexes of stream quality for the islands of Maui and Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-31T17:09:58","indexId":"sir20125055","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5055","title":"Development of invertebrate community indexes of stream quality for the islands of Maui and Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>In 2009-10 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected physical habitat information and benthic macroinvertebrates at 40 wadeable sites on 25 perennial streams on the Island of Maui, Hawaiʻi, to evaluate the relations between the macroinvertebrate assemblages and environmental characteristics and to develop a multimetric invertebrate community index (ICI) that could be used as an indicator of stream quality. The macroinvertebrate community data were used to identify metrics that could best differentiate among sites according to disturbance gradients such as embeddedness, percent fines (silt and sand areal coverage), or percent agricultural land in the contributing basin area. Environmental assessments were conducted using land-use/land-cover data and reach-level physical habitat data. The Maui data were first evaluated using the previously developed Preliminary-Hawaiian Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (P-HBIBI) to determine if existing metrics would successfully differentiate stream quality among the sites. Secondly, a number of candidate invertebrate metrics were screened and tested and the individual metrics that proved the best at discerning among the sites along one or more disturbance gradients were combined into a multimetric invertebrate community index (ICI) of stream quality. These metrics were: total invertebrate abundance, Class Insecta relative abundance, the ratio of Trichoptera abundance to nonnative Diptera abundance, native snail (hihiwai) presence or absence, native mountain shrimp (&prime;&delta;pae) presence or absence, native torrent midge (<i>Telmatogeton</i> spp.) presence or absence, and native <i>Megalagrion</i> damselfly presence or absence. The Maui ICI classified 15 of the 40 sites (37.5 percent) as having \"good\" quality communities, 17 of the sites (42.5 percent) as having \"fair\" quality communities, and 8 sites (20 percent) as having \"poor\" quality communities, a classification that may be used to initiate further investigation into the causes of the poor rating. Additionally, quantitative macroinvertebrate samples collected from 31 randomly selected sites on Oʻahu in 2006-07 as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Wadeable Stream Assessment (WSA) were used to refine and develop an ICI of stream quality for Oʻahu. The set of metrics that were included in the revised index were: total invertebrate abundance, Class Insecta relative abundance, the ratio of Trichoptera abundance to nonnative Diptera abundance, turbellarian relative abundance, amphipod relative abundance, nonnative mollusk abundance, and nonnative crayfish (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>) and/or red cherry shrimp (<i>Neocaridina denticulata sinensis</i>) presence or absence. The Oʻahu ICI classified 10 of the 31 sites (32.3 percent) as \"good\" quality communities, 16 of the sites (51.6 percent) as \"fair\" quality communities, and 5 of the sites (16.1 percent) as \"poor\" quality communities. A reanalysis of 18 of the Oʻahu macroinvertebrate sites used to develop the P-HBIBI resulted in the reclassification of 3 samples. The beginning of a statewide ICI was developed on the basis of a combination of metrics from the Maui and Oʻahu ICIs. This combined ICI is intended to help identify broad problem areas so that the Hawaii State Department of Health (HIDOH) can prioritize their efforts on a statewide scale. Once these problem areas are identified, the island-wide ICIs can be used to more accurately assess the quality of individual stream reaches so that the HIDOH can prioritize their efforts on the most impaired streams. By using the combined ICI, 70 percent of the Maui sites and 10 percent of the Oʻahu WSA sites were designated as \"good\" quality sites; 25 percent of the Maui sites and 45 percent of the Oʻahu WSA sites were designated as \"fair\" quality sites; and 5 percent of the Maui sites and 45 percent of the Oʻahu WSA sites were designated as \"poor\" quality sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125055","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Wolff, R.H., 2012, Development of invertebrate community indexes of stream quality for the islands of Maui and Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5055, Report: viii; 199 p.; Appendixes: A-D, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125055.","productDescription":"Report: viii; 199 p.; Appendixes: A-D","numberOfPages":"204","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262933,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5055.bmp"},{"id":262931,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5055/sir2012-5055_total.pdf","text":"Report","size":"33.