The most important requirements for large-area environmental modeling are a tight integration between models and data, and a close match of the spatial scale at which the model is developed with the scale at which the model is to be applied. To better match the scale of data with that of the model, we propose a set of principles for the development of stochastic modeling systems based on linkage of deterministic models with GIS data. For modeling purposes, a region is usually rasterized into cells and the environmental conditions of those cells are specified by ranges or classes using GIS data layers. It is not necessary to simulate each and every GIS cell in the study area because many cells may have similar environmental conditions and can be grouped together to form cohorts. We define a cohort as the assembly of the cells sharing a unique combination of environmental conditions within the study region. Multiple model simulations can be performed for any given cohort. For each simulation, some of the parameter values can be randomly generated within the specified environmental conditions of the cohort according to a certain statistical distribution which, in turn, can be specified by GIS data layers. By this method the variance and covariance of environmental variables in space and time are integrated into the simulation processes with these modeling systems to make full use of the available data and to assess the uncertainties of the simulated results. An integrated simulation system between CENTURY model and GIS was developed to demonstrate the value of the concepts imbedded in stochastic simulation systems for large area studies.
","conferenceTitle":"4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4)","conferenceDate":"September 2-8, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Banff, Alberta, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Reiners, W.A., Gerow, K.G., Schimel, D.S., and Keller, M., Development of stochastic modeling systems using deterministic models and GIS: Principles and a case study in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica, 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4), Banff, Alberta, Canada, September 2-8, 2000, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.6133520275848,\n 9.499325548625436\n ],\n [\n -82.44230009071387,\n 9.73121764978167\n ],\n [\n -83.54701051633626,\n 11.16801392273345\n ],\n [\n -83.68242663302513,\n 10.951175271798036\n ],\n [\n -83.66104514091643,\n 10.78319089811086\n ],\n [\n -84.16707378749192,\n 10.566072375621317\n ],\n [\n -83.7038081251345,\n 9.604750752776496\n ],\n [\n -82.88418426096321,\n 9.506354909569495\n ],\n [\n -82.6133520275848,\n 9.499325548625436\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiners, William A.","contributorId":147117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reiners","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerow, Kenneth G.","contributorId":49672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerow","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schimel, David S","contributorId":267312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimel","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":55473,"text":"Jep Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keller, Michael","contributorId":42681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70267836,"text":"ofr2000130 - null - Alaska resource data file: Chignak quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T14:35:52.992213","indexId":"ofr2000130","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-08T08:34:51","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-130","title":"Alaska resource data file: Chignak quadrangle","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000130","issn":"0094-9140","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0130/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":489513,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0130/ofr00130.pdf"}],"publishedDate":"2003-01-08","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70206346,"text":"70206346 - null - Integrated geophysical characterization of the Winthrop Landfill Southern Flow Path, Winthrop, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-31T07:46:54","indexId":"70206346","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T17:03:47","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrated geophysical characterization of the Winthrop Landfill Southern Flow Path, Winthrop, Maine","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with United Technologies Corporation, used an integrated suite of borehole, surface, and water-borne geophysical methods near the site of the former Winthrop Landfill, Winthrop, Maine, to investigate the hydrogeology controlling the transport of leachate from the landfill to nearby Annabessacook Lake. During the fall of 2000 and summer of 2001, the USGS conducted borehole electromagnetic (EM) induction and gamma logging, and inductive terrain-conductivity, two-dimensional (2D) resistivity, continuous seismic reflection, and magnetic surveys.
The objectives of this integrated geophysical study were to provide constraints on the location and extent of the southern flow path(s) of contamination from the landfill to the lake; identify shoreline seep geophysical signatures; identify potentially hidden seeps in the lake; and determine depth to bedrock below Annabessacook Lake in the study area.
