{"pageNumber":"662","pageRowStart":"16525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46677,"records":[{"id":70005563,"text":"sir20115098 - 2011 - A study of the effects of implementing agricultural best management practices and in-stream restoration on suspended sediment, stream habitat, and benthic macroinvertebrates at three stream sites in Surry County, North Carolina, 2004-2007-Lessons learned","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T11:20:40","indexId":"sir20115098","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5098","title":"A study of the effects of implementing agricultural best management practices and in-stream restoration on suspended sediment, stream habitat, and benthic macroinvertebrates at three stream sites in Surry County, North Carolina, 2004-2007-Lessons learned","docAbstract":"The effects of agricultural best management practices and in-stream restoration on suspended-sediment concentrations, stream habitat, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were examined in a comparative study of three small, rural stream basins in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Physiographic Provinces of North Carolina and Virginia between 2004 and 2007. The study was designed to assess changes in stream quality associated with stream-improvement efforts at two sites in comparison to a control site (Hogan Creek), for which no improvements were planned. In the drainage basin of one of the stream-improvement sites (Bull Creek), several agricultural best management practices, primarily designed to limit cattle access to streams, were implemented during this study. In the drainage basin of the second stream-improvement site (Pauls Creek), a 1,600-foot reach of the stream channel was restored and several agricultural best management practices were implemented. Streamflow conditions in the vicinity of the study area were similar to or less than the long-term annual mean streamflows during the study. Precipitation during the study period also was less than normal, and the geographic distribution of precipitation indicated drier conditions in the southern part of the study area than in the northern part. Dry conditions during much of the study limited opportunities for acquiring high-flow sediment samples and streamflow measurements. Suspended-sediment yields for the three basins were compared to yield estimates for streams in the southeastern United States. Concentrations of suspended sediment and nutrients in samples from Bull Creek, the site where best management practices were implemented, were high compared to the other two sites. No statistically significant change in suspended-sediment concentrations occurred at the Bull Creek site following implementation of best management practices. However, data collected before and after channel stabilization at the Pauls Creek site indicated a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in suspended-sediment discharge following in-stream restoration. Stream habitat characteristics were similar at the Bull Creek and Hogan Creek reaches. However, the Pauls Creek reach was distinguished from the other two sites by a lack of pools, greater bankfull widths, greater streamflow and velocity, and larger basin size. Historical changes in the stream channel in the vicinity of the Pauls Creek streamgage are evident in aerial photographs dating from 1936 to 2005 and could have contributed to stream-channel instability. The duration of this study likely was inadequate for detecting changes in stream habitat characteristics. Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages differed by site and changed during the course of the study. Bull Creek, the best management practices site, stood out as the site having the poorest overall conditions and the greatest improvement in benthic macroinvertebrate communities during the study period. Richness and diversity metrics indicated that benthic macroinvertebrate community conditions at the Hogan Creek and Pauls Creek sites declined during the study, although the status was excellent based on the North Carolina Index of Biotic Integrity. Experiences encountered during this study exemplify the difficulties of attempting to assess the short-term effects of stream-improvement efforts on a watershed scale and, in particular, the difficulty of finding similar basins for a comparative study. Data interpretation was complicated by dry climatic conditions and unanticipated land disturbances that occurred during the study in each of the three study basins. For example, agricultural best management practices were implemented in the drainage basin of the control site prior to and during the study. An impoundment on Bull Creek upstream from the streamgaging station probably influenced water-quality conditions and streamflow. Road construction in the vicinity of the Pauls Creek site potentially masked changes related to stream-improvement efforts. In addition, stream-improvement activities occurred in each of the three study basins over a period of several years prior to and during the study so that there were no discrete before and after periods available for meaningful comparisons. Historical and current land-use activities in each of the three study basins likely affected observed stream conditions. The duration of this study probably was insufficient to detect changes associated with agricultural best management practices and stream-channel restoration.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.G., Ferrell, G., Harned, D.A., and Cuffney, T.F., 2011, A study of the effects of implementing agricultural best management practices and in-stream restoration on suspended sediment, stream habitat, and benthic macroinvertebrates at three stream sites in Surry County, North Carolina, 2004-2007-Lessons learned: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5098, x, 59 p.; Appendices; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115098.","productDescription":"x, 59 p.; Appendices; Appendixes","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5098.jpg"},{"id":94246,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Surry County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.88934326171875,\n              36.17779108329074\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.88934326171875,\n              37.0266767305112\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.2166748046875,\n              37.0266767305112\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.2166748046875,\n              36.17779108329074\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.88934326171875,\n              36.17779108329074\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6162","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Douglas G. dgsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Douglas","email":"dgsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrell, G.M.","contributorId":92681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrell","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harned, Douglas A. daharned@usgs.gov","contributorId":1295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harned","given":"Douglas","email":"daharned@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005588,"text":"ofr20111242 - 2011 - Undiscovered petroleum resources for the Woodford Shale and Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale assessment units, Anadarko Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T13:18:38","indexId":"ofr20111242","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1242","title":"Undiscovered petroleum resources for the Woodford Shale and Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale assessment units, Anadarko Basin","docAbstract":"In 2010 the U.S. Geological Survey assessed undiscovered oil and gas resources for the Anadarko Basin Province of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The assessment included three continuous (unconventional) assessment units (AU). Mean undiscovered resources for the (1) Devonian Woodford Shale Gas AU are about 16 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG) and 192 million barrels of natural gas liquids (MMBNGL), (2) Woodford Shale Oil AU are 393 million barrels of oil (MMBO), 2 TCFG, and 59 MMBNGL, and (3) Pennsylvanian Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale Gas AU are 6.8 TCFG and 82 MMBNGL. The continuous gas AUs are mature for gas generation within the deep basin of Oklahoma and Texas. Gas generation from the Woodford Shale source rock started about 335 Ma, and from the Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale AU about 300 Ma. Maturation results are based on vitrinite reflectance data, and on 1D and 4D petroleum system models that calculated vitrinite reflectance (R<sub>o</sub>), and Rock-Eval and hydrous pyrolysis transformation (HP) ratios through time for petroleum source rocks. The Woodford Shale Gas AU boundary and sweet spot were defined mainly on (1) isopach thickness from well-log analysis and published sources; (2) estimated ultimate recoverable production from existing, mainly horizontal, wells; and (3) levels of thermal maturation. Measured and modeled Ro ranges from about 1.2% to 5% in the AU, which represents marginally mature to overmature for gas generation. The sweet spot included most of the Woodford that was deposited within eroded channels in the unconformably underlying Hunton Group. The Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale Gas AU has no known production in the deep basin. This AU boundary is based primarily on the gas generation window, and on thickness and distribution of organic-rich facies from these mainly thin shale and limestone beds. Estimates of organic richness were based on well-log signatures and published data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111242","usgsCitation":"Higley, D.K., 2011, Undiscovered petroleum resources for the Woodford Shale and Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale assessment units, Anadarko Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1242, 3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 90.12 inches x 40.13 inches; Sheet 2: 90.12 inches x 40.13 inches; Sheet 3: 64.80 inches x 40.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111242.","productDescription":"3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 90.12 inches x 40.13 inches; Sheet 2: 90.12 inches x 40.13 inches; Sheet 3: 64.80 inches x 40.13 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1242.png"},{"id":94235,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1242/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.5,34 ], [ -104.5,40 ], [ -97,40 ], [ -97,34 ], [ -104.5,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higley, Debra K. 0000-0001-8024-9954 higley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9954","contributorId":152663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higley","given":"Debra","email":"higley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005598,"text":"ofr20111248 - 2011 - Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2011 Indian Gulch burn area, near Golden, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:01","indexId":"ofr20111248","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1248","title":"Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2011 Indian Gulch burn area, near Golden, Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents an assessment of the debris-flow hazards from drainage basins burned in 2011 by the Indian Gulch wildfire near Golden, Colorado. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned drainage basins throughout the intermountain western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence and debris-flow volumes for selected drainage basins. Input for the models include measures of burn severity, topographic characteristics, soil properties, and rainfall total and intensity for a (1) 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, (2) 10-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, and (3) 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall.  Estimated debris-flow probabilities in the drainage basins of interest ranged from 2 percent in response to the 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall to a high of 76 percent in response to the 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall. Estimated debris-flow volumes ranged from a low of 840 cubic meters to a high of 26,000 cubic meters, indicating a considerable hazard should debris flows occur.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111248","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Ruddy, B.C., 2011, Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2011 Indian Gulch burn area, near Golden, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1248, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111248.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1248.gif"},{"id":94245,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1248/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.28416666666666,39.733333333333334 ], [ -105.28416666666666,39.7675 ], [ -105.23416666666667,39.7675 ], [ -105.23416666666667,39.733333333333334 ], [ -105.28416666666666,39.733333333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruddy, Barbara C. bcruddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":4163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruddy","given":"Barbara","email":"bcruddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005586,"text":"ofr20111245 - 2011 - Evolution of overpressured and underpressured oil and gas reservoirs, Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:02","indexId":"ofr20111245","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1245","title":"Evolution of overpressured and underpressured oil and gas reservoirs, Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas","docAbstract":"Departures of resistivity logs from a normal compaction gradient indicate that overpressure previously extended north of the present-day overpressured zone. These indicators of paleopressure, which are strongest in the deep basin, are mapped to the Kansas-Oklahoma border in shales of Desmoinesian age. The broad area of paleopressure has contracted to the deep basin, and today the overpressured deep basin, as determined from drillstem tests, is bounded on the north by strata with near normal pressures (hydrostatic), grading to the northwest to pressures that are less than hydrostatic (underpressured). Thus the pressure regime in the northwest portion of the Anadarko Basin has evolved from paleo-overpressure to present-day underpressure.  Using pressure data from drillstem tests, we constructed cross sections and potentiometric maps that illustrate the extent and nature of present-day underpressuring. Downcutting and exposure of Lower Permian and Pennsylvanian strata along, and east of, the Nemaha fault zone in central Oklahoma form the discharge locus where pressure reaches near atmospheric. From east to west, hydraulic head increases by several hundred feet in each rock formation, whereas elevation increases by thousands of feet. The resulting underpressuring of the aquifer-supported oil and gas fields, which also increases from east to west, is a consequence of the vertical separation between surface elevation and hydraulic head. A 1,000-ft thick cap of Permian evaporites and shales isolates the underlying strata from the surface, preventing re-establishment of a normal hydrostatic gradient.  