Despite decades of agricultural and urban use of fungicides and widespread detection of these pesticides in surface waters, relatively few data are available on the effects of fungicides on fish and invertebrates in the aquatic environment. Nine fungicides are reviewed in this report: azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorothalonil, fludioxonil, myclobutanil, fenarimol, pyraclostrobin, pyrimethanil, and zoxamide. These fungicides were identified as emerging chemicals of concern because of their high or increasing global use rates, detection frequency in surface waters, or likely persistence in the environment. A review of the literature revealed significant sublethal effects of fungicides on fish, aquatic invertebrates, and ecosystems, including zooplankton and fish reproduction, fish immune function, zooplankton community composition, metabolic enzymes, and ecosystem processes, such as leaf decomposition in streams, among other biological effects. Some of these effects can occur at fungicide concentrations well below single-species acute lethality values (48- or 96-hour concentration that effects a response in 50 percent of the organisms, that is, effective concentration killing 50 percent of the organisms in 48 or 96 hours) and chronic sublethal values (for example, 21-day no observed adverse effects concentration), indicating that single-species toxicity values may dramatically underestimate the toxic potency of some fungicides. Fungicide modes of toxic action in fungi can sometimes reflect the biochemical and (or) physiological effects of fungicides observed in vertebrates and invertebrates; however, far more studies are needed to explore the potential to predict effects in nontarget organisms based on specific fungicide modes of toxic action. Fungicides can also have additive and (or) synergistic effects when used with other fungicides and insecticides, highlighting the need to study pesticide mixtures that occur in surface waters. For fungicides that partition to organic matter in sediment and soils, it is particularly important to determine their effects on freshwater mussels and other freshwater benthic invertebrates in contact with sediments, as available toxicity studies with pelagic species, mainly Daphnia magna, may not be representative of these benthic organisms. Finally, there is a critical need for studies of the chronic effects of fungicides on reproduction, immunocompetence, and ecosystem function; sublethal endpoints with population and community-level relevance.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121213","usgsCitation":"Elskus, A.A., 2012, Toxicity, sublethal effects, and potential modes of action of select fungicides on freshwater fish and invertebrates (Version 1.0: September 27, 2012; Version 1,1: November 25, 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1213, vii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121213.","productDescription":"vii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040603","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262163,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262162,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1213/pdf/ofr2012-1213.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262167,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121213.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: September 27, 2012; Version 1,1: November 25, 2014","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662516e4b053bff18e1c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elskus, Adria A.","contributorId":14521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elskus","given":"Adria","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040093,"text":"sir20125202 - 2012 - Estimation of evaporation from open water - A review of selected studies, summary of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers data collection and methods, and evaluation of two methods for estimation of evaporation from five reservoirs in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-08T08:24:42","indexId":"sir20125202","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5202","title":"Estimation of evaporation from open water - A review of selected studies, summary of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers data collection and methods, and evaluation of two methods for estimation of evaporation from five reservoirs in Texas","docAbstract":"Organizations responsible for the management of water resources, such as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), are tasked with estimation of evaporation for water-budgeting and planning purposes. The USACE has historically used Class A pan evaporation data (pan data) to estimate evaporation from reservoirs but many USACE Districts have been experimenting with other techniques for an alternative to collecting pan data. The energy-budget method generally is considered the preferred method for accurate estimation of open-water evaporation from lakes and reservoirs. Complex equations to estimate evaporation, such as the Penman, DeBruin-Keijman, and Priestley-Taylor, perform well when compared with energy-budget method estimates when all of the important energy terms are included in the equations and ideal data are collected. However, sometimes nonideal data are collected and energy terms, such as the change in the amount of stored energy and advected energy, are not included in the equations. When this is done, the corresponding errors in evaporation estimates are not quantifiable. Much simpler methods, such as the Hamon method and a method developed by the U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB) (renamed the National Weather Service in 1970), have been shown to provide reasonable estimates of evaporation when compared to energy-budget method estimates. Data requirements for the Hamon and USWB methods are minimal and sometimes perform well with remotely collected data. The Hamon method requires average daily air temperature, and the USWB method requires daily averages of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Estimates of annual lake evaporation from pan data are frequently within 20 percent of energy-budget method estimates. Results of evaporation estimates from the Hamon method and the USWB method were compared against historical pan data at five selected reservoirs in Texas (Benbrook Lake, Canyon Lake, Granger Lake, Hords Creek Lake, and Sam Rayburn Lake) to evaluate their performance and to develop coefficients to minimize bias for the purpose of estimating reservoir evaporation with accuracies similar to estimates of evaporation obtained from pan data. The modified Hamon method estimates of reservoir evaporation were similar to estimates of reservoir evaporation from pan data for daily, monthly, and annual time periods. The modified Hamon method estimates of annual reservoir evaporation were always within 20 percent of annual reservoir evaporation from pan data. Unmodified and modified USWB method estimates of annual reservoir evaporation were within 20 percent of annual reservoir evaporation from pan data for about 91 percent of the years compared. Average daily differences between modified USWB method estimates and estimates from pan data as a percentage of the average amount of daily evaporation from pan data were within 20 percent for 98 percent of the months. Without any modification to the USWB method, average daily differences as a percentage of the average amount of daily evaporation from pan data were within 20 percent for 73 percent of the months. Use of the unmodified USWB method is appealing because it means estimates of average daily reservoir evaporation can be made from air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation data collected from remote weather stations without the need to develop site-specific coefficients from historical pan data. Site-specific coefficients would need to be developed for the modified version of the Hamon method.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125202","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District","usgsCitation":"Harwell, G.R., 2012, Estimation of evaporation from open water - A review of selected studies, summary of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers data collection and methods, and evaluation of two methods for estimation of evaporation from five reservoirs in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5202, vii, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125202.","productDescription":"vii, 96 p.","numberOfPages":"107","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5202.gif"},{"id":262140,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5202/pdf/sir2012-5202.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262139,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5202/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Angelo, San Antonio, Waco","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.83333333333333,29 ], [ -100.83333333333333,34.333333333333336 ], [ -93.33333333333333,34.333333333333336 ], [ -93.33333333333333,29 ], [ -100.83333333333333,29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662510e4b053bff18e1bf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harwell, Glenn R. gharwell@usgs.gov","contributorId":3789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwell","given":"Glenn","email":"gharwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040101,"text":"70040101 - 2012 - Clutch and egg allometry of the turtle Mauremys leprosa (Chelonia: Geoemydidae) from a polluted peri-urban river in west-central Morocco","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T12:48:53","indexId":"70040101","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1895,"text":"Herpetological Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clutch and egg allometry of the turtle Mauremys leprosa (Chelonia: Geoemydidae) from a polluted peri-urban river in west-central Morocco","docAbstract":"We examined the relationships of clutch size (CS) and egg size to female body size (straight-line carapace length, CL) in a population of the turtle Mauremys leprosa from a polluted segment of oued (river) Tensift in arid west-central Morocco. Twenty-eight adult females were collected in May–July, 2009 and all were gravid. Each was weighed, measured, humanely euthanized and then dissected. Oviductal shelled eggs were removed, weighed (egg mass, EM) and measured for length (EL) and width (EW). Clutch mass (CM) was the sum of EM for a clutch. Pelvic aperture width (PAW) was measured at the widest point between the ilia bones through which eggs must pass at oviposition. The smallest gravid female had a CL of 124.0 mm. Mean CS was relatively large (9.7±2.0 eggs, range: 3–13) and may reflect high productivity associated with polluted (eutrophic) waters. Regression analyses were conducted using log-transformed data. CM increased isometrically with maternal body size. CS, EW and EM were all significantly hypoallometric in their relationship with CL. EL did not change significantly with increases in CL. EW increased at a hypoallometric rate with increasing CL but was unconstrained by PAW since the widest egg was smaller than the narrowest PAW measurement when excluding the three smallest females. Smaller females may have EW constrained by PAW. As females increase in size they increase both clutch size and egg width in contradiction to predictions of optimal egg size theory.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetological Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"British Herpetological Society","publisherLocation":"Montrose, Angus, U.K.","usgsCitation":"Naimi, M., Znari, M., Lovich, J.E., Feddadi, Y., and Baamrane, M.A., 2012, Clutch and egg allometry of the turtle Mauremys leprosa (Chelonia: Geoemydidae) from a polluted peri-urban river in west-central Morocco: Herpetological Journal, v. 22, no. 1, p. 43-49.