Interpretation of surface 2D resistivity, magnetic, and inductive terrain-conductivity data and borehole EM logs delineates an electrically conductive anomaly consistent with a leachate plume moving from the current landfill boundary southward through the overburden to the shores of Annabessacook Lake. Surface and borehole geophysical data collected south and southeast of the landfill indicate the presence of discrete, shallow conductive anomalies at the southeastern edge of the landfill and near the lakeshore. The conductive anomalies appear at increasing depths closer to the lake. Magnetic anomalies offshore confirm the presence of iron-rich landfill leachate discharging into the lake south of the landfill. High-resolution swept-frequency seismic data used to map sediment and grain size distribution in the lake sub-bottom along the shoreline identified sediment-infilled bedrock lows that may act as conduits for contaminant migration.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems","conferenceDate":"February 10-14, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","usgsCitation":"Dawson, C.B., Lane, J., White, E.A., and Belaval, M., Integrated geophysical characterization of the Winthrop Landfill Southern Flow Path, Winthrop, Maine, in Proceedings: Symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems, Las Vegas, NV, February 10-14, 2002, 22 p.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368775,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368774,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/SAGEEP02_13ESC6/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Winthrop","otherGeospatial":"Winthrop Landfill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.9964714050293,\n 44.269419395641016\n ],\n [\n -69.9580192565918,\n 44.269419395641016\n ],\n [\n -69.9580192565918,\n 44.31561943401762\n ],\n [\n -69.9964714050293,\n 44.31561943401762\n ],\n [\n -69.9964714050293,\n 44.269419395641016\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Cian B. cbdawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Cian","email":"cbdawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Eric A. 0000-0002-7782-146X eawhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7782-146X","contributorId":1737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Eric","email":"eawhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":774239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belaval, Marcel 0000-0002-4049-6798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-6798","contributorId":207205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belaval","given":"Marcel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37476,"text":"U.S. EPA, Region 1","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":774240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208984,"text":"70208984 - null - Perspectives on the diagnosis, epizootiology, and control of the 1973 duck plague epizootic in wild waterfowl at Lake Andes, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-10T08:36:59","indexId":"70208984","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-31T08:29:49","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perspectives on the diagnosis, epizootiology, and control of the 1973 duck plague epizootic in wild waterfowl at Lake Andes, South Dakota","docAbstract":"An epizootic of duck plague occurred in early 1973 in a population of 163,500 wild waterfowl, primarily mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), wintering on Lake Andes and the nearby Missouri River in southeastern South Dakota (USA). The diagnosis was based on pathologic lesions and confirmed by virus isolation. Control measures included quarantine, attempts to reduce virus contamination of the area, dispersal of waterfowl, and monitoring of wild waterfowl populations for mortality. The epizootic resulted in documented mortality of 18% and estimated mortality of 26% of the waterfowl at risk. Prompt implementation of control measures might have limited mortality to approximately 8%. Losses during the epizootic were equivalent to 0.12% of the annual mortality in the North American 1996 fall population of 80,000,000 wild ducks. The most likely sources of the infection were free-flying wild mallard or American black duck (Anas rubripes) carriers from the upper midwestern or northeastern United States. Duck plague serum neutralization antibodies were demonstrated in 31% of 395 apparently healthy mallards sampled prior to dispersal of the flock at Lake Andes, suggesting that tens of thousands of potential duck plague carriers entered the wild waterfowl populations of all four major flyways. Consequently, the absence of major epizootics of duck plague in wild waterfowl in the subsequent two decades is evidence that substantial numbers of duck plague carriers can occur in wild waterfowl populations without resulting in epizootic mortalities. The failure to isolate duck plague virus from apparently healthy mallards sampled during the epizootic raises questions concerning the validity of conclusions regarding the status of duck plague in wild waterfowl based upon negative results of random surveys conducted in the absence of epizootics. © Wildlife Disease Association 1997.
","language":"English","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-33.4.681","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Pearson, G.L., and Cassidy, D.R., Perspectives on the diagnosis, epizootiology, and control of the 1973 duck plague epizootic in wild waterfowl at Lake Andes, South Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 33 , no. 4, p. 681-705, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-33.4.681.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"681","endPage":"705","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373039,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"South Dakota ","county":"Charles Mix County ","city":"Lake Andes ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.1678466796875,\n 43.032760685832\n ],\n [\n -98.54736328125,\n 43.032760685832\n ],\n [\n -98.54736328125,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -100.1678466796875,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -100.1678466796875,\n 43.032760685832\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33 ","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearson, Gary L.","contributorId":76676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cassidy, Delmar R.","contributorId":223166,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cassidy","given":"Delmar","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205042,"text":"70205042 - null - Detecting hurricane impact and recovery from tree rings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-28T15:26:57","indexId":"70205042","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T15:21:17","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Detecting hurricane impact and recovery from tree rings","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tree Rings, Environment, and Humanity","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Conference","conferenceDate":"May 17-21, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Tuscon, AZ","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Doyle, T.W., Detecting hurricane impact and recovery from tree rings, in Tree Rings, Environment, and Humanity, Tuscon, AZ, May 17-21, 1994, p. 405-412.