Lamproite sills and their associated sedimentary and contact metamorphic rocks from Woodson County, Kansas have been analyzed for major elements, selected trace elements, and strontium isotopic composition. These lamproites, like lamproites elsewhere, are alkalic (molecular
Ba and, to a lesser extent, K and Rb and have been transported from the intrusions at shallow depth into the surrounding contact metamorphic zone. The Silver City lamproite has vertical fractionation of some elements due either to volatile transport or to variations in the abundance of phenocrysts relative to groundmass most probably due to flow differentiation although multiple injection or fractional crystallization cannot be conclusively rejected.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(85)90289-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Cullers, R., Ramakrishnan, S., Berendsen, P., and Griffin, T., 1985, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of lamproites, late cretaceous age, Woodson County, Kansas, U.S.A.: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, no. 6, p. 1383-1402, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90289-3.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1383","endPage":"1402","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222230,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16dbe4b0c8380cd552b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cullers, R.L.","contributorId":103007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullers","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramakrishnan, S.","contributorId":71698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramakrishnan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berendsen, P.","contributorId":68037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berendsen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffin, T.","contributorId":108252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012830,"text":"70012830 - 1985 - Sulphur in char and char desulphurization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T15:02:58.701796","indexId":"70012830","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulphur in char and char desulphurization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis","docAbstract":"Sulphur compounds volatilized during pyrolysis of acid-leached char were measured to determine characteristics of char desulphurization reactions. Pyrolysis of char in a hydrogen atmosphere (hydropyrolysis) produced a much higher concentration of thiophenic organics compared with that produced during pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. Hydrogen sulphide gas evolution, at progressively increasing pyrolysis temperature in a helium atmosphere, was measured on five char samples: untreated char, hydrochloric acid-leached char, and three model chars: a demineralized char and two demineralized chars incorporated with sulphur via reactions with elemental sulphur. Hydrogen sulphide gas evolution in untreated char and acid-leached char was found to peak in three temperature regions; the maxima are thought to relate to sulphur in different bonding environments. The amounts of hydrogen sulphide volatilized were much higher for acid-leached char than for untreated char. The gas evolved from each of the remaining three samples showed a single peak region corresponding closely to one of the three peak regions observed for the first two chars. The results of this study indicate that elemental sulphur was produced during hydrochloric acid leaching of the untreated char and suggested that the improved rate of desulphurization observed in the char that had been acid-leached before hydropyrolysis was due in part to the conversion of strongly bound mineral sulphur forms to more weakly bound sulphur forms that are predominantly elemental sulphur in character, and are more easily removed by hydrogen.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(85)90001-8","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., and Loffredo, D., 1985, Sulphur in char and char desulphurization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis: Fuel, v. 64, no. 6, p. 731-734, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(85)90001-8.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"734","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9debe4b08c986b31db9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loffredo, D.M.","contributorId":61951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loffredo","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012808,"text":"70012808 - 1985 - Movement of volatile organics through a fractured rock aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T23:10:37.395579","indexId":"70012808","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of volatile organics through a fractured rock aquifer","docAbstract":"In response to the detection of contaminants in several municipal water supply wells in a northern New Jersey community, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) undertook a detailed assessment of the movement of volatile organics through the Brunswick fractured rock aquifer. Understanding the directional or anisotropic behavior of ground-water flow within the aquifer proved to be a crucial factor for identification of the sources of contamination. Since the ground-water flow occurs in a direction predominantly parallel to the strike of the aquifer, the resulting distribution of contaminants allowed the differentiation of two overlapping plumes, each over 4,000 feet in length and each emerging from discrete adjacent sources.
The investigations and subsequent cleanup agreements between the NJDEP and the responsible parties allowed savings of several million dollars for the U.S. EPA's Super-fund Program which otherwise would have been used for cleanup of the site. The privately funded cleanup program includes treatment of the affected municipal wells and on-site remedial actions designed to fully restore the aquifer within 10 years.
Samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds were collected from 315 wells in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in southwestern New Jersey and a small adjacent area in Pennsylvania during 1980–82. Volatile organic compounds were detected in all three aquifer units of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in the study area. Most of the contamination appears to be confined to the outcrop area at present. Low levels of contamination, however, were found downdip of the outcrop area in the upper and middle aquifers.
Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and benzene were the most frequently detected compounds. Differences in the areal distributions of light chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as trichloroethylene, and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, were noted and are probably due to differences in the uses of the compounds and the distribution patterns of potential contamination sources.
The distribution patterns of volatile organic compounds differed greatly among the three aquifer units. The upper aquifer, which crops out mostly in less-developed areas, had the lowest percentage of wells with volatile organic compounds detected (10 percent of wells sampled). The concentrations in most wells in the upper aquifer which had detectable levels were less than 10 /μg/1. In the middle aquifer, which crops out beneath much of the urban and industrial area adjacent to the Delaware River, detectable levels of volatile organic compounds were found in 22 percent of wells sampled, and several wells contained concentrations above 100 μ/1. The lower aquifer, which is confined beneath much of the outcrop area of the aquifer system, had the highest percentage of wells (28 percent) with detectable levels. This is probably due to (1) vertical leakage of contamination from the middle aquifer, and (2) the high percentage of wells tapping the lower aquifer in the most heavily developed areas of the outcrop.
Operation of a coal-tar distillation and wood-preserving facility in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, during 1918-72 contaminated ground water with coal-tar derivatives and inorganic chemicals. Coal-tar derivatives entered the groundwater system through three major paths: (1) Spills and drippings that percolated to the water table, (2) surface runoff and plant process water that was discharged to wetlands south of the former plant site, and (3) movement of coal tar directly into bedrock aquifers through a multiaquifer well on the site.
\nIn the drift, Platteville, and St. Peter aquifers, ground water flows laterally from west to east and vertically downward. Near the former plant site, creosote-like organic fluids have migrated vertically downward through the drift and are being partially dissolved by ground water. Ground water has preferentially mobilized low-molecular-weight compounds such as phenolic compounds, alkyl-benzenes, and naphthalene, although polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons as heavy as benzo(a)pyrene have been mobilized at low concentrations. Sorption of high-molecular-weight compounds has retarded their migration down the hydraulic gradient compared to low-molecular-weight compounds in the plume. Some simple phenolic compounds are being degraded to methane and carbon dioxide by bacteria under anaerobic conditions in the drift-PlattevilleSt. Peter aquifer system. Other low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds are apparently being degraded by aerobic bacteria at the periphery of the plume where oxygen is available. Intermediate degradation products such as volatile fatty acids are likely present, but complete conversion of the organic contaminants to innocuous inorganic substances has not been demonstrated. Near and south of 36th and Wooddale Avenues, contaminants enter the St. Peter aquifer where the Glenwood confining unit has been eroded in a buried bedrock valley. Contaminants previously entered the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer through at least one multiaquif er well (W38). Other sources of contaminants and the low concentrations of contaminants hamper delineation of the maximum areal extent of contaminants that are resistant to biologic degradation. These biorefractory compounds will probably continue to migrate down the hydraulic gradients in the drift and Platteville and St. Peter aquifers.
\nOf particular concern with respect to the health risk to humans are the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, which are a major constituent of coal tar and are found in municipal wells near the site that are completed in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. The Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer lies 250 to 500 feet below land surface and is relatively well protected from nearsurface sources of contamination by overlying rocks. However, the aquifer has been contaminated since at least 1932 because coal-tar derivatives have entered the aquifer through multiaquifer wells. The most significant single source of contamination in the aquifer is a well drilled on the site in 1917 (well W23) that has contained liquid coal-tar since at least 1958. The introduction, dissolution, and movement of this coal-tar in ground water has contaminated nearby municipal wells. The composition of the tar in well W23, and the ratio of concentrations of individual compounds in water from well W23 to those in municipal well SLP15, are consistent with known hydrologic, chemical, and biologic processes, and the conclusion that contaminants in well SLP15 are due primarily to contaminants introduced at well W23. Most of the major polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the tar, although slightly soluble in water and strongly sorbed by aquifer materials, have moved greater distances at higher concentrations than have the lower-molecular-weight, more soluble compounds such as phenolic compounds and naphthalene. The latter are apparently being degraded by bacteria.