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":262930,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5055/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.55679321289062,\n              20.128155311797183\n            ],\n            [\n       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H.","contributorId":35020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"Reuben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70039151,"text":"70039151 - 2012 - The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: Structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-11T17:17:46.668097","indexId":"70039151","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T12:41:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3290,"text":"Revista de Biología Tropical: International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation","onlineIssn":"2215-2075","printIssn":"0034-7744","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: Structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem","docAbstract":"<p>Fishes at Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica, were surveyed as part of a larger scientific expedition to the area in September 2009. The average total biomass of nearshore fishes was 7.8 tonnes per ha, among the largest observed in the tropics, with apex predators such as sharks, jacks, and groupers accounting for nearly 40% of the total biomass. The abundance of reef and pelagic sharks, particularly large aggregations of threatened species such as the scalloped hammerhead shark (up to 42 hammerheads ha-1) and large schools of jacks and snappers show the capacity for high biomass in unfished ecosystems in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. However, the abundance of hammerhead and reef whitetip sharks appears to have been declining since the late 1990s, and likely causes may include increasing fishing pressure on sharks in the region and illegal fishing inside the Park. One Galapagos shark tagged on September 20, 2009 in the Isla del Coco National Park moved 255km southeast towards Malpelo Island in Colombia, when it stopped transmitting. These results contribute to the evidence that sharks conduct large-scale movements between marine protected areas (Isla del Coco, Malpelo, Galápagos) in the Eastern tropical Pacific and emphasize the need for regional-scale management. More than half of the species and 90% of the individuals observed were endemic to the tropical eastern Pacific. These high biomass and endemicity values highlight the uniqueness of the fish assemblage at Isla del Coco and its importance as a global biodiversity hotspot.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Universidad de Costa Rica","publisherLocation":"San José, Costa Rica","usgsCitation":"Friedlander, A.M., Zgliczynski, B.J., Ballesteros, E., Aburto-Oropeza, O., Bolanos, A., and Sala, E., 2012, The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: Structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem: Revista de Biología Tropical: International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, v. 60, no. Supplement 3, p. 321-338.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"338","ipdsId":"IP-036295","costCenters":[{"id":333,"text":"Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281003,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/28407"}],"country":"Costa Rica","otherGeospatial":"Cocos Island, Isla Del Coco","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.12038040161133,\n              5.478787347430845\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.01240539550781,\n              5.478787347430845\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.01240539550781,\n              5.5753250966420795\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.12038040161133,\n              5.5753250966420795\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.12038040161133,\n              5.478787347430845\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"Supplement 3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7895e4b0b2908510c40c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedlander, Alan M. afriedlander@usgs.gov","contributorId":53079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedlander","given":"Alan","email":"afriedlander@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zgliczynski, Brian J.","contributorId":73495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zgliczynski","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballesteros, Enric","contributorId":56113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballesteros","given":"Enric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio","contributorId":91784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aburto-Oropeza","given":"Octavio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bolanos, Allan","contributorId":53695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolanos","given":"Allan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sala, Enric","contributorId":38437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sala","given":"Enric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70048188,"text":"70048188 - 2012 - MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-16T12:24:24","indexId":"70048188","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T12:17:04","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring","docAbstract":"Abandoned hard-rock mines can be a significant source of acid mine drainage (AMD) and toxic metal pollution to watersheds. In Colorado, USA, abandoned mines are often located in remote, high elevation areas that are snowbound for 7–8 months of the year. The difficulty in accessing these remote sites, especially during winter, creates challenging water sampling problems and major hydrologic and toxic metal loading events are often under sampled. Currently available automated water samplers are not well suited for sampling remote snowbound areas so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed a new water sampler, the MiniSipper, to provide long-duration, high-resolution water sampling in remote areas. The MiniSipper is a small, portable sampler that uses gas bubbles to separate up to 250 five milliliter acidified samples in a long tubing coil. The MiniSipper operates for over 8 months unattended in water under snow/ice, reduces field work costs, and greatly increases sampling resolution, especially during inaccessible times. MiniSippers were deployed in support of an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) project evaluating