No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Field Ornithologists","doi":"10.2307/4511289","usgsCitation":"Fankhauser, D., 1966, Movements of starlings in relation to a roost near Hanover, Pennsylvania: Bird-Banding, v. 37, no. 3, p. 200-203, https://doi.org/10.2307/4511289.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193735,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Hanover","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.06092697475611,\n 39.8568495258495\n ],\n [\n -77.06092697475611,\n 39.77246138603951\n ],\n [\n -76.93733078335022,\n 39.77246138603951\n ],\n [\n -76.93733078335022,\n 39.8568495258495\n ],\n [\n -77.06092697475611,\n 39.8568495258495\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b483b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fankhauser, Don P.","contributorId":90835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fankhauser","given":"Don P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220412,"text":"5220412 - 1966 - Red-winged blackbirds searching beneath pine bark for insects in winter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T12:52:45","indexId":"5220412","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:35","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Red-winged blackbirds searching beneath pine bark for insects in winter","docAbstract":"Most observers usually associate the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) with open country such as marshes or upland fields and their wooded or brushy borders. On the wintering grounds in the coniferous belt of the southeastern United States, however, Red-wings spend some of their time feeding in pine forests. In the course of a day's feeding they move back and forth between pine woods and harvested fields of corn, peanuts, and cotton, or weed fields. It is not unusual to see Red-wings feeding in a scattering of pine trees at the edge of a marsh or in some upland area, but I was surprised to find them in dense stands of pine and to observe their method of feeding there.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4083067","usgsCitation":"Meanley, B., 1966, Red-winged blackbirds searching beneath pine bark for insects in winter: The Auk, v. 83, no. 3, p. 480-481, https://doi.org/10.2307/4083067.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"480","endPage":"481","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/auk/vol83/iss3/26","text":"External Repository"},{"id":197025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63532d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meanley, B.","contributorId":43867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meanley","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221285,"text":"5221285 - 1966 - Residues of DDT in brains and bodies of birds that died on dosage and in survivors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-10T17:01:08.377921","indexId":"5221285","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:35","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residues of DDT in brains and bodies of birds that died on dosage and in survivors","docAbstract":"Residues of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDD) in brains of cowbirds (Molothrus ater) killed by dietary dosage of DDT were similar in birds that died after various lengths of time on dosage and in birds that died of delayed effects after as much as 40 days on clean food. Residues of DDT and DDD, but not of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (DDE), were much lower in survivors 112 days after dosage. The relative importance of DDT and DDD in brains could not be determined, but DDE appeared not to be critical. Residues in brains of cowbirds were similar to those reported for robins, sparrows, eagles, and white rats. Residues in livers and carcass remainders (with the possible exception of DDD in the liver) appeared unsuitable for diagnosing the cause of death.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.151.3717.1549","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L., Stickel, W.H., and Christensen, R., 1966, Residues of DDT in brains and bodies of birds that died on dosage and in survivors: Science, v. 151, no. 3717, p. 1549-1551, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.151.3717.1549.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1549","endPage":"1551","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"3717","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b9fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickel, W. H.","contributorId":23239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, R.","contributorId":37838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220220,"text":"5220220 - 1966 - The life of an eagle. [Book review] The Last Eagle, by D. Mannix","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-04T15:21:02","indexId":"5220220","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":966,"text":"Baltimore Sun","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The life of an eagle. [Book review] The Last Eagle, by D. Mannix","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Baltimore Sun","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":17,"text":"Newspaper Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schmid, F.C., 1966, The life of an eagle. [Book review] The Last Eagle, by D. Mannix: Baltimore Sun, no. Feb. 20.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"Feb. 20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a84e4b07f02db64ccb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmid, F. C.","contributorId":39885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230044,"text":"5230044 - 1966 - 1965 experimental September hunting season on teal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5230044","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T12:33:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"95","title":"1965 experimental September hunting season on teal","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Martinson, R.K., Rasasco, M., Martin, E., Smart, M., Carney, S., Kaczynski, C., and Geis, A.D., 1966, 1965 experimental September hunting season on teal: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 95, 36.","productDescription":"36","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92222,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015018209976"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e496fe4b07f02db5a3fc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martinson, R. K.","contributorId":106983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasasco, M.E.","contributorId":7815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasasco","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, E.M.","contributorId":55917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smart, M.G.","contributorId":35829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smart","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carney, S.M.","contributorId":43869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carney","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kaczynski, C.F.","contributorId":76804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaczynski","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Geis, A. D.","contributorId":72885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5230037,"text":"5230037 - 1966 - Metabolism of pesticides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T13:37:40","indexId":"5230037","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"96","title":"Metabolism of pesticides","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Menzie, C.M., 1966, Metabolism of pesticides: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 96, 274 p.","productDescription":"274 p.","numberOfPages":"274","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625515","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menzie, C. M.","contributorId":67608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230016,"text":"5230016 - 1966 - Birds and Aircraft on Midway Islands, 1959-63 Investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5230016","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"85","title":"Birds and Aircraft on Midway Islands, 1959-63 Investigations","docAbstract":" At