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262144,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bhs/thj/2012/00000022/00000001/art00007","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Morocco","otherGeospatial":"Tensift River","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5066250de4b053bff18e1be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naimi, Mohamed","contributorId":40838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naimi","given":"Mohamed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Znari, Mohammed","contributorId":42472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Znari","given":"Mohammed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovich, Jeffrey E. 0000-0002-7789-2831 jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-2831","contributorId":458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feddadi, Youssef","contributorId":51590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feddadi","given":"Youssef","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baamrane, Moulay Abdeljalil Ait","contributorId":103516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baamrane","given":"Moulay","email":"","middleInitial":"Abdeljalil Ait","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70040069,"text":"70040069 - 2012 - Relations between retired agricultural land, water quality, and aquatic-community health, Minnesota River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-03T17:16:15","indexId":"70040069","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between retired agricultural land, water quality, and aquatic-community health, Minnesota River Basin","docAbstract":"The relative importance of agricultural land retirement on water quality and aquatic-community health was investigated in the Minnesota River Basin. Eighty-two sites, with drainage areas ranging from 4.3 to 2200 km2, were examined for nutrient concentrations, measures of aquatic-community health (e.g., fish index of biotic integrity [IBI] scores), and environmental factors (e.g., drainage area and amount of agricultural land retirement). The relation of proximity of agricultural land retirement to the stream was determined by calculating the land retirement percent in various riparian zones. Spearman's rho results indicated that IBI score was not correlated to the percentage of agricultural land retirement at the basin scale (p = 0.070); however, IBI score was correlated to retired land percentage in the 50- to 400-m riparian zones surrounding the streams (p < 0.05), indicating that riparian agricultural land retirement may have more influence on aquatic-community health than does agricultural land retirement in upland areas. Multivariate analysis of covariance and analysis of covariance models indicated that other environmental factors (such as drainage area and lacustrine and palustrine features) commonly were correlated to aquatic-community health measures, as were in-stream factors (standard deviation of water depth and substrate type). These results indicate that although agricultural land retirement is significantly related to fish communities as measured by the IBI scores, a combination of basin, riparian, and in-stream factors act together to influence IBI scores.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/jeq2011.0468","usgsCitation":"Christensen, V.G., Lee, K., McLees, J.M., and Niemela, S.L., 2012, Relations between retired agricultural land, water quality, and aquatic-community health, Minnesota River Basin: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 41, no. 5, p. 1459-1472, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0468.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1459","endPage":"1472","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262161,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0468"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Minnesota River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.9,43.5 ], [ -96.9,46.25 ], [ -93.1,46.25 ], [ -93.1,43.5 ], [ -96.9,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662514e4b053bff18e1c07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, Victoria G. 0000-0003-4166-7461 vglenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-7461","contributorId":2354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Victoria","email":"vglenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Kathy 0000-0002-7683-1367 klee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-1367","contributorId":2538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kathy","email":"klee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLees, James M.","contributorId":21406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLees","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Niemela, Scott L.","contributorId":64936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niemela","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040058,"text":"70040058 - 2012 - Toxicity of copper to early-life stage Kootenai River white sturgeon, Columbia River white sturgeon, and rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-31T12:24:42","indexId":"70040058","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of copper to early-life stage Kootenai River white sturgeon, Columbia River white sturgeon, and rainbow trout","docAbstract":"White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) populations throughout western North America are in decline, likely as a result of overharvest, operation of dams, and agricultural and mineral extraction activities in their watersheds. Recruitment failure may reflect the loss of early-life stage fish in spawning areas of the upper Columbia River, which are contaminated with metals from effluents associated with mineral-extraction activities. Early-life stage white sturgeon (A. transmontanus) from the Columbia River and Kootenai River populations were exposed to copper during 96-h flow-through toxicity tests to determine their sensitivity to the metal. Similar tests were conducted with rainbow trout (RBT [Oncorhynchus mykiss]) to assess the comparative sensitivity of this species as a surrogate for white sturgeon. Exposures were conducted with a water quality pH 8.1-8.3, hardness 81-119 mg/L as CaCO2, and dissolved organic carbon 0.2-0.4 mg/L. At approximately 30 days posthatch (dph), sturgeon were highly sensitive to copper with median lethal concentration (LC50) values ranging from 4.1 to 6.8 μg/L compared with 36.5 μg/L for 30 dph RBT. White sturgeon at 123-167 dph were less sensitive to copper with LC50 values ranging from 103.7 to 268.9 μg/L. RBT trout, however, remained more sensitive to copper at 160 dph with an LC50 value of 30.9 μg/L. The results indicate that high sensitivity to copper in early-life stage white sturgeon may be a factor in recruitment failure occurring in the upper Columbia and Kootenai rivers. When site-specific water-quality criteria were estimated using the biotic ligand model (BLM), derived values were not protective of early-life stage fish, nor were estimates derived by water-hardness adjustment.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s00244-012-9782-3","usgsCitation":"Little, E.E., Calfee, R., and Linder, G., 2012, Toxicity of copper to early-life stage Kootenai River white sturgeon, Columbia River white sturgeon, and rainbow trout: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 63, no. 3, p. 400-408, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9782-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"400","endPage":"408","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662515e4b053bff18e1c13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":467582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calfee, R.D.","contributorId":85130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calfee","given":"R.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040106,"text":"70040106 - 2012 - Changes in sources and storage in a karst aquifer during a transition from drought to wet conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-09T17:16:16","indexId":"70040106","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in sources and storage in a karst aquifer during a transition from drought to wet conditions","docAbstract":"Understanding the sources and processes that control groundwater compositions and the timing and magnitude of groundwater vulnerability to potential surface-water contamination under varying meteorologic conditions is critical to informing groundwater protection policies and practices. This is especially true in karst terrains, where infiltrating surface water can rapidly affect groundwater quality. We analyzed the evolution of groundwater compositions (major ions and Sr isotopes) during the transition from extreme drought to wetconditions, and used inverse geochemical modeling (PHREEQC) to constrain controls on groundwater compositions during this evolution. Spring water and groundwater from two wells dominantly receiving diffuse and conduit flow (termed diffuse site and conduit site, respectively) in the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards aquifer (central Texas, USA) and surface water from losing streams that recharge the aquifer were sampled every 3–4 weeks during November 2008–March 2010. During this period, water compositions at the spring and conduit sites changed rapidly but there was no change at the diffuse site, illustrating the dual nature (i.e., diffuse vs. conduit) of flow in this karst system. Geochemical modeling demonstrated that, within a month of the onset of wetconditions, the majority of spring water and groundwater at the conduit site was composed of surface water, providing quantitative information on the timing and magnitude of the vulnerability of groundwater to potential surface-water contamination. The temporal pattern of increasing spring discharge and changing pattern of covariation between spring discharge and surface-water (steam) recharge indicates that that there were two modes of aquifer response—one with a small amount of storage and a second that accommodates more storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.08.030","usgsCitation":"Wong, C., Mahler, B., Musgrove, M., and Banner, J., 2012, Changes in sources and storage in a karst aquifer during a transition from drought to wet conditions: Journal of Hydrology, v. 468-469, p. 159-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.08.030.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"172","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.08.030"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"468-469","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5066250ce4b053bff18e1be3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, C.I.","contributorId":98574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahler, B.J.","contributorId":36888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musgrove, M.","contributorId":78933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banner, J.L.","contributorId":95683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banner","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040081,"text":"ofr20121099 - 2012 - Summary of oceanographic and water-quality measurements near the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland, 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-08T17:16:12","indexId":"ofr20121099","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1099","title":"Summary of oceanographic and water-quality measurements near the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland, 2011","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment transport is a critical element governing the geomorphology of tidal marshes. Marshes rely on both organic material and inorganic sediment deposition to maintain their elevation relative to sea level. In wetlands near the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland, portions of the salt marsh have been subsiding relative to sea level since the early 20th century. Other portions of the marsh have been successful at maintaining elevation. The U.S. Geological Survey performed observational deployments to measure suspended-sediment concentration in the tidal channels in order to understand the magnitude of suspended-sediment concentrations, the sediment-transport mechanisms, and differences between two marsh areas, one that subsided and one that maintained elevation. We deployed optical turbidity sensors and acoustic velocity meters at multiple sites over two periods in 2011. This report presents the time-series of oceanographic data collected during those field studies, including velocity, depth, turbidity, salinity, water temperature, and pH.