{"pageNumber":"664","pageRowStart":"16575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46883,"records":[{"id":70006126,"text":"ofr20111198 - 2011 - Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona—2009–10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-03T00:10:05","indexId":"ofr20111198","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1198","title":"Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona—2009–10","docAbstract":"The Navajo (N) aquifer is an extensive aquifer and the primary source of groundwater in the 5,400-square-mile Black Mesa area in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in northeastern Arizona because of continued water requirements for industrial and municipal use by a growing population and because of low precipitation in the arid climate of the Black Mesa area. Precipitation in the area is typically between 6 and 14 inches per year. The U.S. Geological Survey water-monitoring program in the Black Mesa area began in 1971 and provides information about the long-term effects of groundwater withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. This report presents results of data collected as part of the monitoring program in the Black Mesa area from January 2009 to September 2010. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) groundwater withdrawals, (2) groundwater levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, and (5) groundwater chemistry. In 2009, total groundwater withdrawals were 4,230 acre-ft, industrial withdrawals were 1,390 acre-ft, and municipal withdrawals were 2,840 acre-ft. Total withdrawals during 2009 were about 42 percent less than total withdrawals in 2005 because of Peabody Western Coal Company's discontinued use of water in a coal slurry used for transporting coal. From 2008 to 2009 total withdrawals increased by 3 percent and industrial withdrawals increased by approximately 15 percent, but total municipal withdrawals decreased by 2 percent. From 2009 to 2010, annually measured water levels in the Black Mesa area declined in 7 of 16 wells that were available for comparison in the unconfined areas of the N aquifer, and the median change was 0.1 foot. Water levels declined in 12 of 18 wells measured in the confined area of the aquifer. The median change for the confined area of the aquifer was -0.3 foot. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2010, the median water-level change for 34 wells in both the confined and unconfined area was -13.9 feet. Also, from the prestress period to 2009, the median water-level changes were -0.8 foot for 16 wells measured in the unconfined areas and -38.7 feet for 18 wells measured in the confined area. Spring flow was measured at four springs in 2010. Flow fluctuated during the period of record, but a decreasing trend was apparent at Moenkopi School Spring and Pasture Canyon Spring. Discharge at Burro Spring and Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso has remained relatively constant since they were first measured in the 1980s. Continuous records of surface-water discharge in the Black Mesa area were collected from streamflow-gaging stations at the following sites: Moenkopi Wash at Moenkopi 09401260 (1976 to 2009), Dinnebito Wash near Sand Springs 09401110 (1993 to 2009), Polacca Wash near Second Mesa 09400568 (1994 to 2009), and Pasture Canyon Springs 09401265 (2004 to 2009). Median winter flows (November through February) of each water year were used as an index of the amount of groundwater discharge at the above-named sites. For the period of record of each streamflow-gaging station, the median winter flows have generally remained constant, which suggests no change in groundwater discharge. In 2010, water samples collected from 11 wells and 4 springs in the Black Mesa area were analyzed for selected chemical constituents, and the results were compared with previous analyses. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate have varied at all 11 wells for the period of record, but neither increasing nor decreasing trends over time were found. Dissolved-solids, chloride, and sulfate concentrations increased at Moenkopi School Spring during the more than 12 years of record at that site. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Pasture Canyon Spring have not varied much since the early 1980s, and there is no increasing or decreasing trend in those data. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Burro Spring and Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso have varied for the period of record, but there is no increasing or decreasing trend in the data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111198","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Arizona Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Macy, J.P., and Brown, C.R., 2011, Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona—2009–10: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1198, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111198.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110979,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1198/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1198.gif"}],"state":"Arizona","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4784e4b07f02db483c56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macy, Jamie P. 0000-0003-3443-0079 jpmacy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3443-0079","contributorId":2173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macy","given":"Jamie","email":"jpmacy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Christopher R. crbrown@usgs.gov","contributorId":4751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Christopher","email":"crbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70190477,"text":"70190477 - 2011 - Value of a dual-polarized gap-filling radar in support of southern California post-fire debris-flow warnings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-01T09:33:48","indexId":"70190477","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Value of a dual-polarized gap-filling radar in support of southern California post-fire debris-flow warnings","docAbstract":"

A portable truck-mounted C-band Doppler weather radar was deployed to observe rainfall over the Station Fire burn area near Los Angeles, California, during the winter of 2009/10 to assist with debris-flow warning decisions. The deployments were a component of a joint NOAA–U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research effort to improve definition of the rainfall conditions that trigger debris flows from steep topography within recent wildfire burn areas. A procedure was implemented to blend various dual-polarized estimators of precipitation (for radar observations taken below the freezing level) using threshold values for differential reflectivity and specific differential phase shift that improves the accuracy of the rainfall estimates over a specific burn area sited with terrestrial tipping-bucket rain gauges. The portable radar outperformed local Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) National Weather Service network radars in detecting rainfall capable of initiating post-fire runoff-generated debris flows. The network radars underestimated hourly precipitation totals by about 50%. Consistent with intensity–duration threshold curves determined from past debris-flow events in burned areas in Southern California, the portable radar-derived rainfall rates exceeded the empirical thresholds over a wider range of storm durations with a higher spatial resolution than local National Weather Service operational radars. Moreover, the truck-mounted C-band radar dual-polarimetric-derived estimates of rainfall intensity provided a better guide to the expected severity of debris-flow events, based on criteria derived from previous events using rain gauge data, than traditional radar-derived rainfall approaches using reflectivity–rainfall relationships for either the portable or operational network WSR-88D radars. Part of the reason for the improvement was due to siting the radar closer to the burn zone than the WSR-88Ds, but use of the dual-polarimetric variables improved the rainfall estimation by ~12% over the use of traditional Z–R relationships.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/JHM-D-11-05.1","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.P., Hanshaw, M.N., Schmidt, K.M., Laber, J.L., Staley, D.M., Kean, J.W., and Restrepo, P.J., 2011, Value of a dual-polarized gap-filling radar in support of southern California post-fire debris-flow warnings: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 12, p. 1581-1595, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-05.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1581","endPage":"1595","ipdsId":"IP-032700","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-05.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":345406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59aa71dce4b0e9bde130d006","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, David P.","contributorId":196125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanshaw, Maiana N.","contributorId":54505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"Maiana","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, Kevin M. 0000-0003-2365-8035 kschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-8035","contributorId":1985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Kevin","email":"kschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laber, Jayme L.","contributorId":192864,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laber","given":"Jayme","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Staley, Dennis M. 0000-0002-2239-3402 dstaley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-3402","contributorId":4134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staley","given":"Dennis","email":"dstaley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kean, Jason W. 0000-0003-3089-0369 jwkean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":1654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"Jason","email":"jwkean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Restrepo, Pedro J.","contributorId":73263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Restrepo","given":"Pedro","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70193241,"text":"70193241 - 2011 - Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T16:36:14","indexId":"70193241","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance","docAbstract":"

