The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is conducting epidemiological studies to evaluate the potential for health effects from exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in finished water supplied to family housing units at U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina (USMCB Camp Lejeune). The core period of interest for the epidemiological studies is 1968– 1985. VOCs of major interest to the epidemiological studies include tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (1,2-tDCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and benzene.
\nEight water-distribution systems have supplied or currently (2013) are supplying finished water to family housing and other facilities at USMCB Camp Lejeune. The three distribution systems of interest to this study—Tarawa Terrace, Hadnot Point, and Holcomb Boulevard—have historically supplied finished water to the majority of family housing units at the Base. Historical exposure data needed for the epidemiological studies are limited or unavailable. To obtain estimates of historical exposure, water-modeling methods are used to quantify concentrations of particular contaminants in finished water and to compute the level and duration of human expo- sure to contaminated finished water.
\nDuring 2007–2009, ATSDR published historical reconstruction results for contaminants delivered in finished water to Tarawa Terrace family housing areas and vicinity. Corresponding results for Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard family housing areas and vicinity are presented here as a series of reports supporting ATSDR’s health studies at USMCB Camp Lejeune. These reports and associated supplements provide comprehensive descriptions of information, data analyses and interpretations, and modeling results used to reconstruct historical contaminant concentration levels in finished water delivered within the service areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard water treatment plants (WTPs) and vicinities. This report, Chapter A: Summary and Findings, summarizes analyses and results of reconstructed VOC concentrations in groundwater, in water-supply wells, and in finished water delivered by the Hadnot Point WTP (HPWTP) and Holcomb Boulevard WTP (HBWTP) to family housing areas and vicinities.
\nMethods and approaches to complete the historical reconstruction process for the Hadnot Point–Holcomb Boulevard study area included (1) information discovery and data mining, (2) three-dimensional, steady-state (predevelopment) and transient groundwater-flow modeling using MODFLOW-2005 and objective parameter estimation using PEST-12, (3) deter- mining historical water-supply well scheduling and operations using TechWellOp, (4) three-dimensional contaminant fate and transport modeling for VOCs dissolved in groundwater using MT3DMS-5.3, (5) estimating the volume of light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) released to the subsurface at the Hadnot Point Industrial Area using TechNAPLVol, (6) analysis of LNAPL and dissolved phase fate and transport using TechFlowMP, (7) reconstruction of water-supply well concentrations at the Hadnot Point landfill using the linear control theory model (LCM) TechControl, (8) computation of flow-weighted average concentrations of VOCs assigned to finished water delivered by the HPWTP using a materials mass balance (simple mixing) model, (9) extended period simulation of hydraulics and water quality of the Holcomb Boulevard water-distribution system using EPANET 2, (10) sensitivity analysis of hydraulic, fate and transport, and numerical-model parameter values, (11) uncertainty analysis by coupling Kalman filtering with Monte Carlo simulation within the LCM methodology, and (12) probabilistic analysis of intermittent connections (1972–1985) of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard water-distribution systems using the TechMarkov-Chain model. The end result of the historical reconstruction process was the estimation of monthly mean concentrations of selected VOCs in finished water distributed to housing areas served by the HPWTP and HBWTP.
\nHistorical reconstruction results summarized herein provide considerable evidence that concentrations of several contaminants of interest in finished water delivered by the HPWTP substantially exceeded current maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) during all or much of the epidemiological study period of 1968–1985. Reconstructed concentrations of TCE exceeded the current MCL of 5 micrograms per liter (μg/L) prior to and during the entire epidemiological study period and reached a maximum reconstructed concentration of 783 μg/L during November 1983. The most likely date that TCE first exceeded its current MCL is during August 1953; however, this exceedance could have been as early as November 1948. Corresponding finished-water concentrations of PCE exceeded the current MCL of 5 μg/L during most of the period 1975–1985 and also reached a maximum concentration of 39 μg/L during November 1983. Similar results for 1,2-tDCE and VC were also noted during the period 1975–1985. The maximum reconstructed concentrations of 1,2-tDCE and VC were 435 and 67 μg/L, respectively, and also occurred during November 1983. The respective current MCLs for these contaminants are 100 and 2.0 μg/L.
\nSubstantial volumes of liquid hydrocarbon fuels were lost due to leakage to the subsurface within the Hadnot Point Industrial Area. This area contained as many as 10 active water-supply wells. Despite the large volumes lost, finished- water concentrations of benzene only slightly exceeded the current MCL of 5 μg/L during the period 1980–1985. The maximum reconstructed concentration of 12 μg/L of benzene occurred during April 1984.
\nWithin the HBWTP service area, only TCE routinely exceeded its current MCL during intermittent periods (1972–1985). The TCE resulted from transfers of finished water from the Hadnot Point water-distribution system to the Holcomb Boulevard water-distribution system. The maximum reconstructed TCE concentration of 51 μg/L occurred during June 1978 at the Berkeley Manor housing area. During the 8-day period of January 28 through February 4, 1985, the HBWTP was out of service, and the HPWTP continuously supplied finished water to the Holcomb Boulevard housing area. During this period, the maximum reconstructed TCE concentration at the HPWTP was 324 μg/L, which resulted in a maximum reconstructed monthly mean concentration of 66 μg/L within the Paradise Point housing area.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
The purpose of the study described in this supplement of Chapter A (Supplement 4) is to construct, simulate, and calibrate a groundwater-flow model that represents the hydro-geologic framework and related groundwater-flow conditions described by Faye (2012) and Faye et al. (2013) within the vicinity of the Hadnot Point–Holcomb Boulevard (HPHB) study area, U.S. Marine Corp Base (USMCB) Camp Lejeune (Figure S4.1). Multiple variants of the groundwater-flow model were constructed and are described herein. The models simulate groundwater-flow conditions in the Brewster Boulevard, Tarawa Terrace, and Upper and Middle Castle Hayne aquifer systems from January 1942 to June 2008. Much of the discussion and analyses described herein parallel and partially duplicate methods and approaches described in similar reports of groundwater-flow investigations at Tarawa Terrace (TT) and vicinity by Faye and Valenzuela (2007). Model results were eventually used within several contaminant fate and transport models described by Jones et al. (2013) and Jang et al. (2013) for the historical reconstruction of finished-water3 concentrations within the service areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard water treatment plants (HPWTP and HBWTP, respectively). This supplement focuses on the description of groundwater-flow model geometry, boundaries, hydraulic properties, calibration, and sensitivity analyses.
