Accurately predicting species’ distributions is critical for the management and conservation of fish and wildlife populations. Joint Species Distribution Models (JSDMs) account for dependencies between species often ignored by traditional species distribution models. We evaluated how a JSDM approach could improve predictive strength for stream fish communities within large watersheds (the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, USA), using a cross-validation study of JSDMs fit to data from over 50 species. Our results suggest that conditional predictions from JSDMs have the potential to make large improvements in predictive accuracy for many species, particularly for more generalist species where single species models may not perform well. For some species there was no added explanatory effect from conditional information, most of which already exhibited strong marginal predictive ability. For several rare species there were significant improvements in occurrence predictions, while the results for two invasive species considered did not show the same improvements. Overall, the optimal number of species to condition upon, as well as the effects of conditioning upon an increasing number of species, varied widely among species.
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Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":901675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maloney, Kelly O. 0000-0003-2304-0745 kmaloney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-0745","contributorId":4636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"Kelly","email":"kmaloney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":901676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woods, Taylor 0000-0002-6277-1260","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6277-1260","contributorId":304097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Taylor","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":901677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wagner, Tyler 0000-0003-1726-016X twagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-016X","contributorId":1050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Tyler","email":"twagner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":901678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70254387,"text":"70254387 - 2024 - Pockmarks offshore Big Sur, California provide evidence for recurrent, regional, and unconfined sediment gravity flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-22T11:49:20.904943","indexId":"70254387","displayToPublicDate":"2024-05-21T06:44:29","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6470,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research, Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pockmarks offshore Big Sur, California provide evidence for recurrent, regional, and unconfined sediment gravity flows","docAbstract":"Recent surface ship multibeam surveys of the Sur Pockmark Field, offshore Central California, reveal >5,000 pockmarks in an area that is slated to host a wind farm, between 500- and 1,500-m water depth. Extensive fieldwork was conducted to characterize the seafloor environment and its recent geologic history, including visual observations with remotely operated vehicles, sediment core sampling, and high-resolution, near-bottom Chirp and multibeam surveys collected with autonomous underwater vehicles to capture the morphology and stratigraphy of the pockmarks. No evidence of high methane concentrations in sediments, chemosynthetic biological communities, or methane-derived diagenetic byproducts was found. Chirp data and sediment cores showed alternating layers of slowly accumulating hemipelagic drapes interrupted by more reflective turbidite horizons that extend throughout the pockmark field and beyond. Chirp data showed multiple episodes of lateral migration over time in some of the pockmarks in association with erosion and infilling events. Laterally continuous turbidite horizons that overlay erosional surfaces indicated that pockmark migration occurred synchronously in multiple pockmarks separated by tens of kilometers. These shifts are presumed to be the result of asymmetrical erosion of the pockmark flanks caused by passing sediment gravity flows. While some pockmarks occur in chains, most are not clustered or randomly spaced but are regularly dispersed within the pockmark field. We hypothesize that intermittent, unconfined sediment gravity flows occurring over at least the last 280,000 years are the source of the regionally continuous turbidite deposits and the mechanism that maintained the regularly dispersed pockmarks.
Climate change in the Arctic is altering watershed hydrologic processes and biogeochemistry. Here, we present an emergent threat to Arctic watersheds based on observations from 75 streams in Alaska’s Brooks Range that recently turned orange, reflecting increased loading of iron and toxic metals. Using remote sensing, we constrain the timing of stream discoloration to the last 10 years, a period of rapid warming and snowfall, suggesting impairment is likely due to permafrost thaw. Thawing permafrost can foster chemical weathering of minerals, microbial reduction of soil iron, and groundwater transport of metals to streams. Compared to clear reference streams, orange streams have lower pH, higher turbidity, and higher sulfate, iron, and trace metal concentrations, supporting sulfide mineral weathering as a primary mobilization process. Stream discoloration was associated with dramatic declines in macroinvertebrate diversity and fish abundance. These findings have considerable implications for drinking water supplies and subsistence fisheries in rural Alaska.
Atmospheric mercury (Hg) emissions and subsequent transport and deposition are major concerns within protected lands, including national parks, where Hg can bioaccumulate to levels detrimental to human and wildlife health. Despite this risk to biological resources, there is limited understanding of the relative importance of different Hg sources and delivery pathways within protected regions. Here, we used Hg stable isotope measurements of a single aquatic bioindicator, dragonfly larvae, to determine if these tracers can resolve spatial patterns in Hg sources, delivery mechanisms, and aquatic cycling at a national scale. Mercury isotope values in dragonfly tissues varied among habitat types (e.g., lentic, lotic, wetland) and geographic location. Photochemical-derived isotope fractionation was habitat-dependent and influenced by factors that impact light penetration directly or indirectly, including dissolved organic matter, canopy cover, and total phosphorus. Strong patterns for Δ200Hg emerged in the western US, highlighting the relative importance of wet deposition sources in arid regions in contrast to dry deposition delivery in forested regions. This work highlights the efficacy of dragonfly larvae as biosentinels for Hg isotope studies due to their ubiquity across freshwater ecosystems and ability to track variation in Hg sources and processing attributed to small-scale habitat and large-scale regional patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c02436","usgsCitation":"Janssen, S., Kotalik, C.J., Willacker, J., Tate, M., Flanagan-Pritz, C., Nelson, S., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Walters, D., and Eagles-Smith, C., 2024, Geographic drivers of mercury entry into aquatic food webs revealed by mercury stable isotopes in dragonfly larvae: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 58, no. 30, p. 13444-13455, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c02436.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"13444","endPage":"13455","ipdsId":"IP-154885","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439569,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c02436","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":430710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janssen, Sarah E. 0000-0003-4432-3154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4432-3154","contributorId":210991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janssen","given":"Sarah E.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kotalik, Christopher James 0000-0001-6739-6036","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6739-6036","contributorId":301847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotalik","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willacker, James 0000-0002-6286-5224","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6286-5224","contributorId":221744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willacker","given":"James","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tate, Michael T. 0000-0003-1525-1219 mttate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-1219","contributorId":3144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Michael T.","email":"mttate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flanagan-Pritz, Colleen M","contributorId":207882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flanagan-Pritz","given":"Colleen M","affiliations":[{"id":36245,"text":"NPS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":905444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nelson, Sarah","contributorId":167199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Sarah","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":905445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Walters, David 0000-0002-4237-2158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":205921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Eagles-Smith, Collin A. 0000-0003-1329-5285","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-5285","contributorId":221745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagles-Smith","given":"Collin A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":905448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70254219,"text":"70254219 - 2024 - To mix or not to mix: Details of magma storage, recharge, and remobilization during the Pacheco stage at Misti Volcano, Peru (≤21–2 ka)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-18T13:57:48.36313","indexId":"70254219","displayToPublicDate":"2024-05-18T11:31:22","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"To mix or not to mix: Details of magma storage, recharge, and remobilization during the Pacheco stage at Misti Volcano, Peru (≤21–2 ka)","docAbstract":"We investigate ten of the most recent tephra-fall deposits emplaced between ≤21–2 ka from the Pacheco stage of Misti volcano, Peru, to elucidate magma dynamics and explosive eruption triggers related to magma storage, recharge, and remobilization. Whole-rock, glass, and mineral textures and compositions indicate the presence of broadly felsic, intermediate, and mafic magmas in a chemically and thermally stratified magma storage system (Zones 1–3) that interact to differing extents prior to eruption. Intermediate magmas are defined by plagioclase + amphibole + two-pyroxenes + Fe-Ti oxides and phase equilibria indicate they formed at ~300–600 MPa and ~950–1000 °C. Intermediate magmas dominate the Pacheco stage and either erupted alone as hybridized magmas or mingled with minor volumes of cool felsic magmas (~800 °C) in which only plagioclase + Fe-Ti oxides