Thus, the present-day pressure regime of oil and gas reservoirs, overpressured in the deep basin and underpressured on the northwest flank of the basin, is the result of two distinct geologic events-rapid burial and uplift/erosion-widely separated in time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111245","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., and Gianoutsos, N.J., 2011, Evolution of overpressured and underpressured oil and gas reservoirs, Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1245, 3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 87.00 inches x 41.05 inches; Sheet 2: 87.00 inches x 41.05 inches; Sheet 3: 87.00 inches x 41.13 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111245.","productDescription":"3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 87.00 inches x 41.05 inches; Sheet 2: 87.00 inches x 41.05 inches; Sheet 3: 87.00 inches x 41.13 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1245.png"},{"id":94233,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1245/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Oklahoma;Texas;Kansas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dda06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Phillip H.","contributorId":53048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gianoutsos, Nicholas J. 0000-0002-6510-6549 ngianoutsos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6510-6549","contributorId":3607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gianoutsos","given":"Nicholas","email":"ngianoutsos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005589,"text":"ofr20111263 - 2011 - Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70005589,"text":"ofr20111263 - 2011 - Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome","indexId":"ofr20111263","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70074640,"text":"70074640 - 2013 - Monitoring of livestock grazing effects on Bureau of Land Management land","indexId":"70074640","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"Monitoring of livestock grazing effects on Bureau of Land Management land"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70074640,"text":"70074640 - 2013 - Monitoring of livestock grazing effects on Bureau of Land Management land","indexId":"70074640","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"Monitoring of livestock grazing effects on Bureau of Land Management land"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:01","indexId":"ofr20111263","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1263","title":"Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome","docAbstract":"Domestic livestock grazing occurs in virtually all sagebrush habitats and is a prominent disturbance factor. By affecting habitat condition and trend, grazing influences the resources required by, and thus, the distribution and abundance of sagebrush-obligate wildlife species (for example, sage-grouse Centrocercus spp.). Yet, the risks that livestock grazing may pose to these species and their habitats are not always clear. Although livestock grazing intensity and associated habitat condition may be known in many places at the local level, we have not yet been able to answer questions about use, condition, and trend at the landscape scale or at the range-wide scale for wildlife species. A great deal of information about grazing use, management regimes, and ecological condition exists at the local level (for individual livestock management units) under the oversight of organizations such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). However, the extent, quality, and types of existing data are unknown, which hinders the compilation, mapping, or analysis of these data. Once compiled, these data may be helpful for drawing conclusions about rangeland status, and we may be able to identify relationships between those data and wildlife habitat at the landscape scale.  The overall objective of our study was to perform a range-wide assessment of livestock grazing effects (and the relevant supporting data) in sagebrush ecosystems managed by the BLM. Our assessments and analyses focused primarily on local-level management and data collected at the scale of BLM grazing allotments (that is, individual livestock management units). Specific objectives included the following:\r\n   1. Identify and refine existing range-wide datasets to be used for analyses of livestock grazing effects on sagebrush ecosystems.\r\n   2. Assess the extent, quality, and types of livestock grazing-related natural resource data collected by BLM range-wide (i.e., across allotments, districts and regions).\r\n   3. Compile and synthesize recommendations from federal and university rangeland science experts about how BLM might prioritize collection of different types of livestock grazing-related natural resource data.\r\n   4. Investigate whether range-wide datasets (Objective 1) could be used in conjunction with remotely sensed imagery to identify across broad scales (a) allotments potentially not meeting BLM Land Health Standards (LHS) and (b) allotments in which unmet standards might be attributable to livestock grazing.  Objective 1: We identified four datasets that potentially could be used for analyses of livestock grazing effects on sagebrush ecosystems. First, we obtained the most current spatial data (typically up to 2007, 2008, or 2009) for all BLM allotments and compiled data into a coarse, topologically enforced dataset that delineated grazing allotment boundaries. Second, we obtained LHS evaluation data (as of 2007) for all allotments across all districts and regions; these data included date of most recent evaluation, BLM determinations of whether region-specific standards were met, and whether BLM deemed livestock to have contributed to any unmet standards. Third, we examined grazing records of three types: Actual Use (permittee-reported), Billed Use (BLM-reported), and Permitted Use (legally authorized). Finally, we explored the possibility of using existing Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Ecological Site Description (ESD) data to make up-to-date estimates of production and forage availability on BLM allotments.  Objective 2: We investigated the availability of BLM livestock grazing-related monitoring data and the status of LHS across 310 randomly selected allotments in 13 BLM field offices. We found that, relative to other data types, the most commonly available monitoring data were Actual Use numbers (permittee-reported livestock numbers and season-of-use), followed by Photo Point, forage Utilization, and finally, Vegetation Trend measurement data. Data availability and frequency of data collection varied across allotments and field offices. Analysis of the BLM's LHS data indicated 67 percent of allotments analyzed were meeting standards. For those not meeting standards, livestock were considered the causal factor in 45 percent of cases (about 15 percent of all allotments).  Objective 3: We sought input from 42 university and federal rangeland science experts about how best to prioritize rangeland monitoring activities associated with ascertaining livestock impacts on vegetation resources. When we presented a hypothetical scenario to these scientists and asked them to prioritize monitoring activities, the most common response was to measure ground and vegetation cover, a variable that in many cases (10 of 13 field offices sampled) BLM had already identified as a monitoring priority. Experts identified several other traditional (for example, photo points) and emerging approaches (for example, high-resolution aerial photography) to monitoring.  Objective 4: We used spatial allotment data (described in Objective 1) and remotely sensed vegetation data (sagebrush cover, herbaceous vegetation cover, litter and bare soil) to assess differences in allotment LHS status (\"Not met\" vs. \"Met\"; if \"Not met\" - livestock-caused vs. not). We then developed logistic regression models, using vegetation variables to predict LHS status of BLM allotments in sagebrush steppe habitats in Wyoming and portions of Montana and Colorado.  In general, we found that more consistent data collection at the local level might improve suitability of data for broad-scale analyses of livestock impacts. As is, data collection methodologies varied across field offices and States, and we did not find any local-level monitoring data (Actual Use, Utilization, Vegetation Trend) that had been collected consistently enough over time or space for range-wide analyses. Moreover, continued and improved emphasis on monitoring also may aid local management decisions, particularly with respect to effects of livestock grazing. Rangeland science experts identified ground cover as a high monitoring priority for assessing range condition and emphasized the importance of tracking livestock numbers and grazing dates. Ultimately, the most effective monitoring program may entail both increased data collection effort and the integration of alternative monitoring approaches (for example, remote sensing or monitoring teams). In the course of our study, we identified three additional datasets that could potentially be used for range-wide analyses: spatial allotment boundary data for all BLM allotments range-wide, LHS evaluations of BLM allotments, and livestock use data (livestock numbers and grazing dates). It may be possible to use these spatial datasets to help prioritize monitoring activities over the extensive land areas managed by BLM. We present an example of how we used spatial allotment boundary data and LHS data to test whether remotely sensed vegetation characteristics could be used to predict which allotments met or did not meet LHS. This approach may be further improved by the results of current efforts by BLM to test whether more intensive (higher resolution) LHS assessments more accurately describe land health status. Standardized data collection in more ecologically meaningful land units may improve our ability to use local-level data for broad-scale analyses.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111263","usgsCitation":"Veblen, K.E., Pyke, D.A., Jones, C.A., Casazza, M.L., Assal, T.J., and Farinha, M.A., 2011, Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1263, iv, 53 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111263.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1263.png"},{"id":94242,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1263/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veblen, Kari E.","contributorId":76872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Veblen","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":352883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Christopher A. chrisj@usgs.gov","contributorId":47478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Christopher","email":"chrisj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35993,"text":"Hydrologic Investigations and Research Section","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Assal, Timothy J. 0000-0001-6342-2954 assalt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6342-2954","contributorId":2203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Assal","given":"Timothy","email":"assalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Farinha, Melissa A.","contributorId":7791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farinha","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70005549,"text":"ofr20111204 - 2011 - Summaries of important areas for mineral investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T11:45:41.204995","indexId":"ofr20111204","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1204","title":"Summaries of important areas for mineral investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations (TFBSO) entered into an agreement with the Afghanistan Geological Survey to study and assess the fuel and nonfuel mineral resources of Afghanistan from October 2009 to September 2011 so that these resources could be economically extracted to expand the economy of Afghanistan. This report summarizes the results of joint studies on 24 important areas of interest (AOIs) of nonfuel mineral resources that were identified for mineral investment and production opportunities in Afghanistan. This report is supported by digital data and archival and non-USGS reports on each AOI, and these data are available from the Afghanistan Geological Survey Data Center in Kabul (http://mom.gov.af/en/ and http://www.bgs.ac.uk/afghanminerals/) and for viewing and download on the USGS public Web site and in a separate viewer at http://mapdss2.er.usgs.gov/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Task Force for Business and Stability Operations, under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense and the Afghanistan Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Peters, S., King, T., Mack, T.J., and Chornack, M.P., 2011, Summaries of important areas for mineral investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1204, 1,810 p.; Appendixes on DVD, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111204.","productDescription":"1,810 p.; Appendixes on DVD","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1204.gif"},{"id":94214,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[61.21082,35.65007],[62.23065,35.27066],[62.98466,35.40404],[63.19354,35.85717],[63.9829,36.00796],[64.54648,36.31207],[64.74611,37.11182],[65.58895,37.30522],[65.74563,37.66116],[66.21738,37.39379],[66.51861,37.36278],[67.07578,37.35614],[67.83,37.14499],[68.13556,37.02312],[68.85945,37.34434],[69.19627,37.15114],[69.51879,37.609],[70.11658,37.58822],[70.27057,37.73516],[70.3763,38.1384],[70.80682,38.48628],[71.34813,38.25891],[71.2394,37.95327],[71.54192,37.90577],[71.44869,37.06564],[71.84464,36.73817],[72.19304,36.94829],[72.63689,37.04756],[73.26006,37.49526],[73.9487,37.42157],[74.98,37.41999],[75.15803,37.13303],[74.57589,37.02084],[74.06755,36.83618],[72.92002,36.72001],[71.84629,36.50994],[71.26235,36.07439],[71.49877,35.65056],[71.61308,35.1532],[71.11502,34.73313],[71.15677,34.34891],[70.8818,33.98886],[69.93054,34.02012],[70.32359,33.35853],[69.68715,33.1055],[69.26252,32.50194],[69.31776,31.90141],[68.92668,31.62019],[68.55693,31.71331],[67.79269,31.58293],[67.68339,31.30315],[66.93889,31.30491],[66.38146,30.7389],[66.34647,29.88794],[65.04686,29.47218],[64.35042,29.56003],[64.148,29.34082],[63.55026,29.46833],[62.54986,29.31857],[60.87425,29.82924],[61.78122,30.73585],[61.69931,31.37951],[60.94194,31.54807],[60.86365,32.18292],[60.53608,32.98127],[60.9637,33.52883],[60.52843,33.67645],[60.80319,34.4041],[61.21082,35.65007]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Afghanistan\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69977d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Stephen G. speters@usgs.gov","contributorId":2793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Stephen G.","email":"speters@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":596,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chornack, Michael P. mpchorna@usgs.gov","contributorId":2431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chornack","given":"Michael","email":"mpchorna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005553,"text":"ofr20111253 - 2011 - Estimates of electricity requirements for the recovery of mineral commodities, with examples applied to sub-Saharan Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:01","indexId":"ofr20111253","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1253","title":"Estimates of electricity requirements for the recovery of mineral commodities, with examples applied to sub-Saharan Africa","docAbstract":"To produce materials from mine to market it is necessary to overcome obstacles that include the force of gravity, the strength of molecular bonds, and technological inefficiencies. These challenges are met by the application of energy to accomplish the work that includes the direct use of electricity, fossil fuel, and manual labor. The tables and analyses presented in this study contain estimates of electricity consumption for the mining and processing of ores, concentrates, intermediate products, and industrial and refined metallic commodities on a kilowatt-hour per unit basis, primarily the metric ton or troy ounce. Data contained in tables pertaining to specific currently operating facilities are static, as the amount of electricity consumed to process or produce a unit of material changes over time for a great number of reasons. Estimates were developed from diverse sources that included feasibility studies, company-produced annual and sustainability reports, conference proceedings, discussions with government and industry experts, journal articles, reference texts, and studies by nongovernmental organizations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111253","usgsCitation":"Bleiwas, D.I., 2011, Estimates of electricity requirements for the recovery of mineral commodities, with examples applied to sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1253, vi, 20 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111253.