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121099","usgsCitation":"Ganju, N., Dickhudt, P., Montgomery, E., Brennand, P., Derby, R.K., Brooks, T.W., Guntenspergen, G.R., Martini, M.A., Borden, J., and Baldwin, S., 2012, Summary of oceanographic and water-quality measurements near the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1099, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121099.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1099.jpg"},{"id":262130,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1099/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262131,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1099/title_page.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryl","otherGeospatial":"Blackwater River;Transquaking River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.1,38.3 ], [ -76.1,38.4 ], [ -76,38.4 ], [ -76,38.3 ], [ -76.1,38.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662514e4b053bff18e1c0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ganju, Neil K. 0000-0002-1096-0465","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-0465","contributorId":93543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganju","given":"Neil K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickhudt, Patrick J.","contributorId":48302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickhudt","given":"Patrick J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Montgomery, Ellyn T.","contributorId":78038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Ellyn T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brennand, Patrick","contributorId":62095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennand","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Derby, R. Kyle","contributorId":24643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derby","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kyle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brooks, Thomas W. 0000-0002-0555-3398 wallybrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0555-3398","contributorId":5989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Thomas","email":"wallybrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Borden, Jonathan 0000-0001-6844-3340 jborden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6844-3340","contributorId":3098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borden","given":"Jonathan","email":"jborden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Baldwin, Sandra M. sbrosnahan@usgs.gov","contributorId":75620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Sandra M.","email":"sbrosnahan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":467695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70040086,"text":"ofr20121049 - 2012 - Test drilling and data collection in the Calaveras County portion of the Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin, California, December 2009-June 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-27T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr20121049","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1049","title":"Test drilling and data collection in the Calaveras County portion of the Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin, California, December 2009-June 2011","docAbstract":"Two multiple-well monitoring sites were drilled in the Calaveras County portion of the Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin, about 100 miles east of San Francisco, California, during December 2009 and January 2010. Site 3N/9E-12G1-4 was drilled to a depth of 503 feet below land surface (bls), and four wells were installed. Site 4N/9E-36A1-3 was drilled to a depth of 400 feet bls, and three wells were installed. Lithologic and geophysical data collected during test drilling indicated the presence of volcanic sands interspersed with lahar deposits that are characteristic of the Mehrten Formation to about 420 feet bls at site 12G1-4, and the presence of volcanic sands interspersed with clay that are characteristic of the Valley Springs Formation at site 36A1-3. In January 2010, water levels at site 12G1-4 ranged from 120 to 127 feet bls (the shallowest well at the site, 12G4, screened from 90 to 110 feet bls, was dry). Between May and November 2010, water levels declined as much as 22 feet in wells 12G1 and 12G2, the deepest wells at this site, and declined about 6 feet in shallower well 12G3. During this same period, water-levels declined less than 8 feet in the three wells at site 36A1-3. Water levels in all monitoring wells recovered to near-May-2010 levels by mid-spring 2011. Dissolved solids in the six sampled monitoring wells (residue on evaporation) ranged from 154 to 239 milligrams per liter (mg/L); arsenic concentrations ranged from 1.8 to 13 micrograms per liter (μg/L), and were greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for arsenic of 10 μg/L in well 36A2. The oxygen-18 (δ18O) and deuterium (δD) stable-isotopic composition of water from the six monitoring wells and from nine domestic and public-supply wells sampled as part of this study ranged from -6.7 to -8.2 per mil (δ18O), and -50 to -60 per mil (δD), and was consistent with values expected for water recharged in the lower altitudes of the Sierra Nevada. Well 36A3, the shallowest well at site 36A1-3, was the only well that contained measurable tritium - indicative of water recharged after 1952. Carbon-14 activities from the six monitoring wells ranged from 76.0 to 18.9 percent modern carbon, and groundwater ages (time since recharge), not corrected for chemical reactions, ranged from 2,200 to 13,400 years before present.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Calaveras County Water District and the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Metzger, L.F., Izbicki, J., and Nawikas, J., 2012, Test drilling and data collection in the Calaveras County portion of the Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin, California, December 2009-June 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1049, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121049.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1049.jpg"},{"id":262132,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262133,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1049/pdf/ofr20121049.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Calaveras","otherGeospatial":"Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.08333333333333,38 ], [ -121.08333333333333,38.25 ], [ -120.8,38.25 ], [ -120.8,38 ], [ -121.08333333333333,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662515e4b053bff18e1c10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metzger, Loren F. 0000-0003-2454-2966 lmetzger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2966","contributorId":1378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Loren","email":"lmetzger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":467699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":467698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nawikas, Joseph M. 0000-0001-9061-6674","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-6674","contributorId":96528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nawikas","given":"Joseph M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040071,"text":"sim3218 - 2012 - Storage capacity and sedimentation trends of Lago Garzas, Puerto Rico, 1996-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-28T17:16:18","indexId":"sim3218","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3218","title":"Storage capacity and sedimentation trends of Lago Garzas, Puerto Rico, 1996-2007","docAbstract":"Lago Garzas is located in west-central Puerto Rico, about 3.5 kilometers southwest of the town of Adjuntas, in the confluence of the Río Vacas and three other unnamed tributaries (fig. 1). The dam is owned and operated by the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA), and was constructed in 1943 for hydroelectric power generation and municipal water use along the southern coast. The dam is a semi-hydraulic earthfill embankment lined with boulders, and has a height of 61.57 meters, a top width of 9.14 meters, a base width of 365.76 meters, and a crest length of 227.37 meters; State Road PR-518 crosses the top of the dam. A morning-glory-type spillway is located near the west abutment of the dam at an elevation of 736.12 meters above mean sea level (Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority, 1969). Figure 2 shows an aerial photograph of the Lago Garzas earthfill dam and the morning-glory spillway section. Additional information and operational procedures are provided in Soler-López and others (1999). During July 17-18, 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Caribbean Water Science Center, in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority, conducted a bathymetric survey of Lago Garzas to update the reservoir storage capacity and update the reservoir sedimentation rate by comparing the 2007 data with the previous 1996 bathymetric survey results. The purpose of this report is to describe and document the USGS sedimentation survey conducted at Lago Garzas during July 2007, including the methods used to update the reservoir storage capacity, sedimentation rates, and areas of substantial sediment accumulation since 1996.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3218","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority","usgsCitation":"Soler-Lopez, L., 2012, Storage capacity and sedimentation trends of Lago Garzas, Puerto Rico, 1996-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3218, Map; 29 x 29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3218.","productDescription":"Map; 29 x 29 inches","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262123,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3218/pdf/SIM3218.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262122,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3218/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3218.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Lago Garzas Basin Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.83333333333333,18 ], [ -66.83333333333333,18.5 ], [ -66.5,18.5 ], [ -66.5,18 ], [ -66.83333333333333,18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662514e4b053bff18e1c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soler-Lopez, L.R.","contributorId":66306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soler-Lopez","given":"L.