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"412","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.845947265625,\n 29.219302076779456\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 29.219302076779456\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 31.400535326863935\n ],\n [\n -90.845947265625,\n 31.400535326863935\n ],\n [\n -90.845947265625,\n 29.219302076779456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70246753,"text":"70246753 - null - Exsolved magmatic fluid and its role in the formation of comb-layered quartz at the Cretaceous Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-18T16:21:51.724071","indexId":"70246753","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T11:13:58","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Exsolved magmatic fluid and its role in the formation of comb-layered quartz at the Cretaceous Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, Canada","docAbstract":"Comb-layered quartz is a type of unidirectional solidification texture found at the roofs of shallow silicic intrusions that are often associated spatially with Mo and W mineralisation. The texture consists of multiple layers of euhedral, prismatic quartz crystals (Type I) that have grown on subplanar aplite substrates. The layers are separated by porphyritic aplite containing equant phenocrysts of quartz (Type II), which resemble quartz typical of volcanic rocks and porphyry intrusions. At Logtung, Type I quartz within comb layers is zoned with respect to a number of trace elements, including Al and K. Concentrations of these elements as well as Mn, Ti, Ge, Rb and H are anomalous and much higher than found in Type II quartz from Logtung or in igneous quartz reported elsewhere. The two populations appear to have formed under different conditions. The Type II quartz phenocrysts almost certainly grew from a high-silica melt between 600 and 800°C (as β-quartz); in contrast, the morphology of Type I quartz is consistent with precipitation from a hydrothermal solution, possibly as α-quartz grown below 600°C. The bulk compositions of comb-layered rocks, as well as the aplite interlayers, are consistent with the hypothesis that these textures did not precipitate solely from a crystallising silicate melt. Instead, Type I quartz may have grown from pockets of exsolved magmatic fluid located between the magma and its crystallised border. The Type II quartz represents pre-existing phenocrysts in the underlying magma; this magma was quenched to aplite during fracturing/degassing events. Renewed and repeated formation and disruption of the pockets of exsolved aqueous fluid accounts for the rhythmic banding of the rocks.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Third Hutton symposium on the origin of granites and related rocks","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"1996","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2315-9.291","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., and Sinclair, W.D., Exsolved magmatic fluid and its role in the formation of comb-layered quartz at the Cretaceous Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, Canada, chap. of The Third Hutton symposium on the origin of granites and related rocks, v. 315, p. 291-303, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2315-9.291.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419057,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Yukon Territory","otherGeospatial":"Logtung","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -131.918034408077,\n 60.00963320120135\n ],\n [\n -131.9420601623024,\n 60.00963320120135\n ],\n [\n -131.9420601623024,\n 60.000111867680914\n ],\n [\n -131.918034408077,\n 60.000111867680914\n ],\n [\n -131.918034408077,\n 60.00963320120135\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"315","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":878174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinclair, W. David","contributorId":69123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207050,"text":"70207050 - null - Geodetic monitoring of the southern San Andreas Fault, California, 1980-1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T12:49:02.247298","indexId":"70207050","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-04T14:40:08","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic monitoring of the southern San Andreas Fault, California, 1980-1991","docAbstract":"Five geodetic arrays (10 to 40 km aperture) located along the San Andreas fault have been surveyed frequently (several times in most years) over the 1980–1991 interval to detect possible fluctuations in the deformation rate. In each survey of an array the distances between the same four to seven pairs of geodetic monuments were measured. The distances measured (with corresponding standard deviation) range from 8.4 km (3.4 mm) to 38 km (8.2 mm). The data are displayed as plots of measured distance as a function of time. Linear fits in such plots furnish a satisfactory representation of the data. That is, the scatter of the data about the linear fits is within the range expected for the estimated standard deviations in measurement. However, there are coherent low‐amplitude (within the observational error) fluctuations apparent in some of the measured distances. Those fluctuations need not be tectonic effects but rather may be either random patterns or artifacts introduced by systematic drift in instrument calibration or wander of the geodetic monuments. We conclude that the measurements are consistent with steady deformation of the arrays over the 1980–1991 interval, and we find no convincing evidence in the data for fluctuations in the rate of deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB00611","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Lisowski, M., Geodetic monitoring of the southern San Andreas Fault, California, 1980-1991: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. B5, p. 8185-8192, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00611.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"8185","endPage":"8192","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -115.57617187499999,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -115.57617187499999,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 33.7243396617476\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206252,"text":"70206252 - null - Use of surface-geophysical and borehole-radar methods to detect fractures in crystalline rocks, Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-28T06:47:00","indexId":"70206252","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T14:38:22","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of surface-geophysical and borehole-radar methods to detect fractures in crystalline rocks, Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology of hard rocks: Memoires of the XXIVth Congress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"24th Congress, Hydrogeology of Hard Rocks","conferenceDate":"June 28-July 2, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Oslo, Norway","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey of Norway","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., Lane, J., and Lieblich, D., Use of surface-geophysical and borehole-radar methods to detect fractures in crystalline rocks, Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire, in Hydrogeology of hard rocks: Memoires of the XXIVth Congress, Oslo, Norway, June 28-July 2, 1993, p. 577-587.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"587","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Grafton County","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.71866416931152,\n 43.92590275678158\n ],\n [\n -71.67343139648438,\n 43.92590275678158\n ],\n [\n -71.67343139648438,\n 43.96149954712646\n ],\n [\n -71.71866416931152,\n 43.96149954712646\n ],\n [\n -71.71866416931152,\n 43.92590275678158\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lieblich, D.A.","contributorId":73645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lieblich","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208982,"text":"70208982 - null - The ecology of Humboldt Bay, California, an estuarine profile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T20:11:54","indexId":"70208982","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T19:55:13","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":93,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":" The ecology of Humboldt Bay, California, an estuarine profile","docAbstract":"Synthesizes data on the ecological relationships and functions of the estuary, including information on physical aspects of the bay environment; describes the biotic communities and their relationships; provides management considerations in terms including environmental concerns; and identifies research and management information gaps. Portions of the bay are managed as a national wildlife refuge. Management issues for this ecosystem include loss of habitat and degradation of the environment by additional industrial development and nonpoint source pollution. -from Authors