are stable. Felsic magmas do not exclusively comprise any tephra-fall deposit emplaced during the Pacheco stage but were remobilized by recharge and mixing with intermediate magmas in order to erupt. Furthermore, felsic-hosted amphibole cognate to the intermediate magmas are reacted despite the felsic magmas being water saturated, which suggests they are staged above the amphibole stability limit (≤200 MPa). The cryptic presence of mafic magmas is indicated by high-An plagioclase cores (An74–88), rare anhedral olivine (Fo77–80), and possibly high Mg# augite and amphibole (up to Mg# 84 and 77, respectively). The dearth of basalt to basaltic andesite melts recorded in erupted glasses and exclusivity of high-An plagioclase to crystal cores signals mafic magmas are staged deeper in the crust than the intermediate magmas. Periodic interactions between these magmas tracked via glass compositions and crystal exchange reveal an alternation between the production of mingled magmas and their eruption shortly after a recharge event, followed by a period of homogenization and eruption of hybridized magmas. As such, we identify magma recharge as a key mechanism by which half of the explosive eruptions were triggered in the Pacheco stage. A >100 °C increase in Misti’s fumarole temperatures from 1967 to 2018 coincident with changes in fumarolic gas composition is consistent with degassing of a mafic recharge magma, signaling that Misti could produce similar explosive eruptions in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egae050","usgsCitation":"Takach, M.K., Tepley, F.J., Harpel, C., Aguilar, R., and Rivera, M., 2024, To mix or not to mix: Details of magma storage, recharge, and remobilization during the Pacheco stage at Misti Volcano, Peru (≤21–2 ka): Journal of Petrology, v. 65, no. 6, egse050, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae050.","productDescription":"egse050, 27 p.","ipdsId":"IP-153038","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439572,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae050","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":434959,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XAY8WD","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geochemical data for the Pacheco stage tephra-fall deposits from Misti volcano, Arequipa, Peru"},{"id":428844,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","otherGeospatial":"Misti Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.3199980846973,\n -16.21886271090787\n ],\n [\n -71.55295001118235,\n -16.21886271090787\n ],\n [\n -71.55295001118235,\n -16.37617235938167\n ],\n [\n -71.3199980846973,\n -16.37617235938167\n ],\n [\n -71.3199980846973,\n -16.21886271090787\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takach, Marie K.","contributorId":304046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takach","given":"Marie","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":12961,"text":"College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tepley, Frank J.","contributorId":333855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tepley","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harpel, Christopher 0000-0001-8587-7845","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8587-7845","contributorId":204746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harpel","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aguilar, Rigoberto","contributorId":252547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aguilar","given":"Rigoberto","affiliations":[{"id":50431,"text":"Observatorio Vulcanologico del Instituto Geologico, Minero y Metalurgico del Peru","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rivera, Marco","contributorId":190926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rivera","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70270815,"text":"70270815 - 2024 - Greenness and actual evapotranspiration in the unrestored riparian corridor of the Colorado River Delta in response to in-channel water deliveries in 2021 and 2022","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T14:35:17.891197","indexId":"70270815","displayToPublicDate":"2024-05-18T09:30:22","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Greenness and actual evapotranspiration in the unrestored riparian corridor of the Colorado River Delta in response to in-channel water deliveries in 2021 and 2022","docAbstract":"Natural resource managers may utilize remotely sensed data to monitor vegetation within their decision-making frameworks for improving habitats. Under binational agreements between the United States and Mexico, seven reaches were targeted for riparian habitat enhancement. Monitoring was carried out using Landsat 8 16-day intervals of the two-band enhanced vegetation index 2 (EVI2) for greenness and actual evapotranspiration (ETa). In-channel water was delivered in 2021 and 2022 at four places in Reach 4. Three reaches (Reaches 4, 5 and 7) showed no discernable difference in EVI2 from reaches that did not receive in-channel water (Reaches 1, 2, 3 and 6). EVI2 in 2021 was higher than 2020 in all reaches except Reach 3, and EVI2 in 2022 was lower than 2021 in all reaches except Reach 7. ET(EVI2) was higher in 2020 than in 2021 and 2022 in all seven reaches; it was highest in Reach 4 (containing restoration sites) in all years. Excluding restoration sites, compared with 2020, unrestored reaches showed that EVI2 minimally increased in 2021 and 2022, while ET(EVI2) minimally decreased despite added water in 2021–2022. Difference maps comparing 2020 (no-flow year) to 2021 and 2022 (in-channel flows) reveal areas in Reaches 5 and 7 where the in-channel flows increased greenness and ET(EVI2).
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs16101801","usgsCitation":"Nagler, P.L., Sall, I., Gomez-Sapiens, M., Barreto-Muñoz, A., Jarchow, C.J., Flessa, K.W., and Didan, K., 2024, Greenness and actual evapotranspiration in the unrestored riparian corridor of the Colorado River Delta in response to in-channel water deliveries in 2021 and 2022: Remote Sensing, v. 16, no. 10, 1801, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101801.","productDescription":"1801, 36 p.","ipdsId":"IP-159485","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101801","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":494727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River and Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.70373688763536,\n 32.71761400400064\n ],\n [\n -114.91753138575248,\n 32.615612719042275\n ],\n [\n -115.12542877690827,\n 32.29643421023498\n ],\n [\n -115.29207031009817,\n 32.062671657105\n ],\n [\n -114.77701945034427,\n 31.29475716550462\n ],\n [\n -114.11333757418808,\n 31.39877597118165\n ],\n [\n -114.7621430899238,\n 32.2396086059703\n ],\n [\n -114.70373688763536,\n 32.71761400400064\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagler, Pamela L. 0000-0003-0674-103X pnagler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":1398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","email":"pnagler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":947107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sall, Ibrahima 0000-0002-7526-636X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-636X","contributorId":251750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sall","given":"Ibrahima","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36523,"text":"University of Montana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":947108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gomez-Sapiens, Martha","contributorId":195954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Sapiens","given":"Martha","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":947109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barreto-Muñoz, Armando","contributorId":239891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barreto-Muñoz","given":"Armando","affiliations":[{"id":48028,"text":"University of Arizona, Biosystems Engineering, Tucson, AZ, 85721 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":947111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jarchow, Christopher J.","contributorId":360495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarchow","given":"Christopher","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":62999,"text":"Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":947112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flessa, Karl W.","contributorId":175308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flessa","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":947110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Didan, Kamel","contributorId":292780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Didan","given":"Kamel","affiliations":[{"id":62999,"text":"Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":947113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70254357,"text":"70254357 - 2024 - Debris-flow entrainment modelling under climate change: Considering antecedent moisture conditions along the flow path","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-26T14:47:16.951609","indexId":"70254357","displayToPublicDate":"2024-05-18T06:42:19","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris-flow entrainment modelling under climate change: Considering antecedent moisture conditions along the flow path","docAbstract":"Debris-flow volumes can increase along their flow path by entraining sediment stored in the channel bed and banks, thus also increasing hazard potential. Theoretical considerations, laboratory experiments and field investigations all indicate that the saturation conditions of the sediment along the flow path can greatly influence the amount of sediment entrained. However, this process is usually not considered for practical applications. This study aims to close this gap by combining runout and hydrological models into a predictive framework that is calibrated and tested using unique observations of sediment erosion and debris-flow properties available at a Swiss debris-flow observation station (Illgraben). To this end, hourly water input to the erodible channel is predicted using a simple, process-based hydrological model, and the resulting water saturation level in the upper sediment layer of the channel is modelled based on a Hortonian infiltration concept. Debris-flow entrainment is then predicted using the RAMMS debris-flow runout model. We find a strong correlation between the modelled saturation level of the sediment on the flow path and the channel-bed erodibility for single-surge debris-flow events with distinct fronts, indicating that the modelled water content is a good predictor for erosion simulated in RAMMS. Debris-flow properties with more complex flow behaviour (e.g., multiple surges or roll waves) are not as well predicted using this procedure, indicating that more physically complete models are necessary. Finally, we demonstrate how this modelling framework can be used for climate change impact assessment and show that earlier snowmelt may shift the peak of the debris-flow season to earlier in the year. Our novel modelling framework provides a plausible approach to reproduce saturation-dependent entrainment and thus better constrain event volumes for current and future hazard assessment.
