Lake Houston is a surface-water-supply reservoir and an important recreational resource for the city of Houston, Texas. Growing concerns over water quality in Lake Houston prompted a detailed assessment of water quality in the reservoir. The assessment focused on water-quality constituents that affect the aesthetic quality of drinking water. The hydrologic and water-quality conditions influencing the occurrence of taste-and-odor causing organisms and compounds in Lake Houston were assessed using discrete and continuously monitored water-quality data collected during April 2006– September 2008.
The hydrology of Lake Houston is characterized by rapidly changing conditions. During inflow events, water residence time can change by orders of magnitude within a matter of hours. Likewise, the reservoir can stratify and destratify over a period of several hours, even during non-summer and at relatively short water residence times, given extended periods with warm temperatures and little wind. The rapidly changing hydrology likely influences all other aspects of water quality in Lake Houston, including the occurrence of taste-and-odor causing organisms and compounds.
Water quality in Lake Houston varied with respect to season and water residence time but typically was indicative of turbid, eutrophic to hypereutrophic conditions. In general, turbidity and nutrient concentrations were largest during non-summer (October–May) and when water residence times were relatively short (less than 100 days), which reflects the influence of inflow events on water-quality conditions. Large inflow events can cause substantial changes in water-quality conditions over relatively short periods of time (hours).
The taste-and-odor causing organisms cyanobacteria and actinomycetes bacteria were always present in Lake Houston. Cyanobacterial biovolume was largest during summer (June– September) and when water residence time was greater than 100 days. Annual maxima in cyanobacterial biovolume occurred during July-September of each year, when temperatures were larger than 27 degrees Celsius and water residence times were longer than 400 days. In contrast, actinomycetes bacteria were most abundant during non-summer and when water residence times were less than 100 days, reflecting the close association between these organisms and transport of suspended sediments.
Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol are the taste-and-odor causing compounds most commonly produced by cyanobacteria and actinomycetes bacteria. Geosmin was detected more frequently (62 percent of samples) than 2-methylisoborneol (29 percent of samples) in Lake Houston. Geosmin exceeded the human detection threshold (10 nanograms per liter) only once during the study period and 2-methylisoborneol exceeded the human detection threshold twice. Manganese is a naturally occurring trace element that can occasionally cause taste-andodor problems in drinking water. Manganese concentrations exceeded the human detection threshold (about 50 micrograms per liter) in about 50 percent of samples collected near the surface and 84 percent of samples collected near the bottom. The cyanotoxin microcystin was detected relatively infrequently (16 percent of samples) and at small concentrations (less than or equal to 0.2 micrograms per liter).
The abundance of the taste-and-odor causing organisms cyanobacteria and actinomycetes bacteria in Lake Houston was coupled with inflow events and subsequent changes in water-quality conditions. Cyanobacterial biovolume (biomass) in Lake Houston was largest during warm periods with little inflow and relatively small turbidity values. In contrast, actinomycetes bacteria were most abundant following inflow events when turbidity was relatively large. Severe taste-and-odor problems were not observed during the study period, precluding quantification of the hydrologic and water-quality conditions associated with large concentrations of taste-and-odor causing compounds and development of predictive models.
Reservoir inflow (water residence time) and turbidity, variables related to the abundance of potential taste-andodor causing organisms, are currently (2011) continuously measured in Lake Houston, and predictive models could be developed in the future when the hydrologic and water-quality conditions associated with taste-and-odor problems have been better quantified. Seasonal and water residence time influences on water-quality conditions altered relations between hydrologic and water-quality conditions and taste-and-odor causing organisms and compounds. Future data collection and development of predictive models need to account for the variability associated with season and water residence time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115121","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Beussink, A.M., and Graham, J.L., 2011, Relations between hydrology, water quality, and taste-and-odor causing organisms and compounds in Lake Houston, Texas, April 2006-September 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5121, Report: viii, 22 p.; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115121.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 22 p.; Appendixes","startPage":"i","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5121.gif"},{"id":92146,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5121/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"Zone 15, North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","otherGeospatial":"Lake Houston, San Jacinto River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.91666666666667,29.833333333333332 ], [ -95.91666666666667,30.8 ], [ -94.83333333333333,30.8 ], [ -94.83333333333333,29.833333333333332 ], [ -95.91666666666667,29.833333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db6349af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beussink, Amy M. ambeussi@usgs.gov","contributorId":2191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beussink","given":"Amy","email":"ambeussi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6420-9335 jlgraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335","contributorId":1769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005340,"text":"sir20115120 - 2011 - Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington- Biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:55","indexId":"sir20115120","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5120","title":"Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington- Biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","docAbstract":"This report includes chapters that summarize the results of multidisciplinary studies to quantify and characterize the current (2011) status and baseline conditions of the lower Elwha River, its estuary, and the adjacent nearshore ecosystems prior to the historic removal of two long-standing dams that have strongly influenced river, estuary, and nearshore conditions. The studies were conducted as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Multi-disciplinary Coastal Habitats in Puget Sound (MD-CHIPS) project. Chapter 1 is the introductory chapter that provides background and a historical context for the Elwha River dam removal and ecosystem restoration project. In chapter 2, the volume and timing of sediment delivery to the estuary and nearshore are discussed, providing an overview of the sediment stored in the two reservoirs and the expected erosion mechanics of the reservoir sediment deposits after removal of the dams. Chapter 3 describes the geological background of the Olympic Peninsula and the geomorphology of the Elwha River and nearshore. Chapter 4 details a series of hydrological data collected by the MD-CHIPS Elwha project. These include groundwater monitoring, surface water-groundwater interactions in the estuary, an estimated surface-water budget to the estuary, and a series of temperature and salinity measurements. Chapter 5 details the work that has been completed in the nearshore, including the measurement of waves, tides, and currents; the development of a numerical hydrodynamic model; and a description of the freshwater plume entering the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Chapter 6 includes a characterization of the nearshore benthic substrate developed using sonar, which formed a habitat template used to design scuba surveys of the benthic biological communities. Chapter 7 describes the ecological studies conducted in the lower river and estuary and includes characterization of juvenile salmon diets and seasonal estuary utilization patterns using otolith analysis to determine habitat specific and hatchery compared with wild patterns in juvenile Chinook salmon, assessment of benthic and terrestrial macroinvertebrate communities, and seasonal patterns of water nutrients. In Chapter 8, the vegetation communities of the eastern estuary are characterized by mapped vegetation cover types and samples collected for vegetation composition and diversity. Chapter 9 summarizes the existing conditions of the study area as detailed in this report and describes some of the possible outcomes of river restoration on the coastal ecosystems of the Elwha River.\nTogether, these different scientific perspectives form a basis for understanding the Elwha River ecosystem, an environment that has and will undergo substantial change. A century of change began with the start of dam construction in 1910; additional major change will result from dam removal scheduled to begin in September 2011. This report provides a scientific snapshot of the lower Elwha River, its estuary, and adjacent nearshore ecosystems prior to dam removal that can be used to evaluate the responses and dynamics of various system components following dam removal.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115120","usgsCitation":"Duda, J., Warrick, J., and Magirl, C.S., 2011, Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington- Biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120, viii, 264 p.; Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Chapter 8, Chapter 9; Animation Figure, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115120.","productDescription":"viii, 264 p.; Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Chapter 8, Chapter 9; Animation Figure","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5120.jpg"},{"id":92151,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5120/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b08e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005334,"text":"ofr20111230 - 2011 - A multi-year analysis of passage and survival at McNary Dam, 2004-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-19T12:09:39","indexId":"ofr20111230","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1230","title":"A multi-year analysis of passage and survival at McNary Dam, 2004-09","docAbstract":"We analyzed 6 years (2004–09) of passage and survival data collected at McNary Dam to determine how dam operations and environmental conditions affect passage and survival of juvenile salmonids. A multinomial logistic regression was used to examine how environmental variables and dam operations relate to passage behavior of juvenile salmonids at McNary Dam. We used the Cormack-Jolly-Seber release-recapture model to determine how the survival of juvenile salmonids passing through McNary Dam relates to environmental variables and dam operations. Total project discharge and the proportion of flow passing the