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","usgsCitation":"Barnhart, R., Boyd, M., and Pequegnat, J., The ecology of Humboldt Bay, California, an estuarine profile: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report, v. 1, 121 p. .","productDescription":"121 p. ","numberOfPages":"121","costCenters":[{"id":150,"text":"California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"California ","county":"Humboldt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.134521484375,\n 41.0565730874647\n ],\n [\n -123.72802734375,\n 41.0565730874647\n ],\n [\n -123.72802734375,\n 41.599013054830216\n ],\n [\n -124.134521484375,\n 41.599013054830216\n ],\n [\n -124.134521484375,\n 41.0565730874647\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnhart, R.A.","contributorId":223148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnhart","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyd, M.J.","contributorId":223149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyd","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pequegnat, J.E.","contributorId":223150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pequegnat","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206821,"text":"70206821 - null - Using GIS to determine the effects of contaminated sediments on natural resources in an estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-22T16:47:23","indexId":"70206821","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T16:33:58","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using GIS to determine the effects of contaminated sediments on natural resources in an estuary","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the second international US Fish and Wildlife Service geographic information systems workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Second International U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Geographic Information Systems Workshop","conferenceDate":"June 10-13, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Roscigno, P., Martin, G.M., Johnston, J.B., and Watzin, M.C., Using GIS to determine the effects of contaminated sediments on natural resources in an estuary, in Proceedings of the second international US Fish and Wildlife Service geographic information systems workshop, Fort Collins, CO, June 10-13, 1991, p. 41-50.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","otherGeospatial":"Mobile Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.13232421875,\n 30.548069799103555\n ],\n [\n -88.385009765625,\n 30.479449996609706\n ],\n [\n -88.36029052734375,\n 30.268556249047727\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -87.62420654296875,\n 30.510216587229984\n ],\n [\n -87.8302001953125,\n 30.493651170505892\n ],\n [\n -87.791748046875,\n 30.873940237887624\n ],\n [\n -88.10211181640624,\n 30.878654895778272\n ],\n [\n -88.12408447265625,\n 30.786677249436945\n ],\n [\n -88.13232421875,\n 30.548069799103555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roscigno, P.F.","contributorId":67628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roscigno","given":"P.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, G. M.","contributorId":220843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, J. B.","contributorId":220844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnston","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watzin, Mary C.","contributorId":214534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watzin","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70236906,"text":"70236906 - null - Radiation exposure near Chernobyl based on analysis of conifer injury using Thematic Mapper satellite images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T14:57:59.249544","indexId":"70236906","displayToPublicDate":"1988-12-31T09:51:28","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Radiation exposure near Chernobyl based on analysis of conifer injury using Thematic Mapper satellite images","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Joint CEC/OECD(NEA) workshop on recent advances in reactor accident consequence assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint CEC/OECD(NEA) Workshop on Recent Advances in Reactor Accident Consequence Assessment","conferenceDate":"Jan 25-29, 1988","conferenceLocation":"Rome, Italy","language":"English","publisher":"OECD Nuclear energy Agency","usgsCitation":"Goldman, M., Ustin, S.L., Warman, E.A., and Sadowski, F.G., Radiation exposure near Chernobyl based on analysis of conifer injury using Thematic Mapper satellite images, in Joint CEC/OECD(NEA) workshop on recent advances in reactor accident consequence assessment, Rome, Italy, Jan 25-29, 1988, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407137,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ukraine","otherGeospatial":"Chernobyl","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 29.729003906249996,\n 51.18106473752023\n ],\n [\n 30.25634765625,\n 51.18106473752023\n ],\n [\n 30.25634765625,\n 51.600959780448626\n ],\n [\n 29.729003906249996,\n 51.600959780448626\n ],\n [\n 29.729003906249996,\n 51.18106473752023\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldman, Marvin","contributorId":296884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goldman","given":"Marvin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ustin, Susan L.","contributorId":52878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ustin","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":852662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warman, Edward A.","contributorId":296885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warman","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sadowski, F. G.","contributorId":91634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadowski","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209260,"text":"70209260 - null - Storm‐dominated bottom boundary layer dynamics on the Northern California Continental Shelf: Measurements and predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T14:50:41","indexId":"70209260","displayToPublicDate":"1987-03-25T14:36:27","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm‐dominated bottom boundary layer dynamics on the Northern California Continental Shelf: Measurements and predictions","docAbstract":"Measurements of near‐bottom velocity profiles in 85 m water depth during a storm on the continental shelf off northern California using the GEOPROBE tripod in December 1979 provided estimates of shear velocities, , and roughness lengths, , when the near‐bottom velocity profiles were logarithmic. These estimates agree within 90% confidence intervals with values computed from a simple near‐bottom combined wave‐current model that includes movable bed effects. The reasonably good comparison between model and profile estimates of suggests that such models can be used to predict bed shear stresses (or shear velocities) under combined flows of waves and currents typical of stormy conditions on continental shelves if stratification corrections to the velocity profile resulting from suspended sediment are small. The repeated occurrences of storms of similar intensities and wind velocities during the winter months off northern California suggest that the resultant high bottom stresses due to the combined effects of waves and currents are major factors in controlling the distribution of surficial sediment on the central portion of the northern California shelf.