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1253.png"},{"id":94216,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1253/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Sub-saharan Africa","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcae1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bleiwas, Donald I. bleiwas@usgs.gov","contributorId":1434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleiwas","given":"Donald","email":"bleiwas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005518,"text":"pp1784B - 2011 - Investigation of the potential for concealed base-metal mineralization at the Drenchwater Creek Zn-Pb-Ag occurrence, northern Alaska, using geology, reconnaissance geochemistry, and airborne electromagnetic geophysics","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70005518,"text":"pp1784B - 2011 - Investigation of the potential for concealed base-metal mineralization at the Drenchwater Creek Zn-Pb-Ag occurrence, northern Alaska, using geology, reconnaissance geochemistry, and airborne electromagnetic geophysics","indexId":"pp1784B","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Investigation of the potential for concealed base-metal mineralization at the Drenchwater Creek Zn-Pb-Ag occurrence, northern Alaska, using geology, reconnaissance geochemistry, and airborne electromagnetic geophysics"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70200800,"text":"pp1784 - 2011 - Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2010","indexId":"pp1784","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2010"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70200800,"text":"pp1784 - 2011 - Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2010","indexId":"pp1784","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2010"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-01T15:21:50","indexId":"pp1784B","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1784","chapter":"B","title":"Investigation of the potential for concealed base-metal mineralization at the Drenchwater Creek Zn-Pb-Ag occurrence, northern Alaska, using geology, reconnaissance geochemistry, and airborne electromagnetic geophysics","docAbstract":"In 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Land Management, and State of Alaska cooperated on an investigation of the mineral potential of a southern part of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, Howard Pass quadrangle, to provide background information for future land-use decisions. The investigation incorporated an airborne electromagnetic (EM) survey covering 1,500 mi<sup>2</sup> (~3,900 km<sup>2</sup>), including flight lines directly over the Drenchwater Creek sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag occurrence, the largest known base-metal occurrence in the survey area. Samples from the mineralized outcrop and rubblecrop contain metal concentrations that can exceed 11 percent Zn+Pb, with appreciable amounts of Ag. Soil samples with anomalous Pb concentrations are distributed near the sulfide-bearing outcrops and along a >2.5 km zone comprising mudstone, shale, and volcanic rocks of the Kuna Formation.\nNo drilling has taken place at the Drenchwater occurrence, so alternative data sources (for example, geophysics) are especially important in assessing possible indicators of mineralization. Data from the 2005 electromagnetic survey define the geophysical character of the rocks at Drenchwater and, in combination with geological and surface-geochemical data, can aid in assessing the possible shallow (up to about 50 m), subsurface lateral extent of base-metal sulfide accumulations at Drenchwater. A distinct >3-km-long electromagnetic conductive zone (observed in apparent resistivity maps) coincides with, and extends further westward than, mineralized shale outcrops and soils anomalously high in Pb concentrations within the Kuna Formation; this conductive zone may indicate sulfide-rich rock. Models of electrical resistivity with depth, generated from inversion of electromagnetic data, which provide alongflight-line conductivity-depth profiles to between 25 and 50 m below ground surface, show that the shallow subsurface conductive zone occurs in areas of known mineralized outcrops and thins to the east. Broader, more conductive rock along the western ~1 km of the geophysical anomaly does not reach ground surface. These data suggest that the Drenchwater deposit is more extensive than previously thought. The application of inversion modeling also was applied to another smaller geochemical anomaly in the Twistem Creek area. The results are inconclusive, but they suggest that there may be a local conductive zone, possibly due to sulfides.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2010","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1784B","collaboration":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2010","usgsCitation":"Graham, G.E., Deszcz-Pan, M., Abraham, J.E., and Kelley, K., 2011, Investigation of the potential for concealed base-metal mineralization at the Drenchwater Creek Zn-Pb-Ag occurrence, northern Alaska, using geology, reconnaissance geochemistry, and airborne electromagnetic geophysics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1784, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1784B.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1784_B.gif"},{"id":94201,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1784/b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160,68 ], [ -160,69 ], [ -156,69 ], [ -156,68 ], [ -160,68 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47c7e4b07f02db4aaafd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Garth E. 0000-0003-0657-0365 ggraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0657-0365","contributorId":1031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Garth","email":"ggraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deszcz-Pan, Maria 0000-0002-6298-5314 maryla@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6298-5314","contributorId":1263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deszcz-Pan","given":"Maria","email":"maryla@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abraham, Jared E.","contributorId":73739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":57817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005543,"text":"sir20115152 - 2011 - Hydrography of and biogeochemical inputs to Liberty Bay, a small urban embayment in Puget Sound, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:40","indexId":"sir20115152","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5152","title":"Hydrography of and biogeochemical inputs to Liberty Bay, a small urban embayment in Puget Sound, Washington","docAbstract":"This multi-chapter report describes scientific and logistic understanding gained from a 2 year proof-of-concept study in Liberty Bay, a small urban embayment in central Puget Sound, Washington. The introductory chapter describes the regional and local setting, the high-level study goals, the site-specific urban stressors, and the interdisciplinary study approach. Subsequent data chapters describe detailed studies of various components of the Liberty Bay ecosystem: the aquatic environment (Chapter 2), surface and groundwater quantity and quality (Chapter 3), sediment quality (Chapter 4), eelgrass habitat (Chapter 5), carbon and nitrogen sources (Chapter 6), and a statistical model relating herring spawn probability to shoreline attributes (Chapter 7). The final chapter synthesizes knowledge about individual components into a system-wide understanding of how urbanization may affect the Liberty Bay ecosystem. The Liberty Bay study was conducted as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Coastal Habitats in Puget Sound project, an interdisciplinary collaboration to understand physical and biological processes that affect nearshore ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115152","collaboration":"A Pilot Study by the Effects of Urbanization Task of the U.S. Geological Survey Multi-Disciplinary Coastal Habitats in Puget Sound Project","usgsCitation":"Takesue, R.K., 2011, Hydrography of and biogeochemical inputs to Liberty Bay, a small urban embayment in Puget Sound, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5152, viii, 98 p.; 8 Chapters, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115152.","productDescription":"viii, 98 p.; 8 Chapters","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5152.jpg"},{"id":94203,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,46.5 ], [ -125,49.5 ], [ -120,49.5 ], [ -120,46.5 ], [ -125,46.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takesue, Renee K. 0000-0003-1205-0825 rtakesue@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-0825","contributorId":2159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takesue","given":"Renee","email":"rtakesue@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70179135,"text":"70179135 - 2011 - Differential survival among sSOD-1* genotypes in Chinook Salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-19T12:34:30","indexId":"70179135","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differential survival among sSOD-1* genotypes in Chinook Salmon","docAbstract":"<p><span>Differential survival and growth were tested in Chinook salmon </span><i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i><span> expressing two common alleles, </span><i>*–100</i><span> and </span><i>*–260</i><span>, at the superoxide dismutase locus (</span><i>sSOD-1*</i><span>). These tests were necessary to support separate studies in which the two alleles were used as genetic marks under the assumption of mark neutrality. Heterozygous adults were used to produce progeny with </span><i>–100/–100</i><span>, </span><i>–100/–260</i><span>, and </span><i>–260/–260</i><span> genotypes that were reared in two natural streams and two hatcheries in the states of Washington and Oregon. The latter also were evaluated as returning adults. In general, the genotype ratios of juveniles reared at hatcheries were consistent with high survival and little or no differential survival in the hatchery. Adult returns at one hatchery were significantly different from the expected proportions, and the survival of the </span><i>–260</i><span>/</span><i>–260</i><span> genotype was 0.56–0.89 times that of the </span><i>–100/–100</i><span> genotype over four year-classes. Adult returns at a second hatchery (one year-class) were similar but not statistically significant: survival of the </span><i>–260/–260</i><span>genotype relative to the </span><i>–100/–100</i><span> genotype was 0.76. The performance of the heterozygote group was intermediate at both hatcheries. Significant differences in growth were rarely observed among hatchery fish (one year-class of juveniles and one age-class of adult males) but were consistent with greater performance for the </span><i>–100/–100</i><span> genotype. Results from two groups of juveniles reared in streams (one year-class from each stream) suggested few differences in growth, but the observed genotype ratios were significantly different from the expected ratios in one stream. Those differences were consistent with the adult data; survival for the </span><i>–260/–260</i><span> genotype was 76% of that of the </span><i>–100/–100</i><span> genotype. These results, which indicate nonneutrality among </span><i>sSOD-1*</i><span> genotypes, caused us to modify our related studies and suggest caution in the interpretation of results and analyses in which allozyme marks are assumed to be neutral.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2011.621813","usgsCitation":"Hayes, M.C., Reisenbichler, R.R., Rubin, S.P., Wetzel, L.A., and Marshall, A.R., 2011, Differential survival among sSOD-1* genotypes in Chinook Salmon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 140, no. 5, p. 1305-1316, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2011.621813.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"1305","endPage":"1316","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2011.621813","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.915283203125,\n              45.95496879511337\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.56097412109375,\n              45.94924003378791\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.1572265625,\n              45.8842726860033\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.13800048828125,\n              45.70234306798271\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.91827392578125,\n              45.71385093029221\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.61614990234374,\n              45.79242458189578\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.45135498046875,\n              45.77710182434549\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.30853271484375,\n              45.56406391514301\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.36346435546874,\n              45.27102073184515\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.355224609375,\n              45.00170912094224\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.34698486328125,\n              44.84613295361055\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.5145263671875,\n              44.820812031724444\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.64361572265624,\n              44.92786297463683\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.95373535156249,\n              45.55444852652113\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9482421875,\n              45.960696964286164\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.915283203125,\n              45.95496879511337\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"140","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5859000be4b03639a6025e3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Michael C. 0000-0002-9060-0565 mhayes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-0565","contributorId":3017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Michael","email":"mhayes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reisenbichler, Reginald R.","contributorId":20623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, Stephen P. 0000-0003-3054-7173","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3054-7173","contributorId":38037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wetzel, Lisa A. 0000-0003-3178-9940 lwetzel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-9940","contributorId":3016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"Lisa","email":"lwetzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marshall, Anne R.","contributorId":177545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marshall","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70005505,"text":"sir20115131 - 2011 - Flood-frequency analyses from paleoflood investigations for Spring, Rapid, Boxelder, and Elk Creeks, Black Hills, western South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T10:12:17","indexId":"sir20115131","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5131","title":"Flood-frequency analyses from paleoflood investigations for Spring, Rapid, Boxelder, and Elk Creeks, Black Hills, western South Dakota","docAbstract":"Flood-frequency analyses for the Black Hills area are important because of severe flooding of June 9-10, 1972, that was caused by a large mesoscale convective system and caused at least 238 deaths. Many 1972 peak flows are high outliers (by factors of 10 or more) in observed records that date to the early 1900s. An efficient means of reducing uncertainties for flood recurrence is to augment gaged records by using paleohydrologic techniques to determine ages and magnitudes of prior large floods (paleofloods). This report summarizes results of paleoflood investigations for Spring Creek, Rapid Creek (two reaches), Boxelder Creek (two subreaches), and Elk Creek. Stratigraphic records and resulting long-term flood chronologies, locally extending more than 2,000 years, were combined with observed and adjusted peak-flow values (gaged records) and historical flood information to derive flood-frequency estimates for the six study reaches. Results indicate that (1) floods as large as and even substantially larger than 1972 have affected most of the study reaches, and (2) incorporation of the paleohydrologic information substantially reduced uncertainties in estimating flood recurrence.  Canyons within outcrops of Paleozoic rocks along the eastern flanks of the Black Hills provided excellent environments for (1) deposition and preservation of stratigraphic sequences of late-Holocene flood deposits, primarily in protected slack-water settings flanking the streams; and (2) hydraulic analyses for determination of associated flow magnitudes. The bedrock canyons ensure long-term stability of channel and valley geometry, thereby increasing confidence in hydraulic computations of ancient floods from modern channel geometry.  Stratigraphic records of flood sequences, in combination with deposit dating by radiocarbon, optically stimulated luminescence, and cesium-137, provided paleoflood chronologies for 29 individual study sites. Flow magnitudes were estimated from elevations of flood deposits in conjunction with hydraulic calculations based on modern channel and valley geometry. Reach-scale paleoflood chronologies were interpreted for each study reach, which generally entailed correlation of flood evidence among multiple sites, chiefly based on relative position within stratigraphic sequences, unique textural characteristics, or results of age dating and flow estimation.  