acid mine drainage inputs from the Pennsylvania Mine to the Snake River watershed in Summit County, CO, USA. MiniSipper metal results agree within 10% of EPA-USGS hand collected grab sample results. Our high-resolution results reveal very strong correlations (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9) between potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) and specific conductivity at the Pennsylvania Mine site. The large number of samples collected by the MiniSipper over the entire water year provides a detailed look at the effects of major hydrologic events such as snowmelt runoff and rainstorms on metal loading from the Pennsylvania Mine. MiniSipper results will help guide EPA sampling strategy and remediation efforts in the Snake River watershed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083","usgsCitation":"Chapin, T.P., and Todd, A., 2012, MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring: Science of the Total Environment, v. 439, p. 343-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"353","ipdsId":"IP-038379","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277598,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0603,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,36.9924 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"439","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52382865e4b0c7d45ef06110","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, Thomas P.","contributorId":96184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Todd, Andrew S.","contributorId":33162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Andrew S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70169895,"text":"70169895 - 2012 - Free tropospheric transport of microorganisms from Asia to North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T10:27:36","indexId":"70169895","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2729,"text":"Microbial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Free tropospheric transport of microorganisms from Asia to North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>Microorganisms are abundant in the troposphere and can be transported vast distances on prevailing winds. This study measures the abundance and diversity of airborne bacteria and fungi sampled at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory (located 2.7 km above sea level in North America) where incoming free tropospheric air routinely arrives from distant sources across the Pacific Ocean, including Asia. Overall deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentrations for microorganisms in the free troposphere, derived from quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, averaged 4.94&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;10(-5) ng DNA m(-3) for bacteria and 4.77&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;10(-3) ng DNA m(-3) for fungi. Aerosols occasionally corresponded with microbial abundance, most often in the springtime. Viable cells were recovered from 27.4 % of bacterial and 47.6 % of fungal samples (N&thinsp;=&thinsp;124), with 49 different species identified by ribosomal DNA gene sequencing. The number of microbial isolates rose significantly above baseline values on 22-23 April 2011 and 13-15 May 2011. Both events were analyzed in detail, revealing distinct free tropospheric chemistries (e.g., low water vapor, high aerosols, carbon monoxide, and ozone) useful for ruling out boundary layer contamination. Kinematic back trajectory modeling suggested air from these events probably originated near China or Japan. Even after traveling for 10 days across the Pacific Ocean in the free troposphere, diverse and viable microbial populations, including presumptive plant pathogens Alternaria infectoria and Chaetomium globosum, were detected in Asian air samples. Establishing a connection between the intercontinental transport of microorganisms and specific diseases in North America will require follow-up investigations on both sides of the Pacific Ocean.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Microbial Ecology","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/s00248-012-0088-9","usgsCitation":"D. Smith, Jaffe, D., Birmele, M., Griffin, D.W., Andrew Schuerger, Hee, J., and Roberts, M., 2012, Free tropospheric transport of microorganisms from Asia to North America: Microbial Ecology, v. 64, no. 4, p. 973-985, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-012-0088-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"973","endPage":"985","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036127","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319573,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fba7a7e4b0a6037df1a148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D. Smith","contributorId":168340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D. Smith","affiliations":[{"id":25260,"text":"University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, U","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Dan","contributorId":168345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25263,"text":"University of Washington-Bothell, Department of Atmospheric Scie","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Birmele, Michele","contributorId":168347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Birmele","given":"Michele","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25261,"text":"NASA Kennedy Space Center, ESC Team QNA, Kennedy Space Center,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andrew Schuerger","contributorId":168344,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andrew