{"pageNumber":"660","pageRowStart":"16475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":69040,"records":[{"id":70040649,"text":"cir1379 - 2012 - The United States National Climate Assessment - Alaska Technical Regional Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-08T08:41:59","indexId":"cir1379","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1379","title":"The United States National Climate Assessment - Alaska Technical Regional Report","docAbstract":"The Alaskan landscape is changing, both in terms of effects of human activities as a consequence of increased population, social and economic development and their effects on the local and broad landscape; and those effects that accompany naturally occurring hazards such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Some of the most prevalent changes, however, are those resulting from a changing climate, with both near term and potential upcoming effects expected to continue into the future. Alaska's average annual statewide temperatures have increased by nearly 4°F from 1949 to 2005, with significant spatial variability due to the large latitudinal and longitudinal expanse of the State. Increases in mean annual temperature have been greatest in the interior region, and smallest in the State's southwest coastal regions. In general, however, trends point toward increases in both minimum temperatures, and in fewer extreme cold days. Trends in precipitation are somewhat similar to those in temperature, but with more variability. On the whole, Alaska saw a 10-percent increase in precipitation from 1949 to 2005, with the greatest increases recorded in winter. The National Climate Assessment has designated two well-established scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Nakicenovic and others, 2001) as a minimum set that technical and author teams considered as context in preparing portions of this assessment. These two scenarios are referred to as the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A2 and B1 scenarios, which assume either a continuation of recent trends in fossil fuel use (A2) or a vigorous global effort to reduce fossil fuel use (B1). Temperature increases from 4 to 22°F are predicted (to 2070-2099) depending on which emissions scenario (A2 or B1) is used with the least warming in southeast Alaska and the greatest in the northwest. Concomitant with temperature changes, by the end of the 21st century the growing season is expected to lengthen by 15-25 days in some areas of Alaska, with much of that corresponding with earlier spring snow melt. Future projections of precipitation (30-80 years) over Alaska show an increase across the State, with the largest changes in the northwest and smallest in the southeast. Because of increasing temperatures and growing season length, however, increased precipitation may not correspond with increased water availability, due to temperature related increased evapotranspiration. The extent of snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased by about 10 percent since the late 1960s, with stronger trends noted since the late 1980s. Alaska has experienced similar trends, with a strong decrease in snow cover extent occurring in May. When averaged across the State, the disappearance of snow in the spring has occurred from 4 to 6 days earlier per decade, and snow return in fall has occurred approximately 2 days later per decade. This change appears to be driven by climate warming rather than a decrease in winter precipitation, with average winter temperatures also increasing by about 2.5°F. The extent of sea ice has been declining, as has been widely published in both national and scientific media outlets, and is projected to continue to decline during this century. The observed decline in annual sea ice minimum extent (September) has occurred more rapidly than was predicted by climate models and has been accompanied by decreases in ice thickness and in the presence of multi-year ice. This decrease was first documented by satellite imagery in the late 1970s for the Bering and Chukchi Seas, and is projected to continue, with the potential for the disappearance of summer sea ice by mid- to late century. A new phenomenon that was not reported in previous assessments is ocean acidification. Uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) by oceans has a significant effect on marine biogeochemistry by reducing seawater pH. Ocean acidification is of particular concern in Alaska, because cold sea water absorbs CO2 more rapidly than warm water, and a decrease in sea ice extent has allowed increased sea surface exposure and more uptake of CO2 into these northern waters. Ocean acidification will likely affect the ability of organisms to produce and maintain shell material, such as aragonite or calcite (calcium carbonate minerals structured from carbonate ions), required by many shelled organism, from mollusks to corals to microscopic organisms at the base of the food chain. Direct biological effects in Alaska further along the food chain have yet to be studied and may vary among organisms. Some of the potentially most significant changes to Alaska that could result from a changing climate are the effects on the terrestrial cryosphere - particularly glaciers and permafrost. Alaskan glaciers are changing at a rapid rate, the primary driver appearing to be temperature. Statewide, glaciers lost 13 cubic miles of ice annually from the 1950s to the 1990s, and that rate doubled in the 2000s. However, like temperature and precipitation, glacier ice loss is not spatially uniform; most glaciers are losing mass, yet some are growing (for example Hubbard Glacier in southeast Alaska). Alaska glaciers with the most rapid loss are those terminating in sea water or lakes. With this increasing rate of melt, the contribution of surplus fresh water entering into the oceans from Alaska's glaciers, as well as those in neighboring British Columbia, Canada, is approximately 20 percent of that contributed by the Greenland Ice Sheet. Permafrost degradation (that is, the thawing of ice-rich soils) is currently (2012) impacting infrastructure and surface-water availability in areas of both discontinuous and continuous ground ice. Over most of the State, the permafrost is warming, with increasing temperatures broadly consistent with increasing air temperatures. On the Arctic coastal plain of Alaska, permafrost temperatures showed some cooling in the 1950s and 1960s but have been followed by a roughly 5°F increase since the 1980s. Many areas in the continuous permafrost zone have seen increases in temperature in the seasonally active layer and a decrease in re-freezing rates. Changes in the discontinuous permafrost zone are initially much more observable due to the resulting thermokarst terrain (land surface formed as ice rich permafrost thaws), most notable in boreal forested areas. Climate warming in Alaska has potentially broad implications for human health and food security, especially in rural areas, as well as increased risk for injury with changing winter ice conditions. Additionally, such warming poses the potential for increasing damage to existing water and sanitation facilities and challenges for development of new facilities, especially in areas underlain by permafrost. Non-infectious and infectious diseases also are becoming an increasing concern. For example, from 1999 to 2006 there was a statistically significant increase in medical claims for insectbite reactions in five of six regions of Alaska, with the largest percentage increase occurring in the most northern areas. The availability and quality of subsistence foods, normally considered to be very healthy, may change due to changing access, changing habitats, and spoilage of meat in food storage cellars. These and other trends and potential outcomes resulting from a changing climate are further described in this report. In addition, we describe new science leadership activities that have been initiated to address and provide guidance toward conducting research aimed at making available information for policy makers and land management agencies to better understand, address, and plan for changes to the local and regional environment. This report cites data in both metric and standard units due to the contributions by numerous authors and the direct reference of their data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1379","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., Trainor, S., and Chapin, F.S., 2012, The United States National Climate Assessment - Alaska Technical Regional Report: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1379, xiv, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1379.","productDescription":"xiv, 148 p.","numberOfPages":"166","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1379.jpg"},{"id":262978,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1379/"},{"id":262979,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1379/pdf/circ1379.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -172.45,51.21 ], [ -172.45,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ -172.45,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509cf2f2e4b0e374086f46ae","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J.","contributorId":67122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509084,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trainor, Sarah F.","contributorId":21396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainor","given":"Sarah F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509082,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F. Stuart III","contributorId":65632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Stuart","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":509083,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J.","contributorId":67122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trainor, Sarah F.","contributorId":21396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainor","given":"Sarah F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F. Stuart III","contributorId":65632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Stuart","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":468712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040651,"text":"ofr20121222 - 2012 - Microbial source tracking markers at three inland recreational lakes in Ohio, 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-07T10:33:02","indexId":"ofr20121222","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1222","title":"Microbial source tracking markers at three inland recreational lakes in Ohio, 2011","docAbstract":"During the 2011 recreational season, samples were collected for <i>E. coli</i> and microbial source tracking (MST) marker concentrations to begin to understand potential sources of fecal contamination at three inland recreational lakes in Ohio - Buckeye, Atwood, and Tappan Lakes. The results from 32 regular samples, 4 field blanks, and 7 field replicates collected at 5 sites are presented in this report. At the three lakes, the ruminant-associated marker was found most often (57-73 percent of samples) but at estimated quantities, followed by the dog-associated marker (30-43 percent of samples). The human-associated marker was found in 14 and 50 percent of samples from Atwood and Tappan Lakes, respectively, but was not found in any samples from the two Buckeye Lake sites. The gull-associated marker was detected in only two samples, both from Tappan Lake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121222","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ohio Water Development Authority and Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., and Stelzer, E.A., 2012, Microbial source tracking markers at three inland recreational lakes in Ohio, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1222, iv, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121222.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262981,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1222/"},{"id":262982,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1222/pdf/ofr2012-1222.pdf"},{"id":262983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1222.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Atwood Lake;Buckeye Lake;Tappan Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.0,39.75 ], [ -83.0,41.0 ], [ -80.75,41.0 ], [ -80.75,39.75 ], [ -83.0,39.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e03f5de4b0fec3206eb4e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stelzer, Erin A. 0000-0001-7645-7603 eastelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-7603","contributorId":1933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelzer","given":"Erin","email":"eastelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70200641,"text":"70200641 - 2012 - Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-22T20:02:27.756573","indexId":"70200641","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T13:55:42","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Cambrian-Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks that likely formed as part of the Laurentian continental margin, and may thus have been part of the Cambrian-Ordovician great American carbonate bank, occur in east-central Alaska in the Nation Arch area. These strata accumulated on the southwestern margin (present-day coordinates) of the Yukon stable block, a broad area of early Paleozoic carbonate platform deposition in the northern Yukon Territory, and constitute two successions. The first consists of approximately 900 m (∼2950 ft) of shallow-water limestone and dolostone that are in part silicified, laminated, oolitic, and pisolitic, and make up the lower member of the Jones Ridge Limestone. Conodonts, trilobites, archaeo-cyathids, and brachiopods indicate an age of Early Cambrian to early Early Ordovician (Tremadoc; Ibexian) and have Laurentian biogeographic affinities. Upper Ordovician bio-clastic limestone (the upper member of the Jones Ridge Limestone) unconformably overlies these strata.