The FLDFRQ3 and PeakfqSA analytical models (assuming log-Pearson Type III frequency distributions) were used for flood-frequency analyses for as many as four scenarios: (1) analysis of gaged records only; (2) gaged records with historical information; (3) all available data including gaged records, historical flows, paleofloods, and perception thresholds; and (4) the same as the third scenario, but ?top fitting? the distribution using only the largest 50 percent of gaged peak flows. The PeakfqSA model is most consistent with procedures adopted by most Federal agencies for flood-frequency analysis and thus was (1) used for comparisons among results for study reaches, and (2) considered by the authors as most appropriate for general applications of estimating low-probability flood recurrence.  The detailed paleoflood investigations indicated that in the last 2,000 years all study reaches have had multiple large floods substantially larger than in gaged records. For Spring Creek, stratigraphic records preserved a chronology of at least five paleofloods in approximately (~) 1,000 years approaching or exceeding the 1972 flow of 21,800 cubic feet per second (ft<sup>3</sup>/s). The largest was ~700 years ago with a flow range of 29,300-58,600 ft<sup>3</sup>/s, which reflects the uncertainty regarding flood-magnitude estimates that was incorporated in the flood-frequency analyses.  In the lower reach of Rapid Creek (downstream from Pactola Dam), two paleofloods in ~1,000 years exceeded the 1972 flow of 31,200 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Those occurred ~440 and 1,000 years ago, with flows of 128,000-256,000 and 64,000-128,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s, respectively. Five smaller paleofloods of 9,500-19,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s occurred between ~200 and 400 years ago. In the upper reach of Rapid Creek (above Pactola Reservoir), the largest recorded floods are substantially smaller than for lower Rapid Creek and all other study reaches. Paleofloods of ~12,900 and 12,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s occurred ~1,000 and 1,500 years ago. One additional paleoflood (~800 years ago) was similar in magnitude to the largest gaged flow of 2,460 ft<sup>3</sup>/s  Boxelder Creek was treated as having two subreaches because of two tributaries that affect peak flows. During the last ~1,000 years, paleofloods of ~39,000-78,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s and 40,000-80,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s in the upstream subreach have exceeded the 1972 peak flow of 30,800 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. One other paleoflood was similar to the second largest gaged flow (16,400 ft<sup>3</sup>/s in 1907). For the downstream subreach, paleofloods of 61,300-123,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s and 52,500-105,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s in the last ~1,000 years have substantially exceeded the 1972 flood (50,500 ft<sup>3</sup>/s). Four additional paleofloods had flows between 14,200 and 33,800 ft<sup>3</sup>/s.  The 1972 flow on Elk Creek (10,400 ft<sup>3</sup>/s) has been substantially exceeded at least five times in the last 1,900 years. The largest paleoflood (41,500-124,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s) was ~900 years ago. Three other paleofloods between 37,500 and 120,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s occurred between 1,100 and 1,800 years ago. A fifth paleoflood of 25,500-76,500 ft<sup>3</sup>/s was ~750 years ago.  Considering analyses for all available data (PeakfqSA model) for all six study reaches, the 95-percent confidence intervals about the low-probability quantile estimates (100-, 200-, and 500-year recurrence intervals) were reduced by at least 78 percent relative to those for the gaged records only. In some cases, 95-percent uncertainty intervals were reduced by 99 percent or more. For all study reaches except the two Boxelder Creek subreaches, quantile estimates for these long-term analyses were larger than for the short-term analyses.  The 1972 flow for the Spring Creek study reach (21,800 ft<sup>3</sup>/s) corresponds with a recurrence interval of ~400 years. Recurrence intervals are ~500 years for the 1972 flood magnitudes along the lower Rapid Creek reach and the upstream subreach of Boxelder Creek. For the downstream subreach of Boxelder Creek, the large 1972 flood magnitude (50,500 ft<sup>3</sup>/s) exceeds the 500-year quantile estimate by about 35 percent. The recurrence interval of ~100 years for 1972 flooding along the Elk Creek study reach is small relative to other study reaches along the eastern margin of the Black Hills.  All of the paleofloods plot within the bounds of a national envelope curve, indicating that the national curve represents exceedingly rare floods for the Black Hills area. Elk Creek, lower Rapid Creek, and the downstream subreach of Boxelder Creek all have paleofloods that plot above a regional envelope curve; in the case of Elk Creek, by a factor of nearly two. The Black Hills paleofloods represent some of the largest known floods, relative to drainage area, for the United States. Many of the other largest known United States floods are in areas with physiographic and climatologic conditions broadly similar to the Black Hills-semiarid and rugged landscapes that intercept and focus heavy precipitation from convective storm systems.  The 1972 precipitation and runoff patterns, previous analyses of peak-flow records, and the paleoflood investigations of this study support a hypothesis of distinct differences in flood generation within the central Black Hills study area. The eastern Black Hills are susceptible to intense orographic lifting associated with convective storm systems and also have high relief, thin soils, and narrow and steep canyons-factors favoring generation of exceptionally heavy rain-producing thunderstorms and promoting runoff and rapid concentration of flow into stream channels. In contrast, storm potential is smaller in and near the Limestone Plateau area, and storm runoff is further reduced by substantial infiltration into the limestone, gentle topography, and extensive floodplain storage.  Results of the paleoflood investigations are directly applicable only to the specific study reaches and in the case of Rapid Creek, only to pre-regulation conditions. Thus, approaches for broader applications were developed from inferences of overall flood-generation processes, and appropriate domains for application of results were described. Example applications were provided by estimating flood quantiles for selected streamgages, which also allowed direct comparison with results of at-site flood-frequency analyses from a previous study.  Several broad issues and uncertainties were examined, including potential biases associated with stratigraphic records that inherently are not always complete, uncertainties regarding statistical approaches, and the unknown applicability of paleoflood records to future watershed conditions. The results of the paleoflood investigations, however, provide much better physically based information on low-probability floods than has been available previously, substantially improving estimates of the magnitude and frequency of large floods in these basins and reducing associated uncertainty.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115131","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with South Dakota Department of Transportation, Federal Emergency Management Agency, City of Rapid City, and West Dakota Water Development District","usgsCitation":"Harden, T., O'Connor, J., Driscoll, D.G., and Stamm, J., 2011, Flood-frequency analyses from paleoflood investigations for Spring, Rapid, Boxelder, and Elk Creeks, Black Hills, western South Dakota (First posted September 23, 2011; Revised January 18, 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5131, viii, 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115131.","productDescription":"viii, 136 p.","numberOfPages":"148","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5131.jpg"},{"id":94196,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5131/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.16666666666667,43.666666666666664 ], [ -104.16666666666667,44.333333333333336 ], [ -103,44.333333333333336 ], [ -103,43.666666666666664 ], [ -104.16666666666667,43.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"First posted September 23, 2011; Revised January 18, 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e745a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, Tessa M. 0000-0001-9854-1347","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9854-1347","contributorId":85690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harden","given":"Tessa M.","affiliations":[{"id":6736,"text":"Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":352676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driscoll, Daniel G. dgdrisco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Daniel","email":"dgdrisco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stamm, John F. 0000-0002-3404-2933 jstamm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-2933","contributorId":2859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamm","given":"John F.","email":"jstamm@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005515,"text":"sir20115075 - 2011 - Assessment of surface-water quantity and quality, Eagle River watershed, Colorado, 1947-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:56","indexId":"sir20115075","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5075","title":"Assessment of surface-water quantity and quality, Eagle River watershed, Colorado, 1947-2007","docAbstract":"From the early mining days to the current tourism-based economy, the Eagle River watershed (ERW) in central Colorado has undergone a sequence of land-use changes that has affected the hydrology, habitat, and water quality of the area. In 2000, the USGS, in cooperation with the Colorado River Water Conservation District, Eagle County, Eagle River Water and Sanitation District, Upper Eagle Regional Water Authority, Colorado Department of Transportation, City of Aurora, Town of Eagle, Town of Gypsum, Town of Minturn, Town of Vail, Vail Resorts, City of Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs Utilities, and Denver Water, initiated a retrospective analysis of surface-water quantity and quality in the ERW.\nSurface-water quantity data and surface-water quality data were obtained from local, State, and Federal agencies to assist in the analysis of surface-water conditions in the ERW 1947-2007. Surface-water-quality data from 293 sites and 12 different source agencies were compiled into 192 unique sites located on streams and rivers in the ERW. Approximately 39 percent of the unique sites had fewer than 5 samples; while 23 percent of the sites had more than 100 samples. Physical properties were the most abundant type of samples collected, with major ions, nutrients, and trace elements also commonly collected.\nFor selected water-quality properties and constituents in the watershed, this report: (1) characterizes available water quantity and water-quality data, (2) identifies spatial and seasonal variability in water quantity and water quality, (3) provides comparisons to Federal and State water-quality standards or recommendations, (4) characterizes temporal changes in water quality, and (5) where possible, identifies potential causes of these changes. This report provides reconnaissance-level statistical summaries and comparisons of water-quality conditions and characteristics using available data within the ERW. The report also includes streamflow statistics such as: mean annual runoff totals, peak-flood-frequency recurrence intervals, and minimum 7-day mean streamflows for selected sites within the watershed.\nThe spatial patterns for concentrations of trace metals (aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc) indicate an increase in dissolved concentrations of these metals near historical mining areas in the Eagle River and several tributaries near Belden. In general, concentrations decrease downstream from mining areas. Concentrations typically are near or below reporting limits in Gore Creek and other tributaries within the watershed. Concentrations for trace elements (arsenic, selenium, and uranium) in the watershed usually are below the reporting limit, and no prevailing spatial patterns were observed in the data. Step-trend analysis and temporal-trend analysis provide evidence that remediation of historical mining areas in the upper Eagle River have led to observed decreases in metals concentrations in many surface-waters. Comparison of pre- and post-remediation concentrations for many metals indicates significant decreases in metals concentrations for cadmium, manganese, and zinc at sites downstream from the Eagle Mine Superfund Site. Some sites show order of magnitude reductions in median concentrations between these two periods. Evaluation of monotonic trends for dissolved metals concentrations show downward trends at numerous sites in, and downstream from, historic mining areas.  The spatial pattern of nutrients shows lower concentrations on many tributaries and on the Eagle River upstream from Red Cliff with increases in nutrients downstream of major urban areas. Seasonal variations show that for many nutrient species, concentrations tend to be lowest May-June and highest January-March. The gradual changes in concentrations between seasons may be related to dilution effects from increases and decreases in streamflow. Upward trends in nutrients between the towns of Gypsum and Avon were detected for nitrate, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus.  An upward trend in nitrite was detected in Gore Creek. No trends were detected in un-ionized ammonia within the ERW. Exceedances of State water-quality standards (nitrite, nitrate, and un-ionized ammonia) and levels higher than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommendations (total phosphorus) occur in several areas within the ERW. The majority of the exceedances are from comparisons to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency total phosphorus recommendations.  A positive correlation was observed between suspended sediment and total phosphorus. An upward trend in total dissolved solids in Gore Creek may be the result of increases in chloride salts. Highly significant trends were detected in sodium, potassium, and chloride with a significant upward trend in magnesium and a weakly significant upward trend in calcium. A quantitative analysis of the relative abundance of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium to the available anions suggests that chloride salts likely are the source for the detected upward trends because chloride is the only commonly occurring anion with a trend in Gore Greek. A potential source for the observed chloride salts may be the chemical anti-icing and deicing products used during winter road maintenance in municipal areas and on Interstate-70.  A downward trend in dissolved solids in the Eagle River between Gypsum and Avon may be contributing to the detected trend on the Eagle River at Gypsum. Significant downward trends were detected in specific ions such as calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and silica. Measures of total dissolved solids as well as comparisons to specific ions show that in water-quality samples within the ERW concentrations generally are lower in the headwaters, with increases downstream from Wolcott. Differences in concentrations likely result from increased abundance of salt-bearing geologic units downstream from Avon. Few sites had measured concentrations that exceeded the State standards for chloride.