This synthesis addresses the vulnerability of the North American high-latitude soil organic carbon (SOC) pool to climate change. Disturbances caused by climate warming in arctic, subarctic, and boreal environments can result in significant redistribution of C among major reservoirs with potential global impacts. We divide the current northern high-latitude SOC pools into (1) near-surface soils where SOC is affected by seasonal freeze-thaw processes and changes in moisture status, and (2) deeper permafrost and peatland strata down to several tens of meters depth where SOC is usually not affected by short-term changes. We address key factors (permafrost, vegetation, hydrology, paleoenvironmental history) and processes (C input, storage, decomposition, and output) responsible for the formation of the large high-latitude SOC pool in North America and highlight how climate-related disturbances could alter this pool's character and size. Press disturbances of relatively slow but persistent nature such as top-down thawing of permafrost, and changes in hydrology, microbiological communities, pedological processes, and vegetation types, as well as pulse disturbances of relatively rapid and local nature such as wildfires and thermokarst, could substantially impact SOC stocks. Ongoing climate warming in the North American high-latitude region could result in crossing environmental thresholds, thereby accelerating press disturbances and increasingly triggering pulse disturbances and eventually affecting the C source/sink net character of northern high-latitude soils. Finally, we assess postdisturbance feedbacks, models, and predictions for the northern high-latitude SOC pool, and discuss data and research gaps to be addressed by future research.

","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2010JG001507","usgsCitation":"Grosse, G., Harden, J.W., Turetsky, M., McGuire, A., Camill, P., Tarnocai, C., Frolking, S., Schuur, E.A., Jorgenson, T., Marchenko, S., Romanovsky, V., Wickland, K.P., French, N., Waldrop, M.P., Bourgeau-Chavez, L., and Striegl, R.G., 2011, Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 116, no. G4, p. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001507.","productDescription":"G00K06; 23 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"23","ipdsId":"IP-027456","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001507","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":347940,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -169.62890625,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -50.9765625,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -50.9765625,\n 79.59234918793305\n ],\n [\n -169.62890625,\n 79.59234918793305\n ],\n [\n -169.62890625,\n 44.213709909702054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"G4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f98bc2e4b0531197afa080","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":101475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","affiliations":[{"id":34291,"text":"University of Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":718812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turetsky, Merritt","contributorId":62335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"Merritt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. David","contributorId":18494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Camill, Philip","contributorId":176994,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Camill","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tarnocai, Charles","contributorId":199154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tarnocai","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Frolking, Steve","contributorId":7638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frolking","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schuur, Edward A.G.","contributorId":50026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuur","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"A.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jorgenson, Torre","contributorId":45380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"Torre","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Marchenko, Sergei","contributorId":199367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marchenko","given":"Sergei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Romanovsky, Vladimir","contributorId":175208,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Romanovsky","given":"Vladimir","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":718822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wickland, Kimberly P. 0000-0002-6400-0590 kpwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-0590","contributorId":1835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickland","given":"Kimberly","email":"kpwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"French, Nancy","contributorId":199368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"French","given":"Nancy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Waldrop, Mark P. 0000-0003-1829-7140 mwaldrop@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-7140","contributorId":1599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"Mark","email":"mwaldrop@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Bourgeau-Chavez, Laura L.","contributorId":15105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourgeau-Chavez","given":"Laura L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":718827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70006129,"text":"sir20115166 - 2011 - Documentation of methods and inventory of irrigation data collected for the 2000 and 2005 U.S. Geological Survey Estimated use of water in the United States, comparison of USGS-compiled irrigation data to other sources, and recommendations for future compilations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-03T00:10:05","indexId":"sir20115166","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5166","title":"Documentation of methods and inventory of irrigation data collected for the 2000 and 2005 U.S. Geological Survey Estimated use of water in the United States, comparison of USGS-compiled irrigation data to other sources, and recommendations for future compilations","docAbstract":"Every five years since 1950, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Use Information Program (NWUIP) has compiled water-use information in the United States and published a circular report titled \"Estimated use of water in the United States,\" which includes estimates of water withdrawals by State, sources of water withdrawals (groundwater or surface water), and water-use category (irrigation, public supply, industrial, thermoelectric, and so forth). This report discusses the impact of important considerations when estimating irrigated acreage and irrigation withdrawals, including estimates of conveyance loss, irrigation-system efficiencies, pasture, horticulture, golf courses, and double cropping.\nThis report also documents the methods and data sources used by the USGS Water Science Centers (WSCs) for estimating irrigated acreage and irrigation withdrawals reported in the 2000 and 2005 USGS 5-year water-use compilations. For the 2005 USGS water-use compilation, the most common sources used by WSCs for obtaining irrigated crop acreage were the 2002 Census of Agriculture, 2003 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey (FRIS), National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), universities, and local and State agencies. In this report, the authors compare USGS-compiled irrigated acreage to Census of Agriculture- and FRIS- reported irrigated acreage. Nationwide irrigated acreage increased from the 1997 to 2007 Census of Agriculture estimates by about 1 percent and from the 1998 to 2008 FRIS estimates by about 9 percent. Conversely, total irrigated acreage decreased from the 2000 to 2005 USGS water-use compilations by about 2 percent.\nAn indirect method for estimating irrigation withdrawals is presented and results are compared to the 2005 USGS-reported irrigation withdrawals for selected States. This method is meant to demonstrate a way to check data reported or received from a third party, if metered data are unavailable. Of the 11 States where this method was applied, 8 States had estimated irrigation withdrawals that were within 15 percent of what was reported in the 2005 water-use compilation, and 3 States had estimated irrigation withdrawals that were more than 20 percent of what was reported in 2005. Recommendations for improving estimates of irrigated acreage and irrigation withdrawals also are presented in this report. Conveyance losses and irrigation-system efficiencies should be considered in order to achieve a more accurate representation of irrigation withdrawals. Better documentation of data sources and methods used can help lead to more consistent information in future irrigation water-use compilations. Finally, a summary of data sources and methods used to estimate irrigated acreage and irrigation withdrawals for the 2000 and 2005 compilations for each WSC is presented in appendix 1.