</p><p>A roughly coeval, but somewhat deeper water, succession crops out near the Jones Ridge Limestone and consists of, in ascending order, the Funnel Creek Limestone, Adams Argillite, and Hillard Limestone. The Funnel Creek (15-400 m [50-1310 ft] thick) is mainly nonfossilif-erous, extensively silicified, commonly oolitic limestone and dolostone and is assumed to be Lower Cambrian in age. It is overlain by argillite, siltstone, cross-laminated quartzite, and oolitic to sandy limestone of the Adams Argillite (90-180 m [295-550 ft] thick). This unit contains the trace fossil<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Oldhamia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and Lower Cambrian archaeocyathids and trilobites that have Siberian affinities. The Hillard (30-150 m [100-490 ft] thick) is chiefly limestone, with local ooids, edgewise and boulder conglomerate, and phosphatic horizons, and likely formed in a platform-margin setting. Trilobites and brachiopods from this unit are Early Cambrian to earliest Ordovician in age and have mainly Laurentian affinities. Slope and/or basinal rocks of the Road River Formation that are as old as Early Ordovician (early middle Arenig; Ibexian) unconformably overlie the Hillard Limestone. Abrupt facies transitions between the two Nation Arch area carbonate successions may reflect relatively steep paleoslopes and/or telescoping of facies by imbricate thrust faults.</p><p>Carbonate strata of Cambrian–Ordovician age are also found north of the Nation Arch area in the Porcupine terrane. These rocks have been little studied, and their precise Stratigraphic succession and paleogeographic setting are uncertain. The few fossil collections indicate mainly Laurentian affinities and include Cambrian(?) trilobites and Lower and Middle Ordovician conodonts. Lower Paleozoic strata of the Porcupine terrane probably formed at or near the northwestern edge (present-day coordinates) of the Yukon stable block.</p><p>Cambrian–Ordovician carbonate strata occur widely in northern Alaska (parts of the Arctic Alaska, York, and Seward terranes) and interior Alaska (Farewell terrane). These rocks share distinctive lithologic and faunal features and were deposited in a range of shallow-shelf to basinal environments. Carbonate platform successions in northern and interior Alaska include fossils of both Laurentian and Siberian biotic provinces and may have formed on a single crustal fragment that rifted away from the Siberian craton during the late Proterozoic. These Alaskan strata were most likely in faunal exchange with, but not physically attached to, the great American carbonate bank.</p><p>Lower–Middle Ordovician carbonate and siliciclastic rocks are also found in the White Mountains, Livengood, and Ruby terranes of interior Alaska, the Alexander terrane in southeastern Alaska, and the Goodnews terrane in southwestern Alaska. These successions were likely not attached to Laurentia during their deposition, although some authors have proposed Laurentian origins for the White Mountains and Livengood terranes.</p><p>Little detailed information is available on the resource potential of Cambrian–Ordovician successions in Alaska. Most have low porosity and are too thermally mature to be prospective for oil and gas, although a few units in east-central and northern Alaska may have some potential as petroleum source and reservoir rocks. Strata of this age have potential for metallic mineral resources; strata-bound Zn-Pb ± Ag occurrences are known in the Funnel Creek Limestone in east-central Alaska, as well as several units of possible Cambrian and/or Ordovician age in northern and interior Alaska.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The great American carbonate bank: The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"The American Association of Petroleum Geologists","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 2012, Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks of Alaska, chap. <i>of</i> The great American carbonate bank: The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia, p. 649-673.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"673","ipdsId":"IP-019880","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center 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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10bc91e4b034bf6a7ef289","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Derby, James R.","contributorId":68207,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13326,"text":"The University of Tulsa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":750555,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longacre, S.A.","contributorId":112394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longacre","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750556,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, William A.","contributorId":96150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750557,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sternbach, C.A.","contributorId":113505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternbach","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750558,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040617,"text":"70040617 - 2012 - Feeding response of sport fish after electrical immobilization, chemical sedation, or both","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-07T14:28:18","indexId":"70040617","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding response of sport fish after electrical immobilization, chemical sedation, or both","docAbstract":"Fishery managers frequently capture wild fish for a variety of fishery management activities. Though some activities can be accomplished without immobilizing the fish, others are accomplished more readily, humanely, and safely (for both the handler and the fish) when fish are immobilized by physical (e.g., electrical immobilization) or chemical sedation. A concern regarding the use of chemical sedatives is that chemical residues may remain in the fillet tissue after the fish recovers from sedation. If those residues are harmful to humans, there is some risk that a postsedated fish released to public waters may be caught and consumed by an angler. To characterize this risk, a series of four trials were conducted. Three trials assessed feeding activity after hatchery-reared fish were electrically immobilized, chemically sedated, or both, and one trial assessed the likelihood of an angler catching a wild fish that had been electrically immobilized and chemically sedated. Results from the first trial indicated that the feeding activity of laboratory habituated fish was variable among and within species after electrical immobilization, chemical sedation, or both. Results from the second trial indicated that the resumption of feeding activity was rapid after being mildly sedated for 45 min. Results from the third trial indicated that the feeding activity of outdoor, hatchery-reared fish was relatively aggressive after fish had been chemically sedated. Results from the fourth trial indicated that the probability of capturing wild fish in a more natural environment by angling after fish had been electrically immobilized and chemically sedated is not likely, i.e., in a group of five fish caught, 3 out of 100 times one would be a fish that had been sedated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.686955","usgsCitation":"Meinertz, J.R., Fredricks, K., Ambrose, R.D., Jackan, L.M., and Wise, J.K., 2012, Feeding response of sport fish after electrical immobilization, chemical sedation, or both: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 4, p. 679-686, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.686955.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"686","ipdsId":"IP-033263","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262967,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.686955"}],"country":"United States","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50dcceb4e4b0d55926e40c00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meinertz, Jeffery R. 0000-0002-8855-2648 jmeinertz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8855-2648","contributorId":2495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meinertz","given":"Jeffery","email":"jmeinertz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fredricks, Kim T. 0000-0003-2363-7891 kfredricks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-7891","contributorId":5163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredricks","given":"Kim T.","email":"kfredricks@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ambrose, Ryan D.","contributorId":101157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambrose","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackan, Leanna M.","contributorId":15482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackan","given":"Leanna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wise, Jeremy K. 0000-0003-0184-6959 jwise@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-6959","contributorId":5009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"Jeremy","email":"jwise@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70040641,"text":"ds731 - 2012 - Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-06T15:57:44","indexId":"ds731","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"731","title":"Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2011","docAbstract":"Previous investigations indicate that concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds are substantial in groundwater beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. Phytoremediation combined with ongoing natural attenuation processes was the preferred remedy selected by the U.S. Navy, as specified in the Record of Decision for the site. The U.S. Navy planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill in spring 1999 to remove and to control the migration of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater. The U.S. Geological Survey has continued to monitor groundwater geochemistry to ensure that conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation as specified in the Record of Decision. This report presents groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data collected at Operable Unit 1 by the U.S. Geological Survey during June 20-22, 2011, in support of long-term monitoring for natural attenuation. In 2011, groundwater samples were collected from 13 wells and 9 piezometers. Samples from all wells and piezometers were analyzed for redox sensitive constituents and dissolved gases, and samples from 5 of 13 wells and all piezometers also were analyzed for chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Concentrations of redox sensitive constituents measured in 2011 were consistent with previous years, with dissolved oxygen concentrations all at 0.4 milligram per liter or less; little to no detectable nitrate; abundant dissolved manganese, iron, and methane; and commonly detected sulfide. The reductive declorination byproducts - methane, ethane, and ethene - were either not detected in samples collected from the upgradient wells in the landfill and the upper aquifer beneath the northern phytoremediation plantation or were detected at concentrations less than those measured in 2010. Chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations in 2011 at most piezometers were similar to or slightly less than chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations measured in previous years. For the upper aquifer beneath the southern phytoremediation plantation, chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations in 2011 in groundwater from the piezometers were extremely high and continued to vary considerably over space and between years. At piezometer P1-9, the total chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations increased from 9,500 micrograms per liter in 2010 to more than 44,000 micrograms per liter in 2011. Total chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations decreased at piezometers P1-6, P1-7, and P1-10 compared to the concentrations measured in 2010. One or both of the reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene were detected at all piezometers and three of the four wells in the southern plantation. For the intermediate aquifer, concentrations of redox sensitive constituents and chlorinated volatile organic compounds in 2011 were consistent with concentrations measured in previous years, with the exception of notable decreases in sulfate and chloride concentrations at well MW1-28. Concentrations of the reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene decreased at wells MW1-25 and MW1-28 compared to previously measured concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds731","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities, Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Huffman, R.L., and Frans, L., 2012, Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 731, iv, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds731.