The USA National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN) seeks to engage volunteer observers to collect phenology observations of plants and animals using consistent standards and to contribute to the USANPN National Phenology Database (NPDb). The commencement of 2010 marked the second functional year of Nature’s Notebook, the online phenology observation program developed by the National Coordinating Office (NCO) of the USA‐NPN. The addition of animal species for monitoring was a major enhancement to Nature’s Notebook in 2010.
\nIn 2010, with minimal advertising or marketing, 796 new observers registered with Nature’s Notebook and 426 observers reported phenology observations on one or more plants or animals via the online interface. Over 200,000 data records were added to the NPDb. Observations were reported on 179 species of plants and 58 species of animals. The plant species most frequently observed include red maple (Acer rubrum), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). The animal species most frequently observed were American robin (Turdus migratorius), black‐capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis), bumblebee (Bombus spp.), and white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).
\nAs in 2009, participants tended to stay involved, reporting most phenophases for an average of nearly ten unique dates during the year. In addition, nearly two hundred participants who submitted observations in previous years continued to participate in 2010. This sustained participation suggests that the Nature’s Notebook interface and the status monitoring protocols inherent in Nature’s Notebook are both conducive to engaging the public and keeping them involved.
\nData submitted by Nature’s Notebook participants show patterns that follow latitude and elevation. Multiple years of observations now allow for year‐to‐year comparisons within and across species. As such, these data should be useful to a variety of stakeholders interested in the spatial and temporal patterns of plant and animal activity on a national scale; through time, these data should also empower scientists, resource managers, and the public in decision‐making and adapting to variable and changing climates and environments. Data submitted toNature’s Notebook and supporting metadata are available for download at www.usanpn.org/results/data. Additionally, data visualization tools are available online at www.usanpn.org/results/visualizations.
","language":"English","publisher":"USA National Phenology Network","usgsCitation":"Crimmins, T., Rosemartin, A.H., Marsh, R.L., Denny, E.G., Enquist, C., and Weltzin, J., 2011, Nature's Notebook 2010: Data & participant summary: USA-NPN Technical Series 2011-001, 31 p.","productDescription":"31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035892","costCenters":[{"id":433,"text":"National Phenology Network","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321337,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.usanpn.org/pubs/reports#USA-NPN_Technical_Series"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d65ebe4b07e28b6684903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crimmins, Theresa","contributorId":103579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crimmins","given":"Theresa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosemartin, Alyssa H.","contributorId":30910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosemartin","given":"Alyssa","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marsh, R. Lee","contributorId":146211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marsh","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":16629,"text":"USA National Phenology Network, SNRE University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denny, Ellen G.","contributorId":79803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Enquist, Carolyn A.F.","contributorId":87445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enquist","given":"Carolyn A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weltzin, Jake F. jweltzin@usgs.gov","contributorId":149476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltzin","given":"Jake F.","email":"jweltzin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":433,"text":"National Phenology Network","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70042031,"text":"70042031 - 2011 - Landscape models of brook trout abundance and distribution in lotic habitat with field validation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-28T12:02:51","indexId":"70042031","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape models of brook trout abundance and distribution in lotic habitat with field validation","docAbstract":"Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis are native fish in decline owing to environmental changes. Predictions of their potential distribution and a better understanding of their relationship to habitat conditions would enhance the management and conservation of this valuable species. We used over 7,800 brook trout observations throughout New York State and georeferenced, multiscale landscape condition data to develop four regionally specific artificial neural network models to predict brook trout abundance in rivers and streams. Land cover data provided a general signature of human activity, but other habitat variables were resistant to anthropogenic changes (i.e., changing on a geological time scale). The resulting models predict the potential for any stream to support brook trout. The models were validated by holding 20% of the data out as a test set and by comparison with additional field collections from a variety of habitat types. The models performed well, explaining more than 90% of data variability. Errors were often associated with small spatial displacements of predicted values. When compared with the additional field collections (39 sites), 92% of the predictions were off by only a single class from the field-observed abundances. Among “least-disturbed” field collection sites, all predictions were correct or off by a single abundance class, except for one where brown trout Salmo trutta were present. Other degrading factors were evident at most sites where brook trout were absent or less abundant than predicted. The most important habitat variables included landscape slope, stream and drainage network sizes, water temperature, and extent of forest cover. Predicted brook trout abundances were applied to all New York streams, providing a synoptic map of the distribution of brook trout habitat potential. These fish models set benchmarks of best potential for streams to support brook trout under broad-scale human influences and can assist with planning and identification of protection or rehabilitation sites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Group","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2011.593940","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., and Johnson, J.H., 2011, Landscape models of brook trout abundance and distribution in lotic habitat with field validation: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 31, no. 4, p. 742-756, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2011.593940.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"742","endPage":"756","ipdsId":"IP-023753","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264883,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264882,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2011.593940"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7621,40.5 ], [ -79.7621,45.0 ], [ -71.8563,45.0 ], [ -71.8563,40.5 ], [ -79.7621,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df6e6fe4b0dfbe79e6c506","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, James E. Jr.","contributorId":56992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"James E.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, James H. 0000-0002-5619-3871 jhjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3871","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041600,"text":"70041600 - 2011 - Global Positioning System constraints on crustal deformation before and during the 21 February 2008 Wells, Nevada M6.0 earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T16:11:57","indexId":"70041600","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":125,"text":"Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Global Positioning System constraints on crustal deformation before and during the 21 February 2008 Wells, Nevada M6.0 earthquake","docAbstract":"Using Global Positioning System (GPS) data from permanent sites and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) campaign data \nwe have estimated co-seismic displacements and secular background crustal deformation patterns associated with the 21 \nFebruary 2008 Wells Nevada earthquake. Estimated displacements at nearby permanent GPS sites ELKO (84 km distant) \nand GOSH (81 km distant) are 1.0±0.2 mm and 1.1±0.3 mm, respectively. The magnitude and direction are in agreement \nwith those predicted from a rupture model based on InSAR measurements of the near-field co-seismic surface \ndisplacement. Analysis of long GPS time series (>10 years) from the permanent sites within 250 km of the epicenter \nindicate the eastern Nevada Basin and Range undergoes steady tectonic transtension with rates on the order of 1 mm/year \nover approximately 250 km. The azimuth of maximum horizontal crustal extension is consistent with the azimuth of the \nWells earthquake co-seismic slip vector. The orientation of crustal shear is consistent with deformation associated with \nPacific/North America plate boundary relative motion seen elsewhere in the Basin and Range. In response to the event, we \ndeployed a new GPS site with the capability to telemeter high rate, low latency data that will in the future allow for rapid \nestimation of surface displacement should aftershocks or postseismic deformations occur. We estimated co-seismic \ndisplacements using campaign GPS data collected before and after the event, however in most cases their uncertainties \nwere larger than the offsets. Better precision in co-seismic displacement could have been achieved for the campaign sites if \nthey had been surveyed more times or over a longer interval to better estimate their pre-event velocity.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 21 February 2008 Mw 6.0 Wells, Nevada earthquake: A compendium of earthquake-related investigations prepared by the University of Nevada, Reno ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology","publisherLocation":"Reno, NV","usgsCitation":"Hammond, W.C., Blewitt, G., Kreemer, C., Murray-Moraleda, J.R., and Svarc, J.L., 2011, Global Positioning System constraints on crustal deformation before and during the 21 February 2008 Wells, Nevada M6.0 earthquake: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 36, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"196","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-012616","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352150,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.nbmg.unr.edu/The-2008-Wells-earthquake-p/sp036.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Wells","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.1857,39.8929 ], [ -117.1857,42.0656 ], [ -111.9672,42.0656 ], [ -111.9672,39.8929 ], [ -117.1857,39.8929 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c71285e4b0ebb3997466e9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"dePolo, Craig M.","contributorId":112629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"dePolo","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509110,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaPointe, Daphne D.","contributorId":112148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPointe","given":"Daphne","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509109,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, William C.","contributorId":73735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blewitt, Geoffrey","contributorId":47660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blewitt","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kreemer, Corne","contributorId":15902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreemer","given":"Corne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray-Moraleda, Jessica R.","contributorId":23649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray-Moraleda","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Svarc, Jerry L. 0000-0002-2802-4528 jsvarc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-4528","contributorId":2413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"Jerry","email":"jsvarc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70006177,"text":"ds633 - 2011 - A Geo-referenced 3D model of the Juan de Fuca Slab and associated seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-07T16:41:41.694289","indexId":"ds633","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"633","title":"A Geo-referenced 3D model of the Juan de Fuca Slab and associated seismicity","docAbstract":"We present a Geographic Information System (GIS) of a new 3-dimensional (3D) model of the subducted Juan de Fuca Plate beneath western North America and associated seismicity of the Cascadia subduction system. The geo-referenced 3D model was constructed from weighted control points that integrate depth information from hypocenter locations and regional seismic velocity studies. We used the 3D model to differentiate earthquakes that occur above the Juan de Fuca Plate surface from earthquakes that occur below the plate surface. This GIS project of the Cascadia subduction system supersedes the one previously published by McCrory and others (2006). Our new slab model updates the model with new constraints. The most significant updates to the model include: (1) weighted control points to incorporate spatial uncertainty, (2) an additional gridded slab surface based on the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) Surface program which constructs surfaces based on splines in tension (see expanded description below), (3) double-differenced hypocenter locations in northern California to better constrain slab location there, and (4) revised slab shape based on new hypocenter profiles that incorporate routine depth uncertainties as well as data from new seismic-reflection and seismic-refraction studies. We also provide a 3D fly-through animation of the model for use as a visualization tool.