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115166","usgsCitation":"Dickens, J.M., Forbes, B., Cobean, D.S., and Tadayon, S., 2011, Documentation of methods and inventory of irrigation data collected for the 2000 and 2005 U.S. Geological Survey Estimated use of water in the United States, comparison of USGS-compiled irrigation data to other sources, and recommendations for future compilations: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5166, vi, 37 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115166.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5166.gif"},{"id":110980,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5166/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a037ee4b0c8380cd504e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickens, Jade M.","contributorId":53087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickens","given":"Jade","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forbes, Brandon T. bforbes@usgs.gov","contributorId":4625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forbes","given":"Brandon T.","email":"bforbes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cobean, Dylan S.","contributorId":88482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobean","given":"Dylan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006122,"text":"ds645 - 2011 - Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T16:39:24","indexId":"ds645","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"645","title":"Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2010","docAbstract":"

Between January 1 and December 31, 2010, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) located 3,405 earthquakes, of which 2,846 occurred within 20 kilometers of the 33 volcanoes with seismograph subnetworks. There was no significant seismic activity in 2010 at these monitored volcanic centers. Seismograph subnetworks with severe outages in 2009 were repaired in 2010 resulting in three volcanic centers (Aniakchak, Korovin, and Veniaminof) being relisted in the formal list of monitored volcanoes. This catalog includes locations and statistics of the earthquakes located in 2010 with the station parameters, velocity models, and other files used to locate these earthquakes.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds645","usgsCitation":"Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., and Searcy, C.K., 2011, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 645, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds645.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110978,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/645/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_645.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -181.82373046875,\n 50.86491125522503\n ],\n [\n -182.120361328125,\n 52.09975692575725\n ],\n [\n -170.33203125,\n 61.33353967329142\n ],\n [\n -153.45703125,\n 65.47650756256367\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 66.26685631430843\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n -153.8525390625,\n 53.69670647530323\n ],\n [\n -181.82373046875,\n 50.86491125522503\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f39be4b0c8380cd4b8e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixon, James P. 0000-0002-8478-9971 jpdixon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-9971","contributorId":3163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"James","email":"jpdixon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stihler, Scott D.","contributorId":31373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Searcy, Cheryl K.","contributorId":107013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searcy","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042395,"text":"70042395 - 2011 - Metadata for data rescue and data at risk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-24T16:19:05","indexId":"70042395","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Metadata for data rescue and data at risk","docAbstract":"

Scientific data age, become stale, fall into disuse and run tremendous risks of being forgotten and lost. These problems can be addressed by archiving and managing scientific data over time, and establishing practices that facilitate data discovery and reuse. Metadata documentation is integral to this work and essential for measuring and assessing high priority data preservation cases. The International Council for Science: Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) has a newly appointed Data-at-Risk Task Group (DARTG), participating in the general arena of rescuing data. The DARTG primary objective is building an inventory of scientific data that are at risk of being lost forever. As part of this effort, the DARTG is testing an approach for documenting endangered datasets. The DARTG is developing a minimal and easy to use set of metadata properties for sufficiently describing endangered data, which will aid global data rescue missions. The DARTG metadata framework supports rapid capture, and easy documentation, across an array of scientific domains. This paper reports on the goals and principles supporting the DARTG metadata schema, and provides a description of the preliminary implementation.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"2011 Conference on ensuring long-term preservation in adding value to scientific and technical data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2011 Conference on ensuring long-term preservation in adding value to scientific and technical data","conferenceDate":"November 15-17, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Toulouse, France","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Anderson, W.L., Faundeen, J., Greenberg, J., and Taylor, F., 2011, Metadata for data rescue and data at risk, in 2011 Conference on ensuring long-term preservation in adding value to scientific and technical data, Toulouse, France, November 15-17, 2011, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-032696","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"UNITED STATES","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ff0ea7e4b006455f2d61fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, William L.","contributorId":178803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27529,"text":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Il","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faundeen, John 0000-0003-0287-2921 faundeen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":3097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"John","email":"faundeen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenberg, Jane","contributorId":191308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenberg","given":"Jane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Fraser","contributorId":191309,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Fraser","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70043574,"text":"70043574 - 2011 - Evaluating interactions between river otters and muskrats at bridge crossings in Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T12:17:00","indexId":"70043574","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating interactions between river otters and muskrats at bridge crossings in Kentucky","docAbstract":"hreatened or endangered. Muskrat populations have been reduced in some streams where North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) were reintroduced, and it has been hypothesized that otter reintroduction could be used as a tool for conservation of mussels. We used occupancy estimation methods to evaluate the ecological relationship between muskrats and otters by collecting presence–absence data based on field sign found at bridge crossings in eastern and central Kentucky. Mean detection probabilities (ps) and occupancy probabilities (ψs) for muskrats were 0.692 (SE  =  0.045) and 0.723 (SE  =  0.071) and for otters were 0.623 (SE  =  0.036) and 0.662 (SE  =  0.069), respectively. Otter occupancy was related negatively to distance from release sites, which suggests that the otter population is still expanding its range. A 2-species interaction model indicated that the occupancy by muskrats and river otters was independent, and we conclude that river otter reintroduction would not be an effective strategy for conserving mussels.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1644/11-MAMM-A-088.1","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., and Williamson, R., 2011, Evaluating interactions between river otters and muskrats at bridge crossings in Kentucky: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 92, no. 6, p. 1314-1320, https://doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-A-088.1.","startPage":"1314","endPage":"1320","ipdsId":"IP-032508","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/11-mamm-a-088.