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Colorado River Water Conservation District, Eagle County, Eagle River Water and Sanitation District, Upper Eagle Regional Water Authority, Colorado Department of Transportation, City of Aurora, Town of Eagle, Town of Gypsum, Town of Minturn, Town of Vail, Vail Resorts, City of Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs Utilities, and Denver Water","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.A., Moore, J.L., and Richards, R.J., 2011, Assessment of surface-water quantity and quality, Eagle River watershed, Colorado, 1947-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5075, ix, 139 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115075.","productDescription":"ix, 139 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5075.gif"},{"id":94197,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.08333333333333,39 ], [ -107.08333333333333,40 ], [ -106.08333333333333,40 ], [ -106.08333333333333,39 ], [ -107.08333333333333,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Jennifer L.","contributorId":68447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richards, Rodney J. 0000-0003-3953-984X rjrichar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-984X","contributorId":2204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Rodney","email":"rjrichar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70005484,"text":"sim3142 - 2011 - Geologic map of Big Bend National Park, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T16:11:57.279909","indexId":"sim3142","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3142","title":"Geologic map of Big Bend National Park, Texas","docAbstract":"The purpose of this map is to provide the National Park Service and the public with an updated digital geologic map of Big Bend National Park (BBNP). The geologic map report of Maxwell and others (1967) provides a fully comprehensive account of the important volcanic, structural, geomorphological, and paleontological features that define BBNP. However, the map is on a geographically distorted planimetric base and lacks topography, which has caused difficulty in conducting GIS-based data analyses and georeferencing the many geologic features investigated and depicted on the map. In addition, the map is outdated, excluding significant data from numerous studies that have been carried out since its publication more than 40 years ago. This report includes a modern digital geologic map that can be utilized with standard GIS applications to aid BBNP researchers in geologic data analysis, natural resource and ecosystem management, monitoring, assessment, inventory activities, and educational and recreational uses. The digital map incorporates new data, many revisions, and greater detail than the original map. Although some geologic issues remain unresolved for BBNP, the updated map serves as a foundation for addressing those issues.  Funding for the Big Bend National Park geologic map was provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program and the National Park Service. The Big Bend mapping project was administered by staff in the USGS Geology and Environmental Change Science Center, Denver, Colo. Members of the USGS Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center completed investigations in parallel with the geologic mapping project. Results of these investigations addressed some significant current issues in BBNP and the U.S.-Mexico border region, including contaminants and human health, ecosystems, and water resources. Funding for the high-resolution aeromagnetic survey in BBNP, and associated data analyses and interpretation, was from the USGS Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center. Mapping contributed from university professors and students was mostly funded by independent sources, including academic institutions, private industry, and other agencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Turner, K.J., Berry, M.E., Page, W.R., Lehman, T.M., Bohannon, R.G., Scott, R.B., Miggins, D., Budahn, J.R., Cooper, R.W., Drenth, B.J., Anderson, E.D., and Williams, V., 2011, Geologic map of Big Bend National Park, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3142, Pamphlet: iv, 78 p.; Appendix; Map: 76.01 inches x 47.04 inches Map; (High resolution); Map (Low Resolution); Downloads directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3142.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 78 p.; Appendix; Map: 76.01 inches x 47.04 inches Map; (High resolution); Map (Low Resolution); Downloads directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3142.gif"},{"id":94193,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3142/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"75000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,29 ], [ -104,30 ], [ -102.5,30 ], [ -102.5,29 ], [ -104,29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4a5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, Kenzie J. 0000-0002-4940-3981 kturner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-3981","contributorId":496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Kenzie","email":"kturner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Margaret E. 0000-0002-4113-8212 meberry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4113-8212","contributorId":1544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Margaret","email":"meberry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, William R. 0000-0002-0722-9911 rpage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0722-9911","contributorId":1628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"William","email":"rpage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lehman, Thomas M.","contributorId":18497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehman","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bohannon, Robert G. rbohannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"Robert","email":"rbohannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scott, Robert B. rbscott@usgs.gov","contributorId":766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Robert","email":"rbscott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miggins, Daniel P.","contributorId":71623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miggins","given":"Daniel P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cooper, Roger W.","contributorId":44546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Drenth, Benjamin J. 0000-0002-3954-8124 bdrenth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3954-8124","contributorId":1315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drenth","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdrenth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Anderson, Eric D. 0000-0002-0138-6166 ericanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-6166","contributorId":1733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Eric","email":"ericanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Williams, Van S.","contributorId":38583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Van S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70005499,"text":"fs20113055 - 2011 - Groundwater quality in the Santa Clara River Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"fs20113055","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3055","title":"Groundwater quality in the Santa Clara River Valley, California","docAbstract":"The Santa Clara River Valley (SCRV) study unit is located in Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, California, and is bounded by the Santa Monica, San Gabriel, Topatopa, and Santa Ynez Mountains, and the Pacific Ocean. The 460-square-mile study unit includes eight groundwater basins: Ojai Valley, Upper Ojai Valley, Ventura River Valley, Santa Clara River Valley, Pleasant Valley, Arroyo Santa Rosa Valley, Las Posas Valley, and Simi Valley (California Department of Water Resources, 2003; Montrella and Belitz, 2009). The SCRV study unit has hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Average annual rainfall ranges from 12 to 28 inches. The study unit is drained by the Ventura and Santa Clara Rivers, and Calleguas Creek.  The primary aquifer system in the Ventura River Valley, Ojai Valley, Upper Ojai Valley, and Simi Valley basins is largely unconfined alluvium. The primary aquifer system in the remaining groundwater basins mainly consists of unconfined sands and gravels in the upper portion and partially confined marine and nonmarine deposits in the lower portion. The primary aquifer system in the SCRV study unit is defined as those parts of the aquifers corresponding to the perforated intervals of wells listed in the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database. Public-supply wells typically are completed in the primary aquifer system to depths of 200 to 1,100 feet below land surface (bls). The wells contain solid casing reaching from the land surface to a depth of about 60-700 feet, and are perforated below the solid casing to allow water into the well. Water quality in the primary aquifer system may differ from the water in the shallower and deeper parts of the aquifer.  Land use in the study unit is approximately 40 percent (%) natural (primarily shrubs, grassland, and wetlands), 37% agricultural, and 23% urban. The primary crops are citrus, avocados, alfalfa, pasture, strawberries, and dry beans. The largest urban areas in the study unit are the cities of Ventura, Oxnard, Camarillo, Simi Valley, Newhall, and Santa Clarita.  Currently, groundwater pumping for agricultural use accounts for the greatest amount of discharge from the aquifer system in the SCRV study unit, followed by municipal use. Recharge to the groundwater system is through stream-channel infiltration from the three main river systems and by direct infiltration of precipitation and irrigation. Recharge facilities in the Oxnard forebay play an important role in recharging the local aquifer systems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113055","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey and the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Burton, C., Landon, M.K., and Belitz, K., 2011, Groundwater quality in the Santa Clara River Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3055, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113055.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3055.jpg"},{"id":94191,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3055/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e745f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":41793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70005497,"text":"ofr20111176 - 2011 - Technique for estimation of streamflow statistics in mineral areas of interest in Afghanistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"ofr20111176","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1176","title":"Technique for estimation of streamflow statistics in mineral areas of interest in Afghanistan","docAbstract":"A technique for estimating streamflow statistics at ungaged stream sites in areas of mineral interest in Afghanistan using drainage-area-ratio relations of historical streamflow data was developed and is documented in this report. The technique can be used to estimate the following streamflow statistics at ungaged sites: (1) 7-day low flow with a 10-year recurrence interval, (2) 7-day low flow with a 2-year recurrence interval, (3) daily mean streamflow exceeded 90 percent of the time, (4) daily mean streamflow exceeded 80 percent of the time, (5) mean monthly streamflow for each month of the year, (6) mean annual streamflow, and (7) minimum monthly streamflow for each month of the year. Because they are based on limited historical data, the estimates of streamflow statistics at ungaged sites are considered preliminary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Afghanistan Geological Survey, Ministry of Mines under the auspices of the Task Force for Business and Stability Operations, Department of Defense","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Mack, T.J., 2011, Technique for estimation of streamflow statistics in mineral areas of interest in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1176, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111176.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1176.jpg"},{"id":94189,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1176/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 60,29 ], [ 60,39 ], [ 70,39 ], [ 70,29 ], [ 60,29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6862ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005496,"text":"fs20113089 - 2011 - Groundwater quality in the Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley groundwater basins, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"fs20113089","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3089","title":"Groundwater quality in the Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley groundwater basins, California","docAbstract":"The Monterey-Salinas study unit is nearly 1,000 square miles and consists of the Santa Cruz Purisima Formation Highlands, Felton Area, Scotts Valley, Soquel Valley, West Santa Cruz Terrace, Salinas Valley, Pajaro Valley, and Carmel Valley groundwater basins (California Department of Water Resources, 2003; Kulongski and Belitz, 2011). These basins were grouped into four study areas based primarily on geography. Groundwater basins in the north were grouped into the Santa Cruz study area, and those to the south were grouped into the Monterey Bay, the Salinas Valley, and the Paso Robles study areas (Kulongoski and others, 2007).  The study unit has warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Average annual rainfall ranges from 31 inches in Santa Cruz in the north to 13 inches in Paso Robles in the south. The study areas are drained by several rivers and their principal tributaries: the Salinas, Pajaro, and Carmel Rivers, and San Lorenzo Creek.  The Salinas Valley is a large intermontane valley that extends southeastward from Monterey Bay to Paso Robles. It has been filled, up to a thickness of 2,000 feet, with Tertiary and Quaternary marine and terrestrial sediments that overlie granitic basement. The Miocene-age Monterey Formation and Pliocene- to Pleistocene-age Paso Robles Formation, and Pleistocene to Holocene-age alluvium contain freshwater used for supply. The primary aquifers in the study unit are defined as those parts of the aquifers corresponding to the perforated intervals of wells listed in the California Department of Public Health database. Public-supply wells are typically drilled to depths of 200 to 650 feet, consist of solid casing from the land surface to depths of about 175 to 500 feet, and are perforated below the solid casing. Water quality in the primary aquifers may differ from that in the shallower and deeper parts of the aquifer system. Groundwater movement is generally from the southern part of the Salinas Valley north towards the Monterey Bay.  Land use in the study unit is about 44 percent (%) natural (mostly grassland and forests), 43% agricultural, and 13% urban. The primary agricultural uses are row crops, pasture, hay, and vineyards. The largest urban areas are the cities of Santa Cruz, Watsonville, Monterey, Salinas, King City, and Paso Robles.  Recharge to the groundwater system is primarily from stream-channel infiltration from the major rivers and their tributaries, and from infiltration of water from precipitation and irrigation. The primary sources of discharge are water pumped for irrigation and municipal supply, evaporation, and discharge to streams.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113089","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey and the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Kulongoski, J., and Belitz, K., 2011, Groundwater quality in the Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley groundwater basins, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3089, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113089.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3089.png"},{"id":94190,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3089/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.16666666666667,35.5 ], [ -122.16666666666667,37.333333333333336 ], [ -120,37.333333333333336 ], [ -120,35.5 ], [ -122.16666666666667,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a48f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":94750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005502,"text":"sir20115052 - 2011 - Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Santa Clara River Valley, 2007-California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115052","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5052","title":"Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Santa Clara River Valley, 2007-California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the approximately 460-square-mile Santa Clara River Valley study unit was investigated from April through June 2007 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project is conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in collaboration with the California State Water Resources Control Board and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The Santa Clara River Valley study unit contains eight groundwater basins located in Ventura and Los Angeles Counties and is within the Transverse and Selected Peninsular Ranges hydrogeologic province.  