Fall Creek Dam impounds Fall Creek Lake, a 10-kilometer-long reservoir in western Oregon and is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) primarily for flood-risk management (or flood control) in late autumn through early spring months, as well as for water quality, irrigation, recreation, and habitat in late spring through early autumn. Since 2011 (water year [WY] 2012), Fall Creek Lake has been temporarily drawn down each year to facilitate downstream passage of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) through the 55-meter (m) high dam. This annual dam operation is temporary, typically lasting about 1–2 weeks from WY 2012 through 2020 (drawdown operations in WY 2022–24 have increased to more than 6 weeks). Drawdown of the reservoir results in lake levels being lowered to the elevation near the historical, pre-dam streambed. The annual streambed drawdowns of WY 2012–18 have improved fish passage and led the USACE to formally adopt streambed drawdowns as part of annual operations at Fall Creek Dam. However, temporarily lowering the lake to streambed creates free-flowing conditions in the reservoir that result in the erosion and episodic export of predominantly sand and finer-grained sediments (less than 2 millimeters [mm]) to the lower gravel-bed reaches of Fall Creek and the Middle Fork Willamette River. The introduction of large volumes of sand and finer-grain sediment into the dam-regulated reaches downstream from Fall Creek Dam prompted questions about the geomorphic responses to annual streambed drawdowns within Fall Creek Lake and downstream reaches along Fall Creek and the Middle Fork Willamette River. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in partnership with USACE initiated a comprehensive geomorphic and sediment transport investigation to assess the coupled processes of reservoir erosion, sediment evacuation from Fall Creek Lake, and patterns of sediment transport and deposition in reaches downstream from the Fall Creek Dam that have resulted from annual streambed drawdowns.
The purpose of this report is to systematically describe the processes of sediment erosion, transport, and deposition at Fall Creek Lake and geomorphic interactions between reaches upstream and downstream from Fall Creek Dam that relate to dam operations. Specifically, this report focuses on evaluating geomorphic responses to streambed drawdowns from WY 2012 through 2018 and placing drawdown-induced geomorphic responses within the broader context of physiographic and historical conditions and dam operations of Fall Creek and Middle Fork Willamette Rivers. Key objectives for this study were to characterize changes in reservoir morphology and substrate at Fall Creek Lake, describe the character and temporal pattern of sediment transport downstream from Fall Creek Dam, characterize geomorphic changes in channel reaches downstream from the Fall Creek Dam, and relate these data to the annual streambed drawdowns of WY 2012–18. This study uses multiple independent monitoring and measurement approaches to assess site, reach, and river-scale geomorphic responses to drawdowns to inform dam and reservoir management. Patterns and processes of reservoir evolution were assessed with geomorphic mapping and volumetric analyses of topography through comparison of multiple digital surface models (DSMs). Just downstream from Fall Creek Dam, analyses of sediment export from the reservoir focused on suspended sediment but also incorporated bedload analyses to assess sediment sizes. Geomorphic assessments downstream from the dam used reach-scale and site-scale approaches to document changes in channel morphology and substrate, including site measurements of sand and finer-grained sediment deposition and in-channel bed-material, volumetric change analyses from comparison of digital elevation models (DEMs), and repeat geomorphic mapping. Findings from this study inform river management and dam operations by providing an understanding of (1) coupled upstream-downstream geomorphic responses to the Fall Creek Lake streambed drawdowns, (2) geomorphic responses of Fall Creek Lake streambed drawdowns in comparison to drawdowns at other large dams, (3) controls on reservoir erosion and downstream geomorphic responses, and (4) implications for future hydrogeomorphic changes that may result from continued drawdowns and monitoring activities to assess those changes.
To understand the volume and distribution of sediment accumulation in Fall Creek Lake since dam closure in 1965, decadal-scale sedimentation patterns (spanning approximately 1965–2016) are evaluated using a combination of storage curve analyses and geomorphic mapping. Short-term (drawdown event-scale) patterns of erosion, sedimentation, and sediment export downstream are evaluated using a combination of geomorphic mapping and change detection analyses that quantify the distribution and total volume of sediment erosion and deposition within Fall Creek Lake.
Geomorphic mapping of reservoir topography and analyses of historical datasets reveals four categories of landforms and sediment processes within Fall Creek Lake related to lake level operations:
Where the reservoir floor is mapped for this study as pelagic (deep water), deposition up to 3 meters (m) thick by lacustrine processes and burial of pre-dam topography with deposits thinning toward the edges of the valley floor and upstream areas of reservoir are observed. Despite over 50 years of sediment accumulation since dam construction, the main stream channels of Fall and Winberry Creeks (or reservoir thalwegs) through the reservoir are well defined, though their distinct morphology is likely influenced by a long history of recurring historical drawdowns to or near streambed since dam construction. Unregulated streamflow and sediment transport through the reservoir primarily are confined to these channels during the streambed drawdown periods. Erosional channel-like features created by drawdowns are carved through underlying, unconsolidated reservoir floor sediments and are most prominent in the lower reservoir below minimum conservation pool (the low pool elevation during winter flood season); sediment generated from the formation of these drawdown channels is more likely to be transported through and out of the reservoir than sediment deposits along the reservoir hillslopes at the valley margins that are separated from main channels by areas of low-gradient reservoir floor. Morphologic changes in the lower reservoir topography between January 2012 and November 2016 indicate overall net erosion of about 129,500 cubic meters (m3). The most prominent geomorphic changes occurred along the main channels of Fall and Winberry Creeks near the Fall Creek Dam where incision, lateral migration, and slumping banks resulted in vertical and lateral adjustments to channel position, whereas most changes fell below the detectable limit on higher-elevation reservoir floor surfaces except where erosion occurred along features mapped as drawdown channels.
USGS implemented a sediment monitoring program in WY 2013–18 to evaluate the quantity and character of reservoir sediment exported from Fall Creek Lake during streambed drawdowns. Turbidity and suspended sediments were monitored annually autumn through spring to span the WY 2013–18 streambed drawdowns; however, unequal monitoring timeframes each year reduced the ability to compare results and factors affecting sediment export from the reservoir difficult between years. These data were originally measured to develop regressions and compute suspended-sediment loads (SSL). Bedload sediment monitoring from a cableway at the Fall Creek streamgage was completed in the autumn-winter of WY 2013 and 2017. The limited number of samples and presumed variability in sediment supply from the reservoir precluded construction of streamflow and bedload discharge relations to compute more than instantaneous bedload.
Sand and finer-grained silts and clays were transported from the reservoir in suspension, though some coarser grains (up to 32 mm) were also mobilized and transported downstream from the dam as bedload. Observations of increased sediment transport downstream from Fall Creek Dam coincided with lake levels approaching about 3 m (10 feet [ft] or elevation 690 ft) above the streambed regulating outlets. Suspended-sediment loads computed for the full monitoring periods WY 2013–18 at the Fall Creek streamgage, located 1.4 kilometers (km) downstream from Fall Creek Dam, range from 54,700 metric tons (t) in WY 2013 to 13,900 t in WY 2018. Although the total annual SSL varied from year to year, the overall seasonal patterns of suspended sediment transport throughout each year were similar during monitoring in WY 2013-18. Suspended-sediment loads were low prior to the drawdown, then increased rapidly as lake levels lowered and approached the streambed. In the weeks following the drawdown period, as pool levels were increased, SSL remained slightly elevated above pre-drawdown levels but generally declined through the following winter and spring except during streamflow-driven pulses of suspended-sediment transport. WY 2013 had the greatest total computed SSL for each streambed drawdown and partial-year monitoring period. SSL computed for the partial-year period have generally decreased since WY 2013 and have varied by about 6,800 t with the exception of WY 2014. WY 2014 SSL reflects anomalously low sediment export due to low streamflows and freezing conditions that stabilized reservoir floor deposits. Bedload measurements in the short 1.4-km reach between Fall Creek Dam and the Fall Creek streamgage showed an inverse correlation between bedload transport rates and discharge, which probably reflects diminishing supply of coarse-sized sediment. Sand was more abundant (60–100 percent) than gravel in bedload samples confirming sand and finer-grained sediment dominated sediment evacuated from the reservoir during streambed drawdowns at Fall Creek Lake.