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040070,"text":"sir20125175 - 2012 - Method for estimating potential wetland extent by utilizing streamflow statistics and flood-inundation mapping techniques: Pilot study for land along the Wabash River near Terre Haute, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-27T17:16:16","indexId":"sir20125175","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5175","title":"Method for estimating potential wetland extent by utilizing streamflow statistics and flood-inundation mapping techniques: Pilot study for land along the Wabash River near Terre Haute, Indiana","docAbstract":"Potential wetland extents were estimated for a 14-mile reach of the Wabash River near Terre Haute, Indiana. This pilot study was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The study showed that potential wetland extents can be estimated by analyzing streamflow statistics with the available streamgage data, calculating the approximate water-surface elevation along the river, and generating maps by use of flood-inundation mapping techniques. Planning successful restorations for Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) easements requires a determination of areas that show evidence of being in a zone prone to sustained or frequent flooding. Zone determinations of this type are used by WRP planners to define the actively inundated area and make decisions on restoration-practice installation. According to WRP planning guidelines, a site needs to show evidence of being in an \"inundation zone\" that is prone to sustained or frequent flooding for a period of 7 consecutive days at least once every 2 years on average in order to meet the planning criteria for determining a wetland for a restoration in agricultural land. By calculating the annual highest 7-consecutive-day mean discharge with a 2-year recurrence interval (7MQ2) at a streamgage on the basis of available streamflow data, one can determine the water-surface elevation corresponding to the calculated flow that defines the estimated inundation zone along the river. By using the estimated water-surface elevation (\"inundation elevation\") along the river, an approximate extent of potential wetland for a restoration in agricultural land can be mapped. As part of the pilot study, a set of maps representing the estimated potential wetland extents was generated in a geographic information system (GIS) application by combining (1) a digital water-surface plane representing the surface of inundation elevation that sloped in the downstream direction of flow and (2) land-surface elevation data. These map products from the pilot study will aid the NRCS and its partners with the onsite inundation-zone verification in agricultural land for a potential restoration and will assist in determining at what elevation to plant hardwood trees for increased survivability on ground above frequently flooded terraces.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125175","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Kim, M.H., Ritz, C.T., and Arvin, D.V., 2012, Method for estimating potential wetland extent by utilizing streamflow statistics and flood-inundation mapping techniques: Pilot study for land along the Wabash River near Terre Haute, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5175, Report: vi, 15 p.; Figures A1-1, A1-2, A2-1, A2-2, A3-1, A3-2: 17 x 12 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125175.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 15 p.; Figures A1-1, A1-2, A2-1, A2-2, A3-1, A3-2: 17 x 12 inches","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5175.bmp"},{"id":262110,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5175/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262111,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5175/pdf/sir2012-5175_092012.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262112,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5175/pdf/figA1-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262117,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5175/pdf/figA3-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262113,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5175/pdf/figA1-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262114,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5175/pdf/figA2-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262115,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5175/pdf/figA2-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262116,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5175/pdf/figA3-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Terre Haute","otherGeospatial":"Wabash River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.5175,39.38333333333333 ], [ -87.5175,39.50083333333333 ], [ -87.36749999999999,39.50083333333333 ], [ -87.36749999999999,39.38333333333333 ], [ -87.5175,39.38333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662512e4b053bff18e1bfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, Moon H. 0000-0002-4328-8409 mkim@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-8409","contributorId":3211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Moon","email":"mkim@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ritz, Christian T.","contributorId":46352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"Christian","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arvin, Donald V. dvarvin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvin","given":"Donald","email":"dvarvin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040072,"text":"sir20125204 - 2012 - Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri River in and into Missouri during summer flooding, July-August 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-27T17:16:16","indexId":"sir20125204","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5204","title":"Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri River in and into Missouri during summer flooding, July-August 2011","docAbstract":"Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kansas and Missouri Departments of Transportation, in the vicinity of 36 bridges at 27 highway crossings of the Missouri River between Brownville, Nebraska and St. Louis, Missouri, from July 13 through August 3, 2011, during a summer flood. A multibeam echo sounder mapping system was used to obtain channel-bed elevations for river reaches ranging from 1,350 to 1,860 feet and extending across the active channel of the Missouri River. These bathymetric scans provide a \"snapshot\" of the channel conditions at the time of the surveys and provide characteristics of scour holes that may be useful in the development of predictive guidelines or equations for scour holes. These data also may be used by the Kansas and Missouri Departments of Transportation to assess the bridges for stability and integrity issues with respect to bridge scour during floods. Bathymetric data were collected around every pier that was in water, except those at the edge of water, in extremely shallow water, or surrounded by debris rafts. Scour holes were present at most piers for which bathymetry could be obtained, except at piers on channel banks, those near or embedded in lateral or longitudinal spur dikes, and those on exposed bedrock outcrops. Scour holes observed at the surveyed bridges were examined with respect to depth and shape. Although exposure of parts of foundational support elements was observed at several piers, at most sites the exposure likely can be considered minimal compared to the overall substructure that remains buried in bed material; however, there were several notable exceptions where the bed material thickness between the bottom of the scour hole and bedrock was less than 6 feet. Such substantial exposure of usually buried substructural elements may warrant special observation in future flood events. Previous bathymetric surveys had been done at several of the sites, and comparisons between bathymetric surfaces from the previous surveys and those of this study indicate substantial variability in the response of the channel bed to the 2011 summer flood conditions. At sites in Kansas City, there was no consistent deepening of the channel or increase in the size of scour holes, despite substantially more discharge and a higher water-surface elevation in the 2011 surveys, which implies the high-flow conditions during the 2011 surveys created a similar scour scenario to the previous surveys. At Jefferson City and the St. Louis sites, there was a consistent deepening of the channel, and a slight to substantial increase in the depth of scour holes in the 2011 surveys compared to previous surveys, although the effects of the higher flow appeared to be mitigated by the shape and alignment of the piers at most sites in St. Louis. Construction activities related to a new bridge at the Atchison, Kansas, site likely have contributed to the substantial additional scour observed there in a previous survey during the 2010 flooding, and the subsequent aggradation of the channel bed observed in the 2011 survey. Pier size, nose shape, and alignment to flow also had a profound effect on the size of the scour hole observed for a given pier.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas and Missouri Departments of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., 2012, Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri River in and into Missouri during summer flooding, July-August 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5204, xii; 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125204.","productDescription":"xii; 166 p.","numberOfPages":"182","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5204.gif"},{"id":262124,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262125,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5204/sir12-5204.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 15","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Missouri;Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96,38.333333333333336 ], [ -96,41 ], [ -90,41 ], [ -90,38.333333333333336 ], [ -96,38.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5066250be4b053bff18e1bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, Richard J. 0000-0002-2940-2324 huizinga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-2324","contributorId":2089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"Richard","email":"huizinga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040067,"text":"ofr20121201 - 2012 - Geophysical investigation of sentinel lakes in Lake, Seminole, Orange, and Volusia Counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-27T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr20121201","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1201","title":"Geophysical investigation of sentinel lakes in Lake, Seminole, Orange, and Volusia Counties, Florida","docAbstract":"This study was initiated in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) to investigate groundwater and surface-water interaction in designated sentinel lakes in central Florida. Sentinel lakes are a SJRWMD established set of priority water bodies (lakes) for which minimum flows and levels (MFLs) are determined. Understanding both the structure and lithology beneath these lakes can ultimately lead to a better understanding of the MFLs and why water levels fluctuate in certain lakes more so than in other lakes. These sentinel lakes have become important water bodies to use as water-fluctuation indicators in the SJRWMD Minimum Flows and Levels program and will be used to define long-term hydrologic and ecologic performance measures. Geologic control on lake hydrology remains poorly understood in this study area. Therefore, the U.S. Geological Survey investigated 16 of the 21 water bodies on the SJRWMD priority list. Geologic information was obtained by the tandem use of high-resolution seismic profiling (HRSP) and direct-current (DC) resistivity profiling to isolate both the geologic framework (structure) and composition (lithology). Previous HRSP surveys from various lakes in the study area have been successful in identifying karst features, such as subsidence sinkholes. However, by using this method only, it is difficult to image highly irregular or chaotic surfaces, such as collapse