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"48","ipdsId":"IP-040805","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_731.jpg"},{"id":262971,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/731/"},{"id":262972,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/731/pdf/ds731.pdf"}],"projection":"Washington State Plane, North Zone","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Dogfish Bay;Liberty Bay;Naval Undersea Warfare Center;Division Keyport","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.633333,47.686111 ], [ -122.633333,47.708333 ], [ -122.608333,47.708333 ], [ -122.608333,47.686111 ], [ -122.633333,47.686111 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509a317be4b04d64aa094c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huffman, Raegan L. 0000-0001-8523-5439 rhuffman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-5439","contributorId":1638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"Raegan","email":"rhuffman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frans, L.M.","contributorId":74803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frans","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040624,"text":"sir20125219 - 2012 - Grain-size distribution and selected major and trace element concentrations in bed-sediment cores from the Lower Granite Reservoir and Snake and Clearwater Rivers, eastern Washington and northern Idaho, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T16:26:21","indexId":"sir20125219","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5219","title":"Grain-size distribution and selected major and trace element concentrations in bed-sediment cores from the Lower Granite Reservoir and Snake and Clearwater Rivers, eastern Washington and northern Idaho, 2010","docAbstract":"<p>Lower Granite Dam impounds the Snake and Clearwater Rivers in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, forming Lower Granite Reservoir. Since 1975, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has dredged sediment from the Lower Granite Reservoir and the Snake and Clearwater Rivers in eastern Washington and northern Idaho to keep navigation channels clear and to maintain the flow capacity. In recent years, other Federal agencies, Native American governments, and special interest groups have questioned the negative effects that dredging might have on threatened or endangered species. To help address these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected and analyzed bed-sediment core samples (hereinafter cores) in Lower Granite Reservoir and impounded or backwater affected parts of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers. Cores were collected during the spring and fall of 2010 from submerged sampling locations in the Lower Granite Reservoir, and Snake and Clearwater Rivers. A total of 69 cores were collected by using one or more of the following corers: piston, gravity, vibrating, or box. From these 69 cores, 185 subsamples were removed and submitted for grain size analyses, 50 of which were surficial-sediment subsamples. Fifty subsamples were also submitted for major and trace elemental analyses. Surficial-sediment subsamples from cores collected from sites at the lower end of the reservoir near the dam, where stream velocities are lower, generally had the largest percentages of silt and clay (more than 80 percent). Conversely, all of the surficial-sediment subsamples collected from sites in the Snake River had less than 20 percent silt and clay. Most of the surficial-sediment subsamples collected from sites in the Clearwater River contained less than 40 percent silt and clay. Surficial-sediment subsamples collected near midchannel at the confluence generally had more silt and clay than most surficial-sediment subsamples collected from sites on the Snake and Clearwater Rivers or even sites further downstream in Lower Granite Reservoir. Two cores collected at the confluence and all three cores collected on the Clearwater River immediately upstream from the confluence were extracted from a thick sediment deposit as shown by the cross section generated from the bathymetric surveys. The thick sediment deposits at the confluence and on the Clearwater River may be associated with floods in 1996 and 1997 on the Clearwater River.</p>\n<p>Fifty subsamples from 15 cores were analyzed for major and trace elements. Concentrations of trace elements were low, with respect to sediment quality guidelines, in most cores. Typically, major and trace element concentrations were lower in the subsamples collected from the Snake River compared to those collected from the Clearwater River, the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers, and Lower Granite Reservoir. Generally, lower concentrations of major and trace elements were associated with coarser sediments (larger than 0.0625 millimeter) and higher concentrations of major and trace elements were associated with finer sediments (smaller than 0.0625 millimeter).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125219","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Braun, C.L., Wilson, J.T., Van Metre, P., Weakland, R.J., Fosness, R.L., and Williams, M.L., 2012, Grain-size distribution and selected major and trace element concentrations in bed-sediment cores from the Lower Granite Reservoir and Snake and Clearwater Rivers, eastern Washington and northern Idaho, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5219, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125219.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","numberOfPages":"91","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035056","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5219.gif"},{"id":262969,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5219/pdf/sir2012-5219.pdf"},{"id":262968,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5219/"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universe Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 11","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Clearwater River, Granite Reservoir, Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,46.366667 ], [ -117.5,46.666667 ], [ -117.0,46.666667 ], [ -117.0,46.366667 ], [ -117.5,46.366667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509a3176e4b04d64aa094c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5540-2854 clbraun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2854","contributorId":925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Christopher","email":"clbraun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Jennifer T. 0000-0003-4481-6354 jenwilso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-6354","contributorId":1782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Jennifer","email":"jenwilso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C.","contributorId":34104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weakland, Rhonda J. weakland@usgs.gov","contributorId":3541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weakland","given":"Rhonda","email":"weakland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fosness, Ryan L. 0000-0003-4089-2704 rfosness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-2704","contributorId":2703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fosness","given":"Ryan","email":"rfosness@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Williams, Marshall L. mlwilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Marshall","email":"mlwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040619,"text":"ofr20121195 - 2012 - A multi-metric assessment of environmental contaminant exposure and effects in an urbanized reach of the Charles River near Watertown, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-26T11:48:28","indexId":"ofr20121195","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1195","title":"A multi-metric assessment of environmental contaminant exposure and effects in an urbanized reach of the Charles River near Watertown, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Charles River Project provided an opportunity to simultaneously deploy a combination of biomonitoring techniques routinely used by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program, the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends Project, and the Contaminant Biology Program at an urban site suspected to be contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition to these standardized methods, additional techniques were used to further elucidate contaminant exposure and potential impacts of exposure on biota. The purpose of the study was to generate a comprehensive, multi-metric data set to support assessment of contaminant exposure and effects at the site. Furthermore, the data set could be assessed to determine the relative performance of the standardized method suites typically used by the National Water Quality Assessment Program and the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends Project, as well as the additional biomonitoring methods used in the study to demonstrate ecological effects of contaminant exposure. The Contaminant Effects Workgroup, an advisory committee of the U.S. Geological Survey/Contaminant Biology Program, identified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as the contaminant class of greatest concern in urban streams of all sizes. The reach of the Charles River near Watertown, Massachusetts, was selected as the site for this study based on the suspected presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and the presence of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>), largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>), and white sucker (<i>Catostomus commersoni</i>). All of these fish have extensive contaminant-exposure profiles related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other environmental contaminants. This project represented a collaboration of universities, Department of the Interior bureaus including multiple components of the USGS (Biological Resources Discipline and Water Resources Discipline Science Centers, the Contaminant Biology Program, and the Status and Trends of Biological Resources Program), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Samples for analyzing water chemistry, sediment chemistry and toxicity, fish community structure, tissue chemistry, and fish (20 carp, 20 bass, and 40 white sucker) and invertebrate pathology were collected in late August, 2005. This report provides results from the analyses of fish pathology, biomarkers of exposure and effects (reproductive, carcinogenic, genotoxic, and immunologic), sediment chemistry, toxicity, and fish and invertebrate community structure.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121195","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.B., Anderson, P.J., Baumann, P.C., DeWeese, L.R., Goodbred, S.L., Coyle, J.J., and Smith, D.S., 2012, A multi-metric assessment of environmental contaminant exposure and effects in an urbanized reach of the Charles River near Watertown, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1195, x; 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121195.","productDescription":"x; 116 p.","numberOfPages":"128","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-08-01","temporalEnd":"2005-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1195.gif"},{"id":264785,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1195/OF12-1195.pdf"},{"id":264783,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1195/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Lower Charles River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.250000,42.250000 ], [ -71.250000,42.416667 ], [ -71.000000,42.416667 ], [ -71.000000,42.250000 ], [ -71.250000,42.250000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509a3167e4b04d64aa094c7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Stephen B.","contributorId":14765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Patrick J. 0000-0003-2281-389X andersonpj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-389X","contributorId":3590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Patrick","email":"andersonpj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baumann, Paul C.","contributorId":104455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumann","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeWeese, Lawrence R.","contributorId":72047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWeese","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goodbred, Steven L. sgoodbred@usgs.gov","contributorId":497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodbred","given":"Steven","email":"sgoodbred@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Coyle, James J.","contributorId":56741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coyle","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, David S.","contributorId":25416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70047233,"text":"70047233 - 2012 - Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T14:19:10","indexId":"70047233","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T13:50:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"The unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain was investigated as a possible site for the nation's first high-level nuclear waste repository. Scientific investigations included infiltration studies, matrix properties testing, borehole testing and monitoring, underground excavation and testing, and the development of conceptual and numerical models of the hydrologic processes at Yucca Mountain. Infiltration estimates by empirical and geochemical methods range from 0.2 to 1.4 mm/yr and 0.2–6.0 mm/yr, respectively. Infiltration estimates from numerical models range from 4.5 mm/yr to 17.6 mm/yr. Rock matrix properties vary vertically and laterally as the result of depositional processes and subsequent postdepositional alteration. Laboratory tests indicate that the average matrix porosity and hydraulic conductivity values for the main level of the proposed repository (Topopah Spring Tuff middle nonlithophysal zone) are 0.08 and 4.7 × 10<sup>−12</sup> m/s, respectively. In situ fracture hydraulic conductivity values are 3–6 orders of magnitude greater. The permeability of fault zones is approximately an order of magnitude greater than that of the surrounding rock unit. Water samples from the fault zones have tritium concentrations that indicate some component of postnuclear testing. Gas and water vapor movement through the unsaturated zone is driven by changes in barometric pressure, temperature-induced density differences, and wind effects. The subsurface pressure response to surface barometric changes is controlled by the distribution and interconnectedness of fractures, the presence of faults and their ability to conduct gas and vapor, and the moisture content and matrix permeability of the rock units. In situ water potential values are generally less than −0.2 MPa (−2 bar), and the water potential gradients in the Topopah Spring Tuff units are very small. Perched-water zones at Yucca Mountain are associated with the basal vitrophyre of the Topopah Spring Tuff or the Calico Hills bedded tuff. Thermal gradients in the unsaturated zone vary with location, and range from ~2.0 °C to 6.0 °C per 100 m; the variability appears to be associated with topography. Large-scale heater testing identified a heat-pipe signature at ~97 °C, and identified thermally induced and excavation-induced changes in the stress field. Elevated gas-phase CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and a decrease in the pH of water from the condensation zone also were identified. Conceptual and numerical flow and transport models of Yucca Mountain indicate that infiltration is highly variable, both spatially and temporally. Flow in the unsaturated zone is predominately through fractures in the welded units of the Tiva Canyon and Topopah Spring Tuffs and predominately through the matrix in the Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded units and Calico Hills Formation. Isolated, transient, fast-flow paths, such as faults, do exist but probably carry only a small portion of the total liquid-water flux at Yucca Mountain. The Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded units act as a storage buffer for transient infiltration pulses. Faults may act as flow boundaries and/or fast pathways. Below the proposed repository horizon, low-permeability lithostratigraphic units of the Topopah Spring Tuff and/or the Calico Hills Formation may divert flow laterally to faults that act as conduits to the water table. Advective transport pathways are consistent with flow pathways. Matrix diffusion is the major mechanism for mass transfer between fractures and the matrix and may contribute to retardation of radionuclide transport when fracture flow is dominant. Sorption may retard the movement of radionuclides in the unsaturated zone; however, sorption on mobile colloids may enhance radionuclide transport. Dispersion is not expected to be a major transport mechanism in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain. Natural analogue studies support the concepts that percolating water may be diverted around underground openings and that the percentage of infiltration that becomes seepage decreases as infiltration decreases.