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds633","usgsCitation":"Blair, J., McCrory, P., Oppenheimer, D.H., and Waldhauser, F., 2011, A Geo-referenced 3D model of the Juan de Fuca Slab and associated seismicity (Originally Posted December 2, 2011; Version 1.1: October 3, 2012; Version 1.2: April 29, 2013): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 633, Readme File; Animation Folder; Map; Data Folder; Metadata Folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds633.","productDescription":"Readme File; Animation Folder; Map; Data Folder; Metadata Folder","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504104,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_96302.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":263038,"rank":3,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/633/DS633_Metadata"},{"id":263037,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/633/DS633_Data.zip"},{"id":263036,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/633/DS633_Location_Map.pdf"},{"id":263035,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/633/DS633_Animation"},{"id":263034,"rank":6,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/633/1_README.txt"},{"id":111012,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/633/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_633.png"}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"British Columbia, California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Juan De Fuca Slab","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -132.74,38.92 ], [ -132.74,52.7 ], [ -116.68,52.7 ], [ -116.68,38.92 ], [ -132.74,38.92 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally Posted December 2, 2011; Version 1.1: October 3, 2012; Version 1.2: April 29, 2013","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4956e4b0b290850ef125","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blair, J. L.","contributorId":55857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blair","given":"J.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCrory, P. A.","contributorId":96287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrory","given":"P.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oppenheimer, D. H.","contributorId":18395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waldhauser, F.","contributorId":31897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhauser","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040559,"text":"70040559 - 2011 - Effects of baseline conditions on the simulated hydrologic response to projected climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-01T14:07:01","indexId":"70040559","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1421,"text":"Earth Interactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of baseline conditions on the simulated hydrologic response to projected climate change","docAbstract":"Changes in temperature and precipitation projected from five general circulation models, using one late-twentieth-century and three twenty-first-century emission scenarios, were downscaled to three different baseline conditions. Baseline conditions are periods of measured temperature and precipitation data selected to represent twentieth-century climate. The hydrologic effects of the climate projections are evaluated using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), which is a watershed hydrology simulation model. The Almanor Catchment in the North Fork of the Feather River basin, California, is used as a case study. Differences and similarities between PRMS simulations of hydrologic components (i.e., snowpack formation and melt, evapotranspiration, and streamflow) are examined, and results indicate that the selection of a specific time period used for baseline conditions has a substantial effect on some, but not all, hydrologic variables. This effect seems to be amplified in hydrologic variables, which accumulate over time, such as soil-moisture content. Results also indicate that uncertainty related to the selection of baseline conditions should be evaluated using a range of different baseline conditions. This is particularly important for studies in basins with highly variable climate, such as the Almanor Catchment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Interactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1175/2011EI378.1","usgsCitation":"Koczot, K.M., Markstrom, S., and Hay, L.E., 2011, Effects of baseline conditions on the simulated hydrologic response to projected climate change: Earth Interactions, v. 15, no. 27, p. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011EI378.1.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"23","ipdsId":"IP-023602","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2011ei378.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":262879,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011EI378.1"},{"id":262881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Almanor Catchment;Feather River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.0 ], [ -114.13,42.0 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"15","issue":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50db334ee4b0612706009333","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koczot, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-5728-9798 kmkoczot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-9798","contributorId":2039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koczot","given":"Kathryn","email":"kmkoczot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markstrom, Steven L. 0000-0001-7630-9547 markstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-9547","contributorId":1986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steven L.","email":"markstro@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003822,"text":"70003822 - 2011 - South Cascade (USA/North Cascades)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-27T01:01:43","indexId":"70003822","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1833,"text":"Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"South Cascade (USA/North Cascades)","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has closely monitored this temperate mountain glacier since the late 1950s. During 1958-2007, the glacier retreated about 0.7 km and shrank in area from 2.71 to 1.73 km2, although part of the area change was due to separation of contributing ice bodies from the main glacier. Maximum and average glacier thicknesses are about 170 and 80 m, respectively. Year-to-year variations of snow accumulation amounts on the glacier are largely attributable to the regional maritime climate and fluctuating climate conditions of the North Pacific Ocean. Long-term-average precipitation is about 4500 mm and most of that falls as snow during October through May. Average annual air temperature at 1,900 m altitude (the approximate ELA0) was estimated to be 1.6°C during 2000-2009. Mass balances are computed yearly by the direct glaciological method. Mass balances measured at selected locations are used in an interpolation and extrapolation procedure that computes the mass balance at each point in the glacier surface altitude grid. The resulting mass balance grid is averaged to obtain glacier mass balances. Additionally, the geodetic method has been applied to compute glacier net balances in 1970, 1975, 1977, 1979-80, and 1985-97. Winter snow accumulation on the glacier during 2007/08 and 2008/09 was larger than the long-term (1959-2009) average. The 2007/08 preliminary summer balance (-3510 mm w.e.) was slightly more negative than the long-term average and this yielded a preliminary 2007/08 net balance (-290 mm w.e.), which was less negative than the average for the period of record (-600 mm w.e.). Summer 2009 was uncommonly warm and the preliminary 2008/09 summer balance (-4980 mm w.e.) was more negative than any on record for the glacier. The 2008/09 glacier net balance (-1860 mm w.e.) was among the 10 most negative for the period of net balance record (1953-2009). Material presented here is preliminary in nature and presented prior to final review. These data and information are provided with the understanding that they are not guaranteed to be correct or complete. Users are cautioned to consider carefully the provisional nature of these data and information before using them for decisions that concern personal or public safety or the conduct of business that involves substantial monetary or operational consequences. Conclusions drawn from, or actions undertaken on the basis of, such data and information are the sole responsibility of the user.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"World Glacier Monitoring Service","publisherLocation":"Zurich, Switzerland","usgsCitation":"Bidlake, W.R., 2011, South Cascade (USA/North Cascades): Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin, v. 11, p. 81-89.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257937,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geo.uzh.ch/microsite/wgms/gmbb.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"North Cascades","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b93b2e4b08c986b31a63e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bidlake, William R. wbidlake@usgs.gov","contributorId":1712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidlake","given":"William","email":"wbidlake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":349027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006015,"text":"70006015 - 2011 - Networks - The assessment of marine reserve networks: Guidelines for ecological evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T14:40:35.781818","indexId":"70006015","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-20T08:44:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Networks - The assessment of marine reserve networks: Guidelines for ecological evaluation","docAbstract":"As marine ecosystems are plagued by an ever-increasing suite of threats including climate change, pollution, habitat degradation, and fisheries impacts (Roessig et al., 2004; Lotze et al., 2006; Jackson, 2008), there are now no ocean areas that are exempt from anthropogenic impacts (Halpern et al., 2008). In order to preserve marine biodiversity, ecosystem function, and the goods and services provided by resistant and/or resilient systems, marine reserves have been increasingly recommended as part of an ecosystem-based approach to management (Browman and Stergiou, 2004; Levin et al., 2009). Marine reserves are defined as “areas of the ocean completely protected from all extractive and destructive activities” (Lubchenco et al., 2003) and can be experimental controls for evaluating the impact of these activities on marine ecosystems. Growing scientific information has shown consistent increases in species density, biomass, size, and diversity in response to full protection inside reserves of varying sizes and ages located in diverse regions (Claudet et al., 2008; Lester et al., 2009; Molloy et al., 2009). However, most of these data are from individual marine reserves and therefore have inherently limited transferability to networks of marine reserves, which when properly designed can outperform single marine reserves for a variety of ecological, economic, and social management goals (Roberts et al., 2003; Almany et al., 2009; Gaines et al., 2010).