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":268018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268017,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-A-088.1"}],"country":"United States","volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5129f31ee4b04edf7e93f89a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, Ryan","contributorId":65736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004874,"text":"70004874 - 2011 - Modelling the distribution of chickens, ducks, and geese in China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-16T15:38:53","indexId":"70004874","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":682,"text":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling the distribution of chickens, ducks, and geese in China","docAbstract":"Global concerns over the emergence of zoonotic pandemics emphasize the need for high-resolution population distribution mapping and spatial modelling. Ongoing efforts to model disease risk in China have been hindered by a lack of available species level distribution maps for poultry. The goal of this study was to develop 1 km resolution population density models for China's chickens, ducks, and geese. We used an information theoretic approach to predict poultry densities based on statistical relationships between poultry census data and high-resolution agro-ecological predictor variables. Model predictions were validated by comparing goodness of fit measures (root mean square error and correlation coefficient) for observed and predicted values for 1/4 of the sample data which were not used for model training. Final output included mean and coefficient of variation maps for each species. We tested the quality of models produced using three predictor datasets and 4 regional stratification methods. For predictor variables, a combination of traditional predictors for livestock mapping and land use predictors produced the best goodness of fit scores. Comparison of regional stratifications indicated that for chickens and ducks, a stratification based on livestock production systems produced the best results; for geese, an agro-ecological stratification produced best results. However, for all species, each method of regional stratification produced significantly better goodness of fit scores than the global model. Here we provide descriptive methods, analytical comparisons, and model output for China's first high resolution, species level poultry distribution maps. Output will be made available to the scientific and public community for use in a wide range of applications from epidemiological studies to livestock policy and management initiatives.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2011.04.002","usgsCitation":"Prosser, D.J., Wu, J., Ellis, E.C., Gale, F., Van Boeckel, T.P., Wint, W., Robinson, T., Xiao, X., and Gilbert, M., 2011, Modelling the distribution of chickens, ducks, and geese in China: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 141, no. 3-4, p. 381-389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.04.002.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"389","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474883,"rank":10001,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/115772","text":"External Repository"},{"id":438822,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Z37S8Q","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Models describing the distribution of chickens, ducks, and geese in China"},{"id":24385,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.04.002","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","volume":"141","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c75e4b0c8380cd6fcf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prosser, Diann J. 0000-0002-5251-1799 dprosser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-1799","contributorId":2389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prosser","given":"Diann","email":"dprosser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wu, Junxi","contributorId":94030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Junxi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Erie C.","contributorId":87678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Erie","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gale, Fred","contributorId":71310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Boeckel, Thomas P.","contributorId":47076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Boeckel","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wint, William","contributorId":67645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wint","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Robinson, Tim","contributorId":7834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Xiao, Xiangming","contributorId":67212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiao","given":"Xiangming","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gilbert, Marius","contributorId":61148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Marius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70006170,"text":"mineral2011 - 2011 - Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T10:57:15","indexId":"mineral2011","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":323,"text":"Mineral Commodity Summaries","code":"MCS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011","title":"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011","docAbstract":"Each chapter of the 2011 edition of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries (MCS) includes information on events, trends, and issues for each mineral commodity as well as discussions and tabular presentations on domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, 5-year salient statistics, and world production and resources. The MCS is the earliest comprehensive source of 2010 mineral production data for the world. More than 90 individual minerals and materials are covered by two-page synopses. For mineral commodities for which there is a Government stockpile, detailed information concerning the stockpile status is included in the two-page synopsis. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011 contains new chapters on iron oxide pigments, wollastonite, and zeolites. The chapters on mica (natural), scrap and flake and mica (natural), sheet have been combined into a single chapter - mica (natural). Abbreviations and units of measure, and definitions of selected terms used in the report, are in Appendix A and Appendix B, respectively. \"Appendix C - Reserves and Resources\" has been divided into \"Part A - Resource/Reserve Classification for Minerals\" and \"Part B - Sources of Reserves Data,\" including some information that was previously in this introduction. A directory of USGS minerals information country specialists and their responsibilities is Appendix D. The USGS continually strives to improve the value of its publications to users. Constructive comments and suggestions by readers of the MCS 2011 are welcomed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mineral2011","isbn":"9781411330832","usgsCitation":"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011; 2011; MINERAL; 2011; U.S. Geological Survey","productDescription":"198 p; 4 Appendixes (7 p.); Individual Commodity Data Sheets; Available Online, Printed, and on CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112029,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mineral_2011.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a574ee4b0c8380cd6dbbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005858,"text":"70005858 - 2011 - Salinity tolerance of non-native suckermouth armoured catfish (Loricariidae: Pterygoplichthys) in south-eastern Mexico: Implications for invasion and dispersal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-06T13:23:34.787591","indexId":"70005858","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":862,"text":"Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Salinity tolerance of non-native suckermouth armoured catfish (Loricariidae: Pterygoplichthys) in south-eastern Mexico: Implications for invasion and dispersal","title":"Salinity tolerance of non-native suckermouth armoured catfish (Loricariidae: Pterygoplichthys) in south-eastern Mexico: Implications for invasion and dispersal","docAbstract":"

1. Salinity tolerance is one of several important physiological attributes that determine invasion success and the pattern of dispersal of introduced aquatic organisms. Introduced freshwater fishes able to tolerate elevated salinities have the potential to invade and exploit brackish-water (mixohaline) environments and use estuaries and coastal waters as 'bridges' for dispersing from one coastal river system to another.

2. Several members of the neotropical suckermouth armoured catfish genus Pterygoplichthys (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) have established non-native populations in inland waters of North and Central America, Asia and islands in the Caribbean, and Pacific and Indian oceans. Loricariids are generally considered to be strictly freshwater; but a few naturally occur in mesohaline habitats.

3.Catch and habitat data from 2004–2005 and 2009–2011 fish surveys in the Grijalva–Usumacinta River delta region (south-eastern Mexico) confirmed that introduced Pterygoplichthys populations established in upstream freshwater sites (where these catfish are abundant) have recently dispersed into downstream oligohaline and mesohaline estuarine habitats. During 2009–2011 surveys, these non-native catfish — tentatively identified as P. pardalis or its hybrids — were found in sites with salinities ranging from 1 to 8 ppt (mean 5.2 ppt).