","doi":"10.1029/JC092iC02p01817","usgsCitation":"Cacchione, D., Grant, W., Drake, D., and Glenn, S., Storm‐dominated bottom boundary layer dynamics on the Northern California Continental Shelf: Measurements and predictions: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 92, no. C2, p. 1817-1827, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC02p01817.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1817","endPage":"1827","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373529,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Northern California Continental Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.2718505859375,\n 37.99183365313853\n ],\n [\n -122.7008056640625,\n 37.99183365313853\n ],\n [\n -122.7008056640625,\n 39.00211029922515\n ],\n [\n -124.2718505859375,\n 39.00211029922515\n ],\n [\n -124.2718505859375,\n 37.99183365313853\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"C2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":785618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grant, W.D.","contributorId":11764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glenn, S.M.","contributorId":223608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70204780,"text":"70204780 - null - Summary of the conference and information needs for mitigation in wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-15T12:46:53","indexId":"70204780","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T12:45:27","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"seriesNumber":"86-14","chapter":"8","title":"Summary of the conference and information needs for mitigation in wetlands","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland Functions, Rehabilitation, and Creation in the Pacific Northwest: The State of our Understanding ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"conferenceDate":"Apr 30-May 2, 1986","conferenceLocation":"Port Townsend, WA","usgsCitation":"Quammen, M.L., Summary of the conference and information needs for mitigation in wetlands, chap. 8 of Wetland Functions, Rehabilitation, and Creation in the Pacific Northwest: The State of our Understanding , p. 151-158.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366573,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":366572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/SummaryPages/8614.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quammen, Millicent L.","contributorId":218143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quammen","given":"Millicent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70204765,"text":"70204765 - null - Vegetation pattern on channel features in the Passage Creek Gorge, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-14T10:53:25","indexId":"70204765","displayToPublicDate":"1983-08-14T10:46:13","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1195,"text":"Castanea","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation pattern on channel features in the Passage Creek Gorge, Virginia","docAbstract":"Persistent distribution patterns of woody vegetation within the bottomland forest of Passage Creek, Virginia, were related to fluvial landforms, channel geometry, streamflow characteristics, and sediment-size characteristics. Vegetation patterns were determined from species presence as observed in transects and traverses on landforms developed along the stream. Distinct species distributional patterns were found on four common fluvial geomorphic landforms: depositional bar, active-channel shelf, floodplain, and terrace. Independent hydrologic characteristics (flow duration and flood frequency) were determined for each of the landforms. Vegetation data were analyzed by binary discriminant analysis, principal components analysis, and detrended correspondence analysis. Results and related field observations suggest that certain species are significantly associated with specific fluvial landforms. Vegetation patterns appear to develop more as a result of hydrologic processes associated with each fluvial landform rather than from sediment-size characteristics. Flood disturbance may be an important factor in maintaining the vegetation patterns, which may therefore be used as indicators for particular hydrogeomorphic site conditions.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Milankovitch and Climate: Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Advanced Research Workshop on Milankovitch and Climate","conferenceDate":"November 30- December 4, 1982","conferenceLocation":"Palisades, New York","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M., Dean, W.E., Bottjer, D., and Scholle, P.A., Rhythmic bedding in Mesozoic- Cenozoic pelagic carbonate sequences: The primary and diagenetic origin of Milankovitch-like cycles, in Milankovitch and Climate: Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing, v. 1, Palisades, New York, November 30- December 4, 1982, p. 191-222.","productDescription":"32","startPage":"191","endPage":"222","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374584,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bottjer, D.J.","contributorId":73370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bottjer","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scholle, Peter A.","contributorId":48954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":788815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226540,"text":"70226540 - null - Relations between geological structure and aeromagnetic anomalies in central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T14:52:50.982766","indexId":"70226540","displayToPublicDate":"1970-07-01T08:42:20","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between geological structure and aeromagnetic anomalies in central Nevada","docAbstract":"An aeromagnetic survey of a 6000-km2 area in central Nevada has been complied by the U.S. Geological Survey. An interpretation of the aeromagnetic data is developed to establish relations between near-surface geological features and structure extending to intermediate depths in the crust.
A three-dimensional distribution of magnetized material is described which would reproduce approximately the observed aeromagnetic anomalies. Anomaly sources extend from the surface to depths exceeding 15 km and require values of magnetic moment per unit volume averaging more than 2000 × 10−6 (cgs).
Magnetic anomaly lineations were analyzed by two methods. The first involves digital fan filtering and subsequent autocovariance computations. This method is sensitive to amplitude of linear anomalies, and indicated a dominant north-northwest trend with approximately 80 percent of the anomaly trend power in an azimuth range of northwest to northeast. The second method involves preparation of rosettes from measured lengths and azimuths of lineations indicated by noses and flexures on the contoured map. This method is not sensitive to anomaly amplitude. The dominant N. 10°E. trend determined in this way is indicative of the effect of near-surface geological structure on the magnetic field.