The concept of marine reserve networks grew out of a desire to achieve both conservation and fishery management goals by minimizing the potential negative economic, social, and cultural impacts of a single large reserve while still producing similar or even greater ecological and economic returns (Murray et al., 1999; Gaines et al., 2010). In addition, reserves networks can provide insurance by protecting areas across a region and spreading the risk that these sites may be impacted by localized catastrophes such as hurricanes or oil spills (Allison et al., 2003). The World Conservation Union's Marine Programme defines a network as “a collection of individual marine protected areas (MPAs) or reserves operating co-operatively and synergistically, at various spatial scales and with a range of protection levels that are designed to meet objectives that a single reserve cannot achieve” (IUCN–WCPA, 2008). However, general terms such as “co-operatively” and “synergistically” can have myriad meanings. Without a clear definition of a network, it becomes difficult to identify attainable management goals and design a process for evaluating whether the network achieves those goals. Besides, different management goals may in turn result in the need for different types of networks. The use of MPAs with varying protection levels together with no-take zones in multiple-zoning schemes adds another layer of complexity to network design and evaluation; however, partially protected areas are generally used to manage coastal uses and avoid conflicts (rather than for strict ecological purposes) and are therefore a function of the local social, economic, and cultural context. As we are here interested in the ecological effects of networks, for the purposes of this chapter, we focus on marine reserves because these areas are no-take and therefore offer greater ecological benefits than other types of MPAs that allow some forms of extraction (Lester and Halpern, 2008).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine protected areas: A multidisciplinary approach","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139049382.016","usgsCitation":"Grorud-Colvert, K., Claudet, J., Carr, M., Caselle, J., Day, J., Friedlander, A.M., Lester, S.E., Lison de Loma, T., Tissot, B., and Malone, D., 2011, Networks - The assessment of marine reserve networks: Guidelines for ecological evaluation, chap. 11 of Marine protected areas: A multidisciplinary approach, p. 293-321, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139049382.016.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"321","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033700","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9d6e4b08c986b322549","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Claudet, Joachim","contributorId":44027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claudet","given":"Joachim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508298,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Grorud-Colvert, Kirsten","contributorId":60897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grorud-Colvert","given":"Kirsten","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claudet, Joachim","contributorId":44027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claudet","given":"Joachim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, Mark","contributorId":12312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caselle, Jennifer","contributorId":92100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caselle","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Day, Jon","contributorId":27733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Jon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Friedlander, Alan M. afriedlander@usgs.gov","contributorId":4296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedlander","given":"Alan","email":"afriedlander@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lester, Sarah E.","contributorId":61689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lester","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lison de Loma, Thierry","contributorId":40061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lison de Loma","given":"Thierry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tissot, Brian","contributorId":21401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tissot","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Malone, Dan","contributorId":44783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70038719,"text":"70038719 - 2011 - Spatial and temporal interactions of sympatric mountain lions in Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-05T11:11:51","indexId":"70038719","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-18T09:01:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1595,"text":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal interactions of sympatric mountain lions in Arizona","docAbstract":"Spatial and temporal interactions among individual members of populations can have direct applications to habitat management of mountain lions (Puma concolor). Our objectives were to evaluate home range overlap and spatial/temporal use of overlap zones (OZ) of mountain lions in Arizona. We incorporated spatial data with genetic analyses to assess relatedness between mountain lions with overlapping home ranges. We recorded the space use patterns of 29 radio-collared mountain lions in Arizona from August 2005 to August 2008. We genotyped 28 mountain lions and estimated the degree of relatedness among individuals. For 26 pairs of temporally overlapping mountain lions, 18 overlapped spatially and temporally and eight had corresponding genetic information. Home range overlap ranged from 1.18% to 46.38% (x̄=2443, SE = 2.96). Male–male pairs were located within 1 km of each other on average, 0.04% of the time, whereas male–female pairs on average were 3.0%. Two male–male pairs exhibited symmetrical spatial avoidance and two symmetrical spatial attractions to the OZ. We observed simultaneous temporal attraction in three male–male pairs and four male–female pairs. Individuals from Tucson were slightly related to one another within the population (n = 13, mean R = 0.0373 ± 0.0151) whereas lions from Payson (n = 6, mean R = -0.0079 ± 0.0356) and Prescott (n = 9, mean R = -0.0242 ± 0.0452) were not as related. Overall, males were less related to other males (n = 20, mean R = -0.0495 ± 0.0161) than females were related to other females (n = 8, mean R = 0.0015 ± 0.0839). Genetic distance was positively correlated with geographic distance (r2 = 0.22, P = 0.001). Spatial requirements and interactions influence social behavior and can play a role in determining population density.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10344-011-0528-8","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, K.L., Krausman, P.R., Munguia-Vega, A., and Culver, M., 2011, Spatial and temporal interactions of sympatric mountain lions in Arizona: European Journal of Wildlife Research, v. 57, no. 6, p. 1151-1163, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-011-0528-8.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1151","endPage":"1163","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-08-01","temporalEnd":"2008-08-31","ipdsId":"IP-034673","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":257902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","volume":"57","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b943be4b08c986b31a954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, Kerry L.","contributorId":45567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krausman, Paul R.","contributorId":31467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krausman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munguia-Vega, Adrian","contributorId":56909,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munguia-Vega","given":"Adrian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Culver, Melanie 0000-0001-5380-3059 mculver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5380-3059","contributorId":4327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culver","given":"Melanie","email":"mculver@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":127,"text":"Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":464781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70003932,"text":"70003932 - 2011 - Evaluating spawning migration patterns and predicting spawning success of shovelnose sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-28T20:23:13.091466","indexId":"70003932","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating spawning migration patterns and predicting spawning success of shovelnose sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River","docAbstract":"Approaches using telemetry, precise reproductive assessments, and surgically implanted data storage tags (DSTs) were used in combination with novel applications of analytical techniques for fish movement studies to describe patterns in migratory behavior and predict spawning success of gravid shovelnose sturgeon. From 2004 to 2007, over 300 gravid female shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) from the Lower Missouri River, that were expected to spawn in the year they were collected, were surgically implanted with transmitters and archival DSTs. Functional cluster modeling of telemetry data from the spawning season suggested two common migration patterns of gravid female shovelnose sturgeon. Fish implanted from 958 to 1181 river kilometer (rkm) from the mouth of the Missouri River (or northern portion of the Lower Missouri River within 354 rkm of the lowest Missouri River dam at rkm 1305) had one migration pattern. Of fish implanted from 209 to 402 rkm from the mouth of the Missouri River (or southern portion of the Lower Missouri River), half demonstrated a movement pattern similar to the northern fish while the other half demonstrated a migration pattern that covered more of the river. There was no apparent difference in migration patterns between successful and unsuccessful spawners. Multiple hypotheses exist to explain differences in migratory patterns among fish from different river reaches. Additional work is required to determine if observed differences are due to multiple adapted strategies, environmental alteration, and/or initial tagging date. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling of DST data indicated that variation in depth usage patterns was consistently different between successful and unsuccessful spawners, as indicated by differences in likelihood of switching between high and low variability states. Analyses of DST data, and data collected at capture, were sufficient to predict 8 of 10 non‐spawners/incomplete spawners and all 30 spawners in the absence of telemetry location data. Together, the results of these two separate analyses suggest that caution is necessary in extrapolating spawning success from broad‐scale movement data alone. More direct measures of spawning success may be necessary to precisely determine spawning success and to evaluate the effects of management actions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01663.x","usgsCitation":"Wildhaber, M., Holan, S., Davis, G.M., Gladish, D., DeLonay, A., Papoulias, D., and Sommerhauser, D.K., 2011, Evaluating spawning migration patterns and predicting spawning success of shovelnose sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 301-308, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01663.