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2012.1209(02)","usgsCitation":"LeCain, G.D., and Stuckless, J.S., 2012, Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada, chap. <i>of</i> Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California, v. 209, p. 9-72, https://doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(02).","productDescription":"64 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"64","ipdsId":"IP-009120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278774,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(02)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Calico Hills Formation;Paintbrush Tuff;Tiva Canyon;Topopah Spring Tuff;Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.2379,35.4976 ], [ -117.2379,37.501 ], [ -115.4938,37.501 ], [ -115.4938,35.4976 ], [ -117.2379,35.4976 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"209","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a2188e4b051792d019550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeCain, Gary D.","contributorId":52207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCain","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70100646,"text":"70100646 - 2012 - River turbidity and sediment loads during dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-31T09:06:59","indexId":"70100646","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T10:51:34","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"River turbidity and sediment loads during dam removal","docAbstract":"<p>Dam decommissioning has become an important means for removing unsafe or obsolete dams and for restoring natural fluvial processes, including discharge regimes, sediment transport, and ecosystem connectivity [Doyle et al., 2003]. The largest dam-removal project in history began in September 2011 on the Elwha River of Washington State (Figure 1a). The project, which aims to restore the river ecosystem and increase imperiled salmon populations that once thrived there, provides a unique opportunity to better understand the implications of large-scale river restoration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2012EO430002","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., Duda, J., Magirl, C.S., and Curran, C.A., 2012, River turbidity and sediment loads during dam removal: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 93, no. 43, p. 425-426, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO430002.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"426","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041317","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285655,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012EO430002"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,45.55 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -116.92,49.0 ], [ -116.92,45.55 ], [ -124.79,45.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"93","issue":"43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355955de4b0120853e8c1b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curran, Chris A.","contributorId":34429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70100649,"text":"70100649 - 2012 - The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-04T10:23:05","indexId":"70100649","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T10:16:02","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed","docAbstract":"The occurrence of two wildfires separated by 31 yr in the chaparral-dominated Arroyo Seco watershed (293 km<sup2</sup>) of California provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the effects of wildfire on suspended-sediment yield. Here, we compile discharge and suspended-sediment sampling data from before and after the fires and show that the effects of the postfire responses differed markedly. The 1977 Marble Cone wildfire was followed by an exceptionally wet winter, which resulted in concentrations and fluxes of both fine and coarse suspended sediment that were ˜35 times greater than average (sediment yield during the 1978 water year was 11,000 t/km<sup>2</sup>/yr). We suggest that the combined 1977–1978 fire and flood had a recurrence interval of greater than 1000 yr. In contrast, the 2008 Basin Complex wildfire was followed by a drier than normal year, and although suspended-sediment fluxes and concentrations were significantly elevated compared to those expected for unburned conditions, the sediment yield during the 2009 water year was less than 1% of the post–Marble Cone wildfire yield. After the first postfire winters, sediment concentrations and yield decreased with time toward prefire relationships and continued to have significant rainfall dependence. We hypothesize that the differences in sediment yield were related to precipitation-enhanced hillslope erosion processes, such as rilling and mass movements. The millennial-scale effects of wildfire on sediment yield were explored further using Monte Carlo simulations, and these analyses suggest that infrequent wildfires followed by floods increase long-term suspended-sediment fluxes markedly. Thus, we suggest that the current approach of estimating sediment yield from sediment rating curves and discharge data—without including periodic perturbations from wildfires—may grossly underestimate actual sediment yields.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B30451.1","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., Hatten, J., Pasternack, G., Gray, A., Goni, M., and Wheatcroft, R.A., 2012, The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed: Geological Society of America Bulletin, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30451.1.","ipdsId":"IP-026419","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285689,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B30451.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355959fe4b0120853e8c27f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, J.A.","contributorId":53503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatten, J.A.","contributorId":101493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pasternack, G.B.","contributorId":70566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pasternack","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, A.B.","contributorId":37648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goni, M.A.","contributorId":32347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goni","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wheatcroft, R. A.","contributorId":76503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wheatcroft","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040616,"text":"sir20125232 - 2012 - Computing daily mean streamflow at ungaged locations in Iowa by using the Flow Anywhere and Flow Duration Curve Transfer statistical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-05T15:58:01","indexId":"sir20125232","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5232","title":"Computing daily mean streamflow at ungaged locations in Iowa by using the Flow Anywhere and Flow Duration Curve Transfer statistical methods","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maintains approximately 148 real-time streamgages in Iowa for which daily mean streamflow information is available, but daily mean streamflow data commonly are needed at locations where no streamgages are present. Therefore, the USGS conducted a study as part of a larger project in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources to develop methods to estimate daily mean streamflow at locations in ungaged watersheds in Iowa by using two regression-based statistical methods. The regression equations for the statistical methods were developed from historical daily mean streamflow and basin characteristics from streamgages within the study area, which includes the entire State of Iowa and adjacent areas within a 50-mile buffer of Iowa in neighboring states. Results of this study can be used with other techniques to determine the best method for application in Iowa and can be used to produce a Web-based geographic information system tool to compute streamflow estimates automatically. The Flow Anywhere statistical method is a variation of the drainage-area-ratio method, which transfers same-day streamflow information from a reference streamgage to another location by using the daily mean streamflow at the reference streamgage and the drainage-area ratio of the two locations. The Flow Anywhere method modifies the drainage-area-ratio method in order to regionalize the equations for Iowa and determine the best reference streamgage from which to transfer same-day streamflow information to an ungaged location. Data used for the Flow Anywhere method were retrieved for 123 continuous-record streamgages located in Iowa and within a 50-mile buffer of Iowa. The final regression equations were computed by using either left-censored regression techniques with a low limit threshold set at 0.1 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) and the daily mean streamflow for the 15th day of every other month, or by using an ordinary-least-squares multiple linear regression method and the daily mean streamflow for the 15th day of every other month. The Flow Duration Curve Transfer method was used to estimate unregulated daily mean streamflow from the physical and climatic characteristics of gaged basins. For the Flow Duration Curve Transfer method, daily mean streamflow quantiles at the ungaged site were estimated with the parameter-based regression model, which results in a continuous daily flow-duration curve (the relation between exceedance probability and streamflow for each day of observed streamflow) at the ungaged site. By the use of a reference streamgage, the Flow Duration Curve Transfer is converted to a time series. Data used in the Flow Duration Curve Transfer method were retrieved for 113 continuous-record streamgages in Iowa and within a 50-mile buffer of Iowa. The final statewide regression equations for Iowa were computed by using a weighted-least-squares multiple linear regression method and were computed for the 0.01-, 0.05-, 0.10-, 0.15-, 0.20-, 0.30-, 0.40-, 0.50-, 0.60-, 0.70-, 0.80-, 0.85-, 0.90-, and 0.95-exceedance probability statistics determined from the daily mean streamflow with a reporting limit set at 0.1 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. The final statewide regression equation for Iowa computed by using left-censored regression techniques was computed for the 0.99-exceedance probability statistic determined from the daily mean streamflow with a low limit threshold and a reporting limit set at 0.1 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. For the Flow Anywhere method, results of the validation study conducted by using six streamgages show that differences between the root-mean-square error and the mean absolute error ranged from 1,016 to 138 ft<sup>3</sup>/s, with the larger value signifying a greater occurrence of outliers between observed and estimated streamflows. Root-mean-square-error values ranged from 1,690 to 237 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Values of the percent root-mean-square error ranged from 115 percent to 26.2 percent. The logarithm (base 10) streamflow percent root-mean-square error ranged from 13.0 to 5.3 percent. Root-mean-square-error observations standard-deviation-ratio values ranged from 0.80 to 0.40. Percent-bias values ranged from 25.4 to 4.0 percent. Untransformed streamflow Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values ranged from 0.84 to 0.35. The logarithm (base 10) streamflow Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values ranged from 0.86 to 0.56. For the streamgage with the best agreement between observed and estimated streamflow, higher streamflows appear to be underestimated. For the streamgage with the worst agreement between observed and estimated streamflow, low flows appear to be overestimated whereas higher flows seem to be underestimated. Estimated cumulative streamflows for the period October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2009, are underestimated by -25.8 and -7.4 percent for the closest and poorest comparisons, respectively. For the Flow Duration Curve Transfer method, results of the validation study conducted by using the same six streamgages show that differences between the root-mean-square error and the mean absolute error ranged from 437 to 93.9 ft<sup>3</sup>/s, with the larger value signifying a greater occurrence of outliers between observed and estimated streamflows. Root-mean-square-error values ranged from 906 to 169 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Values of the percent root-mean-square-error ranged from 67.0 to 25.6 percent. The logarithm (base 10) streamflow percent root-mean-square error ranged from 12.5 to 4.4 percent. Root-mean-square-error observations standard-deviation-ratio values ranged from 0.79 to 0.40. Percent-bias values ranged from 22.7 to 0.94 percent. Untransformed streamflow Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values ranged from 0.84 to 0.38. The logarithm (base 10) streamflow Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values ranged from 0.89 to 0.48. For the streamgage with the closest agreement between observed and estimated streamflow, there is relatively good agreement between observed and estimated streamflows. For the streamgage with the poorest agreement between observed and estimated streamflow, streamflows appear to be substantially underestimated for much of the time period. Estimated cumulative streamflow for the period October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2009, are underestimated by -9.3 and -22.7 percent for the closest and poorest comparisons, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125232","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Linhart, S., Nania, J.F., Sanders, C.L., and Archfield, S.A., 2012, Computing daily mean streamflow at ungaged locations in Iowa by using the Flow Anywhere and Flow Duration Curve Transfer statistical methods: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5232, vi, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125232.