The Dry Tortugas are a series of islands, banks, and channels on a carbonate platform off the west end of the Florida Keys. Antecedent topography of the Dry Tortugas reflects carbonate accumulations of the last interglacial (marine isotope substage 5e, ~ 125,000 years ago, ka) when sea level was ~ 6 to 7 meters (m) higher than present (Schrag and others, 2002). The substage 5e surface was subsequently lithified and modified during subaerial exposure associated with lower sea level from ~ 120 ka to 8 ka. The lithified late Pleistocene carbonates are known as the Key Largo Limestone, a coral reef (Hoffmeister and Multer, 1964; Multer and others, 2002), and the Miami Limestone, a tidal-bar oolite (Sanford, 1909; Hoffmeister, 1974). The Holocene and modern sediments and reefs of the Dry Tortugas then accreted during the rise of sea level associated with the end of the last glacial and the start of the current interglacial (marine isotope Stage 1). With the exception of a half dozen or so islands, the Dry Tortugas region has been submerged for approximately 8,000 years, allowing conditions suitable for coral reef formation once again. The Holocene reef accumulation varies in thickness due to the antecedent topography. The reefs are composed of massive head corals such as species of Montastraea, Siderastrea, and Diploria (Swart and others, 1996; Cohen and McConnaughey, 2003) and rest atop the Pleistocene Key Largo Limestone high (Shinn and others, 1977). The coral reefs within the Dry Tortugas represent a windward reef margin relative to dominant wind and wave energies (Hine and Mullins, 1983; Mallinson and others, 1997; Mallinson and others, 2003).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121095","usgsCitation":"Hickey, T.D., Reich, C.D., DeLong, K.L., Poore, R.Z., and Brock, J., 2013, Holocene core logs and site methods for modern reef and head-coral cores - Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1095, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121095.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1095.gif"},{"id":268768,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1095/"},{"id":268769,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1095/pdf/ofr2012-1095.pdf","text":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Dry Tortugas National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.76673820002982,\n 24.702032234521695\n ],\n [\n -82.80111355697035,\n 24.72611070301882\n ],\n [\n -82.86737930528973,\n 24.725734512768284\n ],\n [\n -82.90051217944944,\n 24.717834254792294\n ],\n [\n -82.96719208869578,\n 24.649344358619032\n ],\n [\n -82.96553544498762,\n 24.5665042001456\n ],\n [\n -82.89678473110656,\n 24.566880870376693\n ],\n [\n -82.80028523511646,\n 24.617720954532814\n ],\n [\n -82.76632403910288,\n 24.66891673942027\n ],\n [\n -82.76632403910288,\n 24.702032234521695\n ],\n [\n -82.76673820002982,\n 24.702032234521695\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513713f7e4b02ab8869bff97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickey, Todd D.","contributorId":34255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reich, Christopher D. 0000-0002-2534-1456 creich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1456","contributorId":900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"Christopher","email":"creich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeLong, Kristine L.","contributorId":19249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLong","given":"Kristine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70044282,"text":"70044282 - 2013 - Special issue on geostatistical and spatiometrical modeling of coal resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-20T19:59:16","indexId":"70044282","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Special issue on geostatistical and spatiometrical modeling of coal resources","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2013.01.010","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., 2013, Special issue on geostatistical and spatiometrical modeling of coal resources: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 112, no. 1, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2013.01.010.","productDescription":"1 p.","ipdsId":"IP-041741","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268757,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2013.01.010"},{"id":268758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513713fce4b02ab8869bffab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":47873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044411,"text":"sim3241 - 2013 - Flood-inundation maps for the Flatrock River at Columbus, Indiana, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T13:56:27","indexId":"sim3241","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3241","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the Flatrock River at Columbus, Indiana, 2012","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for a 5-mile reach of the Flatrock River on the western side of Columbus, Indiana, from County Road 400N to the river mouth at the confluence with Driftwood River, were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Transportation. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/ and the Federal Flood Inundation Mapper Web site at http://wim.usgs.gov/FIMI/FloodInundationMapper.html, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage on the Flatrock River at Columbus (station number 03363900). Near-real-time stages at this streamgage may be obtained on the Internet from the USGS National Water Information System at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ or the National Weather Service (NWS) Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service, which also presents the USGS data, at http:/water.weather.gov/ahps/. Flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The model was calibrated by using the most current stage-discharge relation at the Flatrock River streamgage, high-water marks that were surveyed following the flood of June 7, 2008, and water-surface profiles from the current flood-insurance study for the City of Columbus. The hydraulic model was then used to compute 12 water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot (ft) intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from 9 ft or near bankfull to 20 ft, which exceeds the stages that correspond to both the estimated 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability flood (500-year recurrence interval flood) and the maximum recorded peak flow. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a Geographic Information System digital elevation model (derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data having a 0.37 ft vertical accuracy and 3.9 ft horizontal resolution) to delineate the area flooded at each water level. The availability of these maps on the USGS Federal Flood Inundation Mapper Web site, along with Internet information regarding current stage from the USGS streamgage, will provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3241","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., 2013, Flood-inundation maps for the Flatrock River at Columbus, Indiana, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3241, Maps: 12 Sheets: 17 x 22 inches; Pamphlet: vi, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3241.","productDescription":"Maps: 12 Sheets: 17 x 22 inches; Pamphlet: vi, 12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2012-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3241.png"},{"id":268770,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/"},{"id":268780,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet9_626_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268781,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet10_627_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268771,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/sim3241-pamphlet.pdf"},{"id":268772,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet1_618_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268773,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet2_619_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268774,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet3_620_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268775,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet4_621_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268776,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet5_622_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268777,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet6_623_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268778,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet7_624_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268779,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet8_625_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268784,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet12_629_74ft.pdf"},{"id":268783,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3241/downloads/map_sheets/sim3241-sheet11_628_74ft.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Columbus","otherGeospatial":"Flatrock River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.006,39.1206 ], [ -86.006,39.2745 ], [ -85.793,39.2745 ], [ -85.793,39.1206 ], [ -86.006,39.1206 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513713f6e4b02ab8869bff93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, William F. 0000-0002-7007-7797 wcoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-7797","contributorId":1765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"William","email":"wcoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044419,"text":"sir20105090J - 2013 - Descriptive models, grade-tonnage relations, and databases for the assessment of sediment-hosted copper deposits: with emphasis on deposits in the Central Africa Copperbelt, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia: Chapter J in Global mineral resource assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70044419,"text":"sir20105090J - 2013 - Descriptive models, grade-tonnage relations, and databases for the assessment of sediment-hosted copper deposits: with emphasis on deposits in the Central Africa Copperbelt, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia: Chapter J in Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090J","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","title":"Descriptive models, grade-tonnage relations, and databases for the assessment of sediment-hosted copper deposits: with emphasis on deposits in the Central Africa Copperbelt, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia: Chapter J in Global mineral resource assessment"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:48:40","indexId":"sir20105090J","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"J","title":"Descriptive models, grade-tonnage relations, and databases for the assessment of sediment-hosted copper deposits: with emphasis on deposits in the Central Africa Copperbelt, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia: Chapter J in Global mineral resource assessment","docAbstract":"The Central African Copperbelt (CACB) is one of the most important copper-producing regions of the world. The majority of copper produced in Africa comes from this region defined by the Neoproterozoic Katanga sedimentary basin of the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and northern Zambia. Copper in the CACB is mined from sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits associated with red beds and includes the giant deposits in the Kolwezi and Tenge-Fungurume districts in the DRC and the Konkola-Musoshi and Nchanga-Chingola districts in Zambia. In recent years, sediment-hosted structurally controlled replacement and vein (SCRV) copper deposits, such as the giant Kansanshi deposit in Zambia have become important exploration targets in the CACB region.
\nIn 2011, the CACB accounted for 7.2 percent of the estimated global mine production of copper. Global production of copper is principally derived from porphyry and sediment-hosted copper deposits (57 and 23 percent, respectively). Almost 50 percent of the copper known to exist in sediment-hosted deposits (past production plus identified resources) is contained in the CACB, 25 percent is contained in the Zechstein Basin of northern Europe, and the remainder is contained in an additional 29 sedimentary basins distributed around the globe.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) led an assessment of undiscovered copper resources in the CACB as part of a global mineral resource assessment for undiscovered resources of potash, copper, and platinum-group elements in selected mineral deposit types. As part of the assessment process, available data for the CACB were compiled and evaluated. This report describes the results of that work, including new descriptive mineral-deposit and grade and tonnage models and spatial databases for deposits and occurrences, ore bodies and open pits.