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"308","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.1640625,\n 38.487994609214795\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 38.487994609214795\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 39.317300373271024\n ],\n [\n -93.1640625,\n 39.317300373271024\n ],\n [\n -93.1640625,\n 38.487994609214795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -95.987548828125,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -95.987548828125,\n 43.492782808225\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 43.492782808225\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 42.21224516288584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bf4e4b0c8380cd52970","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildhaber, M. L. 0000-0002-6538-9083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":62961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holan, S. H.","contributorId":76453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holan","given":"S. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, G. M.","contributorId":7510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gladish, D. W.","contributorId":68445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gladish","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeLonay, A. J. 0000-0002-3752-2799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2799","contributorId":34246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Papoulias, D. M. 0000-0002-5106-2469","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":58759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sommerhauser, D. K.","contributorId":26924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sommerhauser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70005401,"text":"70005401 - 2011 - Evaluation of influence of sediment on the sensitivity of a unionid mussel (Lamsilis silquoidea) to ammonia in 28-day water exposures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T16:23:04","indexId":"70005401","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-14T09:16:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of influence of sediment on the sensitivity of a unionid mussel (Lamsilis silquoidea) to ammonia in 28-day water exposures","docAbstract":"A draft update of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for ammonia substantially lowers the ammonia AWQC, primarily due to the inclusion of toxicity data for freshwater mussels. However, most of the mussel data used in the updated AWQC were generated from water-only exposures and limited information is available on the potential influence of the presence of a substrate on the response of mussels in laboratory toxicity tests. Our recent study demonstrated that the acute sensitivity of mussels to ammonia was not influenced by the presence of substrate in 4-d laboratory toxicity tests. The objective of the current study was to determine the sensitivity of mussels to ammonia in chronic 28-d water exposures with the sediment present (sediment treatment) or absent (water-only treatment). The chronic toxicity test was conducted starting with two-month-old juvenile mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) in a flow-through diluter system, which maintained consistent pH (≈8.3) and six concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (N) in overlying water and in sediment pore water. The chronic value (ChV, geometric mean of the no-observed-effect concentration and the lowest-observed-effect concentration) was 0.36 mg N/L for survival or biomass in the water-only treatment, and was 0.66 mg N/L for survival and 0.20 mg N/L for biomass in the sediment treatment. The 20% effect concentration (EC20) for survival was 0.63 mg N/L in the water-only treatment and was 0.86 mg N/L in the sediment treatment (with overlapping 95% confidence intervals; no EC20 for biomass was estimated because the data did not meet the conditions for any logistic regression analysis). The similar ChVs or EC20s between the water-only treatment and the sediment treatment indicate that the presence of sediment did not substantially influence the sensitivity of juvenile mussels to ammonia in the 28-d chronic laboratory water exposures.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.616","usgsCitation":"Wang, N., Consbrock, R.A., Ingersoll, C.G., and Barnhart, M., 2011, Evaluation of influence of sediment on the sensitivity of a unionid mussel (Lamsilis silquoidea) to ammonia in 28-day water exposures: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 30, no. 10, p. 2270-2276, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.616.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2270","endPage":"2276","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"30","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c89e4b0c8380cd52bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Ning 0000-0002-2846-3352 nwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-3352","contributorId":2818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Ning","email":"nwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Consbrock, Rebecca A. 0000-0002-5748-7046 rconsbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-7046","contributorId":3095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Consbrock","given":"Rebecca","email":"rconsbrock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnhart, M. Christopher","contributorId":78061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"M. Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70003957,"text":"70003957 - 2011 - Habitat selection by female swift foxes (Vulpes velox) during the pup-rearing season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-15T01:01:35","indexId":"70003957","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3580,"text":"The Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat selection by female swift foxes (Vulpes velox) during the pup-rearing season","docAbstract":"The swift fox (Vulpes velox) was historically distributed in western South Dakota including the region surrounding Badlands National Park (BNP). The species declined during the mid-1800s, largely due to habitat loss and poisoning targeted at wolves (Canis lupis) and coyotes (C. latrans). Only a small population of swift foxes near Ardmore, South Dakota persisted. In 2003, an introduction program was initiated at BNP with swift foxes translocated from Colorado and Wyoming. We report on habitat use by female swift foxes during the pup-rearing season (May–July) in 2009. Analyses of location data from 13 radiomarked female foxes indicated disproportional use (P < 0.001) of some habitats relative to their availability within swift fox home ranges. Swift foxes used grassland (Ŷ = 1.01), sparse vegetation (Ŷ = 1.43) and prairie dog towns (Ŷ = 1.18) in proportion to their availability, whereas they were less likely to use woodland (Ŷ = 0.00), shrubland (Ŷ = 0.14), pasture/agricultural-land (Ŷ = 0.25) and development (Ŷ = 0.16) relative to availability. Swift foxes typically are located in habitats that provide greater visibility, such as shortgrass prairie and areas with sparse vegetation; which allow detection of approaching coyotes (e.g., primary predator of swift foxes).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Prairie Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"South Dakota State University","publisherLocation":"Brookings, SD","usgsCitation":"Sasmal, I., Jenks, J., Grovenburg, T.W., Datta, S., Schroeder, G.M., Klaver, R.W., and Honness, K.M., 2011, Habitat selection by female swift foxes (Vulpes velox) during the pup-rearing season: The Prairie Naturalist, v. 43, no. 1/2, p. 29-37.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257579,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sdstate.edu/nrm/organizations/gpnss/tpn/upload/43_1_2_Sasmal-et-al.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Badlands National Park","volume":"43","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f23e4b0c8380cd5cb0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sasmal, Indrani","contributorId":52826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasmal","given":"Indrani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenks, Jonathan A.","contributorId":51591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenks","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grovenburg, Troy W.","contributorId":57712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grovenburg","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Datta, Shubham","contributorId":7127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Datta","given":"Shubham","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schroeder, Greg M.","contributorId":54845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klaver, Robert W. 0000-0002-3263-9701 bklaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-9701","contributorId":3285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaver","given":"Robert","email":"bklaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Honness, Kevin M.","contributorId":71048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honness","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70005784,"text":"70005784 - 2011 - Multivariate analyses with end-member mixing to characterize groundwater flow: Wind Cave and associated aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T11:32:30","indexId":"70005784","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-03T10:07:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate analyses with end-member mixing to characterize groundwater flow: Wind Cave and associated aquifers","docAbstract":"Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to hydrochemical data has been used with end-member mixing to characterize groundwater flow to a limited extent, but aspects of this approach are unresolved. Previous similar approaches typically have assumed that the extreme-value samples identified by PCA represent end members. The method presented herein is different from previous work in that (1) end members were not assumed to have been sampled but rather were estimated and constrained by prior knowledge; (2) end-member mixing was quantified in relation to hydrogeologic domains, which focuses model results on major hydrologic processes; (3) a method to select an appropriate number of end members using a series of cluster analyses is presented; and (4) conservative tracers were weighted preferentially in model calibration, which distributed model errors of optimized values, or residuals, more appropriately than would otherwise be the case. The latter item also provides an estimate of the relative influence of geochemical evolution along flow paths in comparison to mixing. This method was applied to groundwater in Wind Cave and the associated karst aquifer in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. The end-member mixing model was used to test a hypothesis that five different end-member waters are mixed in the groundwater system comprising five hydrogeologic domains. The model estimated that Wind Cave received most of its groundwater inflow from local surface recharge with an additional 33% from an upgradient aquifer. Artesian springs in the vicinity of Wind Cave primarily received water from regional groundwater flow.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.028","usgsCitation":"Long, A.J., and Valder, J., 2011, Multivariate analyses with end-member mixing to characterize groundwater flow: Wind Cave and associated aquifers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 409, no. 1-2, p. 315-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.028.