The dominant north-northwest-trending zone of magnetic anomalies is located along an alinement of windows through the Roberts Mountains thrust fault. This suggests that elongate doming of the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks associated with the thrust may be related to emplacement of magnetic anomaly source material, and implies that this has been a zone of recurring tectonic activity since late Paleozoic time. Analysis of stresses possibly associated with forceful injection of magnetic anomaly sources and possible shear deformation along this north-northwest-trending zone suggests that these factors may have had a secondary influence on azimuths of high-angle faults and dikes.
","usgsCitation":"Robinson, E.S., Relations between geological structure and aeromagnetic anomalies in central Nevada: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 7, p. 2045-2060.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2045","endPage":"2060","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392046,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Elko County, Eureka County, Lander County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.90551757812499,\n 39.29179704377487\n ],\n [\n -115.5706787109375,\n 39.29179704377487\n ],\n [\n -115.5706787109375,\n 40.76806170936614\n ],\n [\n -116.90551757812499,\n 40.76806170936614\n ],\n [\n -116.90551757812499,\n 39.29179704377487\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Edwin S.","contributorId":269498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206731,"text":"70206731 - null - Xenoliths in the honolulu volcanic series, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-19T07:55:53","indexId":"70206731","displayToPublicDate":"1970-06-30T07:53:13","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Xenoliths in the honolulu volcanic series, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The Pleistocene to Holocene Honolulu Volcanic Series was erupted from about 37 vents scattered over the older Koolau tholeiite shield. The rocks of this series are compositionally zoned with respect to the shield; near the Koolau caldera the predominant rocks are melilitenepheline basalts, but these give way outward to nepheline basalts, and ultimately, at the apron of the shield, to alkalic olivine basalts. The xenoliths in these are likewise zoned: most of those in the caldera area consist of dunite, most of those at intermediate distances of lherzolite, and some of those in the apron of the shield consist of garnet pyroxenite and peridotite. The zoning of the xenoliths, however, does not coincide with that of the enclosing rocks. We believe that copious eruption of Koolau tholeiite produced a lateral and vertical heterogeneity in the mantle beneath Oahu, and that the zoning in both Honolulu lavas and their xenoliths is caused by that heterogeneity. The textures of the xenoliths indicate that the basalts were mainly produced by fractional melting rather than fractional crystallization. There is some evidence that the dunite xenoliths are mantle residua produced during the generation of the tholeiite, and that the Honolulu magmas were generated at greater depths than the Koolau magmas, probably as a result of elastic unloading. © 1970 Oxford University Press.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press ","doi":"10.1093/petrology/11.2.405","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Jackson, E.D., and Wright, T.L., Xenoliths in the honolulu volcanic series, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 11, no. 2, p. 405-433, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/11.2.405.","productDescription":"29 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, E. D.","contributorId":120010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221063,"text":"70221063 - null - Garnet types from the Cazadero area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-01T16:26:08.813129","indexId":"70221063","displayToPublicDate":"1963-01-01T11:19:08","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Garnet types from the Cazadero area, California","docAbstract":"This is the third in a series of papers on glaucophane schists from the Franciscan Formation near Cazadero, California. Previous papers describe three distinct types of glaucophane-bearing Franciscan metamorphic rocks near Cazadero.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the garnets present in metamorphic types III (bedrock schists) and IV (tectonic blocks) as defined by Coleman & Lee (1963). Twenty-four garnet analyses are presented. Sixteen of these are from (aragonite-bearing) type III glaucophane schists, and eight are from type IV glaucophane schists. Type IV rocks include California eclogites.
Type III rocks include metabasalt, metachert, metashale, meta-ironstone, and metacarbonate that were formed under high pressure and relatively low temperature. These rocks contain garnets that display a wide range of composition, but the dominant molecules represented are consistently almandine, spessartine, and grossular.
Type IV rocks are mainly metabasalts that were probably formed under higher temperatures and pressures than type III rocks. There is a distinct difference between garnets from type III rocks and those from type IV (including eclogites); the lattercontain less spessartine and more pyrope, and the dominant molecules are almandine and grossular. The four analyses of garnets from California eclogites have an average pyrope content of about ten molecular per cent, and they extend the range of composition reported for eclogite garnets.
Quantitative spectrographic determinations of minor elements are listed for each of the garnets described. The values determined for some of the minor elements have a wide range and a capricious distribution over a few feet of outcrop area.