\nThe direction and rate of contaminant movement within the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer changes with time because the ground-water-flow system continually adjusts to hydraulic stresses caused by ground-water withdrawals and flow through multiaquifer wells. Contaminants can move rapidly through the Prairie du Chien-Jordan because the upper part of the aquifer is a carbonate rock having fracture and solution-channel permeability, low effective porosity, and relatively small surface area for sorption. Consequently, the concentration and composition of contaminants in water pumped from individual industrial and municipal wells completed in the aquifer fluctuate with time. Although contaminants have been in the aquifer for at least 50 years and their spatial distribution is complex, concentrations remain highest near their points of introduction through multiaquifer wells near and on the site of the former plant.
\nContaminants reached the Ironton-Galesville aquifer through at least two deep multiaquifer wells (W23 and W38), but the extent of contamination in this aquifer, and in the underlying Mount Simon-Hinckley aquifer, is not known.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr84867","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Health, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, City of St. Louis Park, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Hult, M.F., 1984, Assessment of ground-water contamination by coal-tar derivatives, St. Louis Park area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-867, v, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84867.","productDescription":"v, 57 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":37343,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0867/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0867/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"St. Louis Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.40164184570312,\n 44.918382411519346\n ],\n [\n -93.40164184570312,\n 44.966012492248325\n ],\n [\n -93.3024215698242,\n 44.966012492248325\n ],\n [\n -93.3024215698242,\n 44.918382411519346\n ],\n [\n -93.40164184570312,\n 44.918382411519346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671fa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29090,"text":"wri844234 - 1984 - Quality-assurance data for routine water analysis in the laboratories of the US Geological Survey for water-year 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri844234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4234","title":"Quality-assurance data for routine water analysis in the laboratories of the US Geological Survey for water-year 1983","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey maintains a quality-assurance program based on the analysis of reference samples for its two water-analysis laboratories located in Atlanta, Georgia, and Denver, Colorado. Reference samples containing selected inorganic constituents are prepared at the U.S. Geological Survey 's Ocala, Florida office and disguised as routine samples , and sent daily or weekly, as appropriate, to each laboratory through other U.S. Geological Survey offices. The results are permanently stored in the National Water Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE), the U.S. Geological Survey 's data base for all water data. These data are analyzed statistically for precision, bias, and comparability. The results of these statistical analyses are presented for data collected during the 1983 water year. Nutrient samples, simulated precipitation (low-concentration level) samples and selected pesticide samples were also submitted as samples of unknown concentrations. The results of these determinations were statistically analyzed for comparability and these data are presented. In addition, a summary of recovery and precision data from three different instruments for volatile organics is presented. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844234","usgsCitation":"Peart, D., and Thomas, N., 1984, Quality-assurance data for routine water analysis in the laboratories of the US Geological Survey for water-year 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4234, viii, 112 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844234.","productDescription":"viii, 112 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4234/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57942,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6367f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peart, D.B.","contributorId":45304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peart","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Nancy","contributorId":7657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nancy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222204,"text":"5222204 - 1984 - Volatile constituents of wolf (Canis lupus) urine as related to gender and season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T14:29:39.486464","indexId":"5222204","displayToPublicDate":"1984-07-01T12:19:26","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1606,"text":"Experientia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Volatile constituents of wolf (Canis lupus) urine as related to gender and season","title":"Volatile constituents of wolf (Canis lupus) urine as related to gender and season","docAbstract":"The volatile constituents of wolf urine were examined via capillary gas chromatography and compared among male, female, and castrate male. Several compounds including methyl isopentyl sulfide, 3,5-dimethyl-2-octanone, and acetophenone were clearly associated with the gender of the animal and many displayed a seasonal dependence. In addition, 2 long-chain aldehydes isolated from urine samples by an HPLC procedure also correlated with the endocrine status of the animal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF01949734","usgsCitation":"Raymer, J., Wiesler, D., Novotny, M., Asa, C., Seal, U., and Mech, L.D., 1984, Volatile constituents of wolf (Canis lupus) urine as related to gender and season: Experientia, v. 40, no. 7, p. 707-709, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01949734.