spillway typically had a positive effect on survival for all species and routes. As the proportion of water through the spillway increased, the number of fish passing the spillway increased, as did overall survival. Additionally, survival generally was higher at night. There was no meaningful difference in survival for fish that passed through the north or south portions of the spillway or powerhouse. Similarly, there was no difference in survival for fish released in the north, middle, or south portions of the tailrace. For subyearling Chinook salmon migrating during the summer season, increased temperatures had a drastic effect on passage and survival. As temperature increased, survival of subyearling Chinook salmon decreased through all passage routes and the number of fish that passed through the turbines increased. During years when the temporary spillway weirs (TSWs) were installed, passage through the spillway increased for spring migrants. However, due to the changes made in the location of the TSW between years and the potential effect of other confounding environmental conditions, it is not certain if the increase in spillway passage was due solely to the presence of the TSWs. The TSWs appeared to improve forebay survival during years when they were operated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111230","usgsCitation":"Adams, N.S., Walker, C.E., and Perry, R., 2011, A multi-year analysis of passage and survival at McNary Dam, 2004-09: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1230, viii, 122 p.; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111230.","productDescription":"viii, 122 p.; Appendixes","startPage":"i","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"136","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92152,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1230/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Coumbia River;Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.83333333333333,45.5 ], [ -120.83333333333333,48.25 ], [ -117.5,48.25 ], [ -117.5,45.5 ], [ -120.83333333333333,45.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db54569f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, C. E.","contributorId":43168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, R.W.","contributorId":43947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042575,"text":"70042575 - 2011 - Seismic zonation of Port-Au-Prince using pixel- and object-based imaging analysis methods on ASTER GDEM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-10T17:43:06.108621","indexId":"70042575","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic zonation of Port-Au-Prince using pixel- and object-based imaging analysis methods on ASTER GDEM","docAbstract":"We report about a preliminary study to evaluate the use of semi-automated imaging analysis of remotely-sensed DEM and field geophysical measurements to develop a seismic-zonation map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. For in situ data, VS30 values are derived from the MASW technique deployed in and around the city. For satellite imagery, we use an ASTER GDEM of Hispaniola. We apply both pixel- and object-based imaging methods on the ASTER GDEM to explore local topography (absolute elevation values) and classify terrain types such as mountains, alluvial fans and basins/near-shore regions. We assign NEHRP seismic site class ranges based on available VS30 values. A comparison of results from imagery-based methods to results from traditional geologic-based approaches reveals good overall correspondence. We conclude that image analysis of RS data provides reliable first-order site characterization results in the absence of local data and can be useful to refine detailed site maps with sparse local data.","language":"English","publisher":"The American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, Maryland","doi":"10.14358/PERS.77.9.909","usgsCitation":"Yong, A., Hough, S.E., Cox, B.R., Rathje, E.M., Bachhuber, J., Dulberg, R., Hulslander, D., Christiansen, L., and Abrams, M.J., 2011, Seismic zonation of Port-Au-Prince using pixel- and object-based imaging analysis methods on ASTER GDEM: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 77, no. 9, p. 909-921, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.77.9.909.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"909","endPage":"921","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-027364","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474921,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.77.9.909","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":268895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Haiti","city":"Port-au-Prince","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.36,18.49 ], [ -72.36,18.6 ], [ -72.20,18.6 ], [ -72.20,18.49 ], [ -72.36,18.49 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"77","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5139c4fde4b09608cc166b37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yong, Alan 0000-0003-1807-5847","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1807-5847","contributorId":23037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yong","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, Brady R.","contributorId":89032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Brady","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rathje, Ellen M.","contributorId":9544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathje","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bachhuber, Jeff","contributorId":75031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachhuber","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dulberg, Ranon","contributorId":24247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dulberg","given":"Ranon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hulslander, David","contributorId":107994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hulslander","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Christiansen, Lisa","contributorId":57333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Abrams, Michael J.","contributorId":88229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrams","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70005322,"text":"sir20115107 - 2011 - Investigation of pier scour in coarse-bed streams in Montana, 2001 through 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115107","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5107","title":"Investigation of pier scour in coarse-bed streams in Montana, 2001 through 2007","docAbstract":"A primary goal of ongoing field research of bridge scour is improvement of scour-prediction equations so that pier-scour depth is predicted accurately-an important element of hydraulic analysis and design of highway bridges that cross streams, rivers, and other waterways. Scour depth for piers in streambeds with a mixture of sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders (coarse-bed streams, which are common in Montana) generally is less than the scour depth in finer-grained (sandy) streambeds under similar conditions. That difference is attributed to an armor layer of coarser material. Pier-scour data from the U.S. Geological Survey were used in this study to develop a bed-material correction factor, which was incorporated into the Federal Highway Administration's recommended equation for computing pier scour. This report describes results of a study of pier scour in coarse-bed streams at 59 bridge sites during 2001-2007 in the mountain and foothill regions of western Montana. Respective drainage areas ranged from about 3 square miles (mi2) to almost 20,000 mi2. Data collected and analyzed for this study included 103 pier-scour measurements; the report further describes data collection, shows expansion of the national coarse pier-scour database, discusses use of the new data in evaluation of relative accuracy of various predictive equations, and demonstrates how differences in size and gradation between surface bed material and shallow-subsurface bed material might relate to pier scour. Nearly all measurements were made under clear-water conditions with no incoming sediment supply to the bridge opening. Half of the measurements showed approach velocities that equaled or surpassed the critical velocity for incipient motion of bed material, possibly indicating that measurements were made very near the threshold between clear-water and live-bed scour, where maximum scour was shown in laboratory studies. Data collected in this study were compared to selected pier-scour data from the nationwide Bridge Scour Data Management System (BSDMS), to show the effect of bed-material size and gradation on scour depth. Unsteady field flow conditions and armoring by coarser material reduced scour relative to the clear-water/sandy-bed laboratory results at steady flow. The new correction factor and the standard scour equation produced the most accurate estimates of scour depth in armored, coarse-bed conditions. Maximum relative scour occurred at similar velocity across variations in bed material and gradation. Pier scour decreased with increased variation in particle size and gradation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115107","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Montana Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Holnbeck, S.R., 2011, Investigation of pier scour in coarse-bed streams in Montana, 2001 through 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5107, x, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115107.","productDescription":"x, 68 p.","temporalStart":"2000-10-01","temporalEnd":"2007-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5107.gif"},{"id":92095,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"datum":"NAD 27","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Basin;Yellowstone River Basin;Clark Fork;Columbia River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,44 ], [ -116,49 ], [ -108,49 ], [ -108,44 ], [ -116,44 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667627","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holnbeck, Stephen R. 0000-0001-7313-9298 holnbeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9298","contributorId":1724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holnbeck","given":"Stephen","email":"holnbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005075,"text":"70005075 - 2011 - Inference about density and temporary emigration in unmarked populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-12T21:51:03.605058","indexId":"70005075","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inference about density and temporary emigration in unmarked populations","docAbstract":"Few species are distributed uniformly in space, and populations of mobile organisms are rarely closed with respect to movement, yet many models of density rely upon these assumptions. We present a hierarchical model allowing inference about the density of unmarked populations subject to temporary emigration and imperfect detection. The model can be fit to data collected using a variety of standard survey methods such as repeated point counts in which removal sampling, double‐observer sampling, or distance sampling is used during each count. Simulation studies demonstrated that parameter estimators are unbiased when temporary emigration is either “completely random” or is determined by the size and location of home ranges relative to survey points. We also applied the model to repeated removal sampling data collected on Chestnut‐sided Warblers (Dendroica pensylvancia) in the White Mountain National Forest, USA. The density estimate from our model, 1.09 birds/ha, was similar to an estimate of 1.11 birds/ha produced by an intensive spot‐mapping effort. Our model is also applicable when processes other than temporary emigration affect the probability of being available for detection, such as in studies using cue counts. Functions to implement the model have been added to the R package unmarked.