sinkholes. Resistivity profiling was used to complement HRSP by detecting porosity change within fractured or collapsed structures and increase the ability to fully characterize the subsurface. Lake Saunders (Lake County) is an example of a lake composed of a series of north-south-trending sinkholes that have joined to form one lake body. HRSP shows surface depressions and deformation in the substrate. Resistivity data likewise show areas in the southern part of the lake where resistivity shifts abruptly from approximately 400 ohm meters (ohm-m) along the edges to approximately 12 ohm-m in the center. These well-defined areas may indicate a \"ravel\" zone of increased porosity or clay content. Within Lake Helen (Volusia County), a parallel set of seismic reflectors within a host of chaotic reflectors may represent fill within a large sinkhole. The feature extends to more than 50 meters (m) deep and contains very steep pinnacles within the center. Seismic data in Lake Helen are supported by high resistivity values from adjacent continuous resistivity profiles that show possible center collapse within the lake and infilling of sandy material. When used together, HRSP and DC resistivity techniques provide a composite image of structure and lithology to detect potential conduits for fluid flow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121201","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Reich, C., Flocks, J., and Davis, J., 2012, Geophysical investigation of sentinel lakes in Lake, Seminole, Orange, and Volusia Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1201, viii; 58 p.; PDF Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121201.","productDescription":"viii; 58 p.; PDF Appendix","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1201.gif"},{"id":262109,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1201/pdf/Reich_OFR2012_1201_appendix-sm.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262107,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1201/pdf/Reich_OFR2012_1201-sm.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262108,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1201/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Lake County;Marion County;Orange County;Seminole County;Sumter County;Volusia County","otherGeospatial":"Cherry Lake;Lake Louisa;Johns Lake;Lake Avalon;Lake Hiawassee;Crooked Lake;Prevatt Lake;Lake Saunders;Sylvan Lake;Trout Lake;Big Lake;Lake Colby;Lake Helen","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,28.666666666666668 ], [ -82,29.25 ], [ -81,29.25 ], [ -81,28.666666666666668 ], [ -82,28.666666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662510e4b053bff18e1bf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reich, Christopher","contributorId":12942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flocks, James","contributorId":62266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, Jeffrey","contributorId":20204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040036,"text":"70040036 - 2012 - Spatial and temporal trends in PCBs in sediment along the lower Rhone River, France","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-26T17:16:49","indexId":"70040036","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal trends in PCBs in sediment along the lower Rhone River, France","docAbstract":"Despite increasingly strict control of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) releases in France since the mid-1970s, PCB contamination of fish recently has emerged as a major concern in the lower Rhone River basin. We measured PCB concentrations in Rhone sediment to evaluate the effects of PCB releases from major urban and industrial areas, sediment redistribution by large floods, and regulatory controls on PCB trends from 1970 to present. Profiles of PCBs (the sum of seven indicator PCB congeners) were reconstructed from sediment cores collected from an off-river rural reference site and from three depositional areas along the Rhone upstream and downstream from the city of Lyon, France. Core chronology was determined from radionuclide profiles and flood deposits. PCB concentrations increased progressively in the downstream direction, and reached a maximum concentration in 1991 of 281 μg/kg at the most downstream site. At the rural reference site and at the upstream Rhone site, PCB concentrations peaked in the 1970s (maximum concentration of 13 and 78 μg/kg, respectively) and have decreased exponentially since then. PCB concentrations in the middle and downstream cores were elevated into the early 1990s, decreased very rapidly until 2000, and since then have remained relatively stable. Congener profiles for three time windows (1965–80, 1986–93, and 2000–08) were similar in the three sediment cores from the Rhone and different from those at the rural reference site. The results indicate that permitted discharges from a hazardous-waste treatment facility upstream from Lyon might have contributed to high concentrations into the 1980-90s, but that industrial discharges from the greater Lyon area and tributaries to the Rhone near Lyon have had a greater contribution since the 1990s. There is little indication that PCB concentration in sediments downstream from Lyon will decrease over at least the short term.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.044","usgsCitation":"Desmet, M., Mourier, B., Mahler, B., Van Metre, P., Roux, G., Persat, H., Lefevre, I., Peretti, A., Chapron, E., Anaelle, S., Miege, C., and Babut, M., 2012, Spatial and temporal trends in PCBs in sediment along the lower Rhone River, France: Science of the Total Environment, v. 433, no. 1, p. 189-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.044.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474344,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://insu.hal.science/insu-00724511","text":"External Repository"},{"id":262072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262068,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.044","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"France","otherGeospatial":"Rhone River","volume":"433","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4ce15e4b0e8fec6ce226c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desmet, Marc","contributorId":89392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desmet","given":"Marc","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mourier, Brice","contributorId":12728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mourier","given":"Brice","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mahler, Barbara 0000-0002-9150-9552 bjmahler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-9552","contributorId":1249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"Barbara","email":"bjmahler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C.","contributorId":34104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roux, Gwenaelle","contributorId":14679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roux","given":"Gwenaelle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Persat, Henri","contributorId":79343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persat","given":"Henri","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lefevre, Irene","contributorId":21021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefevre","given":"Irene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Peretti, Annie","contributorId":66529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peretti","given":"Annie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chapron, Emmanuel","contributorId":6308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapron","given":"Emmanuel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Anaelle, Simonneau","contributorId":35578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anaelle","given":"Simonneau","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Miege, Cecile","contributorId":32389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miege","given":"Cecile","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Babut, Marc","contributorId":86210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babut","given":"Marc","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70040034,"text":"70040034 - 2012 - Projected climate-induced habitat loss for salmonids in the John Day River network, Oregon, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-26T17:16:49","indexId":"70040034","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Projected climate-induced habitat loss for salmonids in the John Day River network, Oregon, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Climate change will likely have profound effects on cold-water species of freshwater fishes. As temperatures rise, cold-water fish distributions may shift and contract in response. Predicting the effects of projected stream warming in stream networks is complicated by the generally poor correlation between water temperature and air temperature. Spatial dependencies in stream networks are complex because the geography of stream processes is governed by dimensions of flow direction and network structure. Therefore, forecasting climate-driven range shifts of stream biota has lagged behind similar terrestrial modeling efforts. We predicted climate-induced changes in summer thermal habitat for 3 cold-water fish species—juvenile Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. mykiss, and Salvelinus confluentus, respectively)—in the John Day River basin, northwestern United States. We used a spatially explicit statistical model designed to predict water temperature in stream networks on the basis of flow and spatial connectivity. The spatial distribution of stream temperature extremes during summers from 1993 through 2009 was largely governed by solar radiation and interannual extremes of air temperature. For a moderate climate change scenario, estimated declines by 2100 in the volume of habitat for Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout were 69–95%, 51–87%, and 86–100%, respectively. Although some restoration strategies may be able to offset these projected effects, such forecasts point to how and where restoration and management efforts might focus.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01897.x","usgsCitation":"Ruesch, A.S., Torgersen, C., Lawler, J.J., Olden, J., Peterson, E.E., Volk, C.J., and Lawrence, D.J., 2012, Projected climate-induced habitat loss for salmonids in the John Day River network, Oregon, U.S.A.: Conservation Biology, v. 26, no. 5, p. 873-882, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01897.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"882","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262064,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01897.