In the days, weeks, and months following streambed drawdown operations at Fall Creek Dam through WY 2018, sites downstream from the dam displayed a variety of geomorphic responses to reservoir sediment delivery within the main channel and overbank areas. Evaluation of streambed elevations at two streamgages located 1.4 km downstream from the dam on Fall Creek and 16.3 km downstream from the dam on the Middle Fork Willamette River indicated the effects of drawdown sediment on bed elevations were modest and transient. Repeat particle size measurements (October 2015 and September 2016) at five sites along Fall Creek and the Middle Fork Willamette River showed similar grain-sized distributions that do not reveal substantial deposition of fine-grained sediment related to the WY 2016 streambed drawdown. Altogether, these findings indicate that transport capacity in the main, low-flow channels of Fall Creek and Middle Fork Willamette River during WY 2012–18 was sufficient to mobilize and evacuate reservoir sediments from streambed drawdowns or other bank material and tributary sources. However, other monitoring for this study indicate low-velocity zones in off-channel areas are prime locations for sand and finer-grain sediment deposition. Patterns of overbank sediment accumulation indicate that the magnitude and timing of overbank deposition on bars and low-elevation floodplain varies with proximity to the dam, geomorphic setting, streamflows, and other factors. Sand and finer-grained reservoir sediments carried as suspended-sediment load in the reaches downstream from Fall Creek Dam were deposited in overbank areas as observed with clay-horizon markers during WY 2016–17. Overbank deposition quantified with Geomorphic Change Detection (GCD) software evaluated landform-scale patterns of erosion and deposition using repeat light detection and ranging (lidar) surveys at two sites in the Upper Fall Creek reach and one site in the Jasper reach for 3 years (2012–15) and one site in the Clearwater reach for 6 years (2009–15). Deposition thickness and spatial patterns from the GCD analysis were variable; some sites had dispersed but measurable deposition while at others, deposition was highly localized and exceeded 1 m in depth. Patterns of overbank deposition illustrate interactions among bar morphology, local hydraulics, and suspended-sediment transport dynamics that can create patches of highly localized deposition. The measured deposition at the two Fall Creek GCD sites likely resulted from reservoir sediments released from Fall Creek Lake during streambed drawdowns in WY 2016 and 2017 because the limited sediment inputs from bank material (geomorphically laterally stable reach) or tributaries (no significant tributaries) provided few other sediment sources. On the Middle Fork Willamette River, observed patterns of overbank deposition could reflect sediment sourced from upstream tributaries, bank erosion, or Fall Creek Lake streambed drawdown operations.
Despite the introduction of several thousand tons of reservoir sediment delivered from the Fall Creek Lake streambed drawdowns to below-dam river corridors, reach-scale mapping of channel features downstream from Fall Creek Dam shows minimal evidence of changes in channel planform or landforms that can be attributed to a drawdowns in WY 2012–16. On Upper Fall Creek reach, widespread increases in gravel bars or other in-channel sediment did not result from the five streambed drawdowns. The main changes attributable to sediment releases from Fall Creek Lake were localized increases in vegetated bar area, particularly on channel margin areas where sand and finer-grain sediment was deposited and rapidly colonized by vegetation. The area of mapped secondary water features decreased between 2005 and 2016, but that may be due to lower discharges depicted in the 2016 aerial photographs and less mapped area of inundation. Primary changes along the Lower Fall Creek reach include a 6.4 percent decrease in area of secondary water features between 2011 and 2016, and a nearly twofold increase in the area of unvegetated bars. Immediately downstream from the Fall Creek confluence, there were negligible changes in the location and areas of vegetated bars and the main wetted channel between 2005 and 2016, and local increases in bar area cannot be attributed solely to deposition of reservoir sediments from Fall Creek Lake because (1) areas along the Middle Fork Willamette River just upstream from the Fall Creek confluence display similar type and magnitude of changes and (2) some of the increases at the confluence area pre-date the drawdowns. The cumulative effect of sediment releases from Fall Creek Lake streambed drawdowns from WY 2012 to 2016 on downstream channel planform and landforms are modest compared to the river-scale transformations and planform changes that occurred in the decades following dam construction.
Multiple aspects of Fall Creek Dam infrastructure and operations exert first-order controls on the magnitudes of reservoir erosion that occur during the streambed drawdowns and ultimately determine the sediment delivery to downstream reaches. Key aspects of the dam and its operations that are most relevant to assessing geomorphic responses to streambed drawdowns include the (1) dam infrastructure, including configuration and size of regulating outlets and their proximity to the streambed which dictates the capacity and competence of the river to deliver sediment to downstream reaches and mode of sediment transport as suspended-sediment load or bedload; (2) frequency of historical drawdowns and long-term, year-round dam operations and lake level management, which partly dictate reservoir morphology and locations and magnitudes of readily erodible materials; (3) dam operations and hydroclimatic conditions during the streambed drawdown (including length of the drawdown and streamflows entering the reservoir), which directly control the timing, duration and magnitude of reservoir erosion and sediment evacuation; and (4) dam operations following the streambed drawdown operation that regulate streamflows (and thereby sediment transport conditions) downstream of Fall Creek Dam which primarily reflect interactions between hydroclimatic conditions and flood control operations.
Patterns of sediment erosion and evacuation observed in this study at Fall Creek Lake from WY 2012–18 suggest that reservoir erosion during annual streambed drawdowns may remain similar or decrease in future years assuming (1) annual streambed drawdown operations are implemented in similar manner as the WY 2012–18 drawdowns (in terms of duration, late autumn or early winter implementation, rate of pool-level lowering to reach streambed, and other factors), (2) streambed drawdowns coincide with similar conditions as were observed WY 2012–18 (similar sediment yield into reservoir, low reservoir inflows, limited precipitation, moderate air temperature), and (3) no major geomorphic changes in the main reservoir channels of Fall and Winberry Creeks occur (for example, channel avulsion). Under such conditions, it is hypothesized that the stream channel within the reservoir would achieve a quasi-equilibrium state with respect to annual influx and export of sediment and aided by the substantial amount of in-channel bedrock, will remain laterally stable without erosion across reservoir deposits.
Patterns of sediment transport measured at the Fall Creek streamgage downstream from Fall Creek Dam provide insight into the potential effects of future streambed drawdowns at Fall Creek Lake. Analyses of suspended sediment measured in WY 2013–18 show a major reduction in suspended-sediment loads between WY 2013 and later years, indicating streamflows transporting sediment through the reservoir to downstream reaches during streambed drawdowns have become supply limited. The 6-year suspended-sediment monitoring and sampling program is insufficient to make predictions about future sediment transport conditions because of uneven monitoring periods and varying controls on reservoir sediment erosion. It is likely that future suspended-sediment loads will be variable but similar to those observed in WY 2015–18 if operational, climatic, and geomorphological factors remain similar to those monitored WY 2015–18. Suspended-sediment loads downstream from Fall Creek Lake will likely remain highest when regulating outlets are fully open and Fall Creek is free flowing with the reservoir fully drained with little to no residual pool. Over time, it is possible that the suspended-sediment loads would reflect mobilization of reservoir sediment deposited in the previous year rather than erosion of sediment deposited years or decades earlier. Bedload is likely to remain a small fraction of the total sediment load evacuated from the reservoir and is relatively modest compared with pre-dam bedload transport rates because most coarse sediment remains trapped by the dam.