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"707","endPage":"709","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdb10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raymer, J.","contributorId":94003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiesler, D.","contributorId":43072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiesler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Novotny, M.","contributorId":27970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novotny","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Asa, C.","contributorId":64761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asa","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170350,"text":"70170350 - 1984 - Effects of an urban wetland on sediment and nutrient loads in runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:32:52","indexId":"70170350","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of an urban wetland on sediment and nutrient loads in runoff","docAbstract":"An urban wetland in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area was found to retain sediment and nutrient loads in runoff routed through the wetland. Sediment and nutrient loads in runoff were measured during 1982 at the inlet and outlet of the 6.4-bectare urban wetland. Comparison of annual loads entering and leaving the wetland showed that retention of incoming loads in the wetland was 97 percent of nonvolatile suspended solids, 76 percent of volatile suspended solids, 48 percent of total phosphorus, 4 percent of dissolved phosphorus, 3 percent of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, 1 percent of total ammonia nitrogen, and 47 percent of total organic nitrogen. Flow volume was increased on an annual average basis by 5 percent between the wetland inlet and oulet. Most retention of sediment and nutrient loads occurred between late April and mid-July.
\nRetention of sediment and nutrient loads in the wetland was associated with sedimentation processes. Dissolved nutrients generally were not retained in the wetland because the residence time of water passing through was not long enough for removal by biological processes. Effectiveness of the wetland in retaining sediment and nutrient loads in runoff varies annually. Long-term and short-term impacts of the retention of sediment and nutrients in the wetland on wetland flora and fauna are unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","publisherLocation":"McClean, VA","doi":"10.1007/BF03160493","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.G., 1984, Effects of an urban wetland on sediment and nutrient loads in runoff: Wetlands, v. 4, no. 1, p. 147-158, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160493.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"158","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Twin Cities Metropolitan 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:{\"name\":\"Anoka\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57160534e4b0ef3b7ca91fe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R. G.","contributorId":106118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198691,"text":"70198691 - 1984 - Volatilization of chlorinated hydrocarbons from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T07:51:03","indexId":"70198691","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T07:49:22","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Volatilization of chlorinated hydrocarbons from water","docAbstract":"Coefficients for the volatilization from water of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,2-dichloroethane were measured in a stirred tank. Experiments at constant mixing conditions over a wide range of concentrations showed that the volatilization coefficient was independent of concentration, confirming the assumption that volatilization is a first order process. Simultaneous measurements of the volatilization coefficient and the oxygen absorption coefficient over a wide range of mixing conditions showed that the chlorinated hydrocarbon/oxygen coefficient ratios for both compounds were independent of mixing conditions. Ratios of 0.596 and 0.621 were obtained for 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,2-dichloroethane, respectively.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Gas transfer at water surfaces","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands ","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-1660-4_3","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1984, Volatilization of chlorinated hydrocarbons from water, chap. of Gas transfer at water surfaces, v. 2, p. 27-34, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1660-4_3.