\nChapter 1 of this report summarizes a descriptive model of sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits. General characteristics and subtypes of sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits are described based upon worldwide examples. Chapter 2 provides a global database of 170 sediment-hosted copper deposits, along with a statistical evaluation of grade and tonnage data for stratabound deposits, a comparison of stratabound deposits in the CACB with those found elsewhere, a discussion of the distinctive characteristics of the subtypes of sediment-hosted copper deposits that occur within the CACB, and guidelines for using grade and tonnage distributions for assessment of undiscovered resources in sediment-hosted stratabound deposits in the CACB. Chapter 3 presents a new descriptive model of sediment-hosted structurally controlled replacement and vein (SCRV) copper deposits with descriptions of individual deposits of this type in the CACB and elsewhere. Appendix A describes a relational database of tonnage, grade, and other information for more than 100 sediment-hosted copper deposits in the CACB. These data are used to calculate the pre-mining mineral endowment for individual deposits in the CACB and serve as the basis for the grade and tonnage models presented in chapter 2. Appendix B describes three spatial databases (Esri shapefiles) for (1) point locations of more than 500 sediment-hosted copper deposits and prospects, (2) projected surface extent of 86 selected copper ore bodies, and (3) areal extent of 77 open pits, all within the CACB.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global mineral resource assessment (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105090J","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.D., Causey, J.D., Denning, P., Hammarstrom, J.M., Hayes, T.S., Horton, J.D., Kirschbaum, M.J., Parks, H.L., Wilson, A.B., Wintzer, N.E., and Zientek, M.L., 2013, Descriptive models, grade-tonnage relations, and databases for the assessment of sediment-hosted copper deposits: with emphasis on deposits in the Central Africa Copperbelt, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia: Chapter J in Global mineral resource assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090, Report: xiv, 154 p.; Table 2-1; Appendixes A and B, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105090J.","productDescription":"Report: xiv, 154 p.; Table 2-1; Appendixes A and B","startPage":"i","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"172","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5090_J.gif"},{"id":268802,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/j/sir2010-5090j_table_2-1.xlsx","text":"Table 2-1","size":"0.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 2-1"},{"id":268803,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/j/sir2010-5090j_DB.zip","text":"Appendix A Database","size":"1.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Appendix A"},{"id":268800,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/j/"},{"id":268801,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/j/sir2010-5090j_text.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":268804,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/j/sir2010-5090j_GIS.zip","text":"Appendix B GIS","size":"0.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Appendix B"}],"country":"Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 11.1,-18.1 ], [ 11.1,3.7 ], [ 33.7,3.7 ], [ 33.7,-18.1 ], [ 11.1,-18.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513713e2e4b02ab8869bff8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Cliff D. 0000-0001-6376-6298 ctaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-6298","contributorId":1283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Cliff","email":"ctaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Causey, J. 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2013 - Seismic imaging of the Waltham Canyon fault, California: comparison of ray‐theoretical and Fresnel volume prestack depth migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T21:23:54","indexId":"70043479","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic imaging of the Waltham Canyon fault, California: comparison of ray‐theoretical and Fresnel volume prestack depth migration","docAbstract":"Near‐vertical faults can be imaged using reflected refractions identified in controlled‐source seismic data. Often theses phases are observed on a few neighboring shot or receiver gathers, resulting in a low‐fold data set. Imaging can be carried out with Kirchhoff prestack depth migration in which migration noise is suppressed by constructive stacking of large amounts of multifold data. Fresnel volume migration can be used for low‐fold data without severe migration noise, as the smearing along isochrones is limited to the first Fresnel zone around the reflection point. We developed a modified Fresnel volume migration technique to enhance imaging of steep faults and to suppress noise and undesired coherent phases. The modifications include target‐oriented filters to separate reflected refractions from steep‐dipping faults and reflections with hyperbolic moveout. Undesired phases like multiple reflections, mode conversions, direct P and S waves, and surface waves are suppressed by these filters. As an alternative approach, we developed a new prestack line‐drawing migration method, which can be considered as a proxy to an infinite frequency approximation of the Fresnel volume migration. The line‐drawing migration is not considering waveform information but requires significantly shorter computational time. Target‐oriented filters were extended by dip filters in the line‐drawing migration method. The migration methods were tested with synthetic data and applied to real data from the Waltham Canyon fault, California. The two techniques are applied best in combination, to design filters and to generate complementary images of steep faults.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120110338","usgsCitation":"Bauer, K., Ryberg, T., Fuis, G.S., and Luth, S., 2013, Seismic imaging of the Waltham Canyon fault, California: comparison of ray‐theoretical and Fresnel volume prestack depth migration: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 103, no. 1, p. 340-352, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110338.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"340","endPage":"352","ipdsId":"IP-032222","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268814,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268813,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110338"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Waltham Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,32.5 ], [ -124.4,42.0 ], [ -114.1,42.0 ], [ -114.1,32.5 ], [ -124.4,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"103","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-02-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513713fde4b02ab8869bffaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, Klaus","contributorId":44808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Klaus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryberg, Trond","contributorId":14806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"Trond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luth, Stefan","contributorId":9929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luth","given":"Stefan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70044415,"text":"sir20125287 - 2013 - Nutrient concentrations in surface water and groundwater, and nitrate source identification using stable isotope analysis, in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 2010–11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-15T13:02:46","indexId":"sir20125287","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5287","title":"Nutrient concentrations in surface water and groundwater, and nitrate source identification using stable isotope analysis, in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 2010–11","docAbstract":"Five streams in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH) watershed in southern New Jersey were sampled for nutrient concentrations and stable isotope composition under base-flow and stormflow conditions, and during the growing and nongrowing seasons, to help quantify and identify sources of nutrient loading. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and orthophosphate, and for nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios. Concentrations of total nitrogen in the five streams appear to be related to land use, such that streams in subbasins characterized by extensive urban development (and historical agricultural land use)—North Branch Metedeconk and Toms Rivers—exhibited the highest total nitrogen concentrations (0.84–1.36 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in base flow). Base-flow total nitrogen concentrations in these two streams were dominated by nitrate; nitrate concentrations decreased during storm events as a result of dilution by storm runoff. The two streams in subbasins with the least development—Cedar Creek and Westecunk Creek—exhibited the lowest total nitrogen concentrations (0.16–0.26 mg/L in base flow), with organic nitrogen as the dominant species in both base flow and stormflow. A large proportion of these subbasins lies within forested parts of the Pinelands Area, indicating the likelihood of natural inputs of organic nitrogen to the streams that increase during periods of storm runoff. Base-flow total nitrogen concentrations in Mill Creek, in a moderately developed basin, were 0.43 to 0.62 mg/L and were dominated by ammonia, likely associated with leachate from a landfill located upstream. Total phosphorus and orthophosphate were not found at detectable concentrations in most of the surface-water samples, with the exception of samples collected from the North Branch Metedeconk River, where concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 mg/L for total phosphorus and 0.008 to 0.011 mg/L for orthophosphate. Measurements of nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of nitrate in surface-water samples revealed that a mixture of multiple subsurface sources, which may include some combination of animal and septic waste, soil nitrogen, and commercial fertilizers, likely contribute to the base-flow nitrogen load. The results also indicate that atmospheric deposition is not a predominant source of nitrogen transported to the BB-LEH estuary from the watershed, although the contribution of nitrate from the atmosphere increases during stormflow. Atmospheric deposition of nitrate has a greater influence in the less developed subbasins within the BB-LEH watershed, likely because few other major sources of nitrogen (animal and septic waste, fertilizers) are present in the less developed subbasins. Atmospheric sources appear to contribute proportionally less of the overall nitrate as development increases within the BB-LEH watershed. Groundwater samples collected from five wells located within the BB-LEH watershed and screened in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system were analyzed for nutrient and stable isotope composition. Concentrations of nitrate ranged from not detected to 3.63 mg/L, with the higher concentrations occurring in the highly developed northern portion of the watershed, indicating the likelihood of anthropogenic sources of nitrogen. Isotope data for the two wells with the highest nitrate concentrations are more consistent with fertilizer sources than with animal or septic waste. Total phosphorus was not detected in any of the wells sampled, and orthophosphate was either not detected or measured at very low concentrations (0.005–0.009 mg/L) in each of the wells sampled.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125287","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Barnegat Bay Partnership","usgsCitation":"Wieben, C.M., Baker, R.J., and Nicholson, R.S., 2013, Nutrient concentrations in surface water and groundwater, and nitrate source identification using stable isotope analysis, in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 2010–11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5287, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125287.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5287.png"},{"id":268792,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5287/"},{"id":268793,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5287/support/sir2012-5287.