The Santa Clara River Valley study unit was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of untreated (raw) groundwater in the primary aquifer system. The assessment is based on water-quality and ancillary data collected in 2007 by the USGS from 42 wells on a spatially distributed grid, and on water-quality data from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database. The primary aquifer system was defined as that part of the aquifer system corresponding to the perforation intervals of wells listed in the CDPH database for the Santa Clara River Valley study unit. The quality of groundwater in the primary aquifer system may differ from that in shallow or deep water-bearing zones; for example, shallow groundwater may be more vulnerable to surficial contamination. Eleven additional wells were sampled by the USGS to improve understanding of factors affecting water quality.The status assessment of the quality of the groundwater used data from samples analyzed for anthropogenic constituents, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pesticides, as well as naturally occurring inorganic constituents, such as major ions and trace elements. The status assessment is intended to characterize the quality of untreated groundwater resources in the primary aquifers of the Santa Clara River Valley study unit, not the quality of treated drinking water delivered to consumers.  Relative-concentrations (sample concentration divided by health- or aesthetic-based benchmark concentration) were used for evaluating groundwater quality for those constituents that have Federal and (or) California benchmarks. A relative-concentration greater than 1.0 indicates a concentration greater than a benchmark. For organic and special interest constituents, relative-concentrations were classified as high (greater than 1.0); moderate (greater than 0.1 and less than or equal to 1.0); and low (less than or equal to 0.1). For inorganic constituents, relative-concentrations were classified as high (greater than 1.0); moderate (greater than 0.5 and less than or equal to 1.0); and low (less than or equal to 0.5).  Aquifer-scale proportion was used as the primary metric in the status assessment for evaluating regional-scale groundwater quality. High aquifer-scale proportion is defined as the areal percentage of the primary aquifer system with relative-concentrations greater than 1.0. Moderate and low aquifer-scale proportions are defined as the areal percentage of the primary aquifer system with moderate and low relative-concentrations, respectively. Two statistical approaches, grid-based and spatially weighted, were used to evaluate aquifer-scale proportions for individual constituents and classes of constituents. Grid-based and spatially weighted estimates were comparable in the Santa Clara River Valley study unit (within 90 percent confidence intervals).  The status assessment showed that inorganic constituents were more prevalent and relative-concentrations were higher than for organic constituents. For inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks, relative-concentrations (of one or more constituents) were high in 21 percent of the primary aquifer system areally, moderate in 30 percent, and low or not detected in 49 percent. Inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks with high aquifer-scale proportions were nitrate (15 percent of the primary aquifer system), gross alpha radioactivity (14 percent), vanadium (3.4 percent), boron (3.2 percent), and arsenic (2.3 percent). For inorganic constituents with aesthetic benchmarks, relative-concentrations (of one or more constituents) were high in 54 percent of the primary aquifer system, moderate in 41 percent, and low or not detected in 4 percent. The inorganic constituents with aesthetic benchmarks with high aquifer-scale proportions were total dissolved solids (35 percent), sulfate (22 percent), manganese (38 percent), and iron (22 percent).  In contrast, the results of the status assessment for organic constituents with human-health benchmarks showed that relative-concentrations were high in 0 percent (not detected above benchmarks) of the primary aquifer system, moderate in 2.4 percent, and low or not detected in 97 percent. Relative-concentrations of the special interest constituent, perchlorate, were moderate in 12 percent of the primary aquifer system and low or not detected in 88 percent. Relative-concentrations of two VOCs-carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethene (TCE)-were moderate in 2.4 percent of the primary aquifer system. One VOC-chloroform (water disinfection byproduct)-was detected in more than 10 percent of the primary aquifer system but at low relative-concentrations. Of the 88 VOCs and gasoline oxygenates analyzed, 71 were not detected. Pesticides were low or not detected in 100 percent of the primary aquifer system. Of the 118 pesticides and pesticide degradates analyzed, 13 were detected and 5 of those had human-health benchmarks. Two of these five pesticides-simazine and atrazine-were detected in more than 10 percent of the primary aquifer system.  The second component of this study, the understanding assessment, was to identify the natural and human factors that affect groundwater quality on the basis of the evaluation of land use, physical characteristics of the wells, and geochemical conditions of the aquifer. Results from these analyses are used to explain the occurrence and distribution of selected constituents in the primary aquifer system of the Santa Clara River Valley study unit.  The understanding assessment indicated that water quality varied spatially primarily in relation to depth, groundwater age, reduction-oxidation conditions, pH, and location in the regional groundwater flow system. High and moderate relative-concentrations of nitrate and low relative-concentrations of pesticides were correlated with shallow depths to top-of-perforation, and with high dissolved oxygen. Groundwater of modern and mixed ages had higher nitrate than pre-modern-age groundwater. Decreases in concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) and sulfate were correlated with increases in pH. This relationship probably indicates relations of these constituents with increasing depth across most of the Santa Clara River Valley study unit. Previous studies have indicated multiple sources of high concentrations of TDS and sulfate and multiple geochemical processes affecting these constituents in the Santa Clara River Valley study unit. Manganese and iron concentrations were highest in pre-modern-age groundwater at depth and in the downgradient area of the Santa Clara River Valley study unit (closest to the coastline), indicating the prevalence of reducing groundwater conditions in these aquifer zones.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115052","collaboration":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Burton, C., Montrella, J., Landon, M.K., and Belitz, K., 2011, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Santa Clara River Valley, 2007-California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5052, x, 67 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115052.","productDescription":"x, 67 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5052.jpg"},{"id":94194,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5052/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,33 ], [ -125,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,33 ], [ -125,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e0163","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":41793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montrella, Joseph","contributorId":103760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montrella","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005500,"text":"sir20115058 - 2011 - Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley Basins, 2005-California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"sir20115058","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5058","title":"Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley Basins, 2005-California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the approximately 1,000 square mile (2,590 km2) Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley Basins (MS) study unit was investigated as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The study unit is located in central California in Monterey, Santa Cruz, and San Luis Obispo Counties. The GAMA Priority Basin Project is being conducted by the California State Water Resources Control Board in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.  The GAMA MS study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of untreated (raw) groundwater in the primary aquifer systems (hereinafter referred to as primary aquifers). The assessment is based on water-quality and ancillary data collected in 2005 by the USGS from 97 wells and on water-quality data from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database. The primary aquifers were defined by the depth intervals of the wells listed in the CDPH database for the MS study unit. The quality of groundwater in the primary aquifers may be different from that in the shallower or deeper water-bearing zones; shallow groundwater may be more vulnerable to surficial contamination.  The first component of this study, the status of the current quality of the groundwater resource, was assessed by using data from samples analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOC), pesticides, and naturally occurring inorganic constituents, such as major ions and trace elements. This status assessment is intended to characterize the quality of groundwater resources in the primary aquifers of the MS study unit, not the treated drinking water delivered to consumers by water purveyors.  Relative-concentrations (sample concentration divided by the health- or aesthetic-based benchmark concentration) were used for evaluating groundwater quality for those constituents that have Federal and (or) California regulatory or non-regulatory benchmarks for drinking-water quality. A relative-concentration greater than (>) 1.0 indicates a concentration greater than a benchmark, and less than or equal to (&le;) 1.0 indicates a concentration less than or equal to a benchmark. Relative-concentrations of organic and special interest constituents [perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP)], were classified as \"high\" (relative-concentration > 1.0), \"moderate\" (0.1 < relative-concentration &le; 1.0), or \"low\" (relative-concentration &le; 0.1). Relative-concentrations of inorganic constituents were classified as \"high\" (relative-concentration > 1.0), \"moderate\" (0.5 < relative-concentration &le; 1.0), or \"low\" (relative-concentration &le; 0.5).  Aquifer-scale proportion was used as the primary metric in the status assessment for evaluating regional-scale groundwater quality. High aquifer-scale proportion was defined as the percentage of the area of the primary aquifers with a relative-concentration greater than 1.0 for a particular constituent or class of constituents; percentage is based on an areal rather than a volumetric basis. Moderate and low aquifer-scale proportions were defined as the percentage of the primary aquifers with moderate and low relative-concentrations, respectively. Two statistical approaches-grid-based and spatially weighted-were used to evaluate aquifer-scale proportions for individual constituents and classes of constituents. Grid-based and spatially-weighted estimates were comparable in the MS study unit (within 90-percent confidence intervals).  Inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at high relative-concentrations in 14.5 percent of the primary aquifers, moderate in 35.5 percent, and low in 50.0 percent. High aquifer-scale proportion of inorganic constituents primarily reflected high aquifer-scale proportions of nitrate (7.9 percent), molybdenum (2.9 percent), arsenic (2.8 percent), boron (1.9 percent), and gross alpha-beta radioactivity (1.5 percent).  Relative-concentrations of organic constituents (one or more) were high in 0.2 percent, moderate in 6.6 percent, and low in 93.2 percent (not detected in 48.1 percent) of the primary aquifers. The high aquifer-scale proportion of organic constituents primarily reflected high aquifer-scale proportions of tetrachloroethene (0.1 percent) and methyl tert-butyl ether (0.1 percent). Relative-concentration for inorganic constituents with secondary maximum contaminant levels, manganese, total dissolved solids, iron, sulfate, and chloride were high in 18.6, 8.6, 7.1, 2.9, and 1.4 percent of the primary aquifers, respectively. Of the 205 organic and special-interest constituents analyzed, 32 constituents were detected. One organic constituent, the herbicide simazine, was frequently detected (in 10 percent or more of samples), but was detected at low relative-concentrations.  The second component of this study, the understanding assessment, identified the natural and human factors that affect groundwater quality by evaluating land use, physical characteristics of the wells, and geochemical conditions of the aquifer. Results from these evaluations were used to explain the occurrence and distribution of constituents in the study unit. The understanding assessment indicated that most wells that contained nitrate were classified as being in agricultural land-use areas, and depths to the top of perforations in most of the wells were less than 350 ft (76 m). High and moderate relative-concentrations of arsenic may be attributed to reductive dissolution of manganese or iron oxides, or to desorption or inhibition of arsenic sorption under alkaline conditions. Arsenic concentrations increased with increasing groundwater depth and residence time (age). Simazine was detected more often in groundwater from wells with surrounding land use classified as agricultural or urban, and with top of perforation depths less than 200 ft (61 m), than in groundwater from wells with natural land use or with deeper depths.  Tritium, helium-isotope, and carbon-14 data were used to classify the predominant age of groundwater samples into three categories: modern (water that has entered the aquifer since 1953), pre-modern (water that entered the aquifer prior to 1953 to tens of thousands of years ago), and mixed (mixtures of modern- and pre-modern-age waters). Arsenic concentrations were significantly greater in groundwater with pre-modern age classification than in groundwater with modern-age classification, suggesting that arsenic accumulates with groundwater residence time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115058","collaboration":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Kulongoski, J., and Belitz, K., 2011, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley Basins, 2005-California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5058, x, 60 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115058.","productDescription":"x, 60 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5058.jpg"},{"id":94192,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5058/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfe7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":94750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005283,"text":"70005283 - 2011 - Occupancy and abundance of wintering birds in a dynamic agricultural landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T14:19:27.34981","indexId":"70005283","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occupancy and abundance of wintering birds in a dynamic agricultural landscape","docAbstract":"<p><span>Assessing wildlife management action requires monitoring populations, and abundance often is the parameter monitored. Recent methodological advances have enabled estimation of mean abundance within a habitat using presence–absence or count data obtained via repeated visits to a sample of sites. These methods assume populations are closed and intuitively assume habitats within sites change little during a field season. However, many habitats are highly variable over short periods. We developed a variation of existing occupancy and abundance models that allows for extreme spatio‐temporal differences in habitat, and resulting changes in wildlife abundance, among sites and among visits to a site within a field season. We conducted our study in sugarcane habitat within the Everglades Agricultural Area southeast of Lake Okeechobee in south Florida. We counted wintering birds, primarily passerines, within 245 sites usually 5 times at each site during December 2006–March 2007. We estimated occupancy and mean abundance of birds in 6 vegetation states during the sugarcane harvest and allowed these parameters to vary temporally or spatially within a vegetation state. Occupancy and mean abundance of the common yellowthroat (</span><i>Geothlypis trichas</i><span>) was affected by structure of sugarcane and uncultivated edge vegetation (occupancy = 1.00 [</span><span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/a7ef055d-a144-43bc-86d9-ff2ea8a8d060/tex2gif-ueqn-1.gif\" alt=\"equation image\" data-mce-src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/a7ef055d-a144-43bc-86d9-ff2ea8a8d060/tex2gif-ueqn-1.gif\"></span><span> = 0.96–1.00] and mean abundance = 7.9 [</span><span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/d4006fe9-9c4f-4360-bfb9-343558cc6e27/tex2gif-ueqn-2.gif\" alt=\"equation image\" data-mce-src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/d4006fe9-9c4f-4360-bfb9-343558cc6e27/tex2gif-ueqn-2.gif\"></span><span> = 3.2–19.5] in tall sugarcane with tall edge vegetation versus 0.20 [</span><span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/0aab5101-e1e1-4fc2-aa6b-a2bf99d04cd2/tex2gif-ueqn-3.gif\" alt=\"equation image\" data-mce-src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/0aab5101-e1e1-4fc2-aa6b-a2bf99d04cd2/tex2gif-ueqn-3.gif\"></span><span> = 0.04–0.71] and 0.22 [</span><span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/2836587c-4df2-4cfa-9b0e-cdb644dd6707/tex2gif-ueqn-4.gif\" alt=\"equation image\" data-mce-src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/2836587c-4df2-4cfa-9b0e-cdb644dd6707/tex2gif-ueqn-4.gif\"></span><span> = 0.04–1.2], respectively, in short sugarcane with short edge vegetation in one half of the study area). Occupancy and mean abundance of palm warblers (</span><i>Dendroica palmarum</i><span>) were constant (occupancy = 1.00,&nbsp;</span><span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/98a0a62f-0e8f-4871-bd98-17539636ae91/tex2gif-ueqn-5.gif\" alt=\"equation image\" data-mce-src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/98a0a62f-0e8f-4871-bd98-17539636ae91/tex2gif-ueqn-5.gif\"></span><span> = 0.69–1.00; mean abundance = 18,&nbsp;</span><span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/0af13972-da18-4f5d-ad5f-6c04c22ce29f/tex2gif-ueqn-6.gif\" alt=\"equation image\" data-mce-src=\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/0af13972-da18-4f5d-ad5f-6c04c22ce29f/tex2gif-ueqn-6.gif\"></span><span> = 1–270). Our model may enable wildlife managers to assess rigorously effects of future edge habitat management on avian distribution and abundance within agricultural landscapes during winter or the breeding season. The model may also help wildlife managers make similar management decisions involving other dynamic habitats such as wetlands, prairies, and even forested areas if forest management or fires occur during the field season.