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013896,"text":"70013896 - 1984 - Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70013896","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins","docAbstract":"Analyses have been made of gases in clouds apparently emanating from Mount St. Helens. Despite appearances, most of the water in these clouds does not issue from the volcano. Even directly above a large fumarole ??D and ?? 18O data indicate that only half the water can come from the volcano. Isotopic and chemical evidence also shows the steam in the volcano (-33.0 per mol ??D) from which a condensate of 0.2 N HCI was obtained is not a major cause of the explosions. The steam in the volcano is derived from a metamorphic brine in the underlying Tertiary meta andesite. The gas that caused the explosive eruptions is carbon dioxide. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Barnes, I., 1984, Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 22, no. 1-2, p. 133-146.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2cce4b08c986b32ad87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, I.","contributorId":23678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185609,"text":"70185609 - 1984 - Comparison of nonlinear least squares and log transformation procedures for calculating volatilization coefficients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:33:45","indexId":"70185609","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of nonlinear least squares and log transformation procedures for calculating volatilization coefficients","docAbstract":"A nonlinear least squares procedure and a log transformation procedure for calculating first-order rate coefficients from experimental concentration-versus-time data were compared using laboratory measurements of the volatilization from water of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,2-dichloroethane and the absorption of oxygen by water. Ratios of the nonlinear least squares to log transformation volatilization and absorption coefficients for 77 tests ranged from 0.955 to 1.08 and averaged 1.01. Comparison of the maximum, minimum, and mean root-mean-square errors of prediction for six sets of coefficients showed that the errors for the nonlinear least squares procedure were almost always smaller than the errors for the log transformation procedure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(84)90175-9","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1984, Comparison of nonlinear least squares and log transformation procedures for calculating volatilization coefficients: Chemosphere, v. 13, no. 7, p. 715-730, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(84)90175-9.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"715","endPage":"730","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d6303fe4b05ec799131113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185610,"text":"70185610 - 1984 - Volatilization of ketones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:34:26","indexId":"70185610","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatilization of ketones","docAbstract":"Volatilization fluxes of seven ketones were measured over a range of temperatures. Gas-film coefficients were calculated from these volatilization fluxes and related to the gas-film coefficient for the evaporation of water. These relations, when combined with an equation for estimating the gas-film coefficient for evaporation of water from a canal, permit estimating gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ketones from streams and rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(84)90060-2","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1984, Volatilization of ketones: Chemosphere, v. 13, no. 9, p. 1009-1023, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(84)90060-2.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"1009","endPage":"1023","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d6303ee4b05ec799131111","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013150,"text":"70013150 - 1984 - Gases and trace elements in soils at the North Silver Bell deposit, Pima County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T16:35:25.785604","indexId":"70013150","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gases and trace elements in soils at the North Silver Bell deposit, Pima County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Abundant volatile lipids of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and Methanosarcina barkeri include isoprenoid hydrocarbons (≤ C30), and C15, C20 and C25 isoprenoid alcohols. M. barkeri contains 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethyleicosane, whose relative stereochemistry is the same as found in marine sediments, indicating that it is a marker of methanogenic activity. The C20, C30 and C25 alkenes in M. thermoautotrophicum also have a preferred sterochemistry; the latter have the 2,6,10,14,18-pentamethyleicosanyl skeleton, suggesting that the alkane in marine sediments may derive from methanogens. The stereochemistry of squalane in a marine sediment is also compatible with an origin in methanogens; in contrast, the stereochemistry of pristane in M. thermoautotrophicum indicates a fossil fuel contaminant origin, suggesting that this and certain other alkanes reported in archaebacteria might also be of contaminant origin. There is, therefore, little evidence at present that the pristane in immature marine sediments originates in methanogens. The C15 and C20 saturated alcohols in M. thermoautotrophicum have mainly