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-033054","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5232.gif"},{"id":262963,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5232/"},{"id":262964,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5232/sir2012-5232.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 15","country":"United States","state":"Illinois;Iowa;Minnesota;Missouri;Nebraska;Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.0,39.75 ], [ -98.0,44.15 ], [ -88.5,44.15 ], [ -88.5,39.75 ], [ -98.0,39.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5098dfe9e4b0a35ac147a79e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linhart, S. Mike","contributorId":61073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S. Mike","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nania, Jon F. jfnania@usgs.gov","contributorId":4767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nania","given":"Jon","email":"jfnania@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanders, Curtis L. Jr.","contributorId":76391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"Curtis","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Archfield, Stacey A. 0000-0002-9011-3871 sarch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-3871","contributorId":1874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archfield","given":"Stacey","email":"sarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040594,"text":"cir1376 - 2012 - Streamflow depletion by wells--Understanding and managing the effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-07T09:13:51","indexId":"cir1376","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1376","title":"Streamflow depletion by wells--Understanding and managing the effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater is an important source of water for many human needs, including public supply, agriculture, and industry. With the development of any natural resource, however, adverse consequences may be associated with its use. One of the primary concerns related to the development of groundwater resources is the effect of groundwater pumping on streamflow. Groundwater and surface-water systems are connected, and groundwater discharge is often a substantial component of the total flow of a stream. Groundwater pumping reduces the amount of groundwater that flows to streams and, in some cases, can draw streamflow into the underlying groundwater system. Streamflow reductions (or depletions) caused by pumping have become an important water-resource management issue because of the negative impacts that reduced flows can have on aquatic ecosystems, the availability of surface water, and the quality and aesthetic value of streams and rivers. Scientific research over the past seven decades has made important contributions to the basic understanding of the processes and factors that affect streamflow depletion by wells. Moreover, advances in methods for simulating groundwater systems with computer models provide powerful tools for estimating the rates, locations, and timing of streamflow depletion in response to groundwater pumping and for evaluating alternative approaches for managing streamflow depletion. The primary objective of this report is to summarize these scientific insights and to describe the various field methods and modeling approaches that can be used to understand and manage streamflow depletion. A secondary objective is to highlight several misconceptions concerning streamflow depletion and to explain why these misconceptions are incorrect.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1376","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Streamflow depletion by wells--Understanding and managing the effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow; 2012; CIR; 1376; Barlow, Paul M.; Leake, Stanley A.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":262918,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1376/"},{"id":262919,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1376/pdf/circ1376_barlow_report_508.pdf"},{"id":262920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1376.jpg"}],"publishedDate":"2012-11-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5094dd8ee4b0e5cfc2acdc8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040592,"text":"sir20125230 - 2012 - Completion summary for borehole USGS 136 near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T18:31:20","indexId":"sir20125230","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5230","title":"Completion summary for borehole USGS 136 near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, cored and completed borehole USGS 136 for stratigraphic framework analyses and long-term groundwater monitoring of the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Laboratory. The borehole was initially cored to a depth of 1,048 feet (ft) below land surface (BLS) to collect core, open-borehole water samples, and geophysical data. After these data were collected, borehole USGS 136 was cemented and backfilled between 560 and 1,048 ft BLS. The final construction of borehole USGS 136 required that the borehole be reamed to allow for installation of 6-inch (in.) diameter carbon-steel casing and 5-in. diameter stainless-steel screen; the screened monitoring interval was completed between 500 and 551 ft BLS. A dedicated pump and water-level access line were placed to allow for aquifer testing, for collecting periodic water samples, and for measuring water levels.</p><p>Geophysical and borehole video logs were collected after coring and after the completion of the monitor well. Geophysical logs were examined in conjunction with the borehole core to describe borehole lithology and to identify primary flow paths for groundwater, which occur in intervals of fractured and vesicular basalt.</p><p>A single-well aquifer test was used to define hydraulic characteristics for borehole USGS 136 in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer. Specific-capacity, transmissivity, and hydraulic conductivity from the aquifer test were at least 975 gallons per minute per foot, 1.4 × 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>feet squared per day (ft<sup>2</sup>/d), and 254 feet per day, respectively. The amount of measureable drawdown during the aquifer test was about 0.02&nbsp;ft. The transmissivity for borehole USGS 136 was in the range of values determined from previous aquifer tests conducted in other wells near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex: 9.5 × 10<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 1.9 × 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ft<sup>2</sup>/d.</p><p>Water samples were analyzed for cations, anions, metals, nutrients, total organic carbon, volatile organic compounds, stable isotopes, and radionuclides. Water samples from borehole USGS 136 indicated that concentrations of tritium, sulfate, and chromium were affected by wastewater disposal practices at the Advanced Test Reactor Complex. Depth-discrete groundwater samples were collected in the open borehole USGS 136 near 965, 710, and 573 ft BLS using a thief sampler; on the basis of selected constituents, deeper groundwater samples showed no influence from wastewater disposal at the Advanced Test Reactor Complex.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Twining, B.V., Bartholomay, R.C., and Hodges, M., 2012, Completion summary for borehole USGS 136 near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5230, vi; 32 p.; Appendixes A-D, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125230.","productDescription":"vi; 32 p.; Appendixes A-D","numberOfPages":"42","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5230.jpg"},{"id":262905,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5230/"},{"id":262906,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5230/pdf/sir20125230.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee44e4b0c8380cd49c75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twining, Brian V. 0000-0003-1321-4721 btwining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-4721","contributorId":2387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twining","given":"Brian","email":"btwining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodges, Mary K.V.","contributorId":66848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Mary K.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040595,"text":"sir20125055 - 2012 - Development of invertebrate community indexes of stream quality for the islands of Maui and Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-31T17:09:58","indexId":"sir20125055","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5055","title":"Development of invertebrate community indexes of stream quality for the islands of Maui and Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>In 2009-10 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected physical habitat information and benthic macroinvertebrates at 40 wadeable sites on 25 perennial streams on the Island of Maui, Hawaiʻi, to evaluate the relations between the macroinvertebrate assemblages and environmental characteristics and to develop a multimetric invertebrate community index (ICI) that could be used as an indicator of stream quality. The macroinvertebrate community data were used to identify metrics that could best differentiate among sites according to disturbance gradients such as embeddedness, percent fines (silt and sand areal coverage), or percent agricultural land in the contributing basin area. Environmental assessments were conducted using land-use/land-cover data and reach-level physical habitat data. The Maui data were first evaluated using the previously developed Preliminary-Hawaiian Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (P-HBIBI) to determine if existing metrics would successfully differentiate stream quality among the sites. Secondly, a number of candidate invertebrate metrics were screened and tested and the individual metrics that proved the best at discerning among the sites along one or more disturbance gradients were combined into a multimetric invertebrate community index (ICI) of stream quality. These metrics were: total invertebrate abundance, Class Insecta relative abundance, the ratio of Trichoptera abundance to nonnative Diptera abundance, native snail (hihiwai) presence or absence, native mountain shrimp (&prime;&delta;pae) presence or absence, native torrent midge (<i>Telmatogeton</i> spp.) presence or absence, and native <i>Megalagrion</i> damselfly presence or absence. The Maui ICI classified 15 of the 40 sites (37.5 percent) as having \"good\" quality communities, 17 of the sites (42.5 percent) as having \"fair\" quality communities, and 8 sites (20 percent) as having \"poor\" quality communities, a classification that may be used to initiate further investigation into the causes of the poor rating. Additionally, quantitative macroinvertebrate samples collected from 31 randomly selected sites on Oʻahu in 2006-07 as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Wadeable Stream Assessment (WSA) were used to refine and develop an ICI of stream quality for Oʻahu. The set of metrics that were included in the revised index were: total invertebrate abundance, Class Insecta relative abundance, the ratio of Trichoptera abundance to nonnative Diptera abundance, turbellarian relative abundance, amphipod relative abundance, nonnative mollusk abundance, and nonnative crayfish (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>) and/or red cherry shrimp (<i>Neocaridina denticulata sinensis</i>) presence or absence. The Oʻahu ICI classified 10 of the 31 sites (32.3 percent) as \"good\" quality communities, 16 of the sites (51.6 percent) as \"fair\" quality communities, and 5 of the sites (16.1 percent) as \"poor\" quality communities. A reanalysis of 18 of the Oʻahu macroinvertebrate sites used to develop the P-HBIBI resulted in the reclassification of 3 samples. The beginning of a statewide ICI was developed on the basis of a combination of metrics from the Maui and Oʻahu ICIs. This combined ICI is intended to help identify broad problem areas so that the Hawaii State Department of Health (HIDOH) can prioritize their efforts on a statewide scale. Once these problem areas are identified, the island-wide ICIs can be used to more accurately assess the quality of individual stream reaches so that the HIDOH can prioritize their efforts on the most impaired streams. By using the combined ICI, 70 percent of the Maui sites and 10 percent of the Oʻahu WSA sites were designated as \"good\" quality sites; 25 percent of the Maui sites and 45 percent of the Oʻahu WSA sites were designated as \"fair\" quality sites; and 5 percent of the Maui sites and 45 percent of the Oʻahu WSA sites were designated as \"poor\" quality sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125055","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Wolff, R.H., 2012, Development of invertebrate community indexes of stream quality for the islands of Maui and Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5055, Report: viii; 199 p.; Appendixes: A-D, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125055.","productDescription":"Report: viii; 199 p.; Appendixes: 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,{"id":70039151,"text":"70039151 - 2012 - The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: Structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-11T17:17:46.668097","indexId":"70039151","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T12:41:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3290,"text":"Revista de Biología Tropical: International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation","onlineIssn":"2215-2075","printIssn":"0034-7744","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: Structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem","docAbstract":"<p>Fishes at Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica, were surveyed as part of a larger scientific expedition to the area in September 2009. The average total biomass of nearshore fishes was 7.8 tonnes per ha, among the largest observed in the tropics, with apex predators such as sharks, jacks, and groupers accounting for nearly 40% of the total biomass. The abundance of reef and pelagic sharks, particularly large aggregations of threatened species such as the scalloped hammerhead shark (up to 42 hammerheads ha-1) and large schools of jacks and snappers show the capacity for high biomass in unfished ecosystems in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. However, the abundance of hammerhead and reef whitetip sharks appears to have been declining since the late 1990s, and likely causes may include increasing fishing pressure on sharks in the region and illegal fishing inside the Park. One Galapagos shark tagged on September 20, 2009 in the Isla del Coco National Park moved 255km southeast towards Malpelo Island in Colombia, when it stopped transmitting. These results contribute to the evidence that sharks conduct large-scale movements between marine protected areas (Isla del Coco, Malpelo, Galápagos) in the Eastern tropical Pacific and emphasize the need for regional-scale management. More than half of the species and 90% of the individuals observed were endemic to the tropical eastern Pacific. These high biomass and endemicity values highlight the uniqueness of the fish assemblage at Isla del Coco and its importance as a global biodiversity hotspot.