4.Acute-salinity experiments were conducted with Pterygoplichthys (110–302 mm standard length, N=140) captured in the Grijalva–Usumacinta Basin to determine upper salinity tolerance levels. Tests demonstrated that individuals maintained in salinities of 0.2 ppt were able to survive abrupt (acute) exposure to salinities up to 10 ppt with little mortality over 10 days (240 h experimental endpoint). A few individuals survived abrupt exposure to 11 and 12 ppt for 20 or more hours, although none survived more than a few hours at 16 ppt or greater.

5.These field and experimental results provide quantitative evidence that non-native Pterygoplichthys are physiologically capable of surviving mesohaline conditions for extended periods and that non-native populations in Mexico are invading and presumably exploiting estuarine and other coastal environments, perhaps as feeding areas and potentially as dispersal routes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1002/aqc.1210","usgsCitation":"Capps, K.A., Nico, L.G., Mendoza-Carranza, M., Arevalo-Frias, W., Ropicki, A., Heilpern, S.A., and Rodiles-Hernandez, R., 2011, Salinity tolerance of non-native suckermouth armoured catfish (Loricariidae: Pterygoplichthys) in south-eastern Mexico: Implications for invasion and dispersal: Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, v. 21, no. 6, p. 528-540, https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.1210.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"528","endPage":"540","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Grijalva–Usumacinta River delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.79876708984375,\n 17.79838094162093\n ],\n [\n -91.77017211914062,\n 17.79838094162093\n ],\n [\n -91.77017211914062,\n 18.777616176328035\n ],\n [\n -92.79876708984375,\n 18.777616176328035\n ],\n [\n -92.79876708984375,\n 17.79838094162093\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capps, Krista A.","contributorId":35456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capps","given":"Krista","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nico, Leo G. 0000-0002-4488-7737 lnico@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-7737","contributorId":2913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"Leo","email":"lnico@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mendoza-Carranza, Manuel","contributorId":74870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza-Carranza","given":"Manuel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arevalo-Frias, Wendi","contributorId":69703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arevalo-Frias","given":"Wendi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ropicki, Andrew J.","contributorId":6181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ropicki","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heilpern, Sebastian A.","contributorId":80003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilpern","given":"Sebastian","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rodiles-Hernandez, Rocio","contributorId":80403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodiles-Hernandez","given":"Rocio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70006099,"text":"ofr20101335 - 2011 - Digital Mapping Techniques '09-workshop proceedings, Morgantown, West Virginia, May 10-13, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-01T08:36:08","indexId":"ofr20101335","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1335","title":"Digital Mapping Techniques '09-workshop proceedings, Morgantown, West Virginia, May 10-13, 2009","docAbstract":"The Digital Mapping Techniques '09 (DMT'09) workshop was attended by 90 technical experts from 42 agencies, universities, and private companies, including representatives from 24 State geological surveys. This workshop, the thirteenth in the annual series, was hosted by the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, May 10-13, 2009, on the West Virginia University campus in Morgantown, West Virginia. Each DMT workshop has been coordinated by the National Geologic Map Database project and the Association of American State Geologists (AASG).\nAs in the previous years' meetings, the objective was to foster informal discussion and exchange of technical information, principally in order to develop more efficient methods for digital mapping, cartography, GIS analysis, and information management. At this meeting, oral and poster presentations and special discussion sessions emphasized (1) methods for creating and publishing map products (here, \"publishing\" includes Web-based release); (2) field data capture software and techniques, including the use of LiDAR; (3) digital cartographic techniques; (4) migration of digital maps into ArcGIS Geodatabase format; (5) analytical GIS techniques; and (6) continued development of the National Geologic Map Database.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Digital Mapping Techniques '09-Workshop Proceedings, Morgantown, West Virginia, May 10-13, 2009","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Digital Mapping Techniques","conferenceDate":"May 10-13, 2009","conferenceLocation":"Morgantown, West Virginia","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101335","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., 2011, Digital Mapping Techniques '09-workshop proceedings, Morgantown, West Virginia, May 10-13, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1335, 260 p.; Oral Presentations; Poster Presentations, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101335.","productDescription":"260 p.; Oral Presentations; Poster Presentations","costCenters":[{"id":100,"text":"AASG National Geologic Map Database Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1335.jpg"},{"id":110952,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1335/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":362522,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1335/pdf/usgs_of2010-1335.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0123e4b0c8380cd4faef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, David R. 0000-0001-6177-8332 drsoller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-8332","contributorId":2700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"David","email":"drsoller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006101,"text":"sir20115165 - 2011 - Hydraulic characteristics of low-impact development practices in northeastern Ohio, 2008–2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115165","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5165","title":"Hydraulic characteristics of low-impact development practices in northeastern Ohio, 2008–2010","docAbstract":"Low-impact development (LID) is an approach to managing stormwater as near to its source as possible; this is accomplished by minimizing impervious surfaces and promoting more natural infiltration and evapotranspiration than is typically associated with developed areas. Two newly constructed LID sites in northeastern Ohio were studied to document their hydraulic characteristics. A roadside best-management practice (BMP) was constructed by replacing about 1,400 linear feet of existing ditches with a bioswale/rain garden BMP consisting of a grassed swale interspersed with rain-garden/overflow structures. The site was monitored in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Although some overflows occurred, numerous precipitation events exceeding the 0.75-inch design storm did not result in overflows. A second study site consists of an 8,200-square-foot parking lot made of a pervious pavers and a rain garden that receives runoff from the roof of a nearby commercial building. A comparison of data from 2009 and 2010 indicates that the median runoff volume in 2010 decreased relative to 2009. The centroid lag times (time difference between centroid of precipitation and centroid of flow) decreased in 2010, most likely due to more intense, shorter duration precipitation events and maturation of the rain garden. Additional data could help quantify the relation between meteorological variables and BMP efficiency.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115165","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Chagrin River Watershed Partners","usgsCitation":"Darner, R.A., and Dumouchelle, D.H., 2011, Hydraulic characteristics of low-impact development practices in northeastern Ohio, 2008–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5165, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115165.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5165.gif"},{"id":110953,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5165/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Chagrin River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.71666666666667,41.266666666666666 ], [ -81.71666666666667,41.666666666666664 ], [ -80.95,41.666666666666664 ], [ -80.95,41.266666666666666 ], [ -81.71666666666667,41.266666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a2f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darner, Robert A. 0000-0003-1333-8265 radarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-8265","contributorId":1972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"Robert","email":"radarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumouchelle, Denise H. ddumouch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"Denise","email":"ddumouch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003523,"text":"70003523 - 2011 - Stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T14:30:48","indexId":"70003523","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate","docAbstract":"