Schuerger","affiliations":[{"id":25262,"text":"University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hee, J.","contributorId":168350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hee","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roberts, Michael","contributorId":168346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25262,"text":"University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70048307,"text":"70048307 - 2012 - Using geochemistry to identify the source of groundwater to Montezuma Well, a natural spring in Central Arizona, USA: Part 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-20T09:36:05","indexId":"70048307","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T09:24:44","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1534,"text":"Environmental Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using geochemistry to identify the source of groundwater to Montezuma Well, a natural spring in Central Arizona, USA: Part 2","docAbstract":"Montezuma Well is a unique natural spring located in a sinkhole surrounded by travertine. Montezuma Well is managed by the National Park Service, and groundwater development in the area is a potential threat to the water source for Montezuma Well. This research was undertaken to better understand the sources of groundwater to Montezuma Well. Strontium isotopes (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr) indicate that groundwater in the recharge area has flowed through surficial basalts with subsequent contact with the underlying Permian aged sandstones and the deeper, karstic, Mississippian Redwall Limestone. The distinctive geochemistry in Montezuma Well and nearby Soda Springs (higher concentrations of alkalinity, As, B, Cl, and Li) is coincident with added carbon dioxide and mantle-sourced He. The geochemistry and isotopic data from Montezuma Well and Soda Springs allow for the separation of groundwater samples into four categories: (1) upgradient, (2) deep groundwater with carbon dioxide, (3) shallow Verde Formation, and (4) mixing zone. δ<sup>18</sup>O and δD values, along with noble gas recharge elevation data, indicate that the higher elevation areas to the north and east of Montezuma Well are the groundwater recharge zones for Montezuma Well and most of the groundwater in this portion of the Verde Valley. Adjusted groundwater age dating using likely <sup>14</sup>C and δ<sup>13</sup>C sources indicate an age for Montezuma Well and Soda Springs groundwaters at 5,400–13,300 years, while shallow groundwater in the Verde Formation appears to be older (18,900). Based on water chemistry and isotopic evidence, groundwater flow to Montezuma Well is consistent with a hydrogeologic framework that indicates groundwater flow by (1) recharge in higher elevation basalts to the north and east of Montezuma Well, (2) movement through the upgradient Permian and Mississippian units, especially the Redwall Limestone, and (3) contact with a basalt dike/fracture system that provides a mechanism for groundwater to flow to the surface. While the exact nature of the groundwater flow connections is still uncertain, the available data indicate that flow to Montezuma Well may be more susceptible to future groundwater development in the Redwall Limestone than from any other geologic unit. Overall, the shallow groundwater in the surrounding Verde Formation appears to be largely disconnected from deeper groundwater flowing to Montezuma Well.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12665-012-1844-3","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.H., DeWitt, E., Wirt, L., Manning, A.H., and Hunt, A.G., 2012, Using geochemistry to identify the source of groundwater to Montezuma Well, a natural spring in Central Arizona, USA: Part 2: Environmental Earth Sciences, v. 67, no. 6, p. 1837-1853, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1844-3.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1837","endPage":"1853","ipdsId":"IP-027796","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277952,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1844-3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Montezuma Well","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.83,34.5 ], [ -111.83,34.83 ], [ -111.45,34.83 ], [ -111.45,34.5 ], [ -111.83,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"67","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"523d6e6ae4b097188d6c771b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Raymond H. rhjohnso@usgs.gov","contributorId":707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Raymond","email":"rhjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":484278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeWitt, Ed","contributorId":65081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"Ed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wirt, Laurie","contributorId":13204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"Laurie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70040666,"text":"pp1789D - 2012 - Atmospheric inputs to watersheds of the Luquillo Mountains in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter D in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-01T08:44:21","indexId":"pp1789D","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"D","title":"Atmospheric inputs to watersheds of the Luquillo Mountains in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter D in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"Twenty years of precipitation-chemistry data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program site at El Verde, Puerto Rico, demonstrate that three major sources control the composition of solutes in rain in eastern Puerto Rico. In order of importance, these sources are marine salts, temperate contamination from the Northern Hemisphere, and Sahara Desert dust. Marine salts are a source of roughly 82 percent of the ionic charge in precipitation; marine salt inputs are greatest