As a group, both the garnets from type III rocks and those from type IV are pyralspites with large contents (as much as 35 molecular per cent) of ugrandite. This unusual admixture of the pyralspite and ugrandite garnet series may have resulted in part from the conditions (high pressures and relatively low temperatures) under which the enclosing rocks were recrystallized.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/4.3.460","usgsCitation":"Lee, D.E., Coleman, R.G., and Erd, R.C., Garnet types from the Cazadero area, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 4, no. 3, p. 460-492, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/4.3.460.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"460","endPage":"492","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cazadero area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 38.44390909175749\n ],\n [\n -122.77084350585938,\n 38.44390909175749\n ],\n [\n -122.77084350585938,\n 38.72623322072787\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 38.72623322072787\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 38.44390909175749\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, D. E.","contributorId":96705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erd, Richard C.","contributorId":89899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erd","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70220528,"text":"70220528 - null - Effect on evaporation of releases from reservoirs on Salt River, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T17:05:16.62051","indexId":"70220528","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-30T11:59:52","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect on evaporation of releases from reservoirs on Salt River, Arizona","docAbstract":"By means of the energy-budget method, measurements of evaporation losses from four reservoirs on Salt River, Ariz., were determined to range from 57.5 to 69.9 inches for the 12-month period April 1958 to March 1959. Water is withdrawn from Roosevelt Lake at considerable depth and released through three run-of-the-river reservoirs. Because the water released from Roosevelt Lake is cold, evaporation losses from the downstream reservoirs are considerably lower than those from Roosevelt Lake. Evaporation pan coefficients computed for the various reservoirs ranged from 0.53 to 0.65. A base evaporation rate was computed for each reservoir as the evaporation rate that would have occurred had there been no change in energy storage and the net advected energy equalled zero during the year.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666009493178","usgsCitation":"Koberg, G., Effect on evaporation of releases from reservoirs on Salt River, Arizona: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 5, no. 3, p. 37-44, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493178.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493178","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Salt River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.2637939453125,\n 33.28921188443142\n ],\n [\n -110.8245849609375,\n 33.28921188443142\n ],\n [\n -110.8245849609375,\n 33.75631505992707\n ],\n [\n -112.2637939453125,\n 33.75631505992707\n ],\n [\n -112.2637939453125,\n 33.28921188443142\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koberg, G.E.","contributorId":258181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koberg","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70205259,"text":"70205259 - null - Field guidebook, June 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-12T07:11:19","indexId":"70205259","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-10T14:00:46","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5716,"text":"Oregon State Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"subchapterNumber":"John Day to upper Bear Valley, Field Trip no. 5","title":"Field guidebook, June 1959","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","usgsCitation":"Wilkinson , W., and Thayer, T.P., Field guidebook, June 1959: Oregon State Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin, v. 50, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"102","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367324,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Oregon ","city":"John Day ","otherGeospatial":"Bear Valley ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.08905029296874,\n 44.178756972181695\n ],\n [\n -118.86177062988281,\n 44.178756972181695\n ],\n [\n -118.86177062988281,\n 44.423482510295\n ],\n [\n -119.08905029296874,\n 44.423482510295\n ],\n [\n -119.08905029296874,\n 44.178756972181695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkinson , William Donald ","contributorId":218871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilkinson ","given":"William Donald ","affiliations":[{"id":6605,"text":"USGS","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7198,"text":"Oregon Department Geology and Mineral Industries","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":770588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thayer, Thomas P","contributorId":218870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thayer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P","affiliations":[{"id":7198,"text":"Oregon Department Geology and Mineral Industries","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6605,"text":"USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":770589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70212510,"text":"70212510 - null - Yield of sediment in relation to mean annual precipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-18T18:22:07.775793","indexId":"70212510","displayToPublicDate":"1958-08-18T13:05:30","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Yield of sediment in relation to mean annual precipitation","docAbstract":"Effective mean annual precipitation is related to sediment yield from drainage basins throughout the climatic regions of the United States. Sediment yield is a maximum at about 10 to 14 inches of precipitation, decreasing sharply on both sides of this maximum in one case owing to a deficiency of runoff and in the other to increased density of vegetation. Data are presented illustrating the increase in bulk density of vegetation with increased annual precipitation and the relation of relative erosion to vegetative density. It is suggested that the effect of a climatic change on sediment yield depends not only upon direction of climate change, but also on the climate before the change. Sediment concentration in runoff is shown to increase with decreased annual precipitation, suggesting further that a decrease in precipitation will cause stream channel aggradation