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","volume":"409","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60b2e4b0c8380cd7162a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J. 0000-0001-7385-8081 ajlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-8081","contributorId":989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew","email":"ajlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valder, Joshua F. 0000-0003-3733-8868 jvalder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-8868","contributorId":1431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valder","given":"Joshua F.","email":"jvalder@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70007192,"text":"70007192 - 2011 - Developing Gyrfalcon surveys and monitoring for Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-07T10:56:54","indexId":"70007192","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Developing Gyrfalcon surveys and monitoring for Alaska","docAbstract":"We developed methods to monitor the status of Gyrfalcons in Alaska. Results of surveys and monitoring will be informative for resource managers and will be useful for studying potential changes in ecological communities of the high latitudes. We estimated that the probability of detecting a Gyrfalcon at an occupied nest site was between 64% and 87% depending on observer experience and aircraft type (fixed-wing or helicopter). The probability of detection is an important factor for estimating occupancy of nesting areas, and occupancy can be used as a metric for monitoring species' status. We conclude that surveys of nesting habitat to monitor occupancy during the breeding season are practical because of the high probability of seeing a Gyrfalcon from aircraft. Aerial surveys are effective for searching sample plots or index areas in the expanse of the Alaskan terrain. Furthermore, several species of cliff-nesting birds can be surveyed concurrently from aircraft. Occupancy estimation also can be applied using data from other field search methods (e.g., from boats) that have proven useful in Alaska. We believe a coordinated broad-scale, inter-agency, collaborative approach is necessary in Alaska. Monitoring can be facilitated by collating and archiving each set of results in a secure universal repository to allow for statewide meta-analysis.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World","conferenceDate":"February 1-3, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Boise, Idaho","language":"English","publisher":"The Peregrine Fund","publisherLocation":"Boise, ID","usgsCitation":"Fuller, M.R., Schempf, P.F., and Booms, T.L., 2011, Developing Gyrfalcon surveys and monitoring for Alaska, in Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World, Boise, Idaho, February 1-3, 2011, p. 275-282.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"282","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257099,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.peregrinefund.org/subsites/conference-gyr/proceedings/","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0007e4b0c8380cd4f547","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, Mark R. 0000-0001-7459-1729 mark_fuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-1729","contributorId":2296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Mark","email":"mark_fuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schempf, Philip F.","contributorId":36795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schempf","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Booms, Travis L.","contributorId":48813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booms","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004612,"text":"70004612 - 2011 - Monitoring bald eagles using lists of nests: Response to Watts and Duerr","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T14:16:17","indexId":"70004612","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-29T14:56:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring bald eagles using lists of nests: Response to Watts and Duerr","docAbstract":"The post-delisting monitoring plan for bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) roposed use of a dual-frame sample design, in which sampling of known nest sites in combination with additional area-based sampling is used to estimate total number of nesting bald eagle pairs. Watts and Duerr (2010) used data from repeated observations of bald eagle nests in Virginia, USA to estimate a nest turnover rate and used this rate to simulate decline in number of occupied nests in list nests over time. Results of Watts and Duerr suggest that, given the rates of loss of nests from the list of known nest sites in Virginia, the list information will be of little value to sampling unless lists are constantly updated. Those authors criticize the plan for not placing sufficient emphasis on updating and maintaining lists of bald eagle nests. Watts and Duerr's metric of turnover rate does not distinguish detectability or temporary nonuse of nests from permanent loss of nests and likely overestimates turnover rate. We describe a multi-state capture–recapture model that allows appropriate estimation of rates of loss of nests, and we use the model to estimate rates of loss from a sample of nests from Maine, USA. The post-delisting monitoring plan addresses the need to maintain and update the lists of nests, and we show that dual frame sampling is an effective approach for sampling nesting bald eagle populations.","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.84","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., Otto, M.C., Kendall, W.L., and Zimmerman, G.S., 2011, Monitoring bald eagles using lists of nests: Response to Watts and Duerr: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 75, no. 3, p. 509-512, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.84.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d8ee4b0c8380cd70459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otto, Mark C.","contributorId":6307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otto","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, William L. wkendall@usgs.gov","contributorId":406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"William","email":"wkendall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, Guthrie S.","contributorId":42473,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Guthrie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":350859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004028,"text":"70004028 - 2011 - Integration of paleoseismic data from multiple sites to develop an objective earthquake chronology: Application to the Weber segment of the Wasatch fault zone, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-01T01:01:40","indexId":"70004028","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-23T08:56:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integration of paleoseismic data from multiple sites to develop an objective earthquake chronology: Application to the Weber segment of the Wasatch fault zone, Utah","docAbstract":"We present a method to evaluate and integrate paleoseismic data from multiple sites into a single, objective measure of earthquake timing and recurrence on discrete segments of active faults. We apply this method to the Weber segment (WS) of the Wasatch fault zone using data from four fault-trench studies completed between 1981 and 2009. After systematically reevaluating the stratigraphic and chronologic data from each trench site, we constructed time-stratigraphic OxCal models that yield site probability density functions (PDFs) of the times of individual earthquakes. We next qualitatively correlated the site PDFs into a segment-wide earthquake chronology, which is supported by overlapping site PDFs, large per-event displacements, and prominent segment boundaries. For each segment-wide earthquake, we computed the product of the site PDF probabilities in common time bins, which emphasizes the overlap in the site earthquake times, and gives more weight to the narrowest, best-defined PDFs. The product method yields smaller earthquake-timing uncertainties compared to taking the mean of the site PDFs, but is best suited to earthquakes constrained by broad, overlapping site PDFs. We calculated segment-wide earthquake recurrence intervals and uncertainties using a Monte Carlo model. Five surface-faulting earthquakes occurred on the WS at about 5.9, 4.5, 3.1, 1.1, and 0.6 ka. With the exception of the 1.1-ka event, we used the product method to define the earthquake times. The revised WS chronology yields a mean recurrence interval of 1.3 kyr (0.7–1.9-kyr estimated two-sigma [2δ] range based on interevent recurrence). These data help clarify the paleoearthquake history of the WS, including the important question of the timing and rupture extent of the most recent earthquake, and are essential to the improvement of earthquake-probability assessments for the Wasatch Front region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120110102","usgsCitation":"DuRoss, C., Personius, S.F., Crone, A.J., Olig, S.S., and Lund, W., 2011, Integration of paleoseismic data from multiple sites to develop an objective earthquake chronology: Application to the Weber segment of the Wasatch fault zone, Utah: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 101, no. 6, p. 2765-2781, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110102.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2765","endPage":"2781","temporalStart":"1981-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257059,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110102","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Wasatch Fault Zone","volume":"101","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c8de4b0c8380cd62e25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DuRoss, Christopher B.","contributorId":66532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuRoss","given":"Christopher B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Personius, Stephen F. personius@usgs.gov","contributorId":1214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"Stephen","email":"personius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crone, Anthony J. 0000-0002-3006-406X crone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-406X","contributorId":790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"Anthony","email":"crone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olig, Susan S.","contributorId":87640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olig","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lund, William R.","contributorId":48320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"William R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038411,"text":"fs20113043 - 2011 - Streamflow of 2010--Water year summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-28T14:10:23","indexId":"fs20113043","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3043","title":"Streamflow of 2010--Water year summary","docAbstract":"The maps and graph in this summary describe streamflow conditions for water-year 2010 (October 1, 2009 to September 30, 2010) in the context of the 81-year period 1930-2010, unless otherwise noted. The illustrations are based on observed data from the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Streamflow Information Program. The period 1930-2010 was used because prior to 1930, the number of streamgages was too small to provide representative data for computing statistics for most regions of the country.