the all-R configuration. If this is generally true for methanogens, the C20 alcohol in the Messel shale may originate mainly from methanogens, whereas that in the Green River shale may originate mainly from photosynthetic organisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90030-5","usgsCitation":"Risatti, J., Rowland, S., Yon, D., and Maxwell, J., 1984, Stereochemical studies of acyclic isoprenoids—XII. Lipids of methanogenic bacteria and possible contributions to sediments: Organic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 93-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90030-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"104","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220128,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9832e4b08c986b31bec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risatti, J.B.","contributorId":33454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risatti","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowland, S.J.","contributorId":100249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yon, D.A.","contributorId":92113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yon","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maxwell, J.R.","contributorId":78489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013257,"text":"70013257 - 1984 - Resin rodlets in shale and coal (Lower Cretaceous), Baltimore Canyon Trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:23:58.518652","indexId":"70013257","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resin rodlets in shale and coal (Lower Cretaceous), Baltimore Canyon Trough","docAbstract":"Rodlets, occurring in shale and coal (uppermost Berriasian to middle Aptian, Lower Cretaceous), were identified from drill cuttings taken from depths between 9330 ft (2844 m) and 11, 460 ft (3493 m) in the Texaco et al., Federal Block 598, No. 2 well, in the Baltimore Canyon Trough. Under the binocular microscope, most of the rodlets appear black, but a few are reddish brown, or brownish and translucent on thin edges. They range in diameter from about 0.4 to 1.7 mm and are commonly flattened. The rodlets break with a conchoidal fracture, and some show an apparent cellular cast on their longitudinal surfaces. When polished and viewed in reflected light, the rodlets appear dark gray and have an average random reflectance of less than 0.1% whereas mean maximum reflectances are 0.48–0.55% for vitrinite in the associated shale and coal. These vitrinite reflectances indicate either subbituminous A or high-volatile C bituminous coal. The rodlets fluoresce dull gray yellow to dull yellow. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope reveal the presence of swirl-like features in the rodlet interiors. Minerals associated with the rodlets occur as sand-size grains attached to the outer surface, as finely disseminated interior grains, and as fracture fillings. Electron microprobe and SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) anlayses indicate that the minerals are dominantly clays (probably illite and chlorite) and iron disulfide; calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide, potassium aluminum silicate (feldspar), titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, and iron sulfate minerals have been also identified. The rodlets were analyzed directly for C, H, N, O, and total S and are interpreted as true resins on the basis of C and H contents that range from 75.6 to 80.3 and from 7.4 to 8.7 wt. % (dry, ash-free basis), respectively. Elemental and infrared data support a composition similar to that of resinite from bituminous coal. Elements determined to be organically associated in the rodlets include S (0.2–0.5 wt.%), Cl (0.03–0.1 wt.%), and Si (0.05–0.08 wt.%). The ash content of the resin rodlets ranges from 4 to 24 wt.% and averages 12 wt.%. Total sulfur contents range from 1.7 to 3.6 wt.%. Resins of fossil plants are known to have little or no sulfur and ash; therefore, these data and the presence of minerals in fractures indicate that most of the sulfur and mineral matter were introduced into the resin partly or wholly after the time of brittle fracture of the resin. The probable source of the resin rodlets is fossil pinaceous conifer cones, which are known to have resin canals as much as 2400 μm in diameter.
Most geological samples and some synthetic materials contain fluid inclusions. These inclusions preserve for us tiny samples of the liquid and/or the gas phase that was present during formation, although in some cases they may have undergone significant changes from the original material. Studies of the current composition of the inclusions provide data on both the original composition and the change since trapping.
These inclusions are seldom larger than 1 millimeter in diameter. The composition varies from a single major compound (e.g., water) in a single phase to a very complex mixture in one or more phases. The concentration of some of the compounds present may be at trace levels.
We present here some analyses of inclusions in a variety of geological samples, including diamonds. We used a sample crusher and a gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC—MS) system to analyze for organic and inorganic volatiles present as major to trace constituents in inclusions. The crusher is a hardened stainless-steel piston cylinder apparatus with tungsten carbide crusing surfaces, and is operated in a pure helium atmosphere at a controlled temperature.