1. Birds that migrate long distances use stopover sites to optimize fuel loads and complete migration as quickly as possible. Stopover use has been predicted to facilitate a time-minimization strategy in land migrants as well, but empirical tests have been lacking, and alternative migration strategies have not been considered. 2. We used fine-scale movement data to evaluate the ecological role of stopovers in migratory mule deer Odocoileus hemionus— a land migrant whose fitness is strongly influenced by energy intake rather than migration speed. 3. Although deer could easily complete migrations (range 18–144 km) in several days, they took an average of 3 weeks and spent 95% of that time in a series of stopover sites that had higher forage quality than movement corridors. Forage quality of stopovers increased with elevation and distance from winter range. Mule deer use of stopovers corresponded with a narrow phenological range, such that deer occupied stopovers 44 days prior to peak green-up, when forage quality was presumed to be highest. Mule deer used one stopover for every 5∙3 and 6∙7 km travelled during spring and autumn migrations, respectively, and used the same stopovers in consecutive years. 4. Study findings indicate that stopovers play a key role in the migration strategy of mule deer by allowing individuals to migrate in concert with plant phenology and maximize energy intake rather than speed. Our results suggest that stopover use may be more common among non-avian taxa than previously thought and, although the underlying migration strategies of temperate ungulates and birds are quite different, stopover use is important to both. 5. Exploring the role of stopovers in land migrants broadens the scope of stopover ecology and recognizes that the applied and theoretical benefits of stopover ecology need not be limited to avian taxa.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Animal Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","publisherLocation":"London, England","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01845.x","usgsCitation":"Sawyer, H., and Kauffman, M., 2011, Stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 80, no. 5, p. 1078-1087, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01845.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1078","endPage":"1087","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025798","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"80","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b423b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sawyer, Hall","contributorId":39930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sawyer","given":"Hall","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauffman, Matthew J. 0000-0003-0127-3900 mkauffman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-3900","contributorId":2963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Matthew J.","email":"mkauffman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006120,"text":"sir20115183 - 2011 - Selected approaches to estimate water-budget components of the High Plains, 1940 through 1949 and 2000 through 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:42","indexId":"sir20115183","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5183","title":"Selected approaches to estimate water-budget components of the High Plains, 1940 through 1949 and 2000 through 2009","docAbstract":"The High Plains aquifer, underlying almost 112 million acres in the central United States, is one of the largest aquifers in the Nation. It is the primary water supply for drinking water, irrigation, animal production, and industry in the region. Expansion of irrigated agriculture throughout the past 60 years has helped make the High Plains one of the most productive agricultural regions in the Nation. Extensive withdrawals of groundwater for irrigation have caused water-level declines in many parts of the aquifer and increased concerns about the long-term sustainability of the aquifer. Quantification of water-budget components is a prerequisite for effective water-resources management. Components analyzed as part of this study were precipitation, evapotranspiration, recharge, surface runoff, groundwater discharge to streams, groundwater fluxes to and from adjacent geologic units, irrigation, and groundwater in storage. These components were assessed for 1940 through 1949 (representing conditions prior to substantial groundwater development and referred to as \"pregroundwater development\" throughout this report) and 2000 through 2009. Because no single method can perfectly quantify the magnitude of any part of a water budget at a regional scale, results from several methods and previously published work were compiled and compared for this study when feasible. Results varied among the several methods applied, as indicated by the range of average annual volumes given for each component listed in the following paragraphs. Precipitation was derived from three sources: the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model, data developed using Next Generation Weather Radar and measured precipitation from weather stations by the Office of Hydrologic Development at the National Weather Service for the Sacramento-Soil Moisture Accounting model, and precipitation measured at weather stations and spatially distributed using an inverse-distance-weighted interpolation method. Precipitation estimates using these sources, as a 10-year average annual total volume for the High Plains, ranged from 192 to 199 million acre-feet (acre-ft) for 1940 through 1949 and from 185 to 199 million acre-ft for 2000 through 2009. Evapotranspiration was obtained from three sources: the National Weather Service Sacramento-Soil Moisture Accounting model, the Simplified-Surface-Energy-Balance model using remotely sensed data, and the Soil-Water-Balance model. Average annual total evapotranspiration estimated using these sources was 148 million acre-ft for 1940 through 1949 and ranged from 154 to 193 million acre-ft for 2000 through 2009. The maximum amount of shallow groundwater lost to evapotranspiration was approximated for areas where the water table was within 5 feet of land surface. The average annual total volume of evapotranspiration from shallow groundwater was 9.0 million acre-ft for 1940 through 1949 and ranged from 9.6 to 12.6 million acre-ft for 2000 through 2009. Recharge was estimated using two soil-water-balance models as well as previously published studies for various locations across the High Plains region. Average annual total recharge ranged from 8.3 to 13.2 million acre-ft for 1940 through 1949 and from 15.9 to 35.0 million acre-ft for 2000 through 2009. Surface runoff and groundwater discharge to streams were determined using discharge records from streamflow-gaging stations near the edges of the High Plains and the Base-Flow Index program. For 1940 through 1949, the average annual net surface runoff leaving the High Plains was 1.9 million acre-ft, and the net loss from the High Plains aquifer by groundwater discharge to streams was 3.1 million acre-ft. For 2000 through 2009, the average annual net surface runoff leaving the High Plains region was 1.3 million acre-ft and the net loss by groundwater discharge to streams was 3.9 million acre-ft. For 2000 through 2009, the average annual total estimated groundwater pumpage volume from two soil-water-balance models ranged from 8.7 to 16.2 million acre-ft. Average annual irrigation application rates for the High Plains ranged from 8.4 to 16.2 inches per year. The USGS Water-Use Program published estimated total annual pumpage from the High Plains aquifer for 2000 and 2005. Those volumes were greater than those estimated from the two soil-water-balance models. Total groundwater in storage in the High Plains aquifer was estimated as 3,173 million acre-ft prior to groundwater development and 2,907 million acre-ft in 2007. The average annual decrease of groundwater in storage between 2000 and 2007 was 10 million acre-ft per year.