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1890/10-2433.1","usgsCitation":"Chandler, R.B., Royle, J., and King, D.I., 2011, Inference about density and temporary emigration in unmarked populations: Ecology, v. 92, no. 7, p. 1429-1435, https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2433.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1429","endPage":"1435","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2433.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"White Mountain National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.0428466796875,\n 43.67979094030124\n ],\n [\n -71.03759765625,\n 43.67979094030124\n ],\n [\n -71.03759765625,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -72.0428466796875,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -72.0428466796875,\n 43.67979094030124\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db672132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chandler, Richard B. rchandler@usgs.gov","contributorId":63524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"Richard","email":"rchandler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":80808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"King, David I.","contributorId":34390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":13259,"text":"USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":18918,"text":"Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":351938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005319,"text":"ofr20111094 - 2011 - Geomorphic and ecological effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on coastal Louisiana marsh communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:51","indexId":"ofr20111094","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1094","title":"Geomorphic and ecological effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on coastal Louisiana marsh communities","docAbstract":"Hurricanes Katrina and Rita made landfall in 2005, subjecting the coastal marsh communities of Louisiana to various degrees of exposure. We collected data after the storms at 30 sites within fresh (12), brackish/intermediate (12), and saline (6) marshes to document the effects of saltwater storm surge and sedimentation on marsh community dynamics. The 30 sites were comprised of 15 pairs. Most pairs contained one site where data collection occurred historically (that is, prestorms) and one Coastwide Reference Monitoring System site. Data were collected from spring 2006 to fall 2007 on vegetative species composition, percentage of vegetation cover, aboveground and belowground biomass, and canopy reflectance, along with discrete porewater salinity, hourly surface-water salinity, and water level. Where available, historical data acquired before Hurricanes Katrina and Rita were used to compare conditions and changes in ecological trajectories before and after the hurricanes. Sites experiencing direct and indirect hurricane influences (referred to in this report as levels of influence) were also identified, and the effects of hurricane influence were tested on vegetation and porewater data. Within fresh marshes, porewater salinity was greater in directly impacted areas, and this heightened salinity was reflected in decreased aboveground and belowground biomass and increased cover of disturbance species in the directly impacted sites. At the brackish/intermediate marsh sites, vegetation variables and porewater salinity were similar in directly and indirectly impacted areas, but porewater salinity was higher than expected throughout the study. Interestingly, directly impacted saline marsh sites had lower porewater salinity than indirectly impacted sites, but aboveground biomass was greater at the directly impacted sites. Because of the variable and site-specific nature of hurricane influences, we present case studies to help define postdisturbance baseline conditions in fresh, brackish/ intermediate, and saline marshes. In fresh marshes, the mechanism of hurricane influence varied across the landscape. In the western region, saltwater storm surge inundated freshwater marshes and remained for weeks, effectively causing damage that reset the vegetation community. This is in contrast to the direct physical disturbance of the storm surge in the eastern region, which flipped and relocated marsh mats, thereby stressing the vegetation communities and providing an opportunity for disturbance species to colonize. In the brackish/intermediate marsh, disturbance species took advantage of the opportunity provided by shifting species composition caused by physical and saltwater-induced perturbations, although this shift is likely to be short lived. Saline marsh sites were not negatively impacted to a severe degree by the hurricanes. Species composition of vegetation in saline marshes was not affected, and sediment deposition appeared to increase vegetative productivity. The coastal landscape of Louisiana is experiencing high rates of land loss resulting from natural and anthropogenic causes and is experiencing subsidence rates greater than 10.0 millimeters per year (mm yr-1); therefore, it is important to understand how hurricanes influence sedimentation and soil properties. We document long-term vertical accretion rates and accumulation rates of organic matter, bulk density, carbon and nitrogen. Analyses using caesium-137 to calculate long-term vertical accretion rates suggest that accretion under impounded conditions is less than in nonimpounded conditions in the brackish marsh of the chenier plain. Our data also support previous studies indicating that accumulation rates of organic matter explain much of the variability associated with vertical accretion in brackish/intermediate and saline marshes. In fresh marshes, more of the variability associated with vertical accretion was explained by mineral accumulation than in the other mars","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111094","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Louisiana Coastal Areas Science and Technology Program and in collaboration with Louisiana State University, the Louisiana Governor's Office of Coastal Protection and Restoration, and the University of Louisiana at Lafayette","usgsCitation":"Piazza, S., Steyer, G.D., Cretini, K., Sasser, C.E., Visser, J.M., Holm, G., Sharp, L., Evers, D.E., and Meriwether, J.R., 2011, Geomorphic and ecological effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on coastal Louisiana marsh communities: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1094, x, 110 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111094.","productDescription":"x, 110 p.; Appendices","startPage":"i","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"136","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92000,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1094/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1094.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piazza, Sarai C. 0000-0001-6962-9008","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-9008","contributorId":63143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piazza","given":"Sarai C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steyer, Gregory D. 0000-0001-7231-0110 steyerg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7231-0110","contributorId":2856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyer","given":"Gregory","email":"steyerg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5062,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cretini, Kari F. 0000-0003-0419-0748","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0419-0748","contributorId":106247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cretini","given":"Kari F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sasser, Charles E.","contributorId":86858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasser","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Visser, Jenneke M.","contributorId":90397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Visser","given":"Jenneke","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holm, Guerry O.","contributorId":79219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm","given":"Guerry O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sharp, Leigh A.","contributorId":43879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"Leigh A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Evers, D. Elaine","contributorId":98448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evers","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Elaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meriwether, John R.","contributorId":48686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meriwether","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70005315,"text":"ofr20111227 - 2011 - Analyses of potential factors affecting survival of juvenile salmonids volitionally passing through turbines at McNary and John Day Dams, Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20111227","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1227","title":"Analyses of potential factors affecting survival of juvenile salmonids volitionally passing through turbines at McNary and John Day Dams, Columbia River","docAbstract":"This report describes analyses of data from radio- or acoustic-tagged juvenile salmonids passing through hydro-dam turbines to determine factors affecting fish survival. The data were collected during a series of studies designed to estimate passage and survival probabilities at McNary (2002-09) and John Day (2002-03) Dams on the Columbia River during controlled experiments of structures or operations at spillways. Relatively few tagged fish passed turbines in any single study, but sample sizes generally were adequate for our analyses when data were combined from studies using common methods over a series of years. We used information-theoretic methods to evaluate biological, operational, and group covariates by creating models fitting linear (all covariates) or curvilinear (operational covariates only) functions to the data. Biological covariates included tag burden, weight, and water temperature; operational covariates included spill percentage, total discharge, hydraulic head, and turbine unit discharge; and group covariates included year, treatment, and photoperiod. Several interactions between the variables also were considered. Support of covariates by the data was assessed by comparing the Akaike Information Criterion of competing models. The analyses were conducted because there was a lack of information about factors affecting survival of fish passing turbines volitionally and the data were available from past studies. The depth of acclimation, tag size relative to fish size (tag burden), turbine unit discharge, and area of entry into the turbine intake have been shown to affect turbine passage survival of juvenile