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Barnegat Bay;Little Egg Harbor","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.56,38.93 ], [ -75.56,41.36 ], [ -73.9,41.36 ], [ -73.9,38.93 ], [ -75.56,38.93 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513713fbe4b02ab8869bffa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieben, Christine M. 0000-0001-5825-5119 cwieben@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-5119","contributorId":4270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieben","given":"Christine","email":"cwieben@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nicholson, Robert S. rnichol@usgs.gov","contributorId":2283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Robert","email":"rnichol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042367,"text":"70042367 - 2013 - The response of soil organic carbon of a rich fen peatland in interior Alaska to projected climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T21:11:45","indexId":"70042367","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The response of soil organic carbon of a rich fen peatland in interior Alaska to projected climate change","docAbstract":"It is important to understand the fate of carbon in boreal peatland soils in response to climate change because a substantial change in release of this carbon as CO2 and CH4 could influence the climate system. The goal of this research was to synthesize the results of a field water table manipulation experiment conducted in a boreal rich fen into a process-based model to understand how soil organic carbon (SOC) of the rich fen might respond to projected climate change. This model, the peatland version of the dynamic organic soil Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (peatland DOS-TEM), was calibrated with data collected during 2005–2011 from the control treatment of a boreal rich fen in the Alaska Peatland Experiment (APEX). The performance of the model was validated with the experimental data measured from the raised and lowered water-table treatments of APEX during the same period. The model was then applied to simulate future SOC dynamics of the rich fen control site under various CO2 emission scenarios. The results across these emissions scenarios suggest that the rate of SOC sequestration in the rich fen will increase between year 2012 and 2061 because the effects of warming increase heterotrophic respiration less than they increase carbon inputs via production. However, after 2061, the rate of SOC sequestration will be weakened and, as a result, the rich fen will likely become a carbon source to the atmosphere between 2062 and 2099. During this period, the effects of projected warming increase respiration so that it is greater than carbon inputs via production. Although changes in precipitation alone had relatively little effect on the dynamics of SOC, changes in precipitation did interact with warming to influence SOC dynamics for some climate scenarios.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/gcb.12041","usgsCitation":"Fan, Z., McGuire, A.D., Turetsky, M.R., Harden, J.W., Waddington, J.M., and Kane, E.S., 2013, The response of soil organic carbon of a rich fen peatland in interior Alaska to projected climate change: Global Change Biology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 604-620, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12041.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"604","endPage":"620","ipdsId":"IP-042131","costCenters":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268811,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12041"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -130.0,71.4 ], [ -130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513713ffe4b02ab8869bffb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fan, Zhaosheng","contributorId":83410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"Zhaosheng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, Anthony David","contributorId":46848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turetsky, Merritt R.","contributorId":80980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"Merritt","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waddington, James Michael","contributorId":89774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddington","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kane, Evan S.","contributorId":11903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70044391,"text":"sir20135014 - 2013 - Evapotranspiration from marsh and open-water sites at Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2008--2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T18:48:19","indexId":"sir20135014","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5014","title":"Evapotranspiration from marsh and open-water sites at Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2008--2010","docAbstract":"Water allocation in the Upper Klamath Basin has become difficult in recent years due to the increase in occurrence of drought coupled with continued high water demand. Upper Klamath Lake is a central component of water distribution, supplying water downstream to the Klamath River, supplying water for irrigation diversions, and providing habitat for various species within the lake and surrounding wetlands. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a major component of the hydrologic budget of the lake and wetlands, and yet estimates of ET have been elusive—quantified only as part of a lumped term including other substantial water-budget components. To improve understanding of ET losses from the lake and wetlands, measurements of ET were made from May 2008 through September 2010. The eddy-covariance method was used to monitor ET at two wetland sites continuously during this study period and the Bowen-ratio energy-balance method was used to monitor open-water lake evaporation at two sites during the warmer months of the 3 study years. Vegetation at one wetland site (the bulrush site) consists of a virtual monoculture of hardstem bulrush (formerly Scirpus acutus, now Schoenoplectus acutus), and at the other site (the mixed site) consists of a mix of about 70 percent bulrush, 15 percent cattail (Typha latifolia), and 15 percent wocus (Nuphar polysepalum). Measured ET at these two sites was very similar (means were ±2.5 percent) and mean wetland ET is computed as a 70 to 30 percent weighted average of the bulrush and mixed sites, respectively, based on community-type distribution estimated from satellite imagery. Biweekly means of wetland ET typically vary from maximum values of around 6 to 7 millimeters per day during midsummer, to minimum values of less than 1 mm/d during midwinter. This strong annual signal primarily reflects life-cycle changes in the wetland vegetation, and the annual variation of radiative input to the surface and resulting temperature. The perennial vegetation begins each growing season submerged, emerges from the dead litter mat around late May or early June, reaches a maximum height of about 2.2 meters (m) during summer, senesces in October, and subsequently lodges over, contributing to the dead litter mat from previous years. Hydroperiods last about 5 to 6 months, typically beginning in January or February and ending in July or August, and have a minor influence on the annual ET cycle. These hydroperiods result from lake levels that typically vary about 1.3 m, from around 0.6 to 0.9 m above the wetland surface, to around 0.4 to 0.7 m below the wetland surface. An estimate of 3-year annual wetland ET, made by substituting early- and late-season data measured during 2009 for the missing periods in early 2008 and late 2010, is 0.938 meter per year (m/yr). Daily values of alfalfa-based reference ET (ETr) were retrieved from the Bureau of Reclamation AgriMet Web site (http://www.usbr.gov/pn/agrimet/index.html) and are aggregated into biweekly, annual, and 3-year values (for consistency, the 3-year values are also computed using substitute data from 2009 for early 2008 and late 2010). These ETr values are computed from weather data measured at the nearby Agency Lake weather station (AGKO), and are based on the assumption that the alfalfa crop is green and vigorous year-round. The 3-year value of ETr is 1.145 m/yr, about 22 percent greater than wetland ET. A comparison of 2008–2010 alfalfa and pasture growing season actual ET with wetland ET is made using data from the more distant Klamath Falls AgriMet weather station (KFLO) because actual alfalfa and pasture ET are not computed for the AGKO site. During the 190-day average alfalfa growing season, wetland ET (0.779 m) is about 7 percent less than alfalfa ET (0.838 m). During the 195-day average pasture growing season, wetland ET (0.789 m) is about 18 percent greater than pasture ET (0.671 m). Assuming alfalfa and pasture ET are equal to wetland ET during the non-growing season, annual estimates become 0.997 m, 0.938 m, and 0.820 m from alfalfa, wetland, and pasture, respectively. Wetland crop coefficients (Kc=ET/ETr) are computed at daily, biweekly, and annual time steps. Approximate formulas are given to estimate daily values of growing season Kc, thereby allowing computation of daily growing season ET using ETr from the AGKO weather station. Biweekly values of growing season Kc are computed from ensemble average values of ET and ETr during the 3 study period growing seasons, and a single, mean Kc is computed for the non-growing season. Together, these provide relatively accurate estimates of biweekly ET during the study (RMSE=0.396 and 0.347 mm/d, r2 = 62 and 0.971 at the bulrush and mixed sites, respectively). A fourth-order polynomial fit of the biweekly growing season values to day of year provides a more automated form of ET computation. Measured ET at the bulrush wetland site during the current study compares very closely with growing-season ET estimated during a study in 1997 at nearly the same location. During the earlier study, ET was measured four times, using eddy covariance for 1- to 2-day periods, and was estimated between measurement periods using a Penman-Monteith model, calibrated to the measurements. Differences between time series of ET from the two studies are similar to interannual differences within the current study. Compared to the 1997 study, the current study measured larger ET rates in early summer and smaller rates in late summer, resulting in very similar growing-season totals. A study conducted in 2000 estimated ET from nearby fallowed cropland, using the Bowen-ratio energy balance method supplemented with Priestley-Taylor and crop-coefficient ET modeling. Seasonal timing of ET from three different crop types varied considerably, but growing-season totals were remarkably similar, at 0.435 ± 0.009 m. Wetland ET measured during the current study, evaluated over the same growing season was 0.718 m, or about 65 percent greater than the fallowed cropland ET. Open-water evaporation from Upper Klamath Lake was measured at two locations during the warmer months of 2008–2010 using the Bowen-ratio energy balance method. Measured rates were in general agreement with those measured in 2003 using the same method. Open-water evaporation and wetland ET were nearly equal during late June through early August, when wetland vegetation was green and abundant. As expected, open-water evaporation consistently exceeded wetland ET during late summer, as wetland ET responded to vegetation senescence while open water evaporation responded to extra available energy in the form of heat previously stored in the lake. Overall, open-water evaporation was 20 percent greater than wetland ET during the same period.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135014","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation.\r","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., Gannett, M.W., Polette, D.J., Cameron, J.M., Waibel, M.S., and Spears, J.M., 2013, Evapotranspiration from marsh and open-water sites at Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2008--2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5014, viii, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135014.","productDescription":"viii, 65 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"78","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2013_5014.jpg"},{"id":268725,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5014/"},{"id":268726,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5014/pdf/sir20135014.