in January. Evaluation of 15 years of U.S. Geological Survey data for four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico suggests that large storms, including hurricanes, are associated with exceptionally high chloride concentrations in stream waters. Some of these storms were missed in sampling by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, and therefore its data on the marine contribution likely underestimate chloride. The marine contribution is a weak source of acidity. Temperate contamination contributes about 10 percent of the ionic charge in precipitation; contaminants are primarily nitrate, ammonia, and sulfate derived from various manmade and natural sources. Peak deposition of temperate contaminants is during January, April, and May, months in which strong weather fronts arrive from the north. Temperate contamination, a strong source of acidity, is the only component that is increasing through time. Sahara Desert dust provides 5 percent of the ionic charge in precipitation; it is strongly seasonal, peaking in June and July during times of maximum dust transport from the Sahara and sub-Saharan regions. This dust contributes, on average, enough alkalinity to neutralize the acidity in June and July rains.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789D","collaboration":"This report is Chapter D in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Stallard, R.F., 2012, Atmospheric inputs to watersheds of the Luquillo Mountains in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter D in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789D.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"112","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_D.jpg"},{"id":263008,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":263009,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterD.pdf"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d85caae4b0064e695a14d6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509096,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509097,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70040654,"text":"pp1789H - 2012 - Weathering, landscape equilibrium, and carbon in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter H in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:20:02","indexId":"pp1789H","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"H","title":"Weathering, landscape equilibrium, and carbon in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter H in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program research in eastern Puerto Rico involves a double pair-wise comparison of four montane river basins, two on granitic bedrock and two on fine-grained volcaniclastic bedrock; for each rock type, one is forested and the other is developed. A confounding factor in this comparison is that the developed watersheds are substantially drier than the forested (runoff of 900&ndash;1,600 millimeters per year compared with 2,800&ndash;3,700 millimeters per year). To reduce the effects of contrasting runoff, the relation between annual runoff and annual constituent yield were used to estimate mean-annual yields at a common, intermediate mean-annual runoff of 1,860 millimeters per year. Upon projection to this intermediate runoff, the ranges of mean-annual yields among all watersheds became more compact or did not substantially change for dissolved bedrock, sodium, silica, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, and calcium. These constituents are the primary indicators of chemical weathering, biological activity on the landscape, and atmospheric inputs; the narrow ranges indicate little preferential influence by either geology or land cover. The projected yields of biologically active constituents (potassium, nitrate, ammonium ion, phosphate), and particulate constituents (suspended bedrock and particulate organic carbon) were considerably greater for developed landscapes compared with forested watersheds, consistent with the known effects of land clearing and human waste inputs. Equilibrium rates of combined chemical and physical weathering were estimated by using a method based on concentrations of silicon and sodium in bedrock, river-borne solids, and river-borne solutes. The observed rates of landscape denudation greatly exceed rates expected for a dynamic equilibrium, except possibly for the forested watershed on volcaniclastic rock. Deforestation and agriculture can explain the accelerated physical erosion in the two developed watersheds. Because there has been no appreciable deforestation, something else, possibly climate or forest-quality change, must explain the accelerated erosion in the forested watersheds on granitic rocks. Particulate organic carbon yields are closely linked to sediment yields. This relation implies that much of the particulate organic carbon transport in the four rivers is being caused by this enhanced erosion aided by landslides and fast carbon recovery. The increase in particulate organic carbon yields over equilibrium is estimated to range from 300 kilomoles per square kilometer per year (6 metric tons carbon per square kilometer per year) to 1,700 kilomoles per square kilometer per year (22 metric tons carbon per square kilometer per year) and is consistent with human-accelerated particulate-organic-carbon erosion and burial observed globally. There is no strong evidence of human perturbation of silicate weathering in the four study watersheds, and differences in dissolved inorganic carbon are consistent with watershed geology. Although dissolved organic carbon is slightly elevated in the developed watersheds, that elevation is not enough to unambiguously demonstrate human causes; more work is needed. Accordingly, the dissolved organic carbon and dissolved inorganic carbon yields of tropical rivers, although large, are of secondary importance in the study of the anthropgenically perturbed carbon cycle.