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Universidad de Costa Rica","publisherLocation":"San José, Costa Rica","usgsCitation":"Friedlander, A.M., Zgliczynski, B.J., Ballesteros, E., Aburto-Oropeza, O., Bolanos, A., and Sala, E., 2012, The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: Structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem: Revista de Biología Tropical: International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, v. 60, no. Supplement 3, p. 321-338.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"338","ipdsId":"IP-036295","costCenters":[{"id":333,"text":"Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281003,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/28407"}],"country":"Costa Rica","otherGeospatial":"Cocos Island, Isla Del Coco","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.12038040161133,\n              5.478787347430845\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.01240539550781,\n              5.478787347430845\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.01240539550781,\n              5.5753250966420795\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.12038040161133,\n              5.5753250966420795\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.12038040161133,\n              5.478787347430845\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"Supplement 3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7895e4b0b2908510c40c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedlander, Alan M. afriedlander@usgs.gov","contributorId":53079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedlander","given":"Alan","email":"afriedlander@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zgliczynski, Brian J.","contributorId":73495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zgliczynski","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballesteros, Enric","contributorId":56113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballesteros","given":"Enric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio","contributorId":91784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aburto-Oropeza","given":"Octavio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bolanos, Allan","contributorId":53695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolanos","given":"Allan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sala, Enric","contributorId":38437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sala","given":"Enric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70048188,"text":"70048188 - 2012 - MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-16T12:24:24","indexId":"70048188","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T12:17:04","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring","docAbstract":"Abandoned hard-rock mines can be a significant source of acid mine drainage (AMD) and toxic metal pollution to watersheds. In Colorado, USA, abandoned mines are often located in remote, high elevation areas that are snowbound for 7–8 months of the year. The difficulty in accessing these remote sites, especially during winter, creates challenging water sampling problems and major hydrologic and toxic metal loading events are often under sampled. Currently available automated water samplers are not well suited for sampling remote snowbound areas so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed a new water sampler, the MiniSipper, to provide long-duration, high-resolution water sampling in remote areas. The MiniSipper is a small, portable sampler that uses gas bubbles to separate up to 250 five milliliter acidified samples in a long tubing coil. The MiniSipper operates for over 8 months unattended in water under snow/ice, reduces field work costs, and greatly increases sampling resolution, especially during inaccessible times. MiniSippers were deployed in support of an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) project evaluating acid mine drainage inputs from the Pennsylvania Mine to the Snake River watershed in Summit County, CO, USA. MiniSipper metal results agree within 10% of EPA-USGS hand collected grab sample results. Our high-resolution results reveal very strong correlations (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9) between potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) and specific conductivity at the Pennsylvania Mine site. The large number of samples collected by the MiniSipper over the entire water year provides a detailed look at the effects of major hydrologic events such as snowmelt runoff and rainstorms on metal loading from the Pennsylvania Mine. MiniSipper results will help guide EPA sampling strategy and remediation efforts in the Snake River watershed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083","usgsCitation":"Chapin, T.P., and Todd, A., 2012, MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring: Science of the Total Environment, v. 439, p. 343-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"353","ipdsId":"IP-038379","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277598,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0603,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,36.9924 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"439","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52382865e4b0c7d45ef06110","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, Thomas P.","contributorId":96184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Todd, Andrew S.","contributorId":33162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Andrew S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70169895,"text":"70169895 - 2012 - Free tropospheric transport of microorganisms from Asia to North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T10:27:36","indexId":"70169895","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2729,"text":"Microbial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Free tropospheric transport of microorganisms from Asia to North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>Microorganisms are abundant in the troposphere and can be transported vast distances on prevailing winds. This study measures the abundance and diversity of airborne bacteria and fungi sampled at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory (located 2.7 km above sea level in North America) where incoming free tropospheric air routinely arrives from distant sources across the Pacific Ocean, including Asia. Overall deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentrations for microorganisms in the free troposphere, derived from quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, averaged 4.94&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;10(-5) ng DNA m(-3) for bacteria and 4.77&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;10(-3) ng DNA m(-3) for fungi. Aerosols occasionally corresponded with microbial abundance, most often in the springtime. Viable cells were recovered from 27.4 % of bacterial and 47.6 % of fungal samples (N&thinsp;=&thinsp;124), with 49 different species identified by ribosomal DNA gene sequencing. The number of microbial isolates rose significantly above baseline values on 22-23 April 2011 and 13-15 May 2011. Both events were analyzed in detail, revealing distinct free tropospheric chemistries (e.g., low water vapor, high aerosols, carbon monoxide, and ozone) useful for ruling out boundary layer contamination. Kinematic back trajectory modeling suggested air from these events probably originated near China or Japan. Even after traveling for 10 days across the Pacific Ocean in the free troposphere, diverse and viable microbial populations, including presumptive plant pathogens Alternaria infectoria and Chaetomium globosum, were detected in Asian air samples. Establishing a connection between the intercontinental transport of microorganisms and specific diseases in North America will require follow-up investigations on both sides of the Pacific Ocean.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Microbial Ecology","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/s00248-012-0088-9","usgsCitation":"D. Smith, Jaffe, D., Birmele, M., Griffin, D.W., Andrew Schuerger, Hee, J., and Roberts, M., 2012, Free tropospheric transport of microorganisms from Asia to North America: Microbial Ecology, v. 64, no. 4, p. 973-985, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-012-0088-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"973","endPage":"985","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036127","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319573,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fba7a7e4b0a6037df1a148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D. Smith","contributorId":168340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D. Smith","affiliations":[{"id":25260,"text":"University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, U","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Dan","contributorId":168345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25263,"text":"University of Washington-Bothell, Department of Atmospheric Scie","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Birmele, Michele","contributorId":168347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Birmele","given":"Michele","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25261,"text":"NASA Kennedy Space Center, ESC Team QNA, Kennedy Space Center,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andrew Schuerger","contributorId":168344,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andrew Schuerger","affiliations":[{"id":25262,"text":"University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hee, J.","contributorId":168350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hee","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roberts, Michael","contributorId":168346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25262,"text":"University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70048307,"text":"70048307 - 2012 - Using geochemistry to identify the source of groundwater to Montezuma Well, a natural spring in Central Arizona, USA: Part 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-20T09:36:05","indexId":"70048307","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T09:24:44","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1534,"text":"Environmental Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using geochemistry to identify the source of groundwater to Montezuma Well, a natural spring in Central Arizona, USA: Part 2","docAbstract":"Montezuma Well is a unique natural spring located in a sinkhole surrounded by travertine. Montezuma Well is managed by the National Park Service, and groundwater development in the area is a potential threat to the water source for Montezuma Well. This research was undertaken to better understand the sources of groundwater to Montezuma Well. Strontium isotopes (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr) indicate that groundwater in the recharge area has flowed through surficial basalts with subsequent contact with the underlying Permian aged sandstones and the deeper, karstic, Mississippian Redwall Limestone. The distinctive geochemistry in Montezuma Well and nearby Soda Springs (higher concentrations of alkalinity, As, B, Cl, and Li) is coincident with added carbon dioxide and mantle-sourced He. The geochemistry and isotopic data from Montezuma Well and Soda Springs allow for the separation of groundwater samples into four categories: (1) upgradient, (2) deep groundwater with carbon dioxide, (3) shallow Verde Formation, and (4) mixing zone. δ<sup>18</sup>O and δD values, along with noble gas recharge elevation data, indicate that the higher elevation areas to the north and east of Montezuma Well are the groundwater recharge zones for Montezuma Well and most of the groundwater in this portion of the Verde Valley. Adjusted groundwater age dating using likely <sup>14</sup>C and δ<sup>13</sup>C sources indicate an age for Montezuma Well and Soda Springs groundwaters at 5,400–13,300 years, while shallow groundwater in the Verde Formation appears to be older (18,900). Based on water chemistry and isotopic evidence, groundwater flow to Montezuma Well is consistent with a hydrogeologic framework that indicates groundwater flow by (1) recharge in higher elevation basalts to the north and east of Montezuma Well, (2) movement through the upgradient Permian and Mississippian units, especially the Redwall Limestone, and (3) contact with a basalt dike/fracture system that provides a mechanism for groundwater to flow to the surface. While the exact nature of the groundwater flow connections is still uncertain, the available data indicate that flow to Montezuma Well may be more susceptible to future groundwater development in the Redwall Limestone than from any other geologic unit. Overall, the shallow groundwater in the surrounding Verde Formation appears to be largely disconnected from deeper groundwater flowing to Montezuma Well.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12665-012-1844-3","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.H., DeWitt, E., Wirt, L., Manning, A.H., and Hunt, A.G., 2012, Using geochemistry to identify the source of groundwater to Montezuma Well, a natural spring in Central Arizona, USA: Part 2: Environmental Earth Sciences, v. 67, no. 6, p. 1837-1853, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1844-3.