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,42.0 ], [ -124.61,46.29 ], [ -116.46,46.29 ], [ -116.46,42.0 ], [ -124.61,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5135c269e4b03b8ec4025b28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gannett, Marshall W. 0000-0003-2498-2427 mgannett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-2427","contributorId":2942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"Marshall","email":"mgannett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Polette, Danial J. dpolette@usgs.gov","contributorId":1100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polette","given":"Danial","email":"dpolette@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cameron, Jason M.","contributorId":71289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waibel, M. Scott","contributorId":50795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waibel","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spears, J. Mark","contributorId":81946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spears","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70044598,"text":"70044598 - 2013 - Modelling dendritic ecological networks in space: anintegrated network perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-06T10:33:38","indexId":"70044598","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1466,"text":"Ecology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling dendritic ecological networks in space: anintegrated network perspective","docAbstract":"Dendritic ecological networks (DENs) are a unique form of ecological networks that exhibit a dendritic network topology (e.g. stream and cave networks or plant architecture). DENs have a dual spatial representation; as points within the network and as points in geographical space. Consequently, some analytical methods used to quantify relationships in other types of ecological networks, or in 2-D space, may be inadequate for studying the influence of structure and connectivity on ecological processes within DENs. We propose a conceptual taxonomy of network analysis methods that account for DEN characteristics to varying degrees and provide a synthesis of the different approaches within\nthe context of stream ecology. Within this context, we summarise the key innovations of a new family of spatial statistical models that describe spatial relationships in DENs. Finally, we discuss how different network analyses may be combined to address more complex and novel research questions. While our main focus is streams, the taxonomy of network analyses is also relevant anywhere spatial patterns in both network and 2-D space can be used to explore the influence of multi-scale processes on biota and their habitat (e.g. plant morphology and pest infestation, or preferential migration along stream or road corridors).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ele.12084","usgsCitation":"Peterson, E.E., Ver Hoef, J.M., Isaak, D.J., Falke, J.A., Fortin, M., Jordon, C.E., McNyset, K., Monestiez, P., Ruesch, A.S., Sengupta, A., Som, N., Steel, E.A., Theobald, D.M., Torgersen, C., and Wenger, S.J., 2013, Modelling dendritic ecological networks in space: anintegrated network perspective: Ecology Letters, v. 16, no. 5, p. 707-719, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12084.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"707","endPage":"719","ipdsId":"IP-043413","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271343,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271342,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12084"}],"volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51765beae4b0f989f99e00ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Erin E.","contributorId":16264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ver Hoef, Jay M.","contributorId":42504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ver Hoef","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Isaak, Dan J.","contributorId":59324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isaak","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Falke, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-6670-8250 jfalke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8250","contributorId":5195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falke","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jfalke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fortin, Marie-Josée","contributorId":40462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortin","given":"Marie-Josée","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jordon, Chris E.","contributorId":83416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordon","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McNyset, Kristina","contributorId":49255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNyset","given":"Kristina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Monestiez, Pascal","contributorId":11910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monestiez","given":"Pascal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ruesch, Aaron S.","contributorId":26559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruesch","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sengupta, Aritra","contributorId":49256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sengupta","given":"Aritra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Som, Nicholas","contributorId":100264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Som","given":"Nicholas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Steel, E. Ashley","contributorId":7589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steel","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ashley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Theobald, David M. 0000-0002-1271-9368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1271-9368","contributorId":10271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Theobald","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13470,"text":"Conservation Science Partners","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":475938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Torgersen, Christian E. 0000-0001-8325-2737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-2737","contributorId":48143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torgersen","given":"Christian E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Wenger, Seth J.","contributorId":64786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenger","given":"Seth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70044348,"text":"sir20125289 - 2013 - Simulation of the shallow groundwater-flow system in the Forest County Potawatomi Community, Forest County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T09:18:25","indexId":"sir20125289","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5289","title":"Simulation of the shallow groundwater-flow system in the Forest County Potawatomi Community, Forest County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The shallow groundwater system in the Forest County Potawatomi Comminity, Forest County, Wisconsin, was simulated by expanding and recalibrating a previously calibrated regional model. The existing model was updated using newly collected water-level measurements, inclusion of surface-water features beyond the previous near-field boundary, and refinements to surface-water features. The updated model then was used to calculate the area contributing recharge for seven existing and three proposed pumping locations on lands of the Forest County Potawatomi Community. The existing wells were the subject of a 2004 source-water evaluation in which areas contributing recharge were calculated using the fixed-radius method. The motivation for the present (2012) project was to improve the level of detail of areas contributing recharge for the existing wells and to provide similar analysis for the proposed wells. Delineated 5- and 10-year areas contributing recharge for existing and proposed wells extend from the areas of pumping to delineate the area at the surface contributing recharge to the wells. Steady-state pumping was simulated for two scenarios: a base-pumping scenario using pumping rates that reflect what the Community currently (2012) pumps (or plans to in the case of proposed wells), and a high-pumping scenario in which the rate was set to the maximum expected from wells installed in this area, according to the Forest County Potawatomi Community Natural Resources Department. In general, the 10-year areas contributing recharge did not intersect surface-water bodies. The 5- and 10-year areas contributing recharge simulated at the maximum pumping rate at Bug Lake Road may intersect Bug Lake. At the casino near the Town of Carter, Wisconsin, the 10-year areas contributing recharge intersect infiltration ponds. At the Devils Lake and Lois Crow Drive wells, areas contributing recharge are near cultural features, including residences.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125289","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Forest County Potawatomi Community","usgsCitation":"Fienen, M., Saad, D.A., and Juckem, P.F., 2013, Simulation of the shallow groundwater-flow system in the Forest County Potawatomi Community, Forest County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5289, vi, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125289.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5289.gif"},{"id":268698,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5289/"},{"id":268699,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5289/pdf/SIR2012-5289_web.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Forest","otherGeospatial":"Forest County Potawatomi Community;Lake Lucerne;Trump Lake;Lake Wabikon;Devils Lake;Lake Metonga","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.070282,45.12732 ], [ -89.070282,45.755068 ], [ -88.398743,45.755068 ], [ -88.398743,45.12732 ], [ -89.070282,45.12732 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5135c26be4b03b8ec4025b30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Juckem, Paul F. 0000-0002-3613-1761 pfjuckem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3613-1761","contributorId":1905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"Paul","email":"pfjuckem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70118892,"text":"70118892 - 2013 - Characterization and simulation of fate and transport of selected volatile organic compounds in the vicinities of the Hadnot Point Industrial Area and landfill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T17:07:50.146422","indexId":"70118892","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T14:57:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"chapter":"A","subchapterNumber":"Supplement 6","title":"Characterization and simulation of fate and transport of selected volatile organic compounds in the vicinities of the Hadnot Point Industrial Area and landfill","docAbstract":"This supplement of Chapter A (Supplement 6) describes the reconstruction (i.e. simulation) of historical concentrations of tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and benzene3 in production wells supplying water to the Hadnot Base (USMCB) Camp Lejeune, North Carolina (Figure S6.1). A fate and transport model (i.e., MT3DMS [Zheng and Wang 1999]) was used to simulate contaminant migration from source locations through the groundwater system and to estimate mean contaminant concentrations in water withdrawn from water-supply wells in the vicinity of the Hadnot Point Industrial Area (HPIA) and the Hadnot Point landfill (HPLF) area.4 The reconstructed contaminant concentrations were subsequently input into a flow-weighted, materials mass balance (mixing) model (Masters 1998) to estimate monthly mean concentrations of the contaminant in finished water 5 at the HPWTP (Maslia et al. 2013). The calibrated fate and transport models described herein were based on and used groundwater velocities derived from groundwater-flow models that are described in Suárez-Soto et al. (2013). Information data pertinent to historical operations of water-supply wells are described in Sautner et al. (2013) and Telci et al. (2013).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analyses and historical reconstruction of groundwater flow, contaminant fate and transport, and distribution of drinking water within the service areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","publisherLocation":"Atlanta, GA","usgsCitation":"Jones, L.E., Suárez-Soto, R., Anderson, B.A., and Maslia, M.L., 2013, Characterization and simulation of fate and transport of selected volatile organic compounds in the vicinities of the Hadnot Point Industrial Area and landfill, vii, 64 p.","productDescription":"vii, 64 p.","numberOfPages":"75","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044282","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291728,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325116,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/lejeune/hadnotpoint.html"},{"id":325117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/lejeune/docs/Chapter_A_Supplement_6.