salmonids in other studies. This study indicates that turbine passage survival of the study fish was primarily affected by biological covariates rather than operational covariates. A negative effect of tag burden was strongly supported in data from yearling Chinook salmon at John Day and McNary dams, but not for subyearling Chinook salmon or juvenile steelhead. The negative effect of tag burden in data we examined from yearling Chinook salmon supports the recent findings from laboratory studies of barotrauma effects. A curvilinear (quadratic) effect of turbine unit discharge was weakly supported in data from subyearling Chinook salmon at John Day Dam. The maximum survival from those data was estimated to occur at a discharge of 15.9 thousand cubic feet per second, but the estimate was imprecise (95 percent confidence interval of -1.7-33.7 thousand cubic feet per second). This estimate is within the range of 1 percent of peak turbine operating efficiency (12.0-21.6 thousand cubic feet per second), but is lower than the 17.2 thousand cubic feet per second discharge at peak operating efficiency (at a head of 102 feet near the median in the data we examined). Effects of water temperature were supported in four of the five examined data sets and were strongly supported in all but one. Spill percentage, head, and total discharge received weak or moderate support in some cases. The results are consistent with those of several controlled field experiments of turbine discharge. Studies based on the Hi-Z Turb'N tag (balloon tag) often show small, generally statistically insignificant, differences in survival at different turbine discharge levels. Some studies also show that a quadratic equation can be well fit to the relation of survival and turbine unit discharge. The lack of support for the operational covariates in most of the data sets we examined may be due to the small effect turbine discharge has even in controlled studies, the observational nature of the data we used, and the evaluation method. We assessed support of the data for models of linear and quadratic effects, whereas controlled experiments often statistically compare the point estimates of survival from each operational treatment studied. The results of our analyses suggest tag burden should be minimized or controlled for in analyses of future stu","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111227","collaboration":"Contributors: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, and prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J., Hansel, H., Perry, R., Hockersmith, E., and Sandford, B., 2011, Analyses of potential factors affecting survival of juvenile salmonids volitionally passing through turbines at McNary and John Day Dams, Columbia River: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1227, viii, 73 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111227.","productDescription":"viii, 73 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1227.jpg"},{"id":91986,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1227/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River;Mcnary Dam;John Day Dam","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.91666666666667,45.25 ], [ -120.91666666666667,46 ], [ -119.11666666666666,46 ], [ -119.11666666666666,45.25 ], [ -120.91666666666667,45.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68386f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeman, John","contributorId":14559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansel, Hal","contributorId":65947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"Hal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, Russell","contributorId":33829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hockersmith, Eric","contributorId":56781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hockersmith","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sandford, Ben","contributorId":43904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandford","given":"Ben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70146649,"text":"70146649 - 2011 - Peat formation processes through the millennia in tidal marshes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T09:24:07","indexId":"70146649","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peat formation processes through the millennia in tidal marshes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine peat formation processes throughout the millennia in four tidal marshes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Peat cores collected at each site were analyzed for bulk density, loss on ignition, and percent organic carbon. Core data and spline fit age-depth models were used to estimate inorganic sedimentation, organic accumulation, and carbon sequestration rates in the marshes. Bulk density and percent organic matter content of peat fluctuated through time at all sites, suggesting that peat formation processes are dynamic and responsive to watershed conditions. The balance between inorganic sedimentation and organic accumulation at the sites also varied through time, indicating that marshes may rely more strongly on either norganic or organic matter for peat formation at particular times in their existence. Mean carbon sequestration rates found in this study (0.38-0.79 Mg C ha-1 year-1) were similar to other long-term estimates for temperate peatlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Estuarine Research Federation","publisherLocation":"Port Republic, MD","doi":"10.1007/s12237-011-9393-7","usgsCitation":"Drexler, J., 2011, Peat formation processes through the millennia in tidal marshes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 34, no. 5, p. 900-911, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9393-7.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"900","endPage":"911","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-017315","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.85932159423828,\n 38.012664749652494\n ],\n [\n -121.85932159423828,\n 38.07890613330849\n ],\n [\n -121.75392150878905,\n 38.07890613330849\n ],\n [\n -121.75392150878905,\n 38.012664749652494\n ],\n [\n -121.85932159423828,\n 38.012664749652494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55362343e4b0b22a15807aab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drexler, Judith Z. 0000-0002-0127-3866 jdrexler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-3866","contributorId":1659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drexler","given":"Judith Z.","email":"jdrexler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70135056,"text":"70135056 - 2011 - Lack of genetic polymorphism among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus of Fiji","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T13:28:48","indexId":"70135056","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2190,"text":"Journal of Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Lack of genetic polymorphism among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus of Fiji","title":"Lack of genetic polymorphism among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus of Fiji","docAbstract":"We compared levels of genetic diversity and isolation among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus from two South Pacific island complexes (Fiji and Vanuatu: F. p. nesiotes), relative to other island and mainland populations. Fragment data from 12 microsatellite loci and sequence information from the control region of the mitochondrial DNA indicated levels of genetic variation in the South Pacific populations were lower than other island and mainland populations. Indeed, diversity varied from extremely low (Vanuatu) to completely absent (Fiji). We find little support for a hypothesis that populations on Fiji or Vanuatu were colonized via Australia. The complete lack of polymorphism in peregrine falcons of Fiji is remarkable, and to our knowledge has not been observed in a natural avian population. This lack of polymorphism, and the inability to test for decrease in polymorphism using museum samples, precludes testing whether the lack of genetic diversity in the population on Fiji is due to a recent bottleneck, or sustained isolation over evolutionary time. Increased fertility in eggs of Fiji peregrines upon outbreeding with males from other areas is consistent with inbreeding depression within a population typified by heterozygote deficiency.
","language":"English","publisher":"Scandinavian Ornithologists' Union","publisherLocation":"Copenhagen","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05280.x","usgsCitation":"Talbot, S.L., Palmer, A.G., Sage, G.K., Sonsthagen, S.A., Swem, T., Brimm, D.J., and White, C., 2011, Lack of genetic polymorphism among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus of Fiji: Journal of Avian Biology, v. 42, no. 5, p. 415-428, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05280.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"428","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-022826","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54882b56e4b02acb4f0c8c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, Angela G.","contributorId":48396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palmer","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sage, George K. 0000-0003-1431-2286 ksage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2286","contributorId":87833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sage","given":"George","email":"ksage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sonsthagen, Sarah A. 0000-0001-6215-5874 ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-5874","contributorId":3711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonsthagen","given":"Sarah","email":"ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swem, Ted","contributorId":64463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swem","given":"Ted","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brimm, Daniel J.","contributorId":67737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brimm","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"White, Clayton M","contributorId":200588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Clayton M","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70042705,"text":"70042705 - 2011 - The use of epifluorescent microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine the presence/absence and identification of microorganisms associated with domestic and foreign wallboard samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T12:02:47","indexId":"70042705","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"The use of epifluorescent microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine the presence/absence and identification of microorganisms associated with domestic and foreign wallboard samples","docAbstract":"Epifluorescent microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were utilized to determine the presence, concentration and identification of bacteria, and more specifically sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in subsamples of Chinese and North American wallboard, and wallboard-mine rock. Bacteria were visible in most subsamples, which included wallboard-lining paper from each side of the wallboard, wallboard filler, wallboard tape and fragments of mined wallboard rock via microscopy. Observed bacteria occurred as single or small clusters of cells and no