If sediment releases from Fall Creek Lake and ensuing streamflow conditions follow a similar pattern in the future as was assessed in this study spanning WY 2012–18, near-term geomorphic adjustments downstream of the dam are expected to be modest. Barring major operational, climatic, and geomorphological changes, local site-scale deposition on bars, overbank areas, or off-channel features that persists several months after the streambed drawdown will likely continue to be highly variable, ranging from negligible to several centimeters of deposition. At the landform-scale, low velocity areas nearest to Fall Creek Dam will likely continue to undergo rapid deposition immediately during and after a streambed drawdown event, similar to patterns observed for WY 2012–18. Some of the sediment entering these off-channel features and margin areas may be temporarily stored, then later remobilized and dispersed farther downstream. But if newly deposited sediment persists through the following spring, there is a greater likelihood that local vegetation will establish, reinforce deposited material, and trap sediment during later drawdowns. The reach-scale geomorphic changes may become more apparent if (1) streambed drawdowns continued for several decades, and geomorphic changes were measured at decadal scales or (2) the amount of sediment introduced to downstream reaches substantially increased and (or) sediment transport capacity decreased. The continued streamflow regulation of Fall Creek Dam after sediment releases provides an opportunity to strategically manage streamflows during and after the streambed drawdowns to minimize downstream sediment impacts and ensure other operational thresholds are satisfied.
This study provides a comprehensive foundation of datasets and geomorphic analyses to inform dam operations at Fall Creek Lake, monitor sediment transport downstream, and consider operational schemes for future drawdowns. The datasets from this study also provide baselines of sediment transport and geomorphic conditions to assess future changes in reservoir and downstream environments. Future monitoring could be tailored to address specific questions regarding the long-term geomorphic effects of streambed drawdowns on fluvial habitats, flood hazards, cultural resources, or downstream water quality. Future monitoring activities could focus on the relevant geomorphic processes and spatial domains within the three categories used for this study: (1) reservoir erosion and net sediment evacuation, (2) sediment delivery to downstream reaches, including magnitude and temporal pattern of sediment transport, and (3) geomorphic responses of downstream reaches to sediment delivery. Specifically, high priority future monitoring activities could include:
Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, OR 97204
Eye loss has been a long-standing interest in evolutionary biology. Many organisms that inhabit environments without light penetration, for example the deep sea, exhibit eye loss and thus become blind. However, water-depth distribution of eyes in marine organisms is poorly understood. Ostracods are widely distributed crustaceans, and many sighted marine ostracods have eye tubercles (lenses) on their shells. Since eye tubercles are visible on the shells illustrated in much literature, it is easy to determine their presence or absence via a literature survey. Here, we used a large Arctic-wide ostracod census dataset (Arctic Ostracode Database) to calculate the eye index (the percentage of species with eyes), and compare them with water depth and light availability. As water depth increases, eye index values decrease and become constantly zero in water deeper than 1000 m. Similar decline of sighted species with increasing depth is also known in isopods and amphipods, suggesting that it may be common in other crustaceans and perhaps in deep-sea organisms in general. We also show that eye index values increase as light availability increases. This study is the first to quantify how distributions of sighted and blind species change with light availability, giving baseline information on vision in the deep sea.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.1002/lno.12584","usgsCitation":"Zhang, J., Yasuhara, M., Wei, C., Tian, S.Y., Aye, K.K., Gemery, L., Cronin, T.M., Frenzel, P., and Horne, D.J., 2024, Sight and blindness: The relationship between ostracod eyes, water depth, and light availability in the Arctic Ocean: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 69, no. 6, p. 1418-1428, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12584.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1418","endPage":"1428","ipdsId":"IP-159915","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439590,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12584","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":428845,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Jingwen","contributorId":336196,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jingwen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55550,"text":"University of Hong Kong","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yasuhara, Moriaki","contributorId":178705,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yasuhara","given":"Moriaki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wei, Chih-Lin","contributorId":336198,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wei","given":"Chih-Lin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55550,"text":"University of Hong Kong","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tian, Skye Yunshu","contributorId":336200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tian","given":"Skye","email":"","middleInitial":"Yunshu","affiliations":[{"id":55550,"text":"University of Hong Kong","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aye, Kyawt K. T.","contributorId":336202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aye","given":"Kyawt","email":"","middleInitial":"K. T.","affiliations":[{"id":55550,"text":"University of Hong Kong","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gemery, Laura 0000-0003-1966-8732","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1966-8732","contributorId":245413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gemery","given":"Laura","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0001-9522-3992 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-3992","contributorId":304640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Frenzel, Peter","contributorId":336790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":901050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Horne, David J.","contributorId":113597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horne","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":901051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70254205,"text":"sir20245040 - 2024 - Evaporation from the interior of Lake Okeechobee—A large freshwater lake in Florida, 2013–16","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T19:19:23.373341","indexId":"sir20245040","displayToPublicDate":"2024-05-14T14:30:19","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5040","displayTitle":"Evaporation From the Interior of Lake Okeechobee—A Large Freshwater Lake in Florida, 2013–16","title":"Evaporation from the interior of Lake Okeechobee—A large freshwater lake in Florida, 2013–16","docAbstract":"In 2012, a platform at the approximate center of Lake Okeechobee in central Florida was instrumented to continuously measure evaporation with the Bowen-ratio energy-budget method as part of a long-term partnership between the South Florida Water Management District and the U.S. Geological Survey. The primary goal for the study was to quantify daily rates of open-water evaporation. A secondary goal was to assess differences in evaporation rates among alternate methods and determine if instrumentation and operational expenses associated with the Bowen-ratio method could be reduced.
Mean annual evaporation from Lake Okeechobee for 2013–16 was about 1,825 millimeters per year. Annual evaporation from 2013 to 2016 was 1,760, 1,840, 1,810, and 1,890 millimeters per year, respectively. These evaporation rates are among the highest rates observed in Florida based on scientifically vetted methods such as evaporation pans, lysimeters, eddy-covariance, or Bowen-ratio methods. The high evaporation rates are largely a result of frequent clear-sky conditions over the interior of Lake Okeechobee, which allows solar radiation to reach the water surface and drive open-water evaporation. Cloud formation over the interior of Lake Okeechobee is suppressed because of a relatively large heat capacity for water that buffers convective fluxes of air that form clouds while rising and cooling.
Estimated evaporation rates obtained using five alternative methods were compared to measured Bowen-ratio energy-budget daily, monthly, and annual evaporation: the Penman, Priestly-Taylor, Mass-Transfer, Simple, and Turc equations. All five methods performed relatively well (within 10 percent of the Bowen ratio annual totals). The Penman, Priestley-Taylor, and Mass-Transfer methods captured relatively large evaporation rates that occurred in the winter due to cold fronts, because these methods account for large wind speeds and vapor pressure deficits associated with the regional cold fronts. For operational implementation, the Simple, Mass-Transfer, or Turc methods are likely preferable because of their simplicity, limited data requirements, and improved accuracy for computing monthly and annual evaporation totals. The Turc equation computed monthly evaporation within 8 percent of the Bowen-ratio method, while requiring only air temperature and solar radiation data. The Simple equation achieved similar accuracy while requiring only solar radiation data.
Director, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
Groundwater quality in the western part of the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, California, was investigated in 2018 as part of the California State Water Resources Control Board Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Program Priority Basin Project. The Mojave Basin Domestic-Supply Aquifer study unit (MOBS) region was divided into two study areas—floodplain and regional—to assess differences between the two major aquifers used for drinking water supply in the area. This assessment characterized the quality of ambient groundwater and not the quality of treated drinking water.