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1837","endPage":"1853","ipdsId":"IP-027796","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277952,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1844-3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Montezuma Well","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.83,34.5 ], [ -111.83,34.83 ], [ -111.45,34.83 ], [ -111.45,34.5 ], [ -111.83,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"67","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"523d6e6ae4b097188d6c771b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Raymond H. rhjohnso@usgs.gov","contributorId":707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Raymond","email":"rhjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":484278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeWitt, Ed","contributorId":65081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"Ed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wirt, Laurie","contributorId":13204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"Laurie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70191248,"text":"70191248 - 2012 - Morphological and chemical evidence of stromatolitic deposits in the 2.75 Ga Carajás banded iron formation, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-02T14:59:23","indexId":"70191248","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphological and chemical evidence of stromatolitic deposits in the 2.75 Ga Carajás banded iron formation, Brazil","docAbstract":"<p id=\"sp0055\">We describe evidence of biogenicity in the morphology and carbon content of well-preserved, Neoarchean samples of banded iron formation (BIF) from Carajás, Brazil. Silica-rich BIF layers contain translucent ellipsoidal or trapezoidal structures (∼5–10&nbsp;μm diameter) composed of silica, hematite, and kerogen, which are arranged in larger ring-like forms (rosettes). Stable carbon isotope analysis yields a δ<sup>13</sup>C value of −24.5‰ indicating that the contained carbon is likely biogenic. Raman and SEM analyses, as well as wavelength-dispersive X-ray elemental maps, show kerogen inside the rosette forms. Within the iron-rich BIF layers, tubular structures (0.5–5&nbsp;μm) were observed between hematite granules and blades. Kerogen and kaolinite are present in these structures. Both the rosettes and the tubular structures resemble morphologies that are characteristic of some bacterial species.</p><p id=\"sp0060\">We hypothesize that the Carajás BIFs originated as biomats formed by one or more species that over time produced large stromatolitic structures. The rosettes and the tubular structures, associated with chert-rich and iron-rich BIF layers, respectively, may represent two different species, or perhaps, two phases of a bacterium life cycle. For example, some modern myxobacteria exhibit similar morphologies in their resting and vegetative stages.</p><p id=\"sp0065\">Fe(III) precipitation may have occurred by contact of Fe(II) with bacterial slime, leading to oxidation by chemical reactions with exposed polysaccharide hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The Fe(III) would then have been available for use as a source of energy in a dissimilatory iron reduction type of metabolism. Organic carbon input presumably came from primary producers (not necessarily aerobic) within the local water column, perhaps in shallow-water communities. Alternatively, the carbon may have originated by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis at ocean hydrothermal vents. The observed lateral continuity of BIF layers may perhaps be explained by chemical signaling by the bacteria of favorable or unfavorable environmental conditions, leading to nearly synchronous cell morphogenesis from a vegetative to resting phase and vice versa.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.028","usgsCitation":"Ribeiro da Luz, B., and Crowley, J.K., 2012, Morphological and chemical evidence of stromatolitic deposits in the 2.75 Ga Carajás banded iron formation, Brazil: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 355-356, p. 60-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.028.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"72","ipdsId":"IP-026854","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","volume":"355-356","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d3502be4b05fe04cc34d80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ribeiro da Luz, Beatriz bribeirodaluz@usgs.gov","contributorId":3260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribeiro da Luz","given":"Beatriz","email":"bribeirodaluz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":711677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, James K.","contributorId":10928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040580,"text":"sir20125140 - 2012 - Demonstration optimization analyses of pumping from selected Arapahoe aquifer municipal wells in the west-central Denver Basin, Colorado, 2010–2109","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-01T15:56:06","indexId":"sir20125140","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5140","title":"Demonstration optimization analyses of pumping from selected Arapahoe aquifer municipal wells in the west-central Denver Basin, Colorado, 2010–2109","docAbstract":"Declining water levels caused by withdrawals of water from wells in the west-central part of the Denver Basin bedrock-aquifer system have raised concerns with respect to the ability of the aquifer system to sustain production. The Arapahoe aquifer in particular is heavily used in this area. Two optimization analyses were conducted to demonstrate approaches that could be used to evaluate possible future pumping scenarios intended to prolong the productivity of the aquifer and to delay excessive loss of saturated thickness. These analyses were designed as demonstrations only, and were not intended as a comprehensive optimization study. Optimization analyses were based on a groundwater-flow model of the Denver Basin developed as part of a recently published U.S. Geological Survey groundwater-availability study. For each analysis an optimization problem was set up to maximize total withdrawal rate, subject to withdrawal-rate and hydraulic-head constraints, for 119 selected municipal water-supply wells located in 96 model cells. The optimization analyses were based on 50- and 100-year simulations of groundwater withdrawals. The optimized total withdrawal rate for all selected wells for a 50-year simulation time was about 58.8 cubic feet per second. For an analysis in which the simulation time and head-constraint time were extended to 100 years, the optimized total withdrawal rate for all selected wells was about 53.0 cubic feet per second, demonstrating that a reduction in withdrawal rate of about 10 percent may extend the time before the hydraulic-head constraints are violated by 50 years, provided that pumping rates are optimally distributed. Analysis of simulation results showed that initially, the pumping produces water primarily by release of water from storage in the Arapahoe aquifer. However, because confining layers between the Denver and Arapahoe aquifers are thin, in less than 5 years, most of the water removed by managed-flows pumping likely would be supplied by depleting overlying hydrogeologic units, substantially increasing the rate of decline of hydraulic heads in parts of the overlying Denver aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Banta, E., and Paschke, S.S., 2012, Demonstration optimization analyses of pumping from selected Arapahoe aquifer municipal wells in the west-central Denver Basin, Colorado, 2010–2109: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5140, v; 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125140.","productDescription":"v; 37 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262898,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5140.gif"},{"id":262896,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5140/"},{"id":262897,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5140/SIR12-5140.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver","otherGeospatial":"Denver Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.500000,38.500000 ], [ -105.500000,40.500000 ], [ -103.500000,40.500000 ], [ -103.500000,38.500000 ], [ -105.500000,38.500000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50da02e2e4b07a5aecdf05bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paschke, Suzanne S.","contributorId":14072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paschke","given":"Suzanne","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040667,"text":"pp1789E - 2012 - Water quality and mass transport in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter E in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:18:38","indexId":"pp1789E","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"E","title":"Water quality and mass transport in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter E in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"Water quality of four small watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico has been monitored since 1991 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets program. These watersheds represent a montane, humid-tropical environment and differ in geology and land cover. Two watersheds are located on granitic rocks, and two are located on volcaniclastic rock. For each bedrock type, one watershed is covered with mature rainforest in the Luquillo Mountains, and the other watershed is undergoing reforestation after being affected by agricultural practices typical of eastern Puerto Rico. A subwatershed of the Icacos watershed, the Guab&aacute;, was also monitored to examine scaling effects. The water quality of the rivers draining forest, in the Icacos and Guab&aacute; (granitic watersheds) and Mameyes (a volcaniclastic watershed), show little contamination by human activities. The water is well oxygenated and has a nearly neutral pH, and nutrient concentrations are low. Concentrations of nutrients in the disturbed watersheds, the Cayagu&aacute;s (granitic rock) and Can&oacute;vanas (volcaniclastic rock), are greater than in the forested watersheds, indicating some inputs from human activities. High in-stream productivity in the Can&oacute;vanas watershed leads to occasional oxygen and calcite supersaturation and carbon dioxide undersaturation. Suspended sediment concentrations in all watersheds are low, except during major storms. Most dissolved constituents derived from bedrock weathering or atmospheric deposition (including sodium, magnesium, calcium, silica, alkalinity, and chloride) decrease in concentration with increasing runoff, reflecting dilution from increased proportions of overland or near-surface flow. Strongly bioactive constituents (dissolved organic carbon, potassium, nitrate, ammonium ion, and phosphate) commonly display increasing concentration with increasing runoff, regardless of their ultimate origin (bedrock or atmosphere). The concentrations of many of the bioactive constituents eventually decrease at runoff rates greater than 3 to 10 millimeters per hour, presumably reflecting an increased relative contribution from overland flow. Sulfate behaves like the nonbioactive constituents in the Can&oacute;vanas, Cayagu&aacute;s, and Mameyes watersheds but like a bioactive constituent in the Icacos and Guab&aacute; watersheds. Storms resulted in several anomalous sample compositions. Runoff waters from a number of storms - mostly hurricanes, but also other storms - have exceptionally high chloride concentrations, presumably resulting from windborne seasalt from the ocean, and low nitrate concentrations, reflecting a dominance of maritime air masses contributing moisture to the storms. High-potassium samples, without high chloride, are also associated with some smaller storms that followed Hurricane Georges in 1998; they are likely related to the breakdown of fallen vegetation. Finally, occasional low-silica events are observed in the Icacos and Guab&aacute; watersheds in the years prior to Hurricane Georges, but not after; this difference may be related to a change in hydrologic flow paths.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789E","collaboration":"This report is Chapter E in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Stallard, R.F., and Murphy, S.F., 2012, Water quality and mass transport in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter E in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789E.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263011,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":263012,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterE.pdf"},{"id":263013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_E.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e57445e4b0a4aa5bb070df","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509098,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509099,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70192878,"text":"70192878 - 2012 - Regional regression models of watershed suspended-sediment discharge for the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T15:23:06","indexId":"70192878","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional regression models of watershed suspended-sediment discharge for the eastern United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Estimates of mean annual watershed sediment discharge, derived from long-term measurements of suspended-sediment concentration and streamflow, often are not available at locations of interest. The goal of this study was to develop multivariate regression models to enable prediction of mean annual suspended-sediment discharge from available basin characteristics useful for most ungaged river locations in the eastern United States. The models are based on long-term mean sediment discharge estimates and explanatory variables obtained from a combined dataset of 1201 US Geological Survey (USGS) stations derived from a SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes (SPARROW) study and the Geospatial Attributes of Gages for Evaluating Streamflow (GAGES) database. The resulting regional regression models summarized for major US water resources regions 1–8, exhibited prediction&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>values ranging from 76.9% to 92.7% and corresponding average model prediction errors ranging from 56.5% to 124.3%. Results from cross-validation experiments suggest that a majority of the models will perform similarly to calibration runs. The 36-parameter regional regression models also outperformed a 16-parameter national SPARROW model of suspended-sediment discharge and indicate that mean annual sediment loads in the eastern United States generally correlates with a combination of basin area, land use patterns, seasonal precipitation, soil composition, hydrologic modification, and to a lesser extent, topography.