mass aggregates indicating colonization were noted. Universal 16S qPCR was utilized to directly examine samples and detected bacteria at concentrations ranging from 1.4 x 103 to 6.4 x 104 genomic equivalents per mm2 of paper or per gram of wallboard filler or mined rock, in 12 of 41 subsamples. Subsamples were incubated in sulfate reducing broth for ~30 to 60 days (enrichment assay) and then analyzed by universal 16S and SRB qPCR. Enrichment universal 16S qPCR detected bacteria in 32 of 41 subsamples at concentrations ranging from 1.5 x 104 to 4.2 x 107 genomic equivalents per ml of culture broth. Evaluation of enriched subsamples by SRB qPCR demonstrated that SRB were not detectable in most of the samples and if they were detected, detection was not reproducible (an indication of low concentrations, if present). Enrichment universal 16S and SRB qPCR demonstrated that viable bacteria were present in subsamples (as expected given exposure of the samples following manufacture, transport and use) but that SRB were either not present or present at very low numbers. Further, no differences in trends were noted between the various Chinese and North American wallboard samples. In all, the microscopy and qPCR data indicated that the suspected ‘sulfur emissions’ emanating from suspect wallboard samples is not due to microbial activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Utilized by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission for a U.S. Congressional hearing","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D.W., 2011, The use of epifluorescent microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine the presence/absence and identification of microorganisms associated with domestic and foreign wallboard samples, 29 p.","productDescription":"29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-032669","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51af0c71e4b08a3322c2c36b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042961,"text":"70042961 - 2011 - Small-scale sediment transport patterns and bedform morphodynamics: New insights from high resolution multibeam bathymetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-29T18:46:34.042298","indexId":"70042961","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small-scale sediment transport patterns and bedform morphodynamics: New insights from high resolution multibeam bathymetry","docAbstract":"New multibeam echosounder and processing technologies yield sub-meter-scale bathymetric resolution, revealing striking details of bedform morphology that are shaped by complex boundary-layer flow dynamics at a range of spatial and temporal scales. An inertially aided post processed kinematic (IAPPK) technique generates a smoothed best estimate trajectory (SBET) solution to tie the vessel motion-related effects of each sounding directly to the ellipsoid, significantly reducing artifacts commonly found in multibeam data, increasing point density, and sharpening seafloor features. The new technique was applied to a large bedform field in 20–30 m water depths in central San Francisco Bay, California (USA), revealing bedforms that suggest boundary-layer flow deflection by the crests where 12-m-wavelength, 0.2-m-amplitude bedforms are superimposed on 60-m-wavelength, 1-m-amplitude bedforms, with crests that often were strongly oblique (approaching 90°) to the larger features on the lee side, and near-parallel on the stoss side. During one survey in April 2008, superimposed bedform crests were continuous between the crests of the larger features, indicating that flow detachment in the lee of the larger bedforms is not always a dominant process. Assessment of bedform crest peakedness, asymmetry, and small-scale bedform evolution between surveys indicates the impact of different flow regimes on the entire bedform field. This paper presents unique fine-scale imagery of compound and superimposed bedforms, which is used to (1) assess the physical forcing and evolution of a bedform field in San Francisco Bay, and (2) in conjunction with numerical modeling, gain a better fundamental understanding of boundary-layer flow dynamics that result in the observed superimposed bedform orientation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00367-011-0227-1","usgsCitation":"Barnard, P.L., Erikson, L., and Kvitek, R.G., 2011, Small-scale sediment transport patterns and bedform morphodynamics: New insights from high resolution multibeam bathymetry: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 31, no. 4, p. 227-236, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-011-0227-1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-015134","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.15560913085938,\n 37.497741887143576\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 37.54675499755639\n ],\n [\n -122.25860595703125,\n 37.75877280300828\n ],\n [\n -122.33139038085936,\n 37.91278405007035\n ],\n [\n -122.39593505859376,\n 37.931200459333716\n ],\n [\n -122.50167846679686,\n 37.938782346134424\n ],\n [\n -122.50167846679686,\n 37.87593739777859\n ],\n [\n -122.46322631835938,\n 37.81195385919268\n ],\n [\n -122.39181518554686,\n 37.79893346559687\n ],\n [\n -122.36846923828125,\n 37.727280276860036\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 37.64794668685352\n ],\n [\n -122.37258911132812,\n 37.60117623656667\n ],\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 37.54784381205082\n ],\n [\n -122.15560913085938,\n 37.497741887143576\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7315e4b0b29085108bb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":2880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erikson, Li H. 0000-0002-8607-7695 lerikson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-7695","contributorId":3170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erikson","given":"Li H.","email":"lerikson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvitek, Rikk G.","contributorId":107804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvitek","given":"Rikk","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005302,"text":"gip132 - 2011 - Floor of Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T19:14:38.396343","indexId":"gip132","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"132","title":"Floor of Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"Lake-floor depths shown by color, from light tan (shallowest) to blue (deepest). Arrows on map (C) show orientations of perspective views. A, view toward McKinney Bay over blocks tumbled onto the lake floor by a massive landslide 10s to 100s of thousands of years ago; dark triangular block near center is approximately 1.5 km (0.9 mi) across and 120 m (390 ft) high. B, view toward South Lake Tahoe and Emerald Bay (on right) over sediment waves as much as 10 m (30 ft) high, created by sediment flowing down the south margin of the lake. Slopes appear twice as steep as they are. Lake-floor imagery from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) multibeam bathymetric data and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers bathymetric lidar data. Land imagery generated by overlaying USGS digital orthophoto quadrangles (DOQs) on USGS digital elevation models (DEMs). All data available at http://tahoe.usgs.gov/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip132","usgsCitation":"Dartnell, P., and Gibbons, H., 2011, Floor of Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 132, 2 p. Postcard, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip132.","productDescription":"2 p. Postcard","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126235,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_132.gif"},{"id":411440,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95550.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":91903,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/132/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Tahoe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.91858554300163,\n 39.250629181250076\n ],\n [\n -120.1655816375422,\n 39.250629181250076\n ],\n [\n -120.1655816375422,\n 38.93343883786903\n ],\n [\n -119.91858554300163,\n 38.93343883786903\n ],\n [\n -119.91858554300163,\n 39.250629181250076\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de61a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibbons, Helen hgibbons@usgs.gov","contributorId":912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbons","given":"Helen","email":"hgibbons@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005267,"text":"sir20115133 - 2011 - A digital model for planning water management at Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115133","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5133","title":"A digital model for planning water management at Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana","docAbstract":"Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge is an important area for waterfowl production and migratory stopover in west-central Montana. Eight wetland units covering about 5,600 acres are the essential features of the refuge. Water availability for the wetland units can be uncertain owing to the large natural variations in precipitation and runoff and the high cost of pumping supplemental water. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, has developed a digital model for planning water management. The model can simulate strategies for water transfers among the eight wetland units and account for variability in runoff and pumped water. This report describes this digital model, which uses a water-accounting spreadsheet to track inputs and outputs to each of the wetland units of Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Inputs to the model include (1) monthly values for precipitation, pumped water, runoff, and evaporation; (2) water-level/capacity data for each wetland unit; and (3) the pan-evaporation coefficient. Outputs include monthly water volume and flooded surface area for each unit for as many as 5 consecutive years. The digital model was calibrated by comparing simulated and historical measured water volumes for specific test years.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D.A., McCarthy, P., and Fields, V., 2011, A digital model for planning water management at Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5133, vi, 26 p.; Appendices; Appendix 2 Download, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115133.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.; Appendices; Appendix 2 Download","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5133.png"},{"id":91899,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 12","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Cascade;Chouteau;Teton","otherGeospatial":"Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,47.416666666666664 ], [ -112,47.916666666666664 ], [ -111,47.916666666666664 ], [ -111,47.416666666666664 ], [ -112,47.