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"John Day River","volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e492d1e4b0e8fec6cd8b4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruesch, Aaron S.","contributorId":26559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruesch","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torgersen, Christian E. 0000-0001-8325-2737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-2737","contributorId":48143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torgersen","given":"Christian E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawler, Joshua J.","contributorId":73327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawler","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olden, Julian D.","contributorId":66951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olden","given":"Julian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterson, Erin E.","contributorId":16264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Volk, Carol J.","contributorId":25809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volk","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lawrence, David J.","contributorId":34374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70040035,"text":"70040035 - 2012 - Currents, drag, and sediment transport induced by a tsunami","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T22:26:01","indexId":"70040035","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Currents, drag, and sediment transport induced by a tsunami","docAbstract":"We report observations of water surface elevation, currents, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) from a 10-m deep site on the inner shelf in northern Monterey Bay during the arrival of the 2010 Chile tsunami. Velocity profiles were measured from 3.5 m above the bed (mab) to the surface at 2 min intervals, and from 0.1 to 0.7 mab at 1 Hz. SSC was determined from the acoustic backscatter of the near-bed profiler. The initial tsunami waves were directed cross shore and had a period of approximately 16 min. Maximum wave height was 1.1 m, and maximum current speed was 0.36 m/s. During the strongest onrush, near-bed velocities were clearly influenced by friction and a logarithmic boundary layer developed, extending more than 0.3 mab. We estimated friction velocity and bed shear stress from the logarithmic profiles. The logarithmic structure indicates that the flow can be characterized as quasi-steady at these times. At other phases of the tsunami waves, the magnitude of the acceleration term was significant in the near-bed momentum equation, indicating unsteady flow. The maximum tsunami-induced bed shear stress (0.4 N/m2) exceeded the critical shear stress for the medium-grained sand on the seafloor. Cross-shore sediment flux was enhanced by the tsunami. Oscillations of water surface elevation and currents continued for several days. The oscillations were dominated by resonant frequencies, the most energetic of which was the fundamental longitudinal frequency of Monterey Bay. The maximum current speed (hourly-timescale) in 18 months of observations occurred four hours after the tsunami arrived.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2012JC007954","usgsCitation":"Lacy, J.R., Rubin, D.M., and Buscombe, D., 2012, Currents, drag, and sediment transport induced by a tsunami: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 117, no. C9, 15 p.; C09028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007954.","productDescription":"15 p.; C09028","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007954","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay","volume":"117","issue":"C9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d9e065e4b07a5aecdef435","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacy, Jessica R. 0000-0002-2797-6172 jlacy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-6172","contributorId":3158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessica","email":"jlacy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buscombe, Daniel","contributorId":99414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buscombe","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040041,"text":"sir20125192 - 2012 - Spatial and seasonal variability of base flow in the Verde Valley, central Arizona, 2007 and 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-26T17:16:49","indexId":"sir20125192","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5192","title":"Spatial and seasonal variability of base flow in the Verde Valley, central Arizona, 2007 and 2011","docAbstract":"Synoptic base-flow surveys were conducted on streams in the Verde Valley, central Arizona, in June 2007 and February 2011 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Verde River Basin Partnership, the Town of Clarkdale, and Yavapai County. These surveys, also known as seepage runs, measured streamflow under base-flow conditions at many locations over a short period of time. Surveys were conducted on a segment of the Verde River that flows through the Verde Valley, between USGS streamflow-gaging stations 09504000 and 09506000, a distance of 51 river miles. Data from the surveys were used to investigate the dominant controls on Verde River base flow, spatial variability in gaining and losing reaches, and the effects that human alterations have on base flow in the surface-water system. The most prominent human alterations in the Verde Valley are dozens of surface-water diversions from streams, including gravity-fed ditch diversions along the Verde River.Base flow that entered the Verde River from the tributary streams of Oak Creek, Beaver Creek, and West Clear Creek was found to be a major source of base flow in the Verde River. Groundwater discharge directly into the Verde River near these three confluences also was an important contributor of base flow to the Verde River, particularly near the confluence with Beaver Creek. An examination of individual reaches of the Verde River in the Verde Valley found three reaches (largely unaffected by ditch diversions) exhibiting a similar pattern: a small net groundwater discharge in February 2011 (12 cubic feet per second or less) and a small net streamflow loss in June 2007 (11 cubic feet per second or less). Two reaches heavily affected by ditch diversions were difficult to interpret because of the large number of confounding human factors. Possible lower and upper bounds of net groundwater flux were calculated for all reaches, including those heavily affected by ditches.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Verde River Basin Partnership, the Town of Clarkdale, and Yavapai County","usgsCitation":"Garner, B.D., and Bills, D., 2012, Spatial and seasonal variability of base flow in the Verde Valley, central Arizona, 2007 and 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5192, v, 33 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.); Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125192.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.); Appendices","startPage":"i","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-06-01","temporalEnd":"2011-02-28","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5192.gif"},{"id":262060,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262061,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5192/sir2012-5192.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Verde Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4cde8e4b0e8fec6ce21ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garner, Bradley D. 0000-0002-6912-5093 bdgarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-5093","contributorId":2133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"Bradley","email":"bdgarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5054,"text":"Office of Water Information","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bills, Donald J. djbills@usgs.gov","contributorId":4180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"Donald J.","email":"djbills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":467537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040046,"text":"sir20125142 - 2012 - Estimation of baseline daily mean streamflows for ungaged locations on Pennsylvania streams, water years 1960-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T21:28:25","indexId":"sir20125142","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5142","title":"Estimation of baseline daily mean streamflows for ungaged locations on Pennsylvania streams, water years 1960-2008","docAbstract":"Water-resource managers use daily mean streamflows to generate streamflow statistics and analyze streamflow conditions. An in-depth evaluation of flow regimes to promote instream ecological health often requires streamflow information obtainable only from a time series hydrograph. Historically, it has been difficult to estimate daily mean streamflow for an ungaged location. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Susquehanna River Basin Commission, and The Nature Conservancy, has developed the Baseline Streamflow Estimator (BaSE) to estimate baseline streamflow at a daily time scale for ungaged streams in Pennsylvania using data collected during water years 1960–2008. Baseline streamflow is minimally altered by regulation, diversion, or mining, and other anthropogenic activities. Daily mean streamflow is estimated in BaSE using a methodology that equates streamflow as a percentile from a flow duration curve for a particular day at an ungaged location with streamflow as a percentile from the flow duration curve for the same day at a reference streamgage that is considered to be hydrologically similar to the ungaged location. An appropriate reference streamgage is selected using map correlation, in which variogram models are developed that correlate streamflow at one streamgage with streamflows at all other streamgages. The percentiles from a flow duration curve for the ungaged location are converted to streamflow through the use of regression equations. Regression equations used to predict 17 flow-duration exceedance probabilities were developed for Pennsylvania using geographic information system-derived basin characteristics. The standard error of prediction for the regression equations ranged from 11 percent to 92 percent with the mean of 31 percent.
\nThe map correlation method for estimating streamflow was tested at locations within two pilot basins, the Upper Delaware River Basin and the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, before being applied statewide. Reference streamgages within the pilot basins were used as ungaged locations for analyzing the map correlation method. Correlation using Spearman’s rho and centroid distance performed as well as, or better than, the method using the closest streamgage as a reference streamgage. Map correlation using the correlation metrics identified in the pilot basins was applied to 156 streamgages in and near Pennsylvania.
\nBaSE uses the map correlation method and flow-duration exceedance probability regression equations to estimate baseline daily mean streamflow for an ungaged location. The output from BaSE is a Microsoft Excel® report file that summarizes the reference streamgage and ungaged location information, including basin characteristics, percent difference in basin characteristics between the two locations, any warning associated with the basin characteristics, mean and median streamflow for the ungaged location, and a daily hydrograph of streamflow for water years 1960–2008 for the ungaged location. The daily mean streamflow for the ungaged location can be exported as a text file to be used as input into other statistical software packages. BaSE estimates daily mean streamflow for baseline conditions only, and any alterations to streamflow from regulation, large water use, or substantial mining are not reflected in the estimated streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, the Susquehanna River Basin Commission, and The Nature Conservancy","usgsCitation":"Stuckey, M.H., Koerkle, E.H., and Ulrich, J.E., 2012, Estimation of baseline daily mean streamflows for ungaged locations on Pennsylvania streams, water years 1960-2008 (First posted September 26, 2012; Revised and reposted August 11, 2014, version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5142, Report: viii, 56 p.; Appendix 5; Baseline Streamflow Estimator (v1.1), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125142.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 56 p.; Appendix 5; Baseline Streamflow Estimator (v1.1)","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1959-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20125142.png"},{"id":262076,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5142/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262078,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5142/support/sir2012-5142-appendix5.pdf","text":"Appendix 5","size":"1.92 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix 5"},{"id":291957,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5142/support/BaSE_v.1.1.zip","text":"Baseline Streamflow Estimator (v1.1)","size":"16.