\r\nIn the summary, reference is made to the term \"runoff,\" which is the depth to which a river basin, State, or other geographic area would be covered with water if all the streamflow within the area during a single year was uniformly distributed upon it. Runoff quantifies the magnitude of water flowing through the Nation's rivers and streams in measurement units that can be compared from one area to another.\r\nEach of the maps and graphs below can be expanded to a larger view by clicking on the image. In all the graphics, a rank of 1 indicates the highest flow of all years analyzed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113043","usgsCitation":"Xiaodong, J., Wolock, D.M., Lins, H.F., and Brady, S., 2011, Streamflow of 2010--Water year summary: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3043, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113043.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-10-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3043.gif"},{"id":256939,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3043/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b12e4b08c986b31cc75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xiaodong, Jian","contributorId":10260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiaodong","given":"Jian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brady, Steve","contributorId":108351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70005574,"text":"70005574 - 2011 - Indicators and protocols for monitoring impacts of formal and informal trails in protected areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-30T01:01:38","indexId":"70005574","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-21T10:11:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2479,"text":"Journal of Tourism and Leisure Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Indicators and protocols for monitoring impacts of formal and informal trails in protected areas","docAbstract":"Trails are a common recreation infrastructure in protected areas and their conditions affect the quality of natural resources and visitor experiences. Various trail impact indicators and assessment protocols have been developed in support of monitoring programs, which are often used for management decision-making or as part of visitor capacity management frameworks. This paper reviews common indicators and assessment protocols for three types of trails, surfaced formal trails, unsurfaced formal trails, and informal (visitor-created) trails. Monitoring methods and selected data from three U.S. National Park Service units are presented to illustrate some common trail impact indicators and assessment options.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Tourism and Leisure Studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Marion, J.L., and Leung, Y., 2011, Indicators and protocols for monitoring impacts of formal and informal trails in protected areas: Journal of Tourism and Leisure Studies, v. 17, no. 2, p. 215-236.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257009,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://rpts.tamu.edu/files/2011/09/JTLS.pdf#page=128","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3a89e4b0c8380cd61d67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":56322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leung, Yu-Fai","contributorId":95730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leung","given":"Yu-Fai","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006333,"text":"70006333 - 2011 - Habitat use and movement of the endangered Arroyo Toad (Anaxyrus californicus) in coastal southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-30T01:01:38","indexId":"70006333","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-21T09:02:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use and movement of the endangered Arroyo Toad (Anaxyrus californicus) in coastal southern California","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat use and movement patterns of Arroyo Toads (Anaxyrus californicus) is limited. The temporal and spatial characteristics of terrestrial habitat use, especially as it relates to upland use in coastal areas of the species' range, are poorly understood. We present analyses of radiotelemetry data from 40 individual adult toads tracked at a single site in coastal southern California from March through November of 2004. We quantify adult Arroyo Toad habitat use and movements and interpret results in the context of their life history. We show concentrated activity by both male and female toads along stream terraces during and after breeding, and, although our fall sample size is low, the continued presence of adult toads in the floodplain through the late fall. Adult toads used open sandy flats with sparse vegetation. Home-range size and movement frequency varied as a function of body mass. Observed spatial patterns of movement and habitat use both during and outside of the breeding period as well as available climatological data suggest that overwintering of toads in floodplain habitats of near-coastal areas of southern California may be more common than previously considered. If adult toads are not migrating out of the floodplain at the close of the breeding season but instead overwinter on stream terraces in near-coastal areas, then current management practices that assume toad absence from floodplain habitats may be leaving adult toads over-wintering on stream terraces vulnerable to human disturbance during a time of year when Arroyo Toad mortality is potentially highest.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Herpetology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.1670/10-160.1","usgsCitation":"Gallegos, E., Lyren, L.M., Lovich, R., Mitrovich, M.J., and Fisher, R.N., 2011, Habitat use and movement of the endangered Arroyo Toad (Anaxyrus californicus) in coastal southern California: Journal of Herpetology, v. 45, no. 3, p. 319-328, https://doi.org/10.1670/10-160.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"328","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":256996,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1670/10-160.1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f32e4b0c8380cd5cb8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallegos, Elizabeth 0000-0002-8402-2631 egallegos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8402-2631","contributorId":1528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallegos","given":"Elizabeth","email":"egallegos@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyren, Lisa M. llyren@usgs.gov","contributorId":2398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyren","given":"Lisa","email":"llyren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovich, Robert E.","contributorId":73857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitrovich, Milan J.","contributorId":88864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitrovich","given":"Milan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038359,"text":"ds613 - 2011 - Concentrations and loads of nutrients in the tributaries of the Lake Okeechobee watershed, south-central Florida, water years 2004-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-15T01:01:40","indexId":"ds613","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"613","title":"Concentrations and loads of nutrients in the tributaries of the Lake Okeechobee watershed, south-central Florida, water years 2004-2008","docAbstract":"Lake Okeechobee in south-central Florida is the second largest freshwater lake in the contiguous United States. Excessive phosphorus loading, harmful high and low water levels, and rapid expansion of non-native vegetation have threatened the health of the lake in recent decades. A study was conducted to monitor discharge and nutrient concentrations from selected tributaries into Lake Okeechobee and to evaluate nutrient loads. The data analysis was performed at 16 monitoring stations from December 2003 to September 2008. Annual and seasonal discharge measured at monitoring stations is affected by rainfall. Hurricanes affected three wet years (2004, 2005, and the latter part of 2008) and resulted in substantially greater discharge than the drought years of 2006, 2007, and the early part of 2008. Rainfall supplies about 50 percent of the water to Lake Okeechobee, discharge from the Kissimmee River supplies about 25 percent, and discharge from tributaries and groundwater seepage along the lake perimeter collectively provide the remaining 25 percent. Annually, tributary discharge from basins located on the west side of the Kissimmee River is about 5 to 6 times greater than that from basins located on the east side. For the purposes of this study, the basins on the east side of the Kissimmee River are called \"priority basins\" because of elevated phosphorus concentrations, while those on the west side are called \"nonpriority\" basins. Total annual discharge in the non-priority basins ranged from 245,000 acre-feet (acre-ft) in 2007 to 1,322,000 acre-ft in 2005, while annual discharge from the priority basins ranged from 41,000 acre-ft in 2007 to 219,000 acre-ft in 2005. Mean total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 0.54 milligrams per liter (mg/L) at the 16 tributaries during 2004–2008. Mean concentrations were significantly higher at priority basin sites than at non-priority basin sites, particularly at Arbuckle Creek and C 41A Canal. Concentrations of organic nitrogen plus ammonia ranged from 1.27 to 2.96 mg/L at the 16 tributaries during 2004–2008. Mean concentrations were highest at Fisheating Creek at Lake Placid (a non-priority site), and lowest at Wolff Creek, Taylor Creek near Grassy Island, and Otter Creek (three priority basin sites), and at Arbuckle Creek (a non-priority basin site). Mean concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate ranged from 0.01 to 0.55 mg/L at the 16 tributaries during 2004–2008. Mean concentrations measured in priority basins were significantly higher than those measured in non-priority basins. Nutrient concentrations were substantially lower in the non-priority basins; however, total loads were substantially higher due to discharge that was 5 to 6 times greater than from the priority basins. Total phosphorus, organic nitrogen plus ammonia, and nitrite plus nitrate loads from the non-priority basins were 1.5, 4.5, and 3.5 times greater, respectively, than were loads from the priority basins. In the non-priority basins, total phosphorus loads ranged from 35 metric tons (MT) in 2007 to 247 MT in 2005. In the priority basins, the loads ranged from 18 MT in 2007 to 136 MT in 2005. In the non-priority basins, organic nitrogen plus ammonia loads ranged from 337 MT in 2007 to 2,817 MT in 2005. In the priority basins, organic nitrogen plus ammonia loads ranged from 85 MT in 2007 to 503 MT in 2005. In the non-priority basins, nitrite plus nitrate loads ranged from 34 MT in 2007 to 143 MT in 2005. In the priority basins, nitrite plus nitrate loads ranged from 4 MT in 2007 to 27 MT in 2005.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds613","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, South Florida Water Management District, and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","usgsCitation":"Byrne, M., and Wood, M.S., 2011, Concentrations and loads of nutrients in the tributaries of the Lake Okeechobee watershed, south-central Florida, water years 2004-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 613, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds613.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-12-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_613.jpg"},{"id":254761,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/613/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Okeechobee Watershed","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f988e4b0c8380cd4d665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byrne, Michael J.","contributorId":8550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrne","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Molly S. 0000-0002-5184-8306 mswood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-8306","contributorId":788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Molly","email":"mswood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037782,"text":"70037782 - 2011 - Estimating water supply arsenic levels in the New England bladder cancer study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-17T01:01:41","indexId":"70037782","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-08T08:40:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating water supply arsenic levels in the New England bladder cancer study","docAbstract":"Background: Ingestion of inorganic arsenic in drinking water is recognized as a cause of bladder cancer when levels are relatively high (≥ 150 μg/L). The epidemiologic evidence is less clear at the low-to-moderate concentrations typically observed in the United States. Accurate retrospective exposure assessment over a long time period is a major challenge in conducting epidemiologic studies of environmental factors and diseases with long latency, such as cancer.