Midway Naval Station, 1.100 miles west-northwest of Honolulu, military aircraft collide with flying albatrosses at the rate of about 300 to 400 per year. One aircraft out of every five that hits an albatross on takeoff either aborts (stops before it is airborne), or dumps fuel and returns for appraisal of damage. About 70,000 pairs of Laysan albatrosses and 7,000 pairs of blackfooted albatrosses nest at Midway in any given year. The population is declining. Two-thirds or more of the birds of breeding age nest each year. The minimum breeding age recorded is 5 years (each species), but many individuals do not nest until at least 7 years of age. Young birds begin to return to Midway at 3 years of age and are found more frequently as breeding age approaches. They come ashore more frequently in March and April (the high bird strike months) than in midwinter. Even in midwinter the number of 'walkers' (birds not on nests) may comprise more than 40 percent of the albatrosses present on Sand Island, Midway. Maximum longevity of the Laysan albatross is believed to exceed 40 years; 6 out of 99 birds banded as breeding adults (7+ years old) were still alive 24 years after banding. Control methods tested experimentally include disturbance, gunfire, other sounds, radar beams, smoke, odors, destruction of nests, eggs, chicks, and adults, moving of birds, eggs, and chicks, erection of obstacles to flight, and habitat management. Habitat management (leveling and hardsurfacing of shoulders of runways) has been the most effective. Albatrosses were counted over the runways at 10 locations in 1957, 1958, and 1960 to determine the effects of wind direction, wind speed, and topography on the numbers of flying birds. Birds were most concentrated in areas where rising air currents were created as winds blew against dunes or tall trees. Soaring and strike rate both increased with greater wind speeds. There was a highly significant correlation between strike frequency and wind direction. Soaring and strike rate were greatest over runway 6-24 when winds were from a northerly quadrant, and greatest over runway 15-33 when winds were east to southeast. Counts (nearly 7,000 observations) before and after the leveling of dunes along part of the south side of the principal runway, 6-24, showed a 61 percent decrease in soaring over the principal runway as compared with a 4 percent increase over runway 15-33 where no major habitat management had been done. Studies of population dynamics of Laysan and black-footed albatrosses in 4 study plots (totaling 14 1/2 acres) are yielding information on nesting density, changes in nesting population from year to year, frequency of nesting of individual birds, closeness of return, reproductive success, rate of nest loss, age at which young birds begin nesting, age composition of the population, and life expectancy of adults. Recommendations are made for reducing the bird hazard and for protecting birds that are not involved in the hazard.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1966, Birds and Aircraft on Midway Islands, 1959-63 Investigations: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 85, 63.","productDescription":"63","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112115,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822008794588?urlappend=%3Bseq=225"},{"id":200805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61209b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230080,"text":"5230080 - 1966 - Woodcock status report, 1965","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5230080","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"92","title":"Woodcock status report, 1965","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Goudy, W., and Martin, F., 1966, Woodcock status report, 1965: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 92, 43.","productDescription":"43","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112120,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015077582503?urlappend=%3Bseq=3"},{"id":202977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ade4b07f02db5c71b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goudy, W.H.","contributorId":43895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goudy","given":"W.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, F.W.","contributorId":22451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230214,"text":"5230214 - 1966 - Selected bibliography on the red-winged blackbird","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5230214","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"97","title":"Selected bibliography on the red-winged blackbird","docAbstract":"Lists alphabetically, by author, 128 informative references on the life history, biology, economic status, and control of the re-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). A brief description is given for those reference titles that do not clearly indicate the content of the paper.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"earlier published as Selected bibliography of.the red-winged blackbird. Wildlife Leaflet 423, 1960","usgsCitation":"Meanley, B., and Mitchell, R., 1966, Selected bibliography on the red-winged blackbird: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 97, 12.","productDescription":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112122,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015018209968?urlappend=%3Bseq=5"},{"id":202735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa6a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meanley, B.","contributorId":43867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meanley","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, R.T.","contributorId":16112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230095,"text":"5230095 - 1966 - Problems in aerial surveys of waterfowl in eastern Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5230095","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"93","title":"Problems in aerial surveys of waterfowl in eastern Canada","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Chamberlain, E., and Kaczynski, C., 1966, Problems in aerial surveys of waterfowl in eastern Canada: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 93, 21.","productDescription":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112121,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924055486769?urlappend=%3Bseq=629"},{"id":202638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660a45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chamberlain, E.B.","contributorId":46149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chamberlain","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaczynski, C.F.","contributorId":76804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaczynski","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211435,"text":"5211435 - 1966 - Methodology for determining toxicity of pesticides to wild vertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5211435","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:20","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Methodology for determining toxicity of pesticides to wild vertebrates","docAbstract":"The effects of pesticidal contamination of wildlife habitats may be expected to be proportional to the toxicity of the compounds, the rate and manner of application, persistence of the basic chemical and/or any toxic metabolites, and the extent to which these substances are stored in animal tissues or concentrated by successive elements of wildlife food chains. Measurement of these effects under field conditions is difficult, but the need for field studies may be reduced or eliminated by controlled laboratory tests. Representatives of the birds, mammals and aquatic animals in treated areas should be examined at all stages in the life cycle. Suitable species include laboratory rats, rabbits, dogs, bobwhite or coturnix quail, ringneck pheasant, trout, sunfish, oysters. The quantity of pesticide (ppm in diet or environment; mg/kg consumed) should be determined which produces acute or chronic poisoning or which shows measurable sublethal effects on growth or reproduction. Tissues (including gonads and eggs) should be analysed at each degree of exposure. 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