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Baseline Streamflow Estimator (v1.1)"},{"id":262077,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5142/support/sir2012-5142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.6 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The U.S Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, designed a plan to collect groundwater data from these monitoring wells. 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(A water year extends from October of one calendar year to September of the next calendar year.) In the Coastal Plain region of South Carolina, the study area included the Edisto River and its headwater tributary, McTier Creek. In the Adirondack region of New York, the study area included the upper Hudson River and its headwater tributary, Fishing Brook. Median concentrations of filtered total mercury rangedfrom 1.55 nanograms per liter (ng/L) at the Hudson River site to 2.77 ng/L at the Edisto River site. The Edisto River site had the greatest median filtered methylmercury concentration, at 0.32 ng/L, and the Hudson River site had the least median filtered methylmercury concentration, at 0.07 ng/L.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125173","usgsCitation":"Journey, C.A., Burns, D.A., Riva-Murray, K., Brigham, M.E., Button, D.T., Feaster, T., Petkewich, M.D., and Bradley, P.M., 2012, Fluvial transport of mercury, organic carbon, suspended sediment, and selected major ions in contrasting stream basins in South Carolina and New York, October 2004 to September 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5173, x, 125 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.); XLS Downloads of Appendices 1B, 1C, 2A-E, 3C, and 3D, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125173.","productDescription":"x, 125 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.); XLS Downloads of Appendices 1B, 1C, 2A-E, 3C, and 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2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-26T17:16:49","indexId":"ds718","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"718","title":"Groundwater-quality and quality-control data for two monitoring wells near Pavillion, Wyoming, April and May 2012","docAbstract":"In June 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency installed two deep monitoring wells (MW01 and MW02) near Pavillion, Wyoming, to study groundwater quality. During April and May 2012, the U.S Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, collected groundwater-quality data and quality-control data from monitoring well MW01 and, following well redevelopment, quality-control data for monitoring well MW02. Two groundwater-quality samples were collected from well MW01—one sample was collected after purging about 1.5 borehole volumes, and a second sample was collected after purging 3 borehole volumes. Both samples were collected and processed using methods designed to minimize atmospheric contamination or changes to water chemistry. Groundwater-quality samples were analyzed for field water-quality properties (water temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, oxidation potential); inorganic constituents including naturally occurring radioactive compounds (radon, radium-226 and radium-228); organic constituents; dissolved gasses; stable isotopes of methane, water, and dissolved inorganic carbon; and environmental tracers (carbon-14, chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, tritium, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and the ratio of helium-3 to helium-4). Quality-control sample results associated with well MW01 were evaluated to determine the extent to which environmental sample analytical results were affected by bias and to evaluate the variability inherent to sample collection and laboratory analyses. Field documentation, environmental data, and quality-control data for activities that occurred at the two monitoring wells during April and May 2012 are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds718","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Wright, P., McMahon, P.B., Mueller, D.K., and Clark, M.L., 2012, Groundwater-quality and quality-control data for two monitoring wells near Pavillion, Wyoming, April and May 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 718, vi, 23 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds718.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Downloads Directory","startPage":"i","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_718.gif"},{"id":262094,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/718/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262095,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/718/DS718_508.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262096,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/718/downloads/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","city":"Pavillion","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50de6ad2e4b0e31bb02a30ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Peter R. prwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Peter R.","email":"prwright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":467573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, David K. mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Melanie L. mlclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Melanie","email":"mlclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040050,"text":"ofr20111209 - 2012 - Data visualization, time-series analysis, and mass-balance modeling of hydrologic and water-quality data for the McTier Creek watershed, South Carolina, 2007-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T14:49:32","indexId":"ofr20111209","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1209","title":"Data visualization, time-series analysis, and mass-balance modeling of hydrologic and water-quality data for the McTier Creek watershed, South Carolina, 2007-2009","docAbstract":"The McTier Creek watershed is located in the headwaters of the Edisto River Basin, which is in the Coastal Plain region of South Carolina. The Edisto ecosystem has some of the highest recorded fish-tissue mercury concentrations in the United States. In an effort to advance the understanding of the fate and transport of mercury in stream ecosystems, the U.S. Geological Survey, as part of its National Water-Quality Assessment Program, initiated a field investigation of mercury in the McTier Creek watershed in 2006. The initial efforts of the investigation included the collection of extensive hydrologic and water-quality field data, along with the development of several hydrologic and water-quality models. This series of measured and modeled data forms the primary source of information for this investigation to assess the fate and transport of mercury within the McTier Creek watershed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111209","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Exposure Research Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Benedict, S., Conrads, P., Feaster, T., Journey, C.A., Golden, H., Knightes, C.D., Davis, G.M., and Bradley, P.M., 2012, Data visualization, time-series analysis, and mass-balance modeling of hydrologic and water-quality data for the McTier Creek watershed, South Carolina, 2007-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1209, vi, 21 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111209.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.; col. ill.; maps 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Stephen T. benedict@usgs.gov","contributorId":3198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Stephen T.","email":"benedict@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":467566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":467563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 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E.","contributorId":94914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"Heather E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Knightes, Christopher D.","contributorId":32666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knightes","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davis, Gary M.","contributorId":12741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70255881,"text":"70255881 - 2012 - An Automated Cropland Classification Algorithm (ACCA) for Tajikistan by combining Landsat, MODIS, and secondary data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-09T13:32:55.362554","indexId":"70255881","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-25T08:28:03","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An Automated Cropland Classification Algorithm (ACCA) for Tajikistan by combining Landsat, MODIS, and secondary data","docAbstract":"The overarching goal of this research was to develop and demonstrate an automated Cropland Classification Algorithm (ACCA) that will rapidly, routinely, and accurately classify agricultural cropland extent, areas, and characteristics (e.g., irrigated vs. rainfed) over large areas such as a country or a region through combination of multi-sensor remote sensing and secondary data. In this research, a rule-based ACCA was conceptualized, developed, and demonstrated for the country of Tajikistan using mega file data cubes (MFDCs) involving data from Landsat Global Land Survey (GLS), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 30 m, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m time-series, a suite of secondary data (e.g., elevation, slope, precipitation, temperature), and in situ data. First, the process involved producing an accurate reference (or truth) cropland layer (TCL), consisting of cropland extent, areas, and irrigated vs. rainfed cropland areas, for the entire country of Tajikistan based on MFDC of year 2005 (MFDC2005). The methods involved in producing TCL included using ISOCLASS clustering, Tasseled Cap bi-spectral plots, spectro-temporal characteristics from MODIS 250 m monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maximum value composites (MVC) time-series, and textural characteristics of higher resolution imagery. The TCL statistics accurately matched with the national statistics of Tajikistan for irrigated and rainfed croplands, where about 70% of croplands were irrigated and the rest rainfed. Second, a rule-based ACCA was developed to replicate the TCL accurately (∼80% producer’s and user’s accuracies or within 20% quantity disagreement involving about 10 million Landsat 30 m sized cropland pixels of Tajikistan). Development of ACCA was an iterative process involving series of rules that are coded, refined, tweaked, and re-coded till ACCA derived croplands (ACLs) match accurately with TCLs. Third, the ACCA derived cropland layers of Tajikistan were produced for year 2005 (ACL2005), same year as the year used for developing ACCA, using MFDC2005. Fourth, TCL for year 2010 (TCL2010), an independent year, was produced using MFDC2010 using the same methods and approaches as the one used to produce TCL2005. Fifth, the ACCA was applied on MFDC2010 to derive ACL2010. The ACLs were then compared with TCLs (ACL2005 vs. TCL2005 and ACL2010 vs. TCL2010). The resulting accuracies and errors from error matrices involving about 152 million Landsat (30 m) pixels of the country of Tajikistan (of which about 10 million Landsat size, 30 m, cropland pixels) showed an overall accuracy of 99.6% (khat = 0.97) for ACL2005 vs. TCL2005. For the 3 classes (irrigated, rainfed, and others) mapped in ACL2005, the producer’s accuracy was >86.4% and users accuracy was >93.6%. For