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, Peter 0000-0002-2396-7463 pmccarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2396-7463","contributorId":2504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Peter","email":"pmccarth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fields, Vanessa","contributorId":76452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"Vanessa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005304,"text":"ds629 - 2011 - Selected investigations and statistical summary of surface-water quality in the Rio Grande and the Rio Chama, north-central New Mexico, during water years 1985-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:40","indexId":"ds629","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"629","title":"Selected investigations and statistical summary of surface-water quality in the Rio Grande and the Rio Chama, north-central New Mexico, during water years 1985-2007","docAbstract":"The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (ABCWUA) is supplementing the municipal water supply for Albuquerque, New Mexico, and the surrounding area with water diverted from the Rio Grande. The distribution of surface water for municipal supply has raised questions about the quality of water in the Rio Grande and the possibility of contaminants in the water. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with ABCWUA, has compiled existing water-quality data collected on the Rio Grande and its main tributary, the Rio Chama, by various Federal and State agencies to provide a comprehensive overview of water quality in the Rio Grande basin upstream from Albuquerque. This report describes selected water-quality investigations conducted by various Federal and State agencies and 2007 USGS surface-water-quality investigations and data-collection activities and presents a statistical summary of selected water-quality data collected on the Rio Grande and the Rio Chama in central and northern New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds629","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority","usgsCitation":"Falk, S.E., Anderholm, S.K., and Engdahl, N.B., 2011, Selected investigations and statistical summary of surface-water quality in the Rio Grande and the Rio Chama, north-central New Mexico, during water years 1985-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 629, iv, 36 p.;Available Online Only: Appendix 1, Appendix 2, Appendix 3, Appendix 4, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds629.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.;Available Online Only: Appendix 1, Appendix 2, Appendix 3, Appendix 4","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1985-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_629.gif"},{"id":91902,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/629/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107,34.833333333333336 ], [ -107,36.75 ], [ -105.75,36.75 ], [ -105.75,34.833333333333336 ], [ -107,34.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673e03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Falk, Sarah E. sefalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falk","given":"Sarah","email":"sefalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderholm, Scott K.","contributorId":94270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engdahl, Nicholas B.","contributorId":16561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004836,"text":"70004836 - 2011 - Estimation of late twentieth century land-cover change in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T13:41:53","indexId":"70004836","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of late twentieth century land-cover change in California","docAbstract":"We present the first comprehensive multi-temporal analysis of land-cover change for California across its major ecological regions and primary land-cover types. Recently completed satellite-based estimates of land-cover and land-use change information for large portions of the United States allow for consistent measurement and comparison across heterogeneous landscapes. Landsat data were employed within a pure-panel stratified one-stage cluster sample to estimate and characterize land-cover change for 1973–2000. Results indicate anthropogenic and natural disturbances, such as forest cutting and fire, were the dominant changes, followed by large fluctuations between agriculture and rangelands. Contrary to common perception, agriculture remained relatively stable over the 27-year period with an estimated loss of 1.0% of agricultural land. The largest net declines occurred in the grasslands/shrubs class at 5,131 km2 and forest class at 4,722 km2. Developed lands increased by 37.6%, composing an estimated 4.2% of the state’s land cover by 2000.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s10661-010-1385-8","usgsCitation":"Sleeter, B.M., Wilson, T.S., Soulard, C.E., and Liu, J., 2011, Estimation of late twentieth century land-cover change in California: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 173, no. 1-4, p. 251-266, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1385-8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"173","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb2cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sleeter, Benjamin M. 0000-0003-2371-9571 bsleeter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2371-9571","contributorId":3479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleeter","given":"Benjamin","email":"bsleeter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Tamara S.","contributorId":36640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Tamara","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soulard, Christopher E. 0000-0002-5777-9516 csoulard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-9516","contributorId":2642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulard","given":"Christopher","email":"csoulard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Jinxun 0000-0003-0561-8988 jxliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-8988","contributorId":3414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Jinxun","email":"jxliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70003897,"text":"70003897 - 2011 - Local richness along gradients in the Siskiyou herb flora: R. H. Whittaker revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-12T21:59:10.049018","indexId":"70003897","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local richness along gradients in the Siskiyou herb flora: R. H. Whittaker revisited","docAbstract":"In his classic study in the Siskiyou Mountains (Oregon, USA), one of the most botanically rich forested regions in North America, R. H. Whittaker (1960) foreshadowed many modern ideas on the multivariate control of local species richness along environmental gradients related to productivity. Using a structural equation model to analyze his data, which were never previously statistically analyzed, we demonstrate that Whittaker was remarkably accurate in concluding that local herb richness in these late‐seral forests is explained to a large extent by three major abiotic gradients (soils, topography, and elevation), and in turn, by the effects of these gradients on tree densities and the numbers of individual herbs. However, while Whittaker also clearly appreciated the significance of large‐scale evolutionary and biogeographic influences on community composition, he did not fully articulate the more recent concept that variation in the species richness of local communities could be explained in part by variation in the sizes of regional species pools. Our model of his data is among the first to use estimates of regional species pool size to explain variation in local community richness along productivity‐related gradients. We find that regional pool size, combined with a modest number of other interacting abiotic and biotic factors, explains most of the variation in local herb richness in the Siskiyou biodiversity hotspot.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/09-2137.1","usgsCitation":"Grace, J.B., Harrison, S., and Damschen, E.I., 2011, Local richness along gradients in the Siskiyou herb flora: R. H. Whittaker revisited: Ecology, v. 92, no. 1, p. 108-120, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-2137.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Siskiyou Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.002685546875,\n 42.0125705565935\n ],\n [\n -121.47033691406249,\n 42.0125705565935\n ],\n [\n -121.47033691406249,\n 44.28453670601888\n ],\n [\n -124.002685546875,\n 44.28453670601888\n ],\n [\n -124.002685546875,\n 42.0125705565935\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b22e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Susan","contributorId":85707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Damschen, Ellen Ingman","contributorId":6177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Damschen","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"Ingman","affiliations":[{"id":16916,"text":"Dept. of Zoology, University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":349363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005297,"text":"sir20115059 - 2011 - Trace elements and radon in groundwater across the United States, 1992-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:40","indexId":"sir20115059","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5059","title":"Trace elements and radon in groundwater across the United States, 1992-2003","docAbstract":"Trace-element concentrations in groundwater were evaluated for samples collected between 1992 and 2003 from aquifers across the United States as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. This study describes the first comprehensive analysis of those data by assessing occurrence (concentrations above analytical reporting levels) and by comparing concentrations to human-health benchmarks (HHBs). Data from 5,183 monitoring and drinking-water wells representing more than 40 principal and other aquifers in humid and dry regions and in various land-use settings were used in the analysis. Trace elements measured include aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), thallium (Tl), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). Radon (Rn) gas also was measured and is included in the data analysis. Climate influenced the occurrence and distribution of trace elements in groundwater whereby more trace elements occurred and were found at greater concentrations in wells in drier regions of the United States than in humid regions. In particular, the concentrations of As, Ba, B, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Se, Sr, U, V, and Zn were greater in the drier regions, where processes such as chemical evolution, ion complexation, evaporative concentration, and redox (oxidation-reduction) controls act to varying degrees to mobilize these elements. Al, Co, Fe, Pb, and Mn concentrations in groundwater were greater in humid regions of the United States than in dry regions, partly in response to lower groundwater pH and (or) more frequent anoxic conditions. In groundwater from humid regions, concentrations of Cu, Pb, Rn, and Zn were significantly greater in drinking-water wells than in monitoring wells. Samples from drinking-water wells in dry regions had greater concentrations of As, Ba, Pb, Li, Sr, V, and Zn, than samples from monitoring wells. In humid regions, however, concentrations of most trace elements were greater in monitoring wells than in drinking-water wells; the exceptions were Cu, Pb, Zn, and Rn. Cu, Pb, and Zn are common trace elements in pumps and pipes used in the construction of drinking-water wells, and contamination from these sources may have contributed to their concentrations. Al, Sb, Ba, B, Cr, Co, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Sr, and U concentrations were all greater in monitoring wells than in drinking-water wells in humid