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Hadnot Point, Holcomb Boulevard, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.402008,34.622061 ], [ -77.402008,34.747972 ], [ -77.251546,34.747972 ], [ -77.251546,34.622061 ], [ -77.402008,34.622061 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e1efc9e4b0fe532be2ddfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, L. Elliott 0000-0002-7394-2053 lejones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7394-2053","contributorId":44569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.","email":"lejones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Elliott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suárez-Soto, René J.","contributorId":11101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suárez-Soto","given":"René J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Barbara A.","contributorId":67810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maslia, Morris L.","contributorId":71952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maslia","given":"Morris","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70045676,"text":"70045676 - 2013 - Modeling lahar behavior and hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-31T14:57:41","indexId":"70045676","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T14:47:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modeling lahar behavior and hazards","docAbstract":"Lahars are highly mobile mixtures of water and sediment of volcanic origin that are capable of traveling tens to > 100 km at speeds exceeding tens of km hr-1. Such flows are among the most serious ground-based hazards at many volcanoes because of their sudden onset, rapid advance rates, long runout distances, high energy, ability to transport large volumes of material, and tendency to flow along existing river channels where populations and infrastructure are commonly concentrated. They can grow in volume and peak discharge through erosion and incorporation of external sediment and/or water, inundate broad areas, and leave deposits many meters thick. Furthermore, lahars can recur for many years to decades after an initial volcanic eruption, as fresh pyroclastic material is eroded and redeposited during rainfall events, resulting in a spatially and temporally evolving hazard. Improving understanding of the behavior of these complex, gravitationally driven, multi-phase flows is key to mitigating the threat to communities at lahar-prone volcanoes. However, their complexity and evolving nature pose significant challenges to developing the models of flow behavior required for delineating their hazards and hazard zones.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modeling volcanic processes: the physics and mathematics of volcanism","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publisherLocation":"Cambridge","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139021562.014","isbn":"9781139021562; 9780521895439","usgsCitation":"Manville, V., Major, J.J., and Fagents, S.A., 2013, Modeling lahar behavior and hazards, chap. of Modeling volcanic processes: the physics and mathematics of volcanism, p. 300-330, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139021562.014.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"31","ipdsId":"IP-035264","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275638,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139021562.014"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fa31e5e4b076c3a8d8265a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manville, Vernon","contributorId":70272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manville","given":"Vernon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fagents, Sarah A.","contributorId":66152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagents","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199860,"text":"70199860 - 2013 - Uncertainty in assessing the impacts of global change with coupled dynamic species distribution and population models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T14:42:03","indexId":"70199860","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T14:41:55","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertainty in assessing the impacts of global change with coupled dynamic species distribution and population models","docAbstract":"Concern over rapid global changes and the potential for interactions among multiple threats are prompting scientists to combine multiple modelling approaches to understand impacts on biodiversity. A relatively recent development is the combination of species distribution models, land‐use change predictions, and dynamic population models to predict the relative and combined impacts of climate change, land‐use change, and altered disturbance regimes on species' extinction risk. Each modelling component introduces its own source of uncertainty through different parameters and assumptions, which, when combined, can result in compounded uncertainty that can have major implications for management. Although some uncertainty analyses have been conducted separately on various model components – such as climate predictions, species distribution models, land‐use change predictions, and population models – a unified sensitivity analysis comparing various sources of uncertainty in combined modelling approaches is needed to identify the most influential and problematic assumptions. We estimated the sensitivities of long‐run population predictions to different ecological assumptions and parameter settings for a rare and endangered annual plant species (Acanthomintha ilicifolia, or San Diego thornmint). Uncertainty about habitat suitability predictions, due to the choice of species distribution model, contributed most to variation in predictions about long‐run populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gcb.12090","usgsCitation":"Conlisk, E., Syphard, A.D., Franklin, J., Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., and Regan, H., 2013, Uncertainty in assessing the impacts of global change with coupled dynamic species distribution and population models: Global Change Biology, v. 19, no. 3, p. 858-869, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12090.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"858","endPage":"869","ipdsId":"IP-041945","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.9876708984375,\n 32.537551746769\n ],\n [\n -116.08154296875001,\n 32.537551746769\n ],\n [\n -116.08154296875001,\n 33.99347299511967\n ],\n [\n -117.9876708984375,\n 33.99347299511967\n ],\n [\n -117.9876708984375,\n 32.537551746769\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ba92e4b034bf6a7ee117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conlisk, Erin","contributorId":149404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conlisk","given":"Erin","affiliations":[{"id":6609,"text":"UC Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":746946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Syphard, Alexandra D.","contributorId":8977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Syphard","given":"Alexandra","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franklin, Janet","contributorId":192373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Franklin","given":"Janet","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Regan, Helen","contributorId":172483,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regan","given":"Helen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70093206,"text":"70093206 - 2013 - Application and evaluation of electromagnetic methods for imaging saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers: Seaside Groundwater Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-05T15:29:38.903757","indexId":"70093206","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T13:21:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application and evaluation of electromagnetic methods for imaging saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers: Seaside Groundwater Basin, California","docAbstract":"Developing effective resource management strategies to limit or prevent saltwater intrusion as a result of increasing demands on coastal groundwater resources requires reliable information about the geologic structure and hydrologic state of an aquifer system. A common strategy for acquiring such information is to drill sentinel wells near the coast to monitor changes in water salinity with time. However, installation and operation of sentinel wells is costly and provides limited spatial coverage. We studied the use of noninvasive electromagnetic (EM) geophysical methods as an alternative to installation of monitoring wells for characterizing coastal aquifers. We tested the feasibility of using EM methods at a field site in northern California to identify the potential for and/or presence of hydraulic communication between an unconfined saline aquifer and a confined freshwater aquifer. One-dimensional soundings were acquired using the time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) and audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) methods. We compared inverted resistivity models of TDEM and AMT data obtained from several inversion algorithms. We found that multiple interpretations of inverted models can be supported by the same data set, but that there were consistencies between all data sets and inversion algorithms. Results from all collected data sets suggested that EM methods are capable of reliably identifying a saltwater-saturated zone in the unconfined aquifer. Geophysical data indicated that the impermeable clay between aquifers may be more continuous than is supported by current models.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysics","doi":"10.1190/geo2012-0004.1","usgsCitation":"Nenna, V., Herckenrather, D., Knight, R., Odlum, N., and McPhee, D., 2013, Application and evaluation of electromagnetic methods for imaging saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers: Seaside Groundwater Basin, California: Geophysics, v. 78, no. 2, p. B77-B88, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0004.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"B77","endPage":"B88","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-038194","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Fort Ord Dunes State Park, Seaside Groundwater Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.830556,36.629722 ], [ -121.830556,36.8 ], [ -121.7,36.8 ], [ -121.7,36.629722 ], [ -121.830556,36.629722 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4d8fe4b0b290850f18f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nenna, Vanessa","contributorId":101982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nenna","given":"Vanessa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herckenrather, Daan","contributorId":69469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herckenrather","given":"Daan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knight, Rosemary","contributorId":84245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Rosemary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odlum, Nick","contributorId":108390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odlum","given":"Nick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McPhee, Darcy","contributorId":75848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"Darcy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70047907,"text":"70047907 - 2013 - Drought, deluge and declines: the impact of precipitation extremes on amphibians in a changing climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T14:18:01","indexId":"70047907","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T11:12:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1026,"text":"Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drought, deluge and declines: the impact of precipitation extremes on amphibians in a changing climate","docAbstract":"The Class Amphibia is one of the most severely impacted taxa in an on-going global biodiversity crisis. Because amphibian reproduction is tightly associated with the presence of water, climatic changes that affect water availability pose a particularly menacing threat to both aquatic and terrestrial-breeding amphibians. We explore the impacts that one facet of climate change—that of extreme variation in precipitation—may have on amphibians. This variation is manifested principally as increases in the incidence and severity of both drought and major storm events. We stress the need to consider not only total precipitation amounts but also the pattern and timing of rainfall events. Such rainfall “pulses” are likely to become increasingly more influential on amphibians, especially in relation to seasonal reproduction. Changes in reproductive phenology can strongly influence the outcome of competitive and predatory interactions, thus potentially altering community dynamics in assemblages of co-existing species. We present a conceptual model to illustrate possible landscape and metapopulation consequences of alternative climate change scenarios for pond-breeding amphibians, using the Mole Salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum, as an example. Although amphibians have evolved a variety of life history strategies that enable them to cope with environmental uncertainty, it is unclear whether adaptations can keep pace with the escalating rate of climate change. Climate change, especially in combination with other stressors, is a daunting challenge for the persistence of amphibians and, thus, the conservation of global biodiversity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"MDPI AG","publisherLocation":"Basel, Switzerland","doi":"10.3390/biology2010399","usgsCitation":"Walls, S., Barichivich, W.J., and Brown, M.E., 2013, Drought, deluge and declines: the impact of precipitation extremes on amphibians in a changing climate: Biology, v. 2, no. 1, p. 399-418, https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010399.