The study included three components: (1) a status assessment, which characterized the quality of groundwater resources used for domestic drinking-water supply in the floodplain and regional study areas; (2) a brief understanding assessment, which evaluated factors that could potentially affect the quality of groundwater used by domestic wells in the region; and (3) a comparative assessment between the groundwater resources used by domestic wells and public-supply wells in the two study areas. The domestic-well assessment was based on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 48 domestic wells in January–May 2018. The public-supply assessment was based on data for samples from 322 public-supply wells in 2008–18, either collected by the U.S. Geological Survey or compiled from the California State Water Resources Control Boards Division of Drinking Water publicly available database.
Concentrations of water-quality constituents in ambient groundwater were compared to regulatory and non-regulatory benchmarks typically used by the State of California and Federal agencies as health-based or aesthetic standards for public drinking water. Relative concentrations, defined as the measured concentration divided by the benchmark concentration, were classified as high (greater than 1.0), moderate (greater than 0.5 for inorganic constituents or 0.1 for organic and special-interest constituents, and not high), or low (concentrations lower than moderate). The floodplain and regional study areas were divided into 15 and 35 grid cells, respectively, and grid-based methods were used to compute the areal proportions of the two study areas with high, moderate, or low relative concentrations of individual constituents and classes of constituents.
For the domestic-supply assessment, one or more inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks were detected at high relative concentrations in 58 percent of the regional study area and 13 percent of the floodplain study area. The inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks detected at high relative concentrations in the regional study area were arsenic, chromium and hexavalent chromium, fluoride, adjusted gross alpha particle activity, uranium, molybdenum, strontium, and nitrate; only arsenic was detected at high relative concentrations in the floodplain study area. One or more inorganic constituents with secondary maximum contaminant level benchmarks were detected at high concentrations in 15 and 6.7 percent of the regional and floodplain study areas, respectively. The constituents detected at high relative concentrations in the regional study area were total dissolved solids, chloride, sulfate, and iron; only total dissolved solids and sulfate were detected at high relative concentrations in the floodplain study area.
Organic constituents were not detected at moderate or high relative concentrations in either the regional or floodplain study areas. Volatile organic compounds were detected at low relative concentrations in 21 and 27 percent of the regional and floodplain study areas, respectively, and pesticides were detected at low relative concentrations in 9.1 and 20 percent of the regional and floodplain study areas, respectively. The only individual organic constituent detected in more than 10 percent of either study area was the trihalomethane trichloromethane. Total coliform bacteria were detected in 15 and 27 percent of the grid wells in the regional and floodplain study areas, respectively.
The greater prevalence of high relative concentrations of many inorganic constituents in the regional study area compared to the floodplain area likely indicates the greater diversity of geologic material at depth in aquifer material and generally finer-grained alluvium compared to the floodplain study area combined with generally older groundwater that has had more contact time with aquifer materials. In general, trace element concentrations (1) increased with increasing groundwater age, (2) increased with distance from recharge sources in the mountains, and (3) increased with closer proximity to some types of geological units. In general, groundwater from domestic wells in the floodplain study area is young, with most samples containing a component of modern groundwater based on tritium and unadjusted carbon-14 activities, whereas groundwater from domestic wells in the regional study area generally is old, with most samples having unadjusted carbon-14 ages of 5,000–40,000 years.
Public-supply wells in MOBS generally were deeper than domestic wells and presumably are in contact with older, more weathered alluvium that may have more mobile trace elements, such as arsenic or uranium. However, only 26 percent of the public-supply regional study area had high relative concentrations of inorganic constituents, compared to 58 percent for the domestic regional study area. The percentages of the public-supply and domestic floodplain study areas with high relative concentrations of inorganic constituents were 11 and 13 percent, respectively. The ages of groundwater used by public-supply and domestic wells in each study area were similar, which was not expected given the greater depth of the public-supply wells. Three potential factors may contribute to these results: (1) greater spatial footprint of domestic well network, which may result in domestic wells pumping groundwater from fractured bedrock or mineralized areas not used by public-supply wells; (2) greater pumping rates in public-supply wells, resulting in more water being withdrawn from coarse-grained, heterogeneous alluvium than finer-grained layers, which may have higher concentrations of (or more mobile) inorganic constituents; and (3) a greater degree of well management with public-supply wells, which may include pausing use of or decommissioning wells if treating or blending water is not feasible to lower constituent concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","programNote":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","usgsCitation":"Groover, K.D., Fram, M.S., and Levy, Z.F., 2024, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Mojave Basin Domestic-Supply Aquifer study unit, 2018—California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5019, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245019.","productDescription":"x, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-110004","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499448,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_116979.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":428611,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5019/sir20245019.XML"},{"id":428610,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5019/images"},{"id":428608,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245019/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5019"},{"id":428607,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5019/sir20245019.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5019"},{"id":428606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5019/sir20245019.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.51859835894652,\n 35.183647408915874\n ],\n [\n -117.51859835894652,\n 34.28986048082601\n ],\n [\n -116.15629367144663,\n 34.28986048082601\n ],\n [\n -116.15629367144663,\n 35.183647408915874\n ],\n [\n -117.51859835894652,\n 35.183647408915874\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
Image-based algorithms have become a powerful tool for estimating flow velocities in rivers. In this study, we generalize the space-time image velocimetry (STIV) framework for reach-scale application rather than along a cross section. The new algorithm provides information on both the magnitude and orientation of velocity vectors, and we refer to the algorithm as two-dimensional STIV, or 2D-STIV. The workflow involves setting up a grid, using centreline tangent vectors as initial estimates of flow direction, and then extracting space-time images (STIs) along search lines radiating from each grid node. The autocorrelation function is used to infer the inclination of streak lines present in STIs, which represents the advection of water surface features. Information on flow direction is obtained by evaluating various candidate search lines and identifying that which yields the highest velocity. This search can be performed exhaustively or via optimization. We applied the new 2D-STIV algorithm to three test cases, one simulated data set and two natural channels, and compared image-derived velocities to modelled or measured values. We also applied two established particle image velocimetry (PIV) algorithms to the same data sets. 2D-STIV performed as well as the two PIV algorithms for simulated images. For a natural river with distinct water surface features, 2D-STIV was effective for much of the channel but also led to a more patchy, irregular velocity field than the two PIV algorithms. For a site lacking obvious surface features, exhaustive 2D-STIV led to velocity estimates uncorrelated with field data while the optimization-based version produced erratic flow directions. 2D-STIV also required greater image sequence durations, higher frame rates, and generally longer computational run times. Overall, ensemble PIV was the most reliable algorithm.