regions. Groundwater from wells in agricultural settings had greater concentrations of As, Mo, and U than groundwater from wells in urban settings, possibly owing to greater pH in the agricultural wells. Significantly greater concentrations of B, Cr, Se, Ag, Sr, and V also were found in agricultural wells in dry regions. Groundwater from dry-region urban wells had greater concentrations of Co, Fe, Pb, Li, Mn, and specific conductance than groundwater from agricultural wells. The geologic composition of aquifers and aquifer geochemistry are among the major factors affecting trace-element occurrence. Trace-element concentrations in groundwater were characterized in aquifers from eight major groups based on geologic material, including (1) unconsolidated sand and gravel; (2) glacial unconsolidated sand and gravel; (3) semiconsolidated sand; (4) sandstone; (5) sandstone and carbonate rock; (6) carbonate rock; (7) basaltic and other volcanic rock; and (8) crystalline rock. The majority of groundwater samples and the largest percentages of exceedences of HHBs were in the glacial and nonglacial unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers; in these aquifers, As, Mn, and U are the most common trace elements exceeding HHBs. Overall, 19 percent of wells (962 of 5,097) exceeded an HHB for at least one trace element. The trace elements with HHBs included in this summary were Sb, As, Ba, Be, B, Cd, Cr, ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115059","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., Gronberg, J., and Apodaca, L.E., 2011, Trace elements and radon in groundwater across the United States, 1992-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5059, xi, 77 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115059.","productDescription":"xi, 77 p.; Appendices","startPage":"i","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5059.gif"},{"id":91872,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5059/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -175,7 ], [ -175,74 ], [ -65,74 ], [ -65,7 ], [ -175,7 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627e10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gronberg, Jo Ann M.","contributorId":18342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"Jo Ann M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Apodaca, Lori E. lapodaca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apodaca","given":"Lori","email":"lapodaca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005293,"text":"ofr20111054 - 2011 - Lagrangian sampling of wastewater treatment plant effluent in Boulder Creek, Colorado, and Fourmile Creek, Iowa, during the summer of 2003 and spring of 2005— Hydrological and water-quality data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-21T18:39:12.693491","indexId":"ofr20111054","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1054","title":"Lagrangian sampling of wastewater treatment plant effluent in Boulder Creek, Colorado, and Fourmile Creek, Iowa, during the summer of 2003 and spring of 2005— Hydrological and water-quality data","docAbstract":"This report presents methods and data for a Lagrangian sampling investigation into chemical loading and in-stream attenuation of inorganic and organic contaminants in two wastewater treatment-plant effluent-dominated streams: Boulder Creek, Colorado, and Fourmile Creek, Iowa. Water-quality sampling was timed to coincide with low-flow conditions when dilution of the wastewater treatment-plant effluent by stream water was at a minimum. Sample-collection times corresponded to estimated travel times (based on tracer tests) to allow the same \"parcel\" of water to reach downstream sampling locations. The water-quality data are linked directly to stream discharge using flow- and depth-integrated composite sampling protocols. A range of chemical analyses was made for nutrients, carbon, major elements, trace elements, biological components, acidic and neutral organic wastewater compounds, antibiotic compounds, pharmaceutical compounds, steroid and steroidal-hormone compounds, and pesticide compounds. Physical measurements were made for field conditions, stream discharge, and time-of-travel studies. Two Lagrangian water samplings were conducted in each stream, one in the summer of 2003 and the other in the spring of 2005. Water samples were collected from five sites in Boulder Creek: upstream from the wastewater treatment plant, the treatment-plant effluent, and three downstream sites. Fourmile Creek had seven sampling sites: upstream from the wastewater treatment plant, the treatment-plant effluent, four downstream sites, and a tributary. At each site, stream discharge was measured, and equal width-integrated composite water samples were collected and split for subsequent chemical, physical, and biological analyses. During the summer of 2003 sampling, Boulder Creek downstream from the wastewater treatment plant consisted of 36 percent effluent, and Fourmile Creek downstream from the respective wastewater treatment plant was 81 percent effluent. During the spring of 2005 samplings, Boulder Creek downstream from the wastewater treatment plant was 40 percent effluent, and Fourmile Creek downstream from that wastewater treatment plant was 28 percent effluent. At each site, 300 individual constituents were determined to characterize the water. Most of the inorganic constituents were detected in all of the stream and treatment-plant effluent samples, whereas detection of synthetic organic compounds was more limited and contaminants typically occurred only in wastewater treatment-plant effluents and at downstream sites. Concentrations ranged from nanograms per liter to milligrams per liter.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111054","usgsCitation":"Barber, L.B., Keefe, S.H., Kolpin, D.W., Schnoebelen, D.J., Flynn, J.L., Brown, G., Furlong, E.T., Glassmeyer, S., Gray, J.L., Meyer, M.T., Sandstrom, M.W., Taylor, H.E., and Zaugg, S.D., 2011, Lagrangian sampling of wastewater treatment plant effluent in Boulder Creek, Colorado, and Fourmile Creek, Iowa, during the summer of 2003 and spring of 2005— Hydrological and water-quality data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1054, viii, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111054.","productDescription":"viii, 84 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389560,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95556.htm"},{"id":125976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1054.png"},{"id":91862,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1054/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek, Fourmile Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.625,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -93.5,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -93.5,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -93.625,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -93.625,\n 41.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.191667,\n 40.09166\n ],\n [\n -105.075,\n 40.09166\n ],\n [\n -105.075,\n 40.01667\n ],\n [\n -105.191667,\n 40.01667\n ],\n [\n -105.191667,\n 40.09166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - 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Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70005292,"text":"ofr20111192 - 2011 - Constraints to connecting children with nature--Survey of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service employees sponsored by the National Conservation Training Center, Division of Education Outreach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:51","indexId":"ofr20111192","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1192","title":"Constraints to connecting children with nature--Survey of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service employees sponsored by the National Conservation Training Center, Division of Education Outreach","docAbstract":"The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) names \"connecting people with nature\" as one of its top six priorities in the online Service Employee Pocket Guide. The National Conservation Training Center (NCTC) took the initiative to identify issues that impede greater progress in addressing constraints to connecting children with nature. The Division of Education Outreach at NCTC formed a working relation with the Policy Analysis and Science Assistance branch of the U.S. Geological Survey to conduct a study on these issues. To meet the objectives of the study, a survey of a sample of FWS employees was conducted. This report includes the description of how the survey was developed and administered, how the data were analyzed, and a discussion of the survey results. The survey was developed based on published literature and incorporated input from two working groups of professionals focused on the issue of connecting children with nature. Although the objective as stated by the FWS is to connect people with nature, the survey primarily focused on connecting children, rather than all people, with nature. The four primary concepts included on the survey were interpretation of how the FWS defined \"connection\" as part of its mission, perceived success with outreach, constraints to connecting children with nature, and importance of connecting children with nature. The survey was conducted online using KeySurvey© software. The survey was sent to 604 FWS employees. Responses were received from 320 employees. The respondents represented diversity in regions, tenure, wage/grade level, job series, supervisory status, and involvement with education and outreach activities. The key findings of the survey are as follows: * FWS employees believe they as individuals and the agency are successful now and will be more successful in the future in connecting children with nature. * FWS employees believe that there are many outcomes that are relevant to the FWS objective to connect people with the environment. * FWS employees believe that connecting children with nature is important. * Constraints to connecting children with nature exist but are not perceived by respondents to be severe. * The constraints of greatest concern are practical issues, competition from technology, funding issues and staffing issues.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111192","usgsCitation":"Ratz, J., and Schuster, R., 2011, Constraints to connecting children with nature--Survey of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service employees sponsored by the National Conservation Training Center, Division of Education Outreach: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1192, iv, 24 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111192.