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115183","usgsCitation":"Stanton, J.S., Qi, S.L., Ryter, D.W., Falk, S.E., Houston, N.A., Peterson, S.M., Westenbroek, S.M., and Christenson, S.C., 2011, Selected approaches to estimate water-budget components of the High Plains, 1940 through 1949 and 2000 through 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5183, viii, 68 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115183.","productDescription":"viii, 68 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1940-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science 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jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qi, Sharon L. 0000-0001-7278-4498 slqi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-4498","contributorId":1130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Sharon","email":"slqi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryter, Derek W. 0000-0002-2488-626X dryter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2488-626X","contributorId":3395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryter","given":"Derek","email":"dryter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Falk, Sarah E. sefalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falk","given":"Sarah","email":"sefalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houston, Natalie A. 0000-0002-6071-4545 nhouston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-4545","contributorId":1682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houston","given":"Natalie","email":"nhouston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peterson, Steven M. 0000-0002-9130-1284 speterson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9130-1284","contributorId":847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Steven","email":"speterson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Westenbroek, Stephen M. 0000-0002-6284-8643 smwesten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6284-8643","contributorId":2210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westenbroek","given":"Stephen","email":"smwesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70189371,"text":"70189371 - 2011 - Programming PHREEQC calculations with C++ and Python a comparative study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T09:43:21","indexId":"70189371","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Programming PHREEQC calculations with C++ and Python a comparative study","docAbstract":"

The new IPhreeqc module provides an application programming interface (API) to facilitate coupling of other codes with the U.S. Geological Survey geochemical model PHREEQC. Traditionally, loose coupling of PHREEQC with other applications required methods to create PHREEQC input files, start external PHREEQC processes, and process PHREEQC output files. IPhreeqc eliminates most of this effort by providing direct access to PHREEQC capabilities through a component object model (COM), a library, or a dynamically linked library (DLL). Input and calculations can be specified through internally programmed strings, and all data exchange between an application and the module can occur in computer memory.

This study compares simulations programmed in C++ and Python that are tightly coupled with IPhreeqc modules to the traditional simulations that are loosely coupled to PHREEQC. The study compares performance, quantifies effort, and evaluates lines of code and the complexity of the design. The comparisons show that IPhreeqc offers a more powerful and simpler approach for incorporating PHREEQC calculations into transport models and other applications that need to perform PHREEQC calculations. The IPhreeqc module facilitates the design of coupled applications and significantly reduces run times. Even a moderate knowledge of one of the supported programming languages allows more efficient use of PHREEQC than the traditional loosely coupled approach.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings for MODFLOW and More 2011: Integrated Hydrologic Modeling ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"MODFLOW and More 2011: Integrated Hydrologic Modeling ","conferenceDate":"June 5-8, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Golden, Colorado","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Charlton, S.R., Parkhurst, D.L., and Muller, M., 2011, Programming PHREEQC calculations with C++ and Python a comparative study, in Proceedings for MODFLOW and More 2011: Integrated Hydrologic Modeling , Golden, Colorado, June 5-8, 2011, p. 632-636.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"632","endPage":"636","ipdsId":"IP-029725","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343618,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/proj.bib/Publications/2011/muller_parkhurst_etal_2011.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59673544e4b0d1f9f05dd7e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Charlton, Scott R. 0000-0001-7332-3394 charlton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-3394","contributorId":1632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charlton","given":"Scott","email":"charlton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, Mike","contributorId":194513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muller","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006074,"text":"ofr20101057 - 2011 - A data-input program (MFI2005) for the U.S. Geological Survey modular groundwater model (MODFLOW-2005) and parameter estimation program (UCODE_2005)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:02","indexId":"ofr20101057","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1057","title":"A data-input program (MFI2005) for the U.S. Geological Survey modular groundwater model (MODFLOW-2005) and parameter estimation program (UCODE_2005)","docAbstract":"The MFI2005 data-input (entry) program was developed for use with the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater model, MODFLOW-2005. MFI2005 runs on personal computers and is designed to be easy to use; data are entered interactively through a series of display screens. MFI2005 supports parameter estimation using the UCODE_2005 program for parameter estimation. Data for MODPATH, a particle-tracking program for use with MODFLOW-2005, also can be entered using MFI2005. MFI2005 can be used in conjunction with other data-input programs so that the different parts of a model dataset can be entered by using the most suitable program.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101057","usgsCitation":"Harbaugh, A.W., 2011, A data-input program (MFI2005) for the U.S. Geological Survey modular groundwater model (MODFLOW-2005) and parameter estimation program (UCODE_2005): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1057, vii, 12 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101057.","productDescription":"vii, 12 p.; Appendix","startPage":"i","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1057.jpg"},{"id":110934,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1057/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af297","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harbaugh, Arien W.","contributorId":28354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arien","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006051,"text":"ofr20111293 - 2011 - A bibliography of literature pertaining to plague (Yersinia pestis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:02","indexId":"ofr20111293","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1293","title":"A bibliography of literature pertaining to plague (Yersinia pestis)","docAbstract":"Plague is an acute and often fatal zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Y. pestis mainly cycles between small mammals and their fleas; however, it has the potential to infect humans and frequently causes fatalities if left untreated. It is often considered a disease of the past; however, since the late 1800s, plagueis geographic range has expanded greatly, posing new threats in previously unaffected regions of the world, including the Western United States. A literature search was conducted using Internet resources and databases. The keywords chosen for the searches included plague, Yersinia pestis, management, control, wildlife, prairie dogs, fleas, North America, and mammals. Keywords were used alone or in combination with the other terms. Although this search pertains mostly to North America, citations were included from the international research community, as well. Databases and search engines used included Google (http://www.google.com), Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com), SciVerse Scopus (http://www.scopus.com), ISI Web of Knowledge (http://apps.isiknowledge.com), and the USGS Library's Digital Desktop (http://library.usgs.gov). The literature-cited sections of manuscripts obtained from keyword searches were cross-referenced to identify additional citations or gray literature that was missed by the Internet search engines. This Open-File Report, published as an Internet-accessible bibliography, is intended to be periodically updated with new citations or older references that may have been missed during this compilation. Hence, the authors would be grateful to receive notice of any new or old papers that the audience (users) think need to be included.