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR039i006p01076","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W., and Schumm, S.A., Yield of sediment in relation to mean annual precipitation: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 39, no. 6, p. 1076-1084, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR039i006p01076.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1076","endPage":"1084","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, Walter B.","contributorId":98294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schumm, S. A.","contributorId":71957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumm","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206627,"text":"70206627 - null - Ocoee series of the southern Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T06:58:02","indexId":"70206627","displayToPublicDate":"1949-12-31T06:50:08","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Ocoee series of the southern Appalachians","title":"Ocoee series of the southern Appalachians","docAbstract":"The Ocoee series is divided into four major units present from northern North Carolina to western Georgia and a fifth, younger, formation present only in southern North Carolina and Georgia. The units recognize dare as follows: The Ocoee series is a broad synclinal belt of resistant Great Smoky quartzite, which forms most of the Great Smoky Mountains and the Bald Mountains, with Nantahala slate and in places the Big Butt quartzite enclosed in synclines; the Hurricane graywacke is on the flanks of the main syncline. In the deeper Murphy syncline the Big Butt quartzite is overlain by the Valleytown formation. The Ocoee series is thrust northwestward on the Great Smoky overthrust over Paleozoic rocks of the Great Valley, and in Tennessee overrides unmetamorphosed sandstone, shale, limestone, and limestone conglomerate which previously were mapped as Wilhite slate and were included in the Ocoee series. These rocks in a few places contain Middle Ordovician fossils and are a newly recognized part of a clastic shore facies equivalent to an expanded Tellico sandstone of undetermined stratigraphic range. This part of the Ordovician shore facies is in the Pulaski block in Tennessee and is exposed also in windows in the Great Smoky overthrust block in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia. The Ocoee series does not resemble the Lower Cambrian Chilhowee group, which it overrides, nor any other Lower Cambrian facies. Lower Cambrian quartzites overlie with erosional unconformity the Catoctin basalt, Swift Run tuff, and Mt. Rogers volcanic series, proving that these volcanic rocks are late pre-Cambrian. The Ocoee series resembles the Lynchburg gneiss, which is equivalent to the late pre-Cambrian Swift Run tuff. The Ocoee series is stratigraphically overlain by the Lower Cambrian Unicoi formation and is late pre-Cambrian. © 1949, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[267:OSOTSA]2.0.CO;2","issn":" 00167606","usgsCitation":"George, W., and Stose, A., Ocoee series of the southern Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60 , no. 2, p. 267-320, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[267:OSOTSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"54 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"320","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"North Carolina, 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\"}}]}","volume":"60 ","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, W.O.","contributorId":41886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"W.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stose, A.J.","contributorId":88808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stose","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206352,"text":"70206352 - null - The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-30T17:56:49","indexId":"70206352","displayToPublicDate":"1937-07-01T17:48:36","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","docAbstract":"The Chelmsford granite is quarried in and around Oak Hill, about six miles west of Lowell, Massachusetts. The granite‐area is about eight miles long and one to three miles wide, and its longer dimension has a northeast bearing which is parallel with the regional axis of foliation in the country rock. The writer favors a hypothesis that much of the granite represents granitization of biotite schist under hydro‐magmatic invasion, and under stress that was insufficient to deform or distort the preexisting country rock‐structures to any marked degree. Banding of the granite is due chiefly, to variable amounts of biotite. The bands are thin and remarkably uniform. The banding, attitudes of schist inclusions, and distribution of the entire mass con form to the regional structural elements. Lit‐par‐lit injection‐bands are not clearly discernible although many of the light‐colored bands are doubtless of such origin. The absence of flow‐schlieren is noted. Petrographic evidence shows a remarkable amount of metasomatic fabric. Undoubted primary granitic texture is practically wanting. There is a high degree of orientation of biotite, muscovite, and groups of small mosaic quartz‐grains. The contacts of inclusions with adjacent granite‐bands are very irregular and interpenetrative, and granitic material also penetrates intricately along schistosity planes within the inclusions. Large irregular feldspar porphyroblasts and strings of such grains are distributed through the inclusions, generally with decreasing concentration toward the centers. Pegmatite and quartz veins, some of which carry much tourmaline, are abundant in some of the quarries. Crystallization zoning of feldspars is very rare. Feldspars are of three generations: (1) Early polysynthetically twinned porphyroblasts and irregular groundmass grains of oligoclase or albite‐oligoclase; (2) microcline and orthoclase, chiefly as porphyroblasts, and in part replacing the earlier plagioclase; and (3) albite and albite‐oligoclase, untwinned and mottled, as individual crystals, streaks, patches, and porphyroblasts, replacing microcline, quartz, and mica. Incomplete twinning, corrosion‐contacts, optical anomalies, inclusions of minerals, pseudo‐perthitic and myrmekitlc grains are among the diagnostic petrographic features that contribute to the theory of replacement.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1029/TR018i001p00260","issn":" 00028606","usgsCitation":"Currier, L., The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 18, no. 1, p. 260-261, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR018i001p00260.","productDescription":"2 pg. 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L.W.","contributorId":61489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currier","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182009,"text":"70182009 - No Year - Sand and gravel resources of Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-21T14:56:42.459518","indexId":"70182009","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T00:00:00","noYear":true,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Sand and gravel resources of Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Many of Puerto Rico's beaches are eroding, and though rates of erosion vary, it is a major concern for the tourism and residential development industries. More than 85 percent of the population lives within 7 kilometers of the coast and they are heavily dependent on tourists that are attracted by the island's beaches and coral reefs. High-quality scientific data are needed to help formulate public policy regarding residential and commercial construction along the coast, beach replenishment, and future use of marine resources. Scientists have long recognized that the causes of coastal land loss are not limited to a relative rise in sea level, but can be manmade as well. For example, sediment supply to beaches especially along the north shore of Puerto Rico has been strongly affected by upstream river channeling, dam construction, various agricultural practices, paving and urbanization, as well as shallow-water oceanographic processes. The response to coastal erosion in Puerto Rico has been mostly crisis based leading to engineered solutions that have a negative effect on the coastal environment.
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