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"418","numberOfPages":"20","ipdsId":"IP-041780","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010399","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":277187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277186,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology2010399"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5221bee2e4b001cbb8a34ee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walls, Susan C. 0000-0001-7391-9155","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7391-9155","contributorId":52284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walls","given":"Susan C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barichivich, William J. 0000-0003-1103-6861 wbarichivich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-6861","contributorId":3697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barichivich","given":"William","email":"wbarichivich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Mary E. 0000-0002-5580-137X mbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-137X","contributorId":5688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Mary","email":"mbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70038286,"text":"70038286 - 2013 - Modeling sediment accumulation in North American playa wetlands in response to climate change, 1940-2100","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-20T09:04:27","indexId":"70038286","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T08:53:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling sediment accumulation in North American playa wetlands in response to climate change, 1940-2100","docAbstract":"Playa wetlands on the west-central Great Plains of North America are vulnerable to sediment infilling from upland agriculture, putting at risk several important ecosystem services as well as essential habitats and food resources of diverse wetland-dependent biota. Climate predictions for this semi-arid area indicate reduced precipitation which may alter rates of erosion, runoff, and sedimentation of playas. We forecasted erosion rates, sediment depths, and resultant playa wetland depths across the west-central Great Plains and examined the relative roles of land use context and projected changes in precipitation in the sedimentation process. We estimated erosion with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) using historic values and downscaled precipitation predictions from three general circulation models and three emissions scenarios. We calibrated RUSLE results using field sediment measurements. RUSLE is appealing for regional scale modeling because it uses climate forecasts with monthly resolution and other widely available values including soil texture, slope and land use. Sediment accumulation rates will continue near historic levels through 2070 and will be sufficient to cause most playas (if not already filled) to fill with sediment within the next 100 years in the absence of mitigation. Land use surrounding the playa, whether grassland or tilled cropland, is more influential in sediment accumulation than climate-driven precipitation change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10584-012-0557-7","usgsCitation":"Burris, L., and Skagen, S.K., 2013, Modeling sediment accumulation in North American playa wetlands in response to climate change, 1940-2100: Climatic Change, v. 117, no. 1-2, p. 69-83, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0557-7.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"15","temporalStart":"1940-01-01","temporalEnd":"2100-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-037725","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0557-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":276791,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276790,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0557-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Kansas;Nebraska;New Mexico;Oklahoma;Texas","otherGeospatial":"West-central Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.52,31.17 ], [ -106.52,42.93 ], [ -97.19,42.93 ], [ -97.19,31.17 ], [ -106.52,31.17 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"117","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52148fe4e4b06d85e08fb50a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burris, Lucy","contributorId":49468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burris","given":"Lucy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":463800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047854,"text":"70047854 - 2013 - Burial and exhumation of temperate bedrock reefs as elucidated by repetitive high-resolution sea floor sonar surveys: Spatial patterns and impacts to species' richness and diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-28T07:46:18","indexId":"70047854","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T07:41:40","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Burial and exhumation of temperate bedrock reefs as elucidated by repetitive high-resolution sea floor sonar surveys: Spatial patterns and impacts to species' richness and diversity","docAbstract":"To understand how chronic sediment burial and scour contribute to variation in the structure of algal and invertebrate communities on temperate bedrock reefs, the dynamics of the substrate and communities were monitored at locations that experience sand inundation and adjacent areas that do not. Co-located benthic scuba-transect surveys and high-resolution swath-sonar surveys were completed on bedrock reefs on the inner shelf of northern Monterey Bay, CA, in early winter 2009, spring 2010, and summer 2010. Analysis of the sonar surveys demonstrates that during the 8 months over which the surveys were conducted, 19.6% of the study area was buried by sand while erosion resulted in the exposure of bedrock over 13.8% of the study area; the remainder underwent no change between the surveys. Substrate classifications from the benthic transect surveys correlated with classifications generated from the sonar surveys, demonstrating the capacity of high-resolution sonar surveys to detect burial of bedrock reefs by sediment. On bedrock habitat that underwent burial and exhumation, species' diversity and richness of rock-associated sessile and mobile organisms were 50–66% lower as compared to adjacent stable bedrock habitat. While intermediate levels of disturbance can increase the diversity and richness of communities, these findings demonstrate that burial and exhumation of bedrock habitat are sources of severe disturbance. We suggest that substrate dynamics must be considered when developing predictions of benthic community distributions based on sea floor imagery. These results highlight the need for predictive models of substrate dynamics and for a better understanding of how burial and exhumation shape benthic communities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2013.01.013","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Fregoso, T.A., Figurski, J.D., Freiwald, J., Lonhart, S.I., and Finlayson, D.P., 2013, Burial and exhumation of temperate bedrock reefs as elucidated by repetitive high-resolution sea floor sonar surveys: Spatial patterns and impacts to species' richness and diversity: Continental Shelf Research, v. 55, p. 40-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.01.013.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"51","ipdsId":"IP-037228","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277065,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.01.013"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.124,36.629 ], [ -122.124,36.941 ], [ -121.828,36.941 ], [ -121.828,36.629 ], [ -122.124,36.629 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"55","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521f1be3e4b0f8bf2b0760dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":77889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fregoso, Theresa A.","contributorId":67181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fregoso","given":"Theresa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Figurski, Jared D.","contributorId":16307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figurski","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freiwald, Jan","contributorId":15505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freiwald","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lonhart, Steve I.","contributorId":104381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lonhart","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Finlayson, David P. dfinlayson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finlayson","given":"David","email":"dfinlayson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70046565,"text":"70046565 - 2013 - Vegetation classification and mapping, Vicksburg National Military Park, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-12T13:20:13","indexId":"70046565","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T03:45:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":272,"text":"National Park Service Natural Resource Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/GULN/NRTR—2013/710","title":"Vegetation classification and mapping, Vicksburg National Military Park, Mississippi","docAbstract":"The National Park Service (NPS) Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, with the support of the National Park Service Vegetation Inventory completed vegetation classification and mapping for Vicksburg National Military Park (VICK), in Warren County, Mississippi, from 2004 to 2010. VICK is one of more than 250 NPS units to be covered by the Vegetation Inventory. Methods and procedures follow those of the NPS Vegetation Inventory as of August, 2012 (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/inventory/veg/index.cfm).
\nEcologists collected floristic and environmental data from 45 vegetation field plots and classified and described 13 plant community types corresponding to US National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations from these data.
\nThis classification was used to map 712 hectares (1,698 acres) of Vicksburg National Military Park, in ten map classes corresponding to vegetation associations and two non-vegetated land cover classes, from a digital orthomosaic created from 1:24,000 color infrared aerial photographs and digital elevation model (DEM) data. Methods used to delineate stands varied according to vegetation type and were a combination of incorporating stand boundaries from an existing map, new “heads-up” interpretation and modeling of digital environmental spatial data.
\nA thematic accuracy assessment collected vegetation data from 118 field observations stratified across the vegetation classes. The overall accuracy of the vegetation map was estimated to be 60.5% at the thematic level of USNVC association and 92.4% at the thematic level of USNVC group. Estimates of areas of vegetation types, as adjusted for mapping error, were calculated for all types mapped and/or observed during the thematic accuracy assessment.