\nObjective: We estimated arsenic concentrations in the water supplies of 2,611 participants in a population-based case–control study in northern New England.
\nMethods: Estimates covered the lifetimes of most study participants and were based on a combination of arsenic measurements at the homes of the participants and statistical modeling of arsenic concentrations in the water supply of both past and current homes. We assigned a residential water supply arsenic concentration for 165,138 (95%) of the total 173,361 lifetime exposure years (EYs) and a workplace water supply arsenic level for 85,195 EYs (86% of reported occupational years).
\nResults: Three methods accounted for 93% of the residential estimates of arsenic concentration: direct measurement of water samples (27%; median, 0.3 μg/L; range, 0.1–11.5), statistical models of water utility measurement data (49%; median, 0.4 μg/L; range, 0.3–3.3), and statistical models of arsenic concentrations in wells using aquifers in New England (17%; median, 1.6 μg/L; range, 0.6–22.4).
\nConclusions: We used a different validation procedure for each of the three methods, and found our estimated levels to be comparable with available measured concentrations. This methodology allowed us to calculate potential drinking water exposure over long periods.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Health Perspectives","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","publisherLocation":"Research Triangle Park, NC","doi":"10.1289/ehp.1002345","usgsCitation":"Nuckols, J.R., Beane Freeman, L.E., Lubin, J.H., Airola, M.S., Baris, D., Ayotte, J., Taylor, A., Paulu, C., Karagas, M.R., Colt, J., Ward, M.H., Huang, A., Bress, W., Cherala, S., Silverman, D.T., and Cantor, K.P., 2011, Estimating water supply arsenic levels in the New England bladder cancer study: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 119, no. 9, p. 1279-1285, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002345.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1279","endPage":"1285","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474741,"rank":101,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002345","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":256866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":256857,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002345","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","volume":"119","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6de4b0c8380cd52704","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nuckols, John R.","contributorId":87037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuckols","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beane Freeman, Laura E.","contributorId":69852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beane Freeman","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lubin, Jay H.","contributorId":47251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lubin","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Airola, Matthew S.","contributorId":72668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Airola","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baris, Dalsu","contributorId":102344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baris","given":"Dalsu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Taylor, Anne","contributorId":76194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Paulu, Chris","contributorId":30105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulu","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Karagas, Margaret R.","contributorId":53247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karagas","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Colt, Joanne","contributorId":36021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colt","given":"Joanne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ward, Mary H.","contributorId":92550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Huang, An-Tsun","contributorId":58902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"An-Tsun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Bress, William","contributorId":21832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bress","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Cherala, Sai","contributorId":94555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherala","given":"Sai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Silverman, Debra T.","contributorId":105607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silverman","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Cantor, Kenneth P.","contributorId":47252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cantor","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70038127,"text":"70038127 - 2011 - Understanding interaction effects of climate change and fire management on bird distributions through combined process and habitat models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-25T10:51:18","indexId":"70038127","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-07T21:12:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Understanding interaction effects of climate change and fire management on bird distributions through combined process and habitat models","docAbstract":"Avian conservation efforts must account for changes in vegetation composition and structure associated with climate change. We modeled vegetation change and the probability of occurrence of birds to project changes in winter bird distributions associated with climate change and fire management in the northern Chihuahuan Desert (southwestern U.S.A.). We simulated vegetation change in a process-based model (Landscape and Fire Simulator) in which anticipated climate change was associated with doubling of current atmospheric carbon dioxide over the next 50 years. We estimated the relative probability of bird occurrence on the basis of statistical models derived from field observations of birds and data on vegetation type, topography, and roads. We selected 3 focal species, Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), and Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), that had a range of probabilities of occurrence for our study area. Our simulations projected increases in relative probability of bird occurrence in shrubland and decreases in grassland and Yucca spp. and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) vegetation. Generally, the relative probability of occurrence of all 3 species was highest in shrubland because leaf-area index values were lower in shrubland. This high probability of occurrence likely is related to the species' use of open vegetation for foraging. Fire suppression had little effect on projected vegetation composition because as climate changed there was less fuel and burned area. Our results show that if future water limits on plant type are considered, models that incorporate spatial data may suggest how and where different species of birds may respond to vegetation changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01684.x","usgsCitation":"White, J., Gutzwiller, K.J., Barrow, W., Johnson-Randall, L., Zygo, L., and Swint, P., 2011, Understanding interaction effects of climate change and fire management on bird distributions through combined process and habitat models: Conservation Biology, v. 25, no. 3, p. 536-546, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01684.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"536","endPage":"546","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chihuahuan Desert","volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc55e4b08c986b328b83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Joseph D.","contributorId":56077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Joseph D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutzwiller, Kevin J.","contributorId":101923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutzwiller","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barrow, Wylie C. 0000-0003-4671-2823 barroww@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":1988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"Wylie C.","email":"barroww@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":463466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson-Randall, Lori 0000-0003-0100-994X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-994X","contributorId":43604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson-Randall","given":"Lori","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":463469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zygo, Lisa","contributorId":9898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zygo","given":"Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swint, Pamela","contributorId":32765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swint","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70038312,"text":"sir20115172 - 2011 - Comparison of load estimation techniques and trend analysis for nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment in the Eucha-Spavinaw Basin, northwestern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma, 2002-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T17:27:02","indexId":"sir20115172","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-07T14:02:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5172","title":"Comparison of load estimation techniques and trend analysis for nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment in the Eucha-Spavinaw Basin, northwestern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma, 2002-10","docAbstract":"The City of Tulsa, Oklahoma, uses water from Lake Eucha and Spavinaw Lake in the Eucha-Spavinaw basin of northwestern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma for public water supply. Increases in algal biomass, which cause taste and odor problems in drinking water produced from the lakes, may be attributable to increases in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the lakes and in streams discharging to the lakes. To evaluate transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment in this basin, loads and temporal trends were evaluated for five streamflow-gaging stations in the Spavinaw and Beaty Creek basins.