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789H","collaboration":"This report is Chapter H in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>. For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Stallard, R.F., 2012, Weathering, landscape equilibrium, and carbon in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter H in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789H.","productDescription":"50 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262992,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_H.jpg"},{"id":262990,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":262991,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterH.pdf"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e583ede4b0a4aa5bb0976d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509086,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509087,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70040658,"text":"pp1789F - 2012 - Landslides and sediment budgets in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter F in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:18:05","indexId":"pp1789F","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"F","title":"Landslides and sediment budgets in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter F in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"The low-latitude regions of the Earth are undergoing profound, rapid landscape change as forests are converted to agriculture to support growing population. Understanding the effects of these land-use changes requires analysis of watershed-scale geomorphic processes to better inform and manage this usually disorganized process. The investigation of hillslope erosion and the development of sediment budgets provides essential information for resource managers. Four small, montane, humid-tropical watersheds in the Luquillo Experimental Forest and nearby R&iacute;o Grande de Lo&iacute;za watershed, Puerto Rico (18&deg; 20' N., 65&deg; 45' W.), were selected to compare and contrast the geomorphic effects of land use and bedrock geology. Two of the watersheds are underlain largely by resistant Cretaceous volcaniclastic rocks but differ in land use and mean annual runoff: the Mameyes watershed, with predominantly primary forest cover and runoff of 2,750 millimeters per year, and the Can&oacute;vanas watershed, with mixed secondary forest and pasture and runoff of 970 millimeters per year. The additional two watersheds are underlain by relatively erodible granitic bedrock: the forested Icacos watershed, with runoff of 3,760 millimeters per year and the agriculturally developed Cayagu&aacute;s watershed, with a mean annual runoff of 1,620 millimeters per year. Annual sediment budgets were estimated for each watershed using landslide, slopewash, soil creep, treethrow, suspended sediment, and streamflow data. The budgets also included estimates of sediment storage in channel beds, bars, floodplains, and in colluvial deposits. In the two watersheds underlain by volcaniclastic rocks, the forested Mameyes and the developed Can&oacute;vanas watersheds, landslide frequency (0.21 and 0.04 landslides per square kilometer per year, respectively), slopewash (5 and 30 metric tons per square kilometer per year), and suspended sediment yield (325 and 424 metric tons per square kilometer per year), were lower than in the two watersheds underlain by granitic bedrock. In these granitic watersheds, landslide frequency, slopewash, and suspended sediment yield were 0.43 landslides per square kilometer per year, 20 metric tons per square kilometer per year, and 2,140 metric tons per square kilometer per year, respectively, in the forested Icacos watershed and 0.8 landslides per square kilometer per year, 105 metric tons per square kilometer per year, and 2,110 metric tons per square kilometer per year, respectively, in the agriculturally developed Cayagu&aacute;s watershed. Comparison of sediment budgets from the forested and developed watersheds indicates that human activities increase landslide frequency by as much as factor of 5 and slopewash by as much as a factor of 6. When the difference in annual runoff is considered, the effect of land use on suspended sediment yields is also notable. Sediment concentration, calculated as sediment yield normalized by runoff, was about 2.3 to 3.7 times as great in the two watersheds in secondary forest and pasture compared with sediment concentration in the watersheds in primary forest. Even in the two watersheds with primary forest cover, the Mameyes and Icacos, located in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, the effects of anthropogenic disturbance were marked: 43 to 63 percent of landslide-related erosion was associated with road construction and maintenance.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789F","collaboration":"This report is Chapter F in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>. For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., 2012, Landslides and sediment budgets in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter F in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789F.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"178","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_F.jpg"},{"id":262997,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":262996,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterF.pdf"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df70b0e4b0dfbe79e6c651","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509092,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509093,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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