(1) ALLOW me to add some words relative to the very timely lecture on the hardening and tempering of steel, recently published by Prof. Roberts-Austen (NATURE, xli. pp. 11, 42). I desire, in the first place, to point out the bearing of the singular minimum of the viscosity of hot iron (loc. cit., p. 34) on the interpretation given of Maxwell's theory of viscosity (Phil. Mag. (5), xxvi. pp. 183, 397, 1888; xxvii. p. 155, 1889). When iron passes through Barrett's temperature of recalescence, its molecular condition is for an instant almost chaotic. This has now been abundantly proved (cf. John Hopkinson, Phil. Trans., London, clxxx. p. 443, 1889, where the literature may be found; cf. Osmond, below). The number of unstable configurations, or, more clearly, the number of configurations made unstable because they are built up of disintegrating molecules, is therefore at a maximum. It follows that the viscosity of the metal must pass through a minimum. Physically considered, the case is entirely analogous to that of a glass-hard steel rod suddenly exposed to 300°. If all the molecules passed from Osmond's β state to his a state together, the iron or steel would necessarily be liquid. This extreme possibility is, however, at variance with the well-known principles of chemical kinetics. The ratio of stable to unstable configurations cannot at any instant be zero. Hence the minimum viscosity in question, however relatively low, may yet be large in value as compared with the liquid state.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0016756800176411","usgsCitation":"Russell, I., 1889, I.-Subaerial Deposits of the Arid Region of North America: Geological Magazine, v. 6, no. 7, p. 289-295, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800176411.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"295","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"6","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, Israel C.","contributorId":79865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Israel C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039244,"text":"70039244 - 1889 - Report upon United States geological surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, Volume I: Geographical report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-09T08:32:14","indexId":"70039244","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T12:42:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":371,"text":"Monograph","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"subseriesTitle":"U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian","title":"Report upon United States geological surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, Volume I: Geographical report","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039244","collaboration":"Engineer Department, U.S. Army, published by authority of the honorable the Secretary of War, in accordance with Acts of Congress of June 23, 1874, and February 15, 1875. In seven volumes and one supplement, accompanied by one topographic and one geologic atlas.","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, G., 1889, Report upon United States geological surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, Volume I: Geographical report: Monograph, 780 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039244.","productDescription":"780 p.","numberOfPages":"820","costCenters":[{"id":592,"text":"U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261464,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039244/report.pdf"},{"id":261465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039244/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,25.833333333333332 ], [ -124.8,49 ], [ -100,49 ], [ -100,25.833333333333332 ], [ -124.8,25.833333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc34be4b08c986b32b08a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, George Montague","contributorId":35579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"George Montague","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36296,"text":"b50 - 1889 - Formulas and tables to facilitate the construction and use of maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:48","indexId":"b50","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"50","title":"Formulas and tables to facilitate the construction and use of maps","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. 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(1 fold) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":22235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0052/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, Israel C.","contributorId":79865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Israel C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33729,"text":"b54 - 1889 - On the thermoelectric measurement of high temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:24","indexId":"b54","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54","title":"On the thermoelectric measurement of high temperatures","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. 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(part fold.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":22373,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0054/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbf7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barus, Carl","contributorId":84815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barus","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34883,"text":"b56 - 1889 - Fossil wood and lignite of the Potomac formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:21","indexId":"b56","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56","title":"Fossil wood and lignite of the Potomac formation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b56","usgsCitation":"Knowlton, F.H., 1889, Fossil wood and lignite of the Potomac formation: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 56, 72 p. :vii pl. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b56.","productDescription":"72 p. :vii pl. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":22144,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0056/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ce4b07f02db6a9381","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowlton, Frank Hall","contributorId":75982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowlton","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Hall","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35807,"text":"b53 - 1889 - The geology of Nantucket","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:40","indexId":"b53","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53","title":"The geology of Nantucket","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. 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(incl. front., fold. col. map) diagrs. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":22244,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0053/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate","contributorId":25972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaler","given":"Nathaniel","email":"","middleInitial":"Southgate","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52714,"text":"b55 - 1889 - Report of work done in the division of chemistry and physics, mainly during the fiscal year 1886-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"b55","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55","title":"Report of work done in the division of chemistry and physics, mainly during the fiscal year 1886-87","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b55","usgsCitation":"Clarke, F.W., 1889, Report of work done in the division of chemistry and physics, mainly during the fiscal year 1886-87: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 55, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b55.","productDescription":"96 p.","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":22326,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62f9b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, Frank Wigglesworth","contributorId":88798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Wigglesworth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58136,"text":"ar9 - 1889 - Ninth Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1887-1888","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T20:48:27.223894","indexId":"ar9","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":304,"text":"Annual Report","code":"AR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"9","title":"Ninth Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1887-1888","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ar9","usgsCitation":"Powell, J.W., 1889, Ninth Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1887-1888: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 9, xiii, 717 pp., https://doi.org/10.3133/ar9.","productDescription":"xiii, 717 pp.","numberOfPages":"725","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":88339,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/09/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":402018,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92542.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184406,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/09/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697493","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, J. W.","contributorId":64287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58135,"text":"ar8_2 - 1889 - Eighth Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T19:08:40.062535","indexId":"ar8_2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":304,"text":"Annual Report","code":"AR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Eighth Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 2","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ar8_2","usgsCitation":"Powell, J.W., 1889, Eighth Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 2: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 8, 604 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ar8_2.","productDescription":"604 p.","numberOfPages":"604","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/08-2/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":388016,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92541.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":88338,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/08-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b4132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, J. W.","contributorId":64287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58134,"text":"ar8 - 1889 - Eighth annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T22:12:11.993248","indexId":"ar8","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":304,"text":"Annual Report","code":"AR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Eighth annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 1","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey was organized, with Mr. Clarence King as Director, in March, 1879. In March, 1881, Mr. King resigned and the present Director was appointed. From its organization to the present time the Survey has steadily grown as Congress has enlarged its functions and increased its appropriations. During this time the scientific organization has gradually developed to the condition set forth in the last annual report. It seems advisable now to describe fully the business organization and methods of the Survey, which has heretofore been done only in part.\r\n\r\nUnder the act of July 7, 1884, a joint commission was created to consider the organization of certain scientific bureaus. In the volume of testimony prepared by that commission the business operations of the Geological Survey were in part set forth; but this partial presentation was unsystematic, the facts recorded being elicited in irregular order by interrogatories arising in the course of a long investigation. It is designed here to make a more thorough exposition oi the subject.\r\n\r\nThe business system of the Geological Survey is subordinate to the scientific organization and its character is dependent thereon. The development of the divisions of the Survey whose function is the transaction of business has therefore followed the development of the purely scientific divisions, and overy modification of plan for the scientific work may carry with it some modification of the business organization.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ar8","usgsCitation":"Powell, J.W., 1889, Eighth annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 1: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 8, 474 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ar8.","productDescription":"474 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185366,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/08/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88337,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/08/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ef18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, J. 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He published valuable results of investigations in astronomy, mineralogy and petrology, and especially in glacial geology, the last being based on his exploration of the drift and its terminal moraines in the United States, and later in Ireland, Wales and England. The present article reviews his contributions to our knowledge of these drift formations and of the history of the Ice Age, bringing into comparison and correlation the glacial records of America and Europe. Comprehensive as were Professor Lewis' observations and studies in this field, he was planning yet more thorough and extensive exploration of the drift in Britain, Germany and Scandinavia, when he was taken from us.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0016756800188958","usgsCitation":"Upham, W., 1889, III.-The Work of Prof. Henry Carvill Lewis in Glacial Geology: Geological Magazine, v. 6, no. 4, p. 155-160, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800188958.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800188958","text":"External Repository"},{"id":371540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Upham, Warren","contributorId":36595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Upham","given":"Warren","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70276438,"text":"70276438 - 1889 - Map of the United States, showing political subdivisions, public culture, and drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-08T15:16:45.928645","indexId":"70276438","displayToPublicDate":"1889-01-01T11:26:34","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Map of the United States, showing political subdivisions, public culture, and drainage","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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