\nTwo approaches were used to develop regression equations for estimation of loads and yields of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment. The first approach used regression equations referred to as daily mean load (DML) regressions, developed from water-quality samples and daily mean streamflow data collected from 2002 through 2010 at five streamflow-gaging stations in the basin. This approach was updated to compare loading results with those used in previous investigations. The second approach used regression equations, referred to as instantaneous continuous (INSTC) regressions, developed from continuous measurements of physical water-quality constituents (specific conductance, temperature, and turbidity, and streamflow data) obtained from 2004 through 2010 to estimate loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment at two of the streamflow-gaging stations, Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, Okla., and Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla. Daily, annual, and mean annual loads estimated from these two regression methods were compared for the period 2005–10.
\nBased on estimates obtained using DML regressions, mean annual loads of 1,640,000 pounds of nitrogen, 99,900 pounds of phosphorus, and 116,000,000 pounds of sediment were transported into Lake Eucha from the Spavinaw and Beaty Creek basins. Estimated annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus delivered to Lake Eucha from the Spavinaw and Beaty Creek basins during 2002–10 were 2.5 to 7.8 percent less, respectively, than the loads of those constituents discharged to Lake Eucha from 2002–09, indicating that nitrogen and phosphorus loads in 2010 were less than loads typical for the period 2002–09.
\nDaily, annual, and mean annual load estimates varied substantially, depending on streamflow conditions and the independent variables used to develop regressions. Daily and annual loads estimated from INSTC regressions that included turbidity, streamflow, temperature, specific conductance, and seasonality fit better with the field data than loads estimated from DML regressions that included streamflow, seasonality, and time. Loads estimated from the INSTC regression generally were greater than those estimated from the DML regression. Relative percent differences in the mean annual total nitrogen load estimated by the INSTC and DML regressions were within 2 percent for Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, and Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla. The relative percent difference between the two types of regressions for estimates of mean annual total phosphorus loads at the two streamflow-gaging stations was 27.7 for Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, Okla., and only -2.6 percent for Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla. The relative percent difference between mean annual suspended-sediment loads at the streamflow-gaging stations was -38.6 percent for Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, Okla., and -122.7 percent for Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla. The DML regression may have substantially underestimated phosphorus load at the Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, Okla., streamflow-gaging station in wet years and overestimated sediment load at both streamflow-gaging stations in wet years.
\nTemporal trends in flow-adjusted nitrate-nitrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations were analyzed for the five streamflow-gaging stations for the period 2001–10. No significant trends were observed for nitrate plus nitrite-nitrogen or total nitrogen concentrations at any streamflow-gaging station. There were significant upward trends in phosphorus concentrations in water samples collected during base-flow conditions at the Spavinaw Creek near Maysville, Okla., streamflow-gaging station and during runoff conditions for the Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla., streamflow-gaging station (3.5 to 4.2 percent per year). There were significant downward trends in phosphorus concentrations in base-flow and runoff samples collected at the Spavinaw Creek near Cherokee City, Sycamore, and Colcord, Okla., streamflow-gaging stations (-4.9 to -12.9 percent per year). There were significant downward trends in suspended-sediment concentration at the Spavinaw Creek near Maysville, and Sycamore, Okla., and the Beaty Creek near Jay, Okla., streamflow-gaging stations (-1.5 to -1.8 percent per year). No significant trends were detected in suspended-sediment concentration for the Spavinaw Creek near Cherokee City, and Colcord, Okla., streamflow-gaging stations.
\nPossible causes for downward trends in phosphorus concentrations include decreases in phosphorus discharges from a wastewater-treatment plant upstream from the Spavinaw Creek near Cherokee City, Okla., streamflow-gaging station, and implementation of best management practices in the basin. Downward trends in sediment concentrations may be related to effects of best management practices in the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115172","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Tulsa, Oklahoma","usgsCitation":"Esralew, R.A., Andrews, W.J., Allen, M.L., and Becker, C., 2011, Comparison of load estimation techniques and trend analysis for nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment in the Eucha-Spavinaw Basin, northwestern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma, 2002-10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5172, viii, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115172.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"68","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5172.gif"},{"id":254694,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5172/SIR11-5172.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Eucha-Pavinaw Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.08333333333333,36.2 ], [ -95.08333333333333,36.5 ], [ -94.25,36.5 ], [ -94.25,36.2 ], [ -95.08333333333333,36.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f86fe4b0c8380cd4d0d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esralew, Rachel A.","contributorId":104862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esralew","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Monica L.","contributorId":43065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Monica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Becker, Carol 0000-0001-6652-4542 cjbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-4542","contributorId":2489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Carol","email":"cjbecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70110397,"text":"70110397 - 2011 - Topographic mapping data semantics through data conversion and enhancement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T16:31:53.591135","indexId":"70110397","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-05T15:38:24","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"7","title":"Topographic mapping data semantics through data conversion and enhancement","docAbstract":"This paper presents research on the semantics of topographic data for triples and ontologies to blend the capabilities of the Semantic Web and The National Map of the U.S. Geological Survey. Automated conversion of relational topographic data of several geographic sample areas to the triple data model standard resulted in relatively poor semantic associations. Further research employed vocabularies of feature type and spatial relation terms. A user interface was designed to model the capture of non-standard terms relevant to public users and to map those terms to existing data models of The National Map through the use of ontology. Server access for the study area triple stores was made publicly available, illustrating how the development of linked data may transform institutional policies to open government data resources to the public. This paper presents these data conversion and research techniques that were tested as open linked data concepts leveraged through a user-centered interface and open USGS server access to the public.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geospatial semantics and the semantic web","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4419-9446-2_7","usgsCitation":"Varanka, D., Carter, J., Usery, E.L., and Shoberg, T., 2011, Topographic mapping data semantics through data conversion and enhancement, chap. 7 of Geospatial semantics and the semantic web, v. 12, p. 145-162, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9446-2_7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"162","ipdsId":"IP-021600","costCenters":[{"id":161,"text":"Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7876e4b0abf75cf2d652","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ashish, Naveen","contributorId":112824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ashish","given":"Naveen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509852,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheth, Amit P.","contributorId":113340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheth","given":"Amit","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509853,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Varanka, Dalia","contributorId":99654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanka","given":"Dalia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, Jonathan","contributorId":58947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Usery, E. Lynn 0000-0002-2766-2173 usery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-2173","contributorId":231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.","email":"usery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shoberg, Thomas","contributorId":46012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoberg","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}