Waterfowl population recruitment is sensitive to duckling survival. We quantified predator types and survival rates for Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) and Mareca strepera (Gadwall) ducklings in one of the largest brackish water marshes in western North America (Suisun Marsh, California) using 556 radio-tagged ducklings from 284 broods tracked during the 2016 to 2019 breeding seasons. Overall, 78% of ducklings died and 84% of mortalities occurred < 7 days after hatch. After hatching in upland fields, survival was greater for broods that hatched closer to flooded wetlands; broods had a ≥ 75% chance of surviving the move from the nest to water when nests were located ≤ 140 m from the nearest wetland and ≤ 50% chance of surviving when nests were located ≥ 970 m from the nearest wetland. Predation accounted for 91% of mortalities and was attributed to mammals (27.6%), birds (22.0%), snakes (4.4%), and unknown predators (46.0%). Anas platyrhynchos survival to fledging (54 days) was only 3.2% and 0.9% during 2 drier years and 11.7% and 16.7% during 2 wetter years. Mareca strepera survival to fledging was 9.4% to 11.2% among years. Daily survival rates for ducklings generally increased with the amount of flooded wetlands within 0.5 km (A. platyrhynchos) and 1.0 km (M. strepera) of the nest at hatch. Additionally, survival rates increased with duckling age and body mass at hatch for both species and decreased with hatch date for A. platyrhynchos but not M. strepera, which may be partially due to the earlier onset of A. platyrhynchos nesting. For ducklings that survived the initial move to water, survival rates were negatively correlated with salinity and this effect was more pronounced for younger ducklings. Anas platyrhynchos survival to 7 days post hatch decreased by 9.1% (wetter year) to 31.4% (drier year) when ducklings were in 12 ppt water (99th quantile of cumulative salinity concentrations experienced by ducklings) versus 0.5 ppt water. Mareca strepera survival to 7 days decreased by 7.4% when ducklings were in 12 ppt vs. 0.5 ppt water. Our results suggest that maintaining a network of low salinity wetlands within 1 km of upland nesting sites would likely improve duckling survival rates, especially during the critical 7-day period after hatch.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duae017","collaboration":"CDFW, DWR, BOR","usgsCitation":"Peterson, S.H., Ackerman, J.T., Hartman, C.A., Greenawalt, A.C., Casazza, M.L., and Herzog, M.P., 2024, Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity concentrations in a brackish marsh: Ornithological Applications, v. 126, no. 3, duae017, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duae017.","productDescription":"duae017, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-161682","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duae017","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Suisan Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.02904038945182,\n 38.15034309532726\n ],\n [\n -122.02904038945182,\n 38.04476134451929\n ],\n [\n -121.83322632092529,\n 38.04476134451929\n ],\n [\n -121.83322632092529,\n 38.15034309532726\n ],\n [\n -122.02904038945182,\n 38.15034309532726\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Sarah H. 0000-0003-2773-3901 sepeterson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2773-3901","contributorId":167181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Sarah","email":"sepeterson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":202848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hartman, C. Alex 0000-0002-7222-1633 chartman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-1633","contributorId":131157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"C.","email":"chartman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greenawalt, Andrew C. 0000-0003-4443-9528","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4443-9528","contributorId":364649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenawalt","given":"Andrew","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":63051,"text":"previously WERC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. 0000-0002-5203-2835 mherzog@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-2835","contributorId":131158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70254112,"text":"sir20245036 - 2024 - Monitoring and assessment of urban stormwater best management practices at selected Chicago public schools in Chicago, Illinois, from September 1, 2016, to July 1, 2017","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T18:33:13.171436","indexId":"sir20245036","displayToPublicDate":"2024-05-13T09:19:24","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5036","displayTitle":"Monitoring and Assessment of Urban Stormwater Best Management Practices at Selected Chicago Public Schools in Chicago, Illinois, from September 1, 2016, to July 1, 2017","title":"Monitoring and assessment of urban stormwater best management practices at selected Chicago public schools in Chicago, Illinois, from September 1, 2016, to July 1, 2017","docAbstract":"The Space to Grow program helps transform aging and neglected schoolyards of Chicago Public Schools into outdoor community spaces with the goal of promoting health and learning while addressing neighborhood flooding issues. Virgil I. Grissom Elementary School and Donald L. Morrill Math and Science School were selected in 2014 for schoolyard upgrades and the installation of various green infrastructure (GI) improvements. The U.S. Geological Survey installed sensors to measure precipitation, groundwater levels, and stormwater runoff volumes from September 1, 2016, to July 1, 2017.
At Virgil I. Grissom Elementary School, about 933,000 gallons of water fell on the schoolyard during the monitoring period. No discharge was recorded coming from the GI sewer lines, but backflow indicated water was flowing from the sewer line draining the impervious running track into the combined manhole structure and backwards into the GI retention basins (as designed). This design allowed for a 100-percent capture rate. Native soil at Virgil I. Grissom Elementary School also was conducive to rapid infiltration. Soil borings at Virgil I. Grissom Elementary School indicated about 10.5 feet (ft) of fine sand overlying silty clay to a depth of at least 16 ft. At Donald L. Morrill Math and Science School, about 1,120,000 gallons of water fell on the schoolyard during the monitoring period. About 72.5 precent of this water was discharged into the sewer system, and the other 27.5 percent was captured by the GI. Unlike Virgil I. Grissom Elementary School, the soil profile at Donald L. Morrill Math and Science School consisted of about 5 ft of clay loam overlying stiff blue clay to a depth of at least 12 ft. The sewer line coming from the GI under the football field was at the bottom of the reservoir. This design seemed to allow water to flow out of the line before being absorbed by the retention basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245036","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Chicago Public Schools, Healthy Schools Campaign, and Openlands","usgsCitation":"Bailey, C.R., Soderstrom, C.M., and Duncker, J.J., 2024, Monitoring and assessment of urban stormwater best management practices at selected Chicago public schools in Chicago, Illinois, from September 1, 2016, to July 1, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5036, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245036.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 40 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-094993","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499461,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
Groundwater-influenced ecosystems (GIEs) are increasingly vulnerable due to groundwater extraction, land-use practices, and climate change. These ecosystems receive groundwater inflow as a portion of their baseflow or water budget, which can maintain water levels, water temperature, and chemistry necessary to sustain the biodiversity that they support. In some systems (e.g., springs, seeps, fens), this connection with groundwater is central to the system’s integrity and persistence. Groundwater management decisions for human use often do not consider the ecological effects of those actions on GIEs. This disparity can be attributed, in part, to a lack of information regarding the physical relationships these systems have with the surrounding landscape and climate, which may influence the environmental conditions and associated biodiversity. We estimate the vulnerability of areas predicted to be highly suitable for the presence of GIEs based on watershed (U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Unit Code 12 watersheds: 24–100 km2) and pixel (30 m × 30 m pixels) resolution in the Atlantic Highlands and Mixed Wood Plains EPA Level II Ecoregions in the northeastern United States. We represent vulnerability with variables describing adaptive capacity (topographic wetness index, hydric soil, physiographic diversity), exposure (climatic niche), and sensitivity (aquatic barriers, proportion urbanized or agriculture). Vulnerability scores indicate that ~26% of GIEs were within 30 m of areas with moderate vulnerability. Within these GIEs, climate exposure is an important contributor to vulnerability of 40% of the areas, followed by land use (19%, agriculture or urbanized). There are few areas predicted to be suitable for GIEs that are also predicted to be highly vulnerable, and of those, climate exposure is the most important contributor to their vulnerability. Persistence of GIEs in the northeastern United States may be challenged as changes in the amount and timing of precipitation and increasing air temperatures attributed to climate change affect the groundwater that sustains these systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w16101366","usgsCitation":"Snyder, S.D., Loftin, C., and Reeve, A., 2024, Vulnerability assessment of groundwater influenced ecosystems in the Northeastern United States: Water, v. 16, no. 10, 1366, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101366.","productDescription":"1366, 23 p.","ipdsId":"IP-156998","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101366","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":433619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Northeastern United 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\"}}]}","volume":"16","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Shawn D.","contributorId":343132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snyder","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftin, Cyndy 0000-0001-9104-3724 cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-3724","contributorId":146427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Cyndy","email":"cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":910639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeve, Andrew S.","contributorId":343135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeve","given":"Andrew S.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70254209,"text":"70254209 - 2024 - Anaerobic biodegradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and microbial community composition in soil amended with a dechlorinating culture and chlorinated solvents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T12:08:17.767913","indexId":"70254209","displayToPublicDate":"2024-05-10T07:04:41","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic biodegradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and microbial community composition in soil amended with a dechlorinating culture and chlorinated solvents","docAbstract":"Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), one of the most frequently detected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occurring in soil, surface water, and groundwater near sites contaminated with aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), has proven to be recalcitrant to many destructive remedies, including chemical oxidation. We investigated the potential to utilize microbially mediated reduction (bioreduction) to degrade PFOS and other PFAS through addition of a known dehalogenating culture, WBC-2, to soil obtained from an AFFF-contaminated site. A substantial decrease in total mass of PFOS (soil and water) was observed in microcosms amended with WBC-2 and chlorinated volatile organic compound (cVOC) co-contaminants — 46.4 ± 11.0 % removal of PFOS over the 45-day experiment. In contrast, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) concentrations did not decrease in the same microcosms. The low or non-detectable concentrations of potential metabolites in full PFAS analyses, including after application of the total oxidizable precursor assay, indicated that defluorination occurred to non-fluorinated compounds or ultrashort-chain PFAS. Nevertheless, additional research on the metabolites and degradation pathways is needed. Population abundances of known dehalorespirers did not change with PFOS removal during the experiment, making their association with PFOS removal unclear. An increased abundance of sulfate reducers in the genus Desulfosporosinus (Firmicutes) and Sulfurospirillum (Campilobacterota) was observed with PFOS removal, most likely linked to initiation of biodegradation by desulfonation. These results have important implications for development of in situ bioremediation methods for PFAS and advancing knowledge of natural attenuation processes.