Samples ranging from 1 mg to 1 g were crushed and the released volatiles were analyzed using multi-chromatographic columns and detectors, including the sensitive helium ionization detector. Identification of the GC peaks was carried out by GC—MS. This combination of procedures has been shown to provide geochemically useful information on the process involved in the history of the samples analyzed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89010-5","issn":"00219673","usgsCitation":"Andrawes, F., Holzer, G., Roedder, E., Gibson, E., and Oro, J., 1984, Gas chromatographic analysis of volatiles in fluid and gas inclusions: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 302, no. C, p. 181-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89010-5.","startPage":"181","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"302","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14c3e4b0c8380cd54b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrawes, F.","contributorId":102643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrawes","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holzer, G.","contributorId":93206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibson, E.K. Jr.","contributorId":108256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"E.K.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oro, John","contributorId":21683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oro","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33349,"text":"Department of Biophysical Science, University of Houston","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":367107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013850,"text":"70013850 - 1984 - Coalification of organic matter in coal balls of the Pennsylvanian (upper Carboniferous) of the Illinois Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T16:27:20.585064","indexId":"70013850","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coalification of organic matter in coal balls of the Pennsylvanian (upper Carboniferous) of the Illinois Basin, United States","docAbstract":"An evaluation was made of the degree of coalification of two coal balls from the Illinois Basin of the Pennsylvanian (upper Carboniferous) of the United States. Previous interpretations are mainly misleading and contradictory, primarily because of the assumption that the brown color and exceptional cellular and subcellular preservation typical of American coal balls imply chemical preservation of cellulose and lignin, the primary components of peat. Xylem tissue from a medullosan seed fern contained in a coal ball and the coal attached to the coal ball from the Calhoun coal bed, Mattoon Formation, Illinois, was analyzed by elemental, petrographic, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to determine the degree of coalification. The NMR and elemental data indicate the lack of cellulose and lignin and a probable rank of high-volatile C bituminous coal. These data corroborate data for a coal ball from the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed (Carbondale Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian) and support our hypothesis that the organic matter in coal balls of the Pennsylvanian strata of the United States is coalified to about the same degree as the surrounding coal. Data presented show a range of lower reflectances for xylem tissue and vitrinite in the analyzed coal balls compared with vitrinite in the attached coal.
The data reported indicate that physical preservation of organic matter in coal balls does not imply chemical preservation. Also our study supports the hypothesis that compactional (static load) pressure is not a prerequisite for coalification up to a rank of high-volatile C bituminous coal.
A whole-rock analysis of the Calhoun coal ball indicates a similarity to other carbonate coal balls from the United States. It consists primarily of calcium carbonate and 1–2% organic matter; silica and alumina together make up less than 0.5%, indicating the lack of minerals such as quartz and clays.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90010-X","usgsCitation":"Lyons, P., Thompson, C.L., Hatcher, P.G., Brown, F.W., Millay, M., Szeverenyi, N., and Maciel, G., 1984, Coalification of organic matter in coal balls of the Pennsylvanian (upper Carboniferous) of the Illinois Basin, United States: Organic Geochemistry, v. 5, no. 4, p. 227-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90010-X.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"239","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220076,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Illinois 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\"}}]}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f771e4b0c8380cd4cb0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyons, Paul C.","contributorId":79894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"Paul C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Carolyn L.","contributorId":15220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, F. W.","contributorId":92653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Millay, M.A.","contributorId":104624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millay","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Szeverenyi, Nikolaus","contributorId":47908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szeverenyi","given":"Nikolaus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Maciel, G.E.","contributorId":43910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maciel","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70009966,"text":"70009966 - 1984 - Heating rates in furnace atomic absorption using the L'vov platform","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:44:03","indexId":"70009966","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3464,"text":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heating rates in furnace atomic absorption using the L'vov platform","docAbstract":"Heating rate profiles for the furnace tube wall, the furnace atmosphere, and a L'vov platform were established for a range of conditions in a cyclically heated graphite atomizer. The tube wall profile was made by direct observation with a recording optical pyrometer. The sodium line reversal method was used to establish the heating rate of the furnace atmosphere, and appearance temperatures for a series metals of differing volatility was used to establish platform profiles. The tube wall heating rate was nearly linear at 2240°C s− until the desired temperature was reached after which the temperature remained constant. The furnace atmosphere reached a given temperature 0.2–0.4 s later than the tube wall through most of the atomize cycle. The platform lagged the tube wall 0.5–0.8 s. Under typical operating conditions the furnace atmosphere was 100–200°C cooler than the tube wall and at nearly constant temperature when the analyte vaporized from the platform. The L'vov platform causes the cyclically heated commercial furnace to approximate the behavior of a constant temperature furnace during atomization.