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.; Appendices","startPage":"i","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1192.gif"},{"id":91853,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratz, Joan M.","contributorId":22739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratz","given":"Joan M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, Rudy M.","contributorId":92405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Rudy M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005290,"text":"fs20113086 - 2011 - Water Resources of Caddo Parish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:40","indexId":"fs20113086","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3086","title":"Water Resources of Caddo Parish","docAbstract":"In 2005, about 72.9 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of water were withdrawn in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, including about 7.70 Mgal/d from groundwater sources and 65.2 Mgal/d from surface-water sources. Public-supply use accounted for about 71 percent, and power generation accounted for about 19 percent of the total water withdrawn. Other categories of use included general irrigation, rural domestic, aquaculture, livestock, and industrial. Water-use data collected at 5-year intervals from 1960 to 2005 indicate water withdrawals in the parish peaked in 1965 and generally decreased afterwards, primarily because of reduced surface-water withdrawals for power generation. From 1965 to 2005, surface-water withdrawals for power generation declined from 419 to 14.2 Mgal/d. This fact sheet summarizes basic information on the water resources of Caddo Parish, La. Information on groundwater and surface-water availability, quality, development, use, and trends is based on previously published reports listed in the references section.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113086","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Prakken, L., and Griffith, J.M., 2011, Water Resources of Caddo Parish: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3086, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113086.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3086.gif"},{"id":91852,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","city":"Caddo Parish","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa3cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prakken, Lawrence B.","contributorId":73978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prakken","given":"Lawrence B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffith, Jason M. 0000-0002-8942-0380 jmgriff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-0380","contributorId":2923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Jason","email":"jmgriff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005289,"text":"ofr20111148 - 2011 - A critical review of published coal quality data from the southwestern part of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-31T11:32:00","indexId":"ofr20111148","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1148","title":"A critical review of published coal quality data from the southwestern part of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"A review of publicly available coal quality data during the coal resource assessment of the southwestern part of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming (SWPRB), revealed significant problems and limitations with those data. Subsequent citations of data from original sources often omitted important information, such as moisture integrity and information needed to evaluate the issue of representativeness. Occasionally, only selected data were quoted, and some data were misquoted. Therefore, it was important to try to resolve issues concerning both the accuracy and representativeness of each available dataset. The review processes demonstrated why it is always preferable to research and evaluate the circumstances regarding the sampling and analytical methodology from the original data sources when evaluating coal quality information, particularly if only limited data are available. Use of the available published data at face value would have significantly overestimated the coal quality for all the coal fields from both the Fort Union and Wasatch Formations in the SWPRB assessment area. However, by using the sampling and analytical information from the original reports, it was possible to make reasonable adjustments to reported data to derive more realistic estimates of coal quality.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111148","usgsCitation":"Luppens, J.A., 2011, A critical review of published coal quality data from the southwestern part of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1148, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111148.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1148.gif"},{"id":356993,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1148/pdf/ofr20111148_072111.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91851,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1148/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.16666666666667,42.5 ], [ -108.16666666666667,46.75 ], [ -104,46.75 ], [ -104,42.5 ], [ -108.16666666666667,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luppens, James A. 0000-0001-7607-8750 jluppens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-8750","contributorId":550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luppens","given":"James","email":"jluppens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005278,"text":"fs20093092 - 2011 - Groundwater recharge in Wisconsin— Annual estimates for 1970–99 using streamflow data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T21:35:06.154834","indexId":"fs20093092","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3092","title":"Groundwater recharge in Wisconsin— Annual estimates for 1970–99 using streamflow data","docAbstract":"The groundwater component of streamflow is important because it is indicative of the sustained flow of a stream during dry periods, is often of better quality, and has a smaller range of temperatures, than surface contributions to streamflow. All three of these characteristics are important to the health of aquatic life in a stream. If recharge to the aquifers is to be preserved or enhanced, it is important to understand the present partitioning of total streamflow into base flow and stormflow. Additionally, an estimate of groundwater recharge is important for understanding the flows within a groundwater system-information important for water availability/sustainability or other assessments. The U.S. Geological Survey operates numerous continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations (Hirsch and Norris, 2001), which can be used to provide estimates of average annual base flow. In addition to these continuous record sites, Gebert and others (2007) showed that having a few streamflow measurements in a basin can appreciably reduce the error in a base-flow estimate for that basin. Therefore, in addition to the continuous-record gaging stations, a substantial number of low-flow partial-record sites (6 to 15 discharge measurements) and miscellaneous-measurement sites (1 to 3 discharge measurements) that were operated during 1964-90 throughout the State were included in this work to provide additional insight into spatial distribution of annual base flow and, in turn, groundwater recharge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20093092","usgsCitation":"Gebert, W.A., Walker, J.F., and Hunt, R.J., 2011, Groundwater recharge in Wisconsin— Annual estimates for 1970–99 using streamflow data: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3092, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093092.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3092.gif"},{"id":91849,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":391588,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95552.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93,42 ], [ -93,47 ], [ -86,47 ], [ -86,42 ], [ -93,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658fe2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gebert, Warren A. wagebert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebert","given":"Warren","email":"wagebert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156779,"text":"70156779 - 2011 - Estimating seismic site response in Christchurch City (New Zealand) from dense low-cost aftershock arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T14:08:50.969792","indexId":"70156779","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimating seismic site response in Christchurch City (New Zealand) from dense low-cost aftershock arrays","docAbstract":"The Mw 7.1 September 2010 Darfield earthquake, New Zealand, produced widespread damage and liquefaction ~40 km from the epicentre in Christchurch city. It was followed by the even more destructive Mw 6.2 February 2011 Christchurch aftershock directly beneath the city’s southern suburbs. Seismic data recorded during the two large events suggest that site effects contributed to the variations in ground motion observed throughout Christchurch city. We use densely-spaced aftershock recordings of the Darfield earthquake to investigate variations in local seismic site response within the Christchurch urban area. Following the Darfield main shock we deployed a temporary array of ~180 low-cost 14-bit MEMS accelerometers linked to the global Quake-Catcher Network (QCN). These instruments provided dense station coverage (spacing ~2 km) to complement existing New Zealand national network strong motion stations (GeoNet) within Christchurch city. Well-constrained standard spectral ratios were derived for GeoNet stations using a reference station on Miocene basalt rock in the south of the city. For noisier QCN stations, the method was adapted to find a maximum likelihood estimate of spectral ratio amplitude taking into account the variance of noise at the respective stations. Spectral ratios for QCN stations are similar to nearby GeoNet stations when the maximum likelihood method is used. Our study suggests dense low-cost accelerometer aftershock arrays can provide useful information on local-scale ground motion properties for use in microzonation. Preliminary results indicate higher amplifications north of the city centre and strong high-frequency amplification in the small, shallower basin of Heathcote Valley.
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Water- and sediment-quality data were collected during 2008-09 to assess internal and external nutrient loading. Data collection was focused in Kabetogama Lake and its inflows, the area of greatest concern for eutrophication among the lakes of Voyageurs National Park. Nutrient and algal data were used to determine trophic status and were evaluated in relation to changes in Kabetogama Lake water levels following changes to dam operation starting in 2000. Analyses were used to estimate external nutrient loading at inflows and assess the potential contribution of internal phosphorus loading. Kabetogama Lake often was mixed vertically, except for a few occasionally stratified areas, including Lost Bay in the northeastern part of Kabetogama Lake. Stratification, combined with larger bottom-water nutrient concentrations, larger sediment phosphorus concentrations, and estimated phosphorus release rates from sediment cores indicate that Lost Bay may be one of several areas that may be contributing substantially to internal loading. Internal loading is a concern because nutrients may cause excessive algal growth including potentially toxic cyanobacteria. The cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, microcystin, was detected in 7 of 14 cyanobacterial bloom samples, with total concentrations exceeding 1.0 microgram per liter, the World Health Organization's guideline for finished drinking water for the congener, microcystin-LR. Comparisons of the results of this study to previous studies indicate that chlorophyll-a concentrations and trophic state indices have improved since 2000, when the rules governing dam operation changed. 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