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.98","usgsCitation":"Miller, M., Pearlstine, E.V., Dorazio, R.M., and Mazzotti, F., 2011, Occupancy and abundance of wintering birds in a dynamic agricultural landscape: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 75, no. 4, p. 836-847, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.98.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"836","endPage":"847","temporalStart":"2006-12-01","temporalEnd":"2007-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades Agricultural Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.92666625976562,\n              26.22444694563432\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.19195556640625,\n              26.22444694563432\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.19195556640625,\n              26.77013508224145\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.92666625976562,\n              26.77013508224145\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.92666625976562,\n              26.22444694563432\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6963a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Mark W.","contributorId":83642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearlstine, Elise V.","contributorId":82449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearlstine","given":"Elise","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorazio, Robert M. 0000-0003-2663-0468 bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":1668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"Robert","email":"bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mazzotti, Frank J.","contributorId":100018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"Frank J.","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":352214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005823,"text":"70005823 - 2011 - A geographic information system tool for aquatic resource conservation in the Red and Sabine River Watersheds of the southeast United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-27T11:21:27","indexId":"70005823","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-22T11:09:55","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"title":"A geographic information system tool for aquatic resource conservation in the Red and Sabine River Watersheds of the southeast United States","docAbstract":"Our goal was to build a geographic information system (GIS) tool to enhance modeling and hypothesis testing relevant to watersheds and fish fauna of the Red and Sabine Rivers in the southeastern United States. Species of concern were identified from wildlife action plans and Web sites. Spatial distributions of fish species and mercury in fillets were delineated using data from states. Public georeferenced data were obtained on land cover, soil type, forest canopy, impervious surfaces, wastewater facilities and 303(d) impaired waters. Overlay maps highlighted patterns across 8-digit hydrologic unit codes (HUCs). Bossier City, Louisiana and Beaumont, Texas areas displayed impervious surfaces over 10% and 303(d) waters per HUC were 20% and 8%, respectively. Because bowfin (Amia calva) (n=299) and bass (Micropterus spp.) (n=1493) occurred in up to 44% of HUCs and fillets contained elemental mercury concentrations across ranges monitored, they were appropriate indicators of bioavailable mercury. Of the total fish number showing >0.5ppm, 81% of records were derived from bowfin and bass, and stepwise multiple linear regressions indicated fish with mercury at these concentrations correlated with environmental variables. Detrended correspondence analysis showed total species occurrence and environmental relationships significant, where 81.6% of the variability in fish occurrence was explained by impervious surface, land cover other than canopy or impervious surface (such as wetlands and agricultural area) and canopy (forest type). Two-way indicator species analysis delineated species co-occurrence in HUCs (14 groups) and similarity of species composition (nine groups). Results identified three HUC groupings as potential targets for managerial interest. Quality control concerns for GIS development included site name data and priority rankings of critical fish species. This tool can be used to support modeling and trend analyses for several purposes, such as those relevant for developing and reporting on water quality standards and critical habitat assessments.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.1580","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, J., Hartley, S., Carter, J., Johnson, D., and Alford, J.B., 2011, A geographic information system tool for aquatic resource conservation in the Red and Sabine River Watersheds of the southeast United States, v. 29, no. 1, p. 99-124, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1580.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"124","ipdsId":"IP-025568","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Red River watershed, Sabine River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.208251953125,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7685546875,\n              32.96258644191747\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.37255859375,\n              33.916013113401696\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.53961181640625,\n              34.21634468843463\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8115234375,\n              33.78599582629231\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.0369873046875,\n              33.568861182555565\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.51513671875,\n              33.548262116088615\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.61151123046875,\n              33.30298618122413\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.48516845703125,\n              33.03169299978312\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.19403076171875,\n              32.94875863715422\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.1473388671875,\n              32.194208672875384\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.0594482421875,\n              31.798224014917217\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.00451660156249,\n              31.02234042904364\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.10888671875,\n              29.83111376473715\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.06768798828125,\n              29.664189403696138\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.48541259765625,\n              29.7596087873038\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7850341796875,\n              30.083354648756128\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.4774169921875,\n              30.793755581217674\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.208251953125,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, J. A. 0000-0002-5087-0894","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-0894","contributorId":115368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartley, S. B. 0000-0003-1380-2769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-2769","contributorId":118864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartley","given":"S. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, J. 0000-0003-0110-0284 carterj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-0284","contributorId":81839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.","email":"carterj@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":513459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, D. J.","contributorId":119256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alford, J. B.","contributorId":120313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70005479,"text":"ofr20111243 - 2011 - Simulating daily water temperatures of the Klamath River under dam removal and climate change scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:24","indexId":"ofr20111243","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1243","title":"Simulating daily water temperatures of the Klamath River under dam removal and climate change scenarios","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional daily averaged water temperature model was used to simulate Klamath River temperatures for two management alternatives under historical climate conditions and six future climate scenarios. The analysis was conducted for the Secretarial Determination on removal of four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River. In 2012, the Secretary of the Interior will determine if dam removal and implementation of the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) (Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, 2010) will advance restoration of salmonid fisheries and is in the public interest. If the Secretary decides dam removal is appropriate, then the four dams are scheduled for removal in 2020.\nWater temperature simulations were conducted to compare the effect of two management alternatives: the no-action alternative where dams remain in place, and the action alternative where dam removal occurs in 2020 along with habitat restoration. Each management alternative was simulated under historical climate conditions (1961-2010) and six 50-year (2012-2061) climate scenarios. The model selected for the study, River Basin Model-10 (RBM10), was used to simulate water temperatures over a 253-mile reach of the Klamath River located in south-central Oregon and northern California. RBM10 uses a simple equilibrium flow model, assuming discharge in each river segment on each day is transmitted downstream instantaneously. The model uses a heat budget formulation to quantify heat flux at the air-water interface. Inputs for the heat budget were calculated from daily-mean meteorological data, including net shortwave solar radiation, net longwave atmospheric radiation, air temperature, wind speed, vapor pressure, and a psychrometric constant needed to calculate the Bowen ratio. The modeling domain was divided into nine reaches ranging in length from 10.8 to 42.4 miles, which were calibrated and validated separately with measured water temperature data collected irregularly from 1961 to 2010. Calibration root mean square errors of observed versus simulated water temperatures for the nine reaches ranged from 0.8 to 1.5 degrees C. Mean absolute errors ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 degrees C. For model validation, a k-fold cross-validation technique was used. Validation root mean square error and mean absolute error for the nine reaches ranged from 0.8 to 1.4 degrees C and 0.8 to 1.2 degrees C, respectively.\nInput data for the six future climate scenarios (2012-2061) were derived from historical hydrological and meteorological data and simulated meteorological output from five Global Circulation Models. Total Maximum Daily Loads or other regulatory processes that might reduce future water temperatures were not included in the simulations. Under the current climate conditions scenario, impacts of dam removal on water temperatures were greatest near Iron Gate Dam (near Yreka, California) and were attenuated in the lower reaches of the Klamath River. May and October simulated mean water temperatures increased and decreased by approximately 1-2 degrees C and 2-4 degrees C, respectively, downstream of Iron Gate Dam after dam removal. Dam removal also resulted in an earlier annual temperature cycle shift of 18 days, 5 days, and 2 days, near Iron Gate Dam, Scott River, and Trinity River, respectively. Although the magnitude of precipitation and air temperature change predicted by the five Global Circulation Models varied, all five models resulted in progressive incremental increases in water temperatures with each decade from 2012 to 2061. However, dam removal under KBRA appeared to delay the effects of climate change to some extent near Iron Gate Dam. With dam removal under KBRA, annual-mean water temperatures exceeded the 49-year historical mean temperature beginning in 2045; whereas with dams, annual-mean temperatures exceeded the historical mean beginning in 2025.\nPotential changes in seasonal water temperatures resulting from dam removal, with or without future climat","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111243","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Risley, J.C., Brewer, S.J., Jones, E., and Rondorf, D.W., 2011, Simulating daily water temperatures of the Klamath River under dam removal and climate change scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1243, vi, 56 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111243.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1243.jpg"},{"id":94176,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,40.75 ], [ -125,43 ], [ -121,43 ], [ -121,40.75 ], [ -125,40.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673bb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619 rperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":2820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","email":"rperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brewer, Scott J. sbrewer@usgs.gov","contributorId":4407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Scott","email":"sbrewer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, Edward C.","contributorId":20603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Edward C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rondorf, Dennis W. drondorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"Dennis","email":"drondorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70173761,"text":"70173761 - 2011 - Survival and harvest-related mortality of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T19:38:13.780082","indexId":"70173761","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival and harvest-related mortality of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p><span>We monitored 142 radiocollared adult (≥1.0 yr old) white-tailed deer (</span><i>Odocoileus virginianus</i><span>) in 3 study areas of Massachusetts, USA, to estimate annual survival and mortality due to legal hunting. We then applied these rates to deer harvest information to estimate deer population trends over time, and compared these to trends derived solely from harvest data estimates. Estimated adult female survival rates were similar (0.82–0.86), and uniformly high, across 3 management zones in Massachusetts that differed in landscape composition, human density, and harvest regulations. Legal hunting accounted for 16–29% of all adult female mortality. Estimated adult male survival rates varied from 0.55 to 0.79, and legal hunting accounted for 40–75% of all mortality. Use of composite hunting mortality rates produced realistic estimates for adult deer populations in 2 zones, but not for the third, where estimation was hindered by regulatory restrictions on antlerless deer harvest. In addition, the population estimates we calculated were generally higher than those derived from population reconstruction, likely due to relatively low harvest pressure. Legal harvest may not be the dominant form of deer mortality in developed landscapes; thus, estimates of populations or trends that rely solely on harvest data will likely be underestimates. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/wsb.40","usgsCitation":"Mcdonald, J.E., DeStefano, S., Gaughan, C., Mayer, M., Woytek, W.A., Christensen, S., and Fuller, T.K., 2011, Survival and harvest-related mortality of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 35, no. 3, p. 209-219, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.40.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"219","ipdsId":"IP-028938","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/b9a73e853c2f45379a6c415b60da4947","text":"External 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Jr.","contributorId":171604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mcdonald","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeStefano, Stephen 0000-0003-2472-8373 destef@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2472-8373","contributorId":166706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeStefano","given":"Stephen","email":"destef@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":638073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaughan, Christopher","contributorId":171605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaughan","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25555,"text":"Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mayer, Michael","contributorId":171606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6932,"text":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woytek, William A.","contributorId":171607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woytek","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Christensen, Sonja","contributorId":171608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Sonja","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16900,"text":"Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fuller, Todd K.","contributorId":35700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70005474,"text":"ofr20111100 - 2011 - Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream-water samples collected in June and August 2008&mdash;Taylor Mountains 1:250,000- and Dillingham D-4 1:63,360-scale quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr20111100","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1100","title":"Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream-water samples collected in June and August 2008&mdash;Taylor Mountains 1:250,000- and Dillingham D-4 1:63,360-scale quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"We report on the chemical analysis of water samples collected from the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000- and Dillingham D-4 1:63,360-scale quadrangles, Alaska. Reported parameters include pH, conductivity, water temperature, major cation and anion concentrations, and trace-element concentrations. We collected the samples as part of a multiyear U.S. Geological Survey project entitled \"Geologic and Mineral Deposit Data for Alaskan Economic Development.\" Data presented here are from samples collected in June and August 2008. Minimal interpretation accompanies this data release. This is the fourth release of aqueous geochemical data from this project; data from samples collected in 2004, 2005, and 2006 were published previously. The data in this report augment but do not duplicate or supersede the previous data releases. Site selection was based on a regional sampling strategy that focused on first- and second-order drainages. Water sample sites were selected on the basis of landscape parameters that included physiography, wetland extent, lithological changes, and a cursory field review of mineralogy from pan concentrates. Stream water in the study area is dominated by bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), although in a few samples more than 50 percent of the anionic charge can be attributed to sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>). The major-cation chemistry of these samples ranges from Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Mg<sup>2+</sup> dominated to a mix of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Mg<sup>2+</sup>-Na<sup>+</sup>+K<sup>2+</sup>. In most cases, analysis of duplicate samples showed good agreement for the major cation and major anions with the exception of the duplicate samples at site 08TA565. At site 08TA565, Ca, Mg, Cl, and CaCO<sub>3</sub> exceeded 25 percent and the concentrations of trace elements As, Fe and Mn also exceeded 25 percent in this duplicate pair. Chloride concentration varied by more than 25 percent in 5 of the 11 duplicated samples. Trace-element concentrations in these samples generally were at or near the detection limit for the method used and, except for Co at site 08TA565, generally good agreement was determined between duplicate samples for elements with detectable concentrations. Major-ion concentrations were below detection limits in all field blanks, and the trace-element concentrations also were generally below detection limits; however, Co, Mn, Na, Zn, Cl, and Hg were detected in one or more field blank samples.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111100","usgsCitation":"Wang, B., Owens, V., Bailey, E., and Lee, G., 2011, Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream-water samples collected in June and August 2008&mdash;Taylor Mountains 1:250,000- and Dillingham D-4 1:63,360-scale quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1100, iv, 18 p.; Appendices; Download of Appendix A; Download of Appendix B, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111100.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.; Appendices; Download of Appendix A; Download of Appendix B","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1100.jpg"},{"id":94172,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1100/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160,59.75 ], [ -160,61.25 ], [ -155,61.25 ], [ -155,59.75 ], [ -160,59.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679fb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Bronwen 0000-0003-1044-2227 bwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-2227","contributorId":2351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Bronwen","email":"bwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, Victoria","contributorId":47242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"Victoria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, Elizabeth","contributorId":61011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Greg","contributorId":68272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Greg","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70003928,"text":"70003928 - 2011 - Observations of debris flows at Chalk Cliffs, Colorado, USA: Part 1, in-situ measurements of flow dynamics, tracer particle movement and video imagery from the summer of 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-05T09:31:32","indexId":"70003928","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2122,"text":"Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of debris flows at Chalk Cliffs, Colorado, USA: Part 1, in-situ measurements of flow dynamics, tracer particle movement and video imagery from the summer of 2009","docAbstract":"Debris flows initiated by surface-water runoff during short duration, moderate- to high-intensity rainfall are common in steep, rocky, and sparsely vegetated terrain. Yet large uncertainties remain about the potential for a flow to grow through entrainment of loose debris, which make formulation of accurate mechanical models of debris-flow routing difficult. Using a combination of in situ measurements of debris flow dynamics, video imagery, tracer rocks implanted with passive integrated transponders (PIT) and pre- and post-flow 2-cm resolution digital terrain models (terrain data presented in a companion paper by STALEY et alii, 2011), we investigated the entrainment and transport response of debris flows at Chalk Cliffs, CO, USA. Four monitored events during the summer of 2009 all initiated from surface-water runoff, generally less than an hour after the first measurable rain. Despite reach-scale morphology that remained relatively constant, the four flow events displayed a range of responses, from long-runout flows that entrained significant amounts of channel sediment and dammed the main-stem river, to smaller, short-runout flows that were primarily depositional in the upper basin. Tracer-rock travel-distance distributions for these events were bimodal; particles either remained immobile or they travelled the entire length of the catchment. The long-runout, large-entrainment flow differed from the other smaller flows by the following controlling factors: peak 10-minute rain intensity; duration of significant flow in the channel; and to a lesser extent, peak surge depth and velocity. Our growing database of natural debris-flow events can be used to develop linkages between observed debris-flow transport and entrainment responses and the controlling rainstorm characteristics and flow properties.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment: 5th International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction and Assessment, Padua, Italy - 14-17 June 2011","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Casa Editrice Università La Sapienza","doi":"10.4408/IJEGE.2011-03.B-078","usgsCitation":"McCoy, S.W., Coe, J.A., Kean, J.W., Tucker, G.E., Staley, D.M., and Wasklewicz, T.A., 2011, Observations of debris flows at Chalk Cliffs, Colorado, USA: Part 1, in-situ measurements of flow dynamics, tracer particle movement and video imagery from the summer of 2009: Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, p. 715-726, https://doi.org/10.4408/IJEGE.2011-03.B-078.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"715","endPage":"726","temporalStart":"2009-06-21","temporalEnd":"2009-09-20","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274482,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4408/IJEGE.2011-03.B-078"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Chalk Cliffs","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0603,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,36.9924 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6965a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCoy, Scott W.","contributorId":94954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kean, Jason W. 0000-0003-3089-0369 jwkean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":1654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"Jason","email":"jwkean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tucker, Greg E.","contributorId":23422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Staley, Dennis M. 0000-0002-2239-3402 dstaley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-3402","contributorId":4134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staley","given":"Dennis","email":"dstaley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wasklewicz, Thad A.","contributorId":39275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasklewicz","given":"Thad","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70005468,"text":"sir20115141 - 2011 - Analysis of methods to determine storage capacity of, and sedimentation in, Loch Lomond Reservoir, Santa Cruz County, California, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115141","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5141","title":"Analysis of methods to determine storage capacity of, and sedimentation in, Loch Lomond Reservoir, Santa Cruz County, California, 2009","docAbstract":"In 2009, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Santa Cruz, conducted bathymetric and topographic surveys to determine the water storage capacity of, and the loss of capacity owing to sedimentation in, Loch Lomond Reservoir in Santa Cruz County, California. The topographic survey was done as a supplement to the bathymetric survey to obtain information about temporal changes in the upper reach of the reservoir where the water is shallow or the reservoir may be dry, as well as to obtain information about shoreline changes throughout the reservoir. Results of a combined bathymetric and topographic survey using a new, state-of-the-art method with advanced instrument technology indicate that the maximum storage capacity of the reservoir at the spillway altitude of 577.5 feet (National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929) was 8,646 &plusmn;85 acre-feet in March 2009, with a confidence level of 99 percent. This new method is a combination of bathymetric scanning using multibeam-sidescan sonar, and topographic surveying using laser scanning (LiDAR), which produced a 1.64-foot-resolution grid with altitudes to 0.3-foot resolution and an estimate of total water storage capacity at a 99-percent confidence level. Because the volume of sedimentation in a reservoir is considered equal to the decrease in water-storage capacity, sedimentation in Loch Lomond Reservoir was determined by estimating the change in storage capacity by comparing the reservoir bed surface defined in the March 2009 survey with a revision of the reservoir bed surface determined in a previous investigation in November 1998. This revised reservoir-bed surface was defined by combining altitude data from the 1998 survey with new data collected during the current (2009) investigation to fill gaps in the 1998 data. Limitations that determine the accuracy of estimates of changes in the volume of sedimentation from that estimated in each of the four previous investigations (1960, 1971, 1982, and 1998) are a result of the limitations of the survey equipment and data-processing methods used. Previously used and new methods were compared to determine the recent (1998-2009) change in storage capacity and the most accurate and cost-effective means to define the reservoir bed surface so that results can be easily replicated in future surveys. Results of this investigation indicate that the advanced method used in the 2009 survey accurately captures the features of the wetted reservoir surface as well as features along the shoreline that affect the storage capacity calculations. Because the bathymetric and topographic data are referenced to a datum, the results can be easily replicated or compared with future results. Comparison of the 2009 reservoir-bed surface with the surface defined in 1998 indicates that sedimentation is occurring throughout the reservoir. About 320 acre-feet of sedimentation has occurred since 1998, as determined by comparing the revised 1998 reservoir-bed surface, with an associated maximum reservoir storage capacity of 8,965 acre-feet, to the 2009 reservoir bed surface, with an associated maximum capacity of 8,646 acre-feet. This sedimentation is more than 3 percent of the total storage capacity that was calculated on the basis of the results of the 1998 bathymetric investigation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115141","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Santa Cruz","usgsCitation":"McPherson, K.R., Freeman, L.A., and Flint, L.E., 2011, Analysis of methods to determine storage capacity of, and sedimentation in, Loch Lomond Reservoir, Santa Cruz County, California, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5141, vi, 32 p.; Glossary; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115141.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.; Glossary; Appendices","startPage":"i","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"94","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5141.jpg"},{"id":94162,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5141/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Cruz","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.33333333333333,36.75 ], [ -122.33333333333333,37.3 ], [ -121.66666666666667,37.3 ], [ -121.66666666666667,36.75 ], [ -122.33333333333333,36.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68022c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McPherson, Kelly R. 0000-0002-2340-4142 krmcpher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-4142","contributorId":1376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Kelly","email":"krmcpher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Lawrence A. lfreeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Lawrence","email":"lfreeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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