Rapid changes in sea ice extent and changes in freshwater inputs from land are rapidly changing the nature of Arctic estuarine ecosystems. In the Beaufort Sea, these nearshore habitats are known for their high productivity and mix of marine resident and diadromous fishes that have great subsistence value for Indigenous communities. There is, however, a lack of information on the spatial variation among Arctic nearshore fish communities as related to environmental drivers. In summers of 2017–2019, we sampled fishes in four estuarine ecosystems to assess community composition and relate fish abundance to temperature, salinity, and wind conditions. We found fish communities were heterogeneous over larger spatial extents with rivers forming fresh estuarine plumes that supported diadromous species (e.g., broad whitefish Coregonus nasus), while lagoons with reduced freshwater input and higher salinities were associated with marine species (e.g., saffron cod Eleginus gracilis). West–East directional winds accounted for up to 66% of the community variation, indicating importance of the wind-driven balance between fresh and marine water masses. Salinity and temperature accounted for up to 54% and 37% of the variation among lagoon communities, respectively. Recent sea ice declines provide more opportunity for wind to influence oceanographic conditions and biological communities. Current subsistence practices, future commercial fishing opportunities, and on-going oil and gas activities benefit from a better understanding of current fish community distributions. This work provides important data on fish spatial distributions and community composition, providing a basis for fish community response to changing climatic conditions and anthropogenic use.
Managing aquatic ecosystems for people and nature can be improved by collaboration among scientists, managers, decision-makers, and other stakeholders. Many collaborative and interdisciplinary approaches have been developed to address the management of freshwater ecosystems; however, there are still barriers to overcome. We worked as part of a regional stakeholder group comprising municipal water utility operators, conservation organizations, academic partners, and other stakeholders to understand the effects of low-flow and drought on ecological functions of the upper Flint River, Georgia (USA), a free-flowing river important for municipal water supply, recreation, and native biota. We used published literature and locally targeted studies to identify quantitative flow targets that could be used to inform water management and drought planning. Drawing from principles of Translational Ecology, we relied on an iterative process to develop information needs for the group and maintained communication and engagement throughout data collection, analysis, and synthesis. We identified three quantitative flow benchmarks to evaluate the ecological impacts of drought in the river. The results were valuable to both the water utilities represented in the working group and State regional water planning, which is used to guide water management strategies and permitting for the basin. We identified principles that were important for the successful engagement in the working group and helped to overcome the challenge of working across sectors and without direct authority guiding the implementation of our work. Interdisciplinary work and creative solutions are crucial to plan for and adapt to greater pressure on our water resources.
Cropland fallowing is choosing not to plant a crop during a season when a crop is normally planted. It is an important component of many crop rotations and can improve soil moisture and health. Knowing which fields are fallow is critical to assess crop productivity and crop water productivity, needed for food security assessments. The annual spatial extent of cropland fallows is poorly understood within the United States (U.S.). The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cropland Data Layer does provide cropland fallow areas; however, at a significantly lower confidence than their cropland classes. This study developed a methodology to map cropland fallows within the Northern Great Plains region of the U.S. using an easily implementable decision tree algorithm leveraging training and validation data from wet (2019), normal (2015), and dry (2017) precipitation years to account for climatic variability. The decision trees automated cropland fallow algorithm (ACFA) was coded on a cloud platform utilizing remotely sensed, time-series data from the years 2010–2019 to separate cropland fallows from other land cover/land use classes. Overall accuracies varied between 96%-98%. Producer’s and user’s accuracies of cropland fallow class varied between 70-87%.
The use of wetlands as a treatment approach for nitrogen in runoff is a common practice in agroecosystems. However, nitrate is not the sole constituent present in agricultural runoff and other biologically active contaminants have the potential to affect nitrate removal efficiency. In this study, the impacts of the combined effects of four common veterinary antibiotics (chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, lincomycin, monensin) on nitrate-N treatment efficiency in saturated sediments and wetlands were evaluated in a coupled microcosm/mesocosm scale experiment. Veterinary antibiotics were hypothesized to significantly impact nitrogen speciation (e.g., nitrate and ammonium) and nitrogen uptake and transformation processes (e.g., plant uptake and denitrification) within the wetland ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, the coupled study had three objectives: 1. assess veterinary antibiotic impact on nitrogen cycle processes in wetland sediments using microcosm incubations, 2. measure nitrate-N reduction in water of floating treatment wetland systems over time following the introduction of veterinary antibiotic residues, and 3. identify the fate of veterinary antibiotics in floating treatment wetlands using mesocosms. Microcosms containing added mixtures of the veterinary antibiotics had little to no effect at lower concentrations but stimulated denitrification potential rates at higher concentrations. Based on observed changes in the nitrogen loss in the microcosm experiments, floating treatment wetland mesocosms were enriched with 1000 μg L−1 of the antibiotic mixture. Rates of nitrate-N loss observed in mesocosms with the veterinary antibiotic enrichment were consistent with the microcosm experiments in that denitrification was not inhibited, even at the high dosage. In the mesocosm experiments, average nitrate-N removal rates were not found to be impacted by the veterinary antibiotics. Further, veterinary antibiotics were primarily found in the roots of the floating treatment wetland biomass, accumulating approximately 190 mg m−2 of the antibiotic mixture. These findings provide new insight into the impact that veterinary antibiotic mixtures may have on nutrient management strategies for large-scale agricultural operations and the potential for veterinary antibiotic removal in these wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/toxics12050346","usgsCitation":"Russell, M.V., Messer, T.L., Repert, D.A., Smith, R.L., Bartelt-Hunt, S., Snow, D.D., and Reed, A., 2024, Influence of four veterinary antibiotics on constructed treatment wetland nitrogen transformation: Toxics, v. 12, no. 5, 346, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050346.","productDescription":"346, 26 p.","ipdsId":"IP-163926","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050346","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":428796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, Matthew V. 0000-0001-9287-1409","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-1409","contributorId":336767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":12425,"text":"University of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Messer, Tiffany L.","contributorId":194057,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Messer","given":"Tiffany","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repert, Deborah A. 0000-0001-7284-1456 darepert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-1456","contributorId":2578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repert","given":"Deborah","email":"darepert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bartelt-Hunt, Shannon","contributorId":189223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartelt-Hunt","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Snow, Daniel D.","contributorId":204934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snow","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6754,"text":"University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reed, Ariel 0000-0002-0792-5204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0792-5204","contributorId":298788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reed","given":"Ariel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70258420,"text":"70258420 - 2024 - Potential climate and human water-use effects on water-quality trends in a semiarid, western U.S. watershed: Fountain Creek, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-10T18:05:06.586732","indexId":"70258420","displayToPublicDate":"2024-05-08T07:18:46","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential climate and human water-use effects on water-quality trends in a semiarid, western U.S. watershed: Fountain Creek, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"