ACL2010 vs. TCL2010, the error matrix showed an overall accuracy on 96.2% (khat = 0.96). For the 3 classes (irrigated, rainfed, and others) mapped in ACL2010, the producer’s and user’s accuracies for the irrigated areas were ≥82.9%. Any intermixing was overwhelmingly between irrigated and rainfed croplands, indicating that croplands (irrigated plus rainfed areas) as well as irrigated areas were mapped with high levels of accuracies (∼90% or higher) even for the independent year. The ACL2005 and ACL2010, each, were produced using ACCA algorithm in ∼30 min using a Dell Precision desktop T7400 computer for the entire country of Tajikistan once the MFDCs for the years were ready. The ACCA algorithm for Tajikistan is made available through US Geological Survey’s ScienceBase: http://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/folder/4f79f1b7e4b0009bd827f548 or at: https://powellcenter.usgs.gov/globalcroplandwater/content/models-algorithms. The research contributes to the efforts of global food security through research on global croplands and their water use (e.g., https://powellcenter.usgs.gov/globalcroplandwater/). The above results clearly demonstrated the ability of a rule-based ACCA to rapidly and accurately produce cropland data layer year after year (hindcast, nowcast, forecast) for the country it was developed using MFDCs that consist of combining multiple sensor data and secondary data. It needs to be noted that the ACCA is applicable to the area (e.g., country, region) for which it is developed. In this case, ACCA is applicable for the Country of Tajikistan to hindcast, nowcast, and forecast agricultural cropland extent, areas, and irrigated vs. rainfed. The same fundamental concept of ACCA applies to other areas of the World where ACCA codes need to be modified to suite the area/region of interest. ACCA can also be expanded to compute other crop characteristics such as crop types, cropping intensities, and phenologies.
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Watershed- and reach-scale climate, land use, river discharge and hydrologic modification conditions that contribute to patterns in DOC were also identified. Principal components analysis (PCA) identified site-specific precipitation and reach-scale discharge as being correlated with sites in the upper basin, where there were increases in DOC load from the upstream to downstream direction. In the lower basin, where DOC load decreased from upstream to downstream, sites were correlated with site-specific temperature and reach-scale population, urban land use and hydrologic modification. In the reaches containing Lakes Powell and Mead, the two largest reservoirs in the United States, DOC quantity decreased, terrestrially derived aromatic DOC was degraded and/or autochthonous less aromatic DOC was produced. Taken together, these results suggest that longitudinal patterns in the relatively unregulated upper basin are influenced by watershed inputs of water and DOC, whereas DOC patterns in the lower basin are reflective of a balance between watershed contribution of water and DOC to the river and loss of water and DOC due to hydrologic modification and/or biogeochemical processes. These findings suggest that alteration of constituent fluxes in rivers that are highly regulated may overshadow watershed processes that would control fluxes in comparable unregulated rivers. Further, these results provide a foundation for detailed assessments of factors controlling the transport and chemical quality of DOC in the Colorado River.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2012WR012312","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.P., 2012, The influence of reservoirs, climate, land use and hydrologic conditions on loads and chemical quality of dissolved organic carbon in the Colorado River: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 12, W00M02; 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR012312.","productDescription":"W00M02; 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012wr012312","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":262038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico,Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.5,31.5 ], [ -116.5,44 ], [ -104.5,44 ], [ -104.5,31.5 ], [ -116.5,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"48","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5091ce4b0e8fec6cea21b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Matthew P. 0000-0002-2537-1823 mamiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-1823","contributorId":3919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Matthew","email":"mamiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040028,"text":"ofr20121169 - 2012 - Fort Collins Science Center-Fiscal year 2011 science accomplishments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-03T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr20121169","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1169","title":"Fort Collins Science Center-Fiscal year 2011 science accomplishments","docAbstract":"The Fort Collins Science Center (FORT) is a multi-disciplinary research and development center of the U.S. Geological Survey located in Fort Collins, Colorado. FORT research focuses on the needs of land- and water-management bureaus within the U.S. Department of the Interior, other Federal agencies, and State, Tribal, and non-government organizations. We emphasize a multi-disciplinary science approach to provide information for natural resource management decisionmaking. Our vision is to maintain and continuously improve the integrated, collaborative, world-class research needed to inform effective, science-based land management. The 2011 science accomplishments report provides an executive summary highlighting key achievements, an appendix of 68 one-page accomplishment descriptions organized by U.S. Geological Survey Mission Area, and a complete list of publications and other products generated in FY2011. The executive summary includes a table cross-referencing all major FY11 accomplishments with the various Mission Areas each supports.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121169","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.T., 2012, Fort Collins Science Center-Fiscal year 2011 science accomplishments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1169, v, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121169.","productDescription":"v, 107 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1169.gif"},{"id":262050,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1169/OF12-1169.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262051,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1169/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.06666666666666,40.583333333333336 ], [ -105.06666666666666,40.583333333333336 ], [ -105.06666666666666,40.583333333333336 ], [ -105.06666666666666,40.583333333333336 ], [ -105.06666666666666,40.583333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50788d68e4b0cfc2d59f5a90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Juliette T. (compiler)","contributorId":20844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Juliette","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040019,"text":"tm7C8 - 2012 - Approaches in highly parameterized inversion-PESTCommander, a graphical user interface for file and run management across networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-03T17:16:16","indexId":"tm7C8","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"7-C8","title":"Approaches in highly parameterized inversion-PESTCommander, a graphical user interface for file and run management across networks","docAbstract":"Models of environmental systems have become increasingly complex, incorporating increasingly large numbers of parameters in an effort to represent physical processes on a scale approaching that at which they occur in nature. Consequently, the inverse problem of parameter estimation (specifically, model calibration) and subsequent uncertainty analysis have become increasingly computation-intensive endeavors. Fortunately, advances in computing have made computational power equivalent to that of dozens to hundreds of desktop computers accessible through a variety of alternate means: modelers have various possibilities, ranging from traditional Local Area Networks (LANs) to cloud computing. Commonly used parameter estimation software is well suited to take advantage of the availability of such increased computing power. Unfortunately, logistical issues become increasingly important as an increasing number and variety of computers are brought to bear on the inverse problem. To facilitate efficient access to disparate computer resources, the PESTCommander program documented herein has been developed to provide a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that facilitates the management of model files (\"file management\") and remote launching and termination of \"slave\" computers across a distributed network of computers (\"run management\"). In version 1.0 described here, PESTCommander can access and ascertain resources across traditional Windows LANs: however, the architecture of PESTCommander has been developed with the intent that future releases will be able to access computing resources (1) via trusted domains established in Wide Area Networks (WANs) in multiple remote locations and (2) via heterogeneous networks of Windows- and Unix-based operating systems. The design of PESTCommander also makes it suitable for extension to other computational resources, such as those that are available via cloud computing. Version 1.0 of PESTCommander was developed primarily to work with the parameter estimation software PEST; the discussion presented in this report focuses on the use of the PESTCommander together with Parallel PEST. However, PESTCommander can be used with a wide variety of programs and models that require management, distribution, and cleanup of files before or after model execution. In addition to its use with the Parallel PEST program suite, discussion is also included in this report regarding the use of PESTCommander with the Global Run Manager GENIE, which was developed simultaneously with PESTCommander.","largerWorkTitle":"Automated Data Processing and Computations (Book 7)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm7C8","collaboration":"Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. This report is Chapter 8 of Section C in Book 7, Automated Data Processing and Computations.","usgsCitation":"Karanovic, M., Muffels, C.T., Tonkin, M.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2012, Approaches in highly parameterized inversion-PESTCommander, a graphical user interface for file and run management across networks: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 7-C8, iii; 9 p.; PESTCommander Software, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm7C8.","productDescription":"iii; 9 p.; PESTCommander Software","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_7_c8.gif"},{"id":262044,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm7c8/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262045,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm7c8/pdf/TMBook7_ChapC8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50788b9ae4b0cfc2d59f59d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karanovic, Marinko","contributorId":54831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanovic","given":"Marinko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muffels, Christopher T.","contributorId":105949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffels","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tonkin, Matthew J.","contributorId":26376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonkin","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}