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.011","usgsCitation":"Roman, D.C., Vogel, R.M., and Schwarz, G., 2012, Regional regression models of watershed suspended-sediment discharge for the eastern United States: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 472-4723, p. 53-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.011.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"62","ipdsId":"IP-023743","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"472-4723","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610553e4b06e28e9c2553a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roman, David C.","contributorId":198831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vogel, Richard M.","contributorId":66811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":723122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70189182,"text":"70189182 - 2012 - Uncertainty quantification for environmental models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T09:52:05","indexId":"70189182","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5454,"text":"SIAM News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertainty quantification for environmental models","docAbstract":"Environmental models are used to evaluate the fate of fertilizers in agricultural settings (including soil denitrification), the degradation of hydrocarbons at spill sites, and water supply for people and ecosystems in small to large basins and cities—to mention but a few applications of these models. They also play a role in understanding and diagnosing potential environmental impacts of global climate change. The models are typically mildly to extremely nonlinear. The persistent demand for enhanced dynamics and resolution to improve model realism [17] means that lengthy individual model execution times will remain common, notwithstanding continued enhancements in computer power. In addition, high-dimensional parameter spaces are often defined, which increases the number of model runs required to quantify uncertainty [2]. Some environmental modeling projects have access to extensive funding and computational resources; many do not. The many recent studies of uncertainty quantification in environmental model predictions have focused on uncertainties related to data error and sparsity of data, expert judgment expressed mathematically through prior information, poorly known parameter values, and model structure (see, for example, [1,7,9,10,13,18]). Approaches for quantifying uncertainty include frequentist (potentially with prior information [7,9]), Bayesian [13,18,19], and likelihood-based. A few of the numerous methods, including some sensitivity and inverse methods with consequences for understanding and quantifying uncertainty, are as follows: Bayesian hierarchical modeling and Bayesian model averaging; single-objective optimization with error-based weighting [7] and multi-objective optimization [3]; methods based on local derivatives [2,7,10]; screening methods like OAT (one at a time) and the method of Morris [14]; FAST (Fourier amplitude sensitivity testing) [14]; the Sobol' method [14]; randomized maximum likelihood [10]; Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) [10]. There are also bootstrapping and cross-validation approaches.Sometimes analyses are conducted using surrogate models [12]. The availability of so many options can be confusing. Categorizing methods based on fundamental questions assists in communicating the essential results of uncertainty analyses to stakeholders. Such questions can focus on model adequacy (e.g., How well does the model reproduce observed system characteristics and dynamics?) and sensitivity analysis (e.g., What parameters can be estimated with available data? What observations are important to parameters and predictions? What parameters are important to predictions?), as well as on the uncertainty quantification (e.g., How accurate and precise are the predictions?). The methods can also be classified by the number of model runs required: few (10s to 1000s) or many (10,000s to 1,000,000s). Of the methods listed above, the most computationally frugal are generally those based on local derivatives; MCMC methods tend to be among the most computationally demanding. Surrogate models (emulators)do not necessarily produce computational frugality because many runs of the full model are generally needed to create a meaningful surrogate model. With this categorization, we can, in general, address all the fundamental questions mentioned above using either computationally frugal or demanding methods. Model development and analysis can thus be conducted consistently using either computation-ally frugal or demanding methods; alternatively, different fundamental questions can be addressed using methods that require different levels of effort. Based on this perspective, we pose the question: Can computationally frugal methods be useful companions to computationally demanding meth-ods? The reliability of computationally frugal methods generally depends on the model being reasonably linear, which usually means smooth nonlin-earities and the assumption of Gaussian errors; both tend to be more valid with more linear","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., Lu, D., Kavetski, D., Clark, M.P., and Ye, M., 2012, Uncertainty quantification for environmental models: SIAM News, v. 45, no. 9, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-041596","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343434,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343432,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sinews.siam.org/Current-Issue/Issue-Archives/Issue-Archives-ListView/PID/2282/mcat/2279/evl/0/TagID/206?TagName=Volume-45-|-Number-9-|-November-2012"}],"volume":"45","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595f4c45e4b0d1f9f057e372","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Dan","contributorId":58176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kavetski, Dmitri","contributorId":194182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kavetski","given":"Dmitri","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Clark, Martyn P.","contributorId":194183,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Martyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Ye, Ming","contributorId":194184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ye","given":"Ming","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70040657,"text":"pp1789G - 2012 - Effects of earthworms on slopewash, surface runoff, and fine-litter transport on a humid-tropical forested hillslope in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter G in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:17:12","indexId":"pp1789G","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"G","title":"Effects of earthworms on slopewash, surface runoff, and fine-litter transport on a humid-tropical forested hillslope in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter G in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"Rainfall, slopewash (the erosion of soil particles), surface runoff, and fine-litter transport were measured in tropical wet forest on a hillslope in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, from February 1998 until April 2000. Slopewash data were collected using Gerlach troughs at eight plots, each 2 square meters in area. Earthworms were excluded by electroshocking from four randomly selected plots. The other four (control) plots were undisturbed. During the experiment, earthworm population in the electroshocked plots was reduced by 91 percent. At the end of the experiment, the electroshocked plots had 13 percent of earthworms by count and 6 percent by biomass as compared with the control plots. Rainfall during the sampling period (793 days) was 9,143 millimeters. Mean and maximum rainfall by sampling period (mean of 16 days) were 189 and 563 millimeters, respectively. Surface runoff averaged 0.6 millimeters and 1.2 millimeters by sampling period for the control and experimental plots, equal to 0.25 and 0.48 percent of mean rainfall, respectively. Disturbance of the soil environment by removal of earthworms doubled runoff and increased the transport (erosion) of soil and organic material by a factor of 4.4. When earthworms were removed, the erosion of mineral soil (soil mass left after ashing) and the transport of fine litter were increased by a factor of 5.3 and 3.4, respectively. It is assumed that increased runoff is a function of reduced soil porosity, resulting from decreased burrowing and reworking of the soil in the absence of earthworms. The background, or undisturbed, downslope transport of soil, as determined from the control plots, was 51 kilograms per hectare and the \"disturbance\" rate, determined from the experimental plots, was 261 kilograms per hectare. The background rate for downslope transport of fine litter was 71 kilograms per hectare and the disturbance rate was 246 kilograms per hectare. Data from this study indicate that the reduction in soil macrofauna population, in this case, earthworms, plays a key role in increasing runoff and soil erosion and, therefore, has important implications for forest and water management.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789G","collaboration":"This report is Chapter G in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>. For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., Liu, Z.L., and Zou, X., 2012, Effects of earthworms on slopewash, surface runoff, and fine-litter transport on a humid-tropical forested hillslope in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter G in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789G.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262995,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_G.jpg"},{"id":262993,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":262994,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterG.pdf"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Luquillo Experimental Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50db391fe4b061270600960e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509090,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509091,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Zhigang Liu","contributorId":19443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Zhigang","email":"","middleInitial":"Liu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zou, Xiaoming","contributorId":56521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zou","given":"Xiaoming","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040655,"text":"pp1789B - 2012 - Land use, population dynamics, and land-cover change in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter B in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:17:38","indexId":"pp1789B","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"B","title":"Land use, population dynamics, and land-cover change in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter B in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"We assessed current and historic land use and land cover in the Luquillo Mountains and surrounding area in eastern Puerto Rico, including four small subwatersheds that are study watersheds of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program. This region occupies an area of 1,616 square kilometers, about 18 percent of the total land in Puerto Rico. Closed forests occupy about 37 percent of the area, woodlands and shrublands 7 percent, nonforest vegetation 43 percent, urban development 10 percent, and water and natural barrens total less than 2 percent. The area has been classified into three main land-use categories by integrating recent census information (population density per barrio in the year 2000) with satellite image analyses (degree of developed area versus natural land cover). Urban land use (in this analysis, land with more than 20 percent developed cover within a 1-square-kilometer area and population density greater than 500 people per square kilometer) covered 16 percent of eastern Puerto Rico. Suburban land use (more than 80 percent natural land cover, more than 500 people per square kilometer, and primarily residential) covers 50 percent of the area. Rural land use (more than 80 percent natural land cover, less than 500 people per square kilometer, and primarily active or abandoned agricultural, wetland, steep slope, or protected conservation areas) covered 34 percent of the area. Our analysis of land-cover change indicates that in the 1990s, forest cover increased at the expense of woodlands and grasslands. Urban development increased by 16 percent during that time. The most pronounced change in the last seven decades has been the shift from a nonforested to a forested landscape and the intensification of the ring of urbanization that surrounds the long-protected Luquillo Experimental Forest.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789B","collaboration":"This report is Chapter B in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Gould, W.A., Martinuzzi, S., Pares-Ramos, I., Murphy, S.F., and Stallard, R.F., 2012, Land use, population dynamics, and land-cover change in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter B in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789B.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262999,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":263000,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterB.pdf"},{"id":263001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1789b.gif"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df6a8ee4b0dfbe79e6c2e8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509088,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509089,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Gould, William A.","contributorId":103535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinuzzi, Sebastián","contributorId":68180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinuzzi","given":"Sebastián","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pares-Ramos, Isabel K.","contributorId":98184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pares-Ramos","given":"Isabel K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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