\nAn important finding of this study is that the composition of the forests of VICK is substantially different from that described by earlier, more qualitative, accounts. Implications of these findings and possible applications of the data for resource monitoring and management are presented.
\nThis report summarizes the methods and general results of the Vegetation Inventory for Vicksburg National Military Park. Appendices include descriptions of vegetation types, a field key to the types, a list of plant species, and accuracy assessment contingency tables.
\nThis report is supplemented by the project data, which include:
\nThe data and reports produced by this investigation reside at: https://irma.nps.gov/App/ and/or at: http://biology.usgs.gov/npsveg/
","publisher":"National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Lea, C., Waltermire, R.G., and Nordman, C., 2013, Vegetation classification and mapping, Vicksburg National Military Park, Mississippi: National Park Service Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2013/710, xi, 48 p.","productDescription":"xi, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045499","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2193774"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Vicksburg National Military Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.889892578125,\n 32.09304606091566\n ],\n [\n -90.889892578125,\n 32.49586350791503\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 32.49586350791503\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 32.09304606091566\n ],\n [\n -90.889892578125,\n 32.09304606091566\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579dd072e4b0589fa1cbdf93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lea, Chris","contributorId":15465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lea","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waltermire, Robert G. waltermireb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltermire","given":"Robert","email":"waltermireb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordman, Carl","contributorId":172835,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nordman","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193319,"text":"70193319 - 2013 - Effects of plant phenology and vertical height on accuracy of radio-telemetry locations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-18T14:12:16.547785","indexId":"70193319","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3766,"text":"Wildlife Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of plant phenology and vertical height on accuracy of radio-telemetry locations","docAbstract":"The use of very high frequency (VHF) radio-telemetry remains wide-spread in studies of wildlife ecology and management. However, few studies have evaluated the influence of vegetative obstruction on accuracy in differing habitats with varying transmitter types and heights. Using adult and fawn collars at varying heights above the ground (0, 33, 66 and 100 cm) to simulate activities (bedded, feeding and standing) and ages (neonate, juvenile and adult) of deer Odocoileus spp., we collected 5,767 bearings and estimated 1,424 locations (28-30 for each of 48 subsamples) in three habitat types (pasture, grassland and forest), during two stages of vegetative growth (spring and late summer). Bearing error was approximately twice as large at a distance of 900 m for fawn (9.9°) than for adult deer collars (4.9°). Of 12 models developed to explain the variation in location error, the analysis of covariance model (HT*D + C*D + HT*TBA + C*TBA) containing interactions of height of collar above ground (HT), collar type (C), vertical height of understory vegetation (D) and tree basal area (TBA) was the best model (wi = 0.92) and explained ∼ 71% of the variation in location error. Location error was greater for both collar types at 0 and 33 cm above the ground compared to 66 and 100 cm above the ground; however, location error was less for adult than fawn collars. Vegetation metrics influenced location error, which increased with greater vertical height of understory vegetation and tree basal area. Further, interaction of vegetation metrics and categorical variables indicated significant effects on location error. Our results indicate that researchers need to consider study objectives, life history of the study animal, signal strength of collar (collar type), distance from transmitter to receiver, topographical changes in elevation, habitat composition and season when designing telemetry protocols. Bearing distances in forested habitat should be decreased (approximately 23% in our study) compared to bearing distances in open habitat to maintain a consistent bearing error across habitats. Additionally, we believe that field biologists monitoring neonate ungulates for habitat selection should rely on visual locations rather than using VHF-collars and triangulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nordic Board for Wildlife Research","doi":"10.2981/11-044","usgsCitation":"Grovenburg, T.W., Jacques, C.N., Klaver, R.W., DePerno, C.S., Lehman, C.P., Brinkman, T.J., Robling, K.A., Rupp, S.P., and Jenks, J., 2013, Effects of plant phenology and vertical height on accuracy of radio-telemetry locations: Wildlife Biology, v. 19, no. 1, p. 30-40, https://doi.org/10.2981/11-044.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"40","ipdsId":"IP-029734","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473933,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs/210","text":"External Repository"},{"id":348601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Edmunds County, Faulk County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-99.7096,45.5953],[-99.3464,45.5941],[-98.73,45.5911],[-98.7242,45.5905],[-98.7254,45.4963],[-98.7246,45.33],[-98.7249,45.2459],[-98.7184,45.2449],[-98.7209,45.1024],[-98.7186,44.8965],[-99.3132,44.8976],[-99.3287,44.8986],[-99.5728,44.8983],[-99.5743,45.0722],[-99.5719,45.1019],[-99.5751,45.2458],[-99.6962,45.2465],[-99.7111,45.2462],[-99.7096,45.5953]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Edmunds\",\"state\":\"SD\"}}]}","volume":"19","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a06c8d6e4b09af898c8617d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grovenburg, Troy W.","contributorId":57712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grovenburg","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacques, Christopher N.","contributorId":15521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacques","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klaver, Robert W. 0000-0002-3263-9701 bklaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-9701","contributorId":3285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaver","given":"Robert","email":"bklaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DePerno, Christopher S.","contributorId":10327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePerno","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lehman, Chad P.","contributorId":200257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lehman","given":"Chad","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brinkman, Todd J.","contributorId":39696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinkman","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Robling, Kevin A.","contributorId":200258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robling","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rupp, Susan P.","contributorId":200259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rupp","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jenks, Jonathan A.","contributorId":51591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenks","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70193570,"text":"70193570 - 2013 - Faulting within the Mount St. Helens conduit and implications for volcanic earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-02T10:44:27","indexId":"70193570","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faulting within the Mount St. Helens conduit and implications for volcanic earthquakes","docAbstract":"The 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens produced seven dacite spines mantled by cataclastic fault rocks, comprising an outer fault core and an inner damage zone. These fault rocks provide remarkable insights into the mechanical processes that accompany extrusion of degassed magma, insights that are useful in forecasting dome-forming eruptions. The outermost part of the fault core consists of finely comminuted fault gouge that is host to 1- to 3-mm-thick layers of extremely fine-grained slickenside-bearing ultracataclasite. Interior to the fault core, there is an ∼2-m-thick damage zone composed of cataclastic breccia and sheared dacite, and interior to the damage zone, there is massive to flow-banded dacite lava of the spine interior. Structures and microtextures indicate entirely brittle deformation, including rock breakage, tensional dilation, shearing, grain flow, and microfaulting, as well as gas and fluid migration through intergranular pores and fractures in the damage zone. Slickenside lineations and consistent orientations of Riedel shears indicate upward shear of the extruding spines against adjacent conduit wall rocks.
Paleomagnetic directions, demagnetization paths, oxide mineralogy, and petrology indicate that cataclasis took place within dacite in a solidified steeply dipping volcanic conduit at temperatures above 500 °C. Low water content of matrix glass is consistent with brittle behavior at these relatively high temperatures, and the presence of tridymite indicates solidification depths of <1 km. Cataclasis was coincident with the eruption’s seismogenic zone at <1.5 km.
More than a million small and low-frequency “drumbeat” earthquakes with coda magnitudes (Md) <2.0 and frequencies <5 Hz occurred during the 2004–2008 eruption. Our field data provide a means with which to estimate slip-patch dimensions for shear planes and to compare these with estimates of slip patches based on seismic moments and shear moduli for dacite rock and granular fault gouge. Based on these comparisons, we find that aseismic creep is achieved by micron-scale displacements on Riedel shears and by granular flow, whereas the drumbeat earthquakes require millimeter to centimeter displacements on relatively large (e.g., ∼1000 m2) slip patches, possibly along observed extensive principal shear zones within the fault core but probably not along the smaller Riedel shears. Although our field and structural data are compatible with stick-slip models, they do not rule out seismic and infrasound models that call on resonance of steam-filled fractures to generate the drumbeat earthquakes. We suggest that stick-slip and gas release processes may be coupled, and that regardless of the source mechanism, the distinctive drumbeat earthquakes are proving to be an effective precursor for dome-forming eruptions.
Our data document a continuous cycle of deformation along the conduit margins beginning with episodes of fracture in the damage zone and followed by transfer of motion to the fault core. We illustrate the cycle of deformation using a hypothetical cross section of the Mount St. Helens conduit, extending from the surface to the depth of magmatic solidification.
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