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111293","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Ellison, L.E., and Frank, M.K., 2011, A bibliography of literature pertaining to plague (Yersinia pestis): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1293, iii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111293.","productDescription":"iii, 43 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1293.png"},{"id":110936,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1293/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4974e4b0b290850ef2fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellison, Laura E. ellisonl@usgs.gov","contributorId":3220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Laura","email":"ellisonl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frank, Megan K. Eberhardt","contributorId":27995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"Megan","email":"","middleInitial":"K. Eberhardt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006066,"text":"ds601 - 2011 - A Bayesian network to predict vulnerability to sea-level rise: data report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:01","indexId":"ds601","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"601","title":"A Bayesian network to predict vulnerability to sea-level rise: data report","docAbstract":"During the 21st century, sea-level rise is projected to have a wide range of effects on coastal environments, development, and infrastructure. Consequently, there has been an increased focus on developing modeling or other analytical approaches to evaluate potential impacts to inform coastal management. This report provides the data that were used to develop and evaluate the performance of a Bayesian network designed to predict long-term shoreline change due to sea-level rise. The data include local rates of relative sea-level rise, wave height, tide range, geomorphic classification, coastal slope, and shoreline-change rate compiled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Vulnerability Index for the U.S. Atlantic coast. In this project, the Bayesian network is used to define relationships among driving forces, geologic constraints, and coastal responses. Using this information, the Bayesian network is used to make probabilistic predictions of shoreline change in response to different future sea-level-rise scenarios.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds601","usgsCitation":"Gutierrez, B.T., Plant, N.G., and Thieler, E.R., 2011, A Bayesian network to predict vulnerability to sea-level rise: data report: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 601, 15 p.; Download of Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds601.","productDescription":"15 p.; Download of Data Files","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_601.gif"},{"id":110931,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/601/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,24 ], [ -82,46 ], [ -66,46 ], [ -66,24 ], [ -82,24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd494ce4b0b290850ef076","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutierrez, Benjamin T.","contributorId":58670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thieler, E. 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A study of the Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants to public-supply wells (TANC study) was begun in 2001 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The study was designed to shed light on factors that affect the vulnerability of groundwater and, more specifically, water from public-supply wells to contamination to provide a context for the NAWQA Program's earlier finding of mixtures of contaminants at low concentrations in groundwater near the water table in urban areas across the Nation. The TANC study has included investigations at both the regional (tens to thousands of square kilometers) and local (generally less than 25 square kilometers) scales. At the regional scale, the approach to investigation involves refining conceptual models of groundwater flow in hydrologically distinct settings and then constructing or updating a groundwater-flow model with particle tracking for each setting to help quantify regional water budgets, public-supply well contributing areas (areas contributing recharge to wells and zones of contribution for wells), and traveltimes from recharge areas to selected wells. A great deal of information about each contributing area is captured from the model output, including values for 170 variables that describe physical and (or) geochemical characteristics of the contributing areas. The information is subsequently stored in a relational database. Retrospective water-quality data from monitoring, domestic, and many of the public-supply wells, as well as data from newly collected samples at selected public-supply wells, also are stored in the database and are used with the model output to help discern the more important factors affecting vulnerability in many, if not most, settings. The study began with investigations in seven regional areas, and it benefits from being conducted as part of the NAWQA Program, in which consistent methods are used so that meaningful comparisons can be made. The hydrogeologic settings and regional-scale groundwater-flow models from the initial seven regional areas are documented in Chapter A of this U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Also documented in Chapter A are the methods used to collect and compile the water-quality data, determine contributing areas of the public-supply wells, and characterize the oxidation-reduction (redox) conditions in each setting. A data dictionary for the database that was designed to enable joint storage and access to water-quality data and groundwater-flow model particle-tracking output is included as Appendix 1 of Chapter A. This chapter, Chapter B, documents modifications to the study methods and presents descriptions of two regional areas that were added to the TANC study in 2004.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1737B","usgsCitation":"Eberts, S., 2011, Hydrogeologic settings and groundwater-flow simulations for regional investigations of the transport of anthropogenic and natural contaminants to public-supply wells—Investigations begun in 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1737, vii; Section 1: iii, 6 p.; Section 2: vi, 61 p.; Section 3: v, 51p.; Appendix; PDF Downloads of Sections 1-3; PDF Download of Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1737B.","productDescription":"vii; Section 1: iii, 6 p.; Section 2: vi, 61 p.; Section 3: v, 51p.; Appendix; PDF Downloads of Sections 1-3; PDF Download of Appendix","startPage":"i","endPage":"A-8","numberOfPages":"152","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-11-29","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1737_B.gif"},{"id":110932,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2011/1737b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":326385,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2011/1737b/pdf/pp1737B-111711.pdf","size":"18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4776e4b07f02db47e513","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberts, Sandra M. smeberts@usgs.gov","contributorId":2264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"Sandra M.","email":"smeberts@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006063,"text":"fs20113146 - 2011 - Popular myths about flooding in Western Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"fs20113146","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3146","title":"Popular myths about flooding in Western Washington","docAbstract":"Floods are the most destructive natural hazard in the Nation, causing more deaths and financial loss in the 20th century than any other natural disaster. The most significant 20 riverine floods of the 20th century for which data are available have killed more than 1,843 people and caused more than $50 billion (uninflated) in damages (Perry, 2000). One of the most common means of describing the severity of a flood is a comparison to the \"100-year flood.\" In the last decade, increasing attention has been paid to the fact that some regions, notably the Pacific Northwest, have experienced numerous so-called \"100-year\" floods in the span of a few years. Part of the confusion stems from the statistical nature of the \"100-year flood\" (Greene, 1996); however, another part of the confusion is the fact that the statistics are calculated for specific sites (streamgages) on specific rivers, rather than for a region as a whole. Scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey have begun to investigate how the likelihood of flooding may be determined on a regional basis (Troutman and Karlinger, 2003).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113146","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.L., 2011, Popular myths about flooding in Western Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3146, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113146.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","numberOfPages":"4","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/FS_2011_3146.png"},{"id":110927,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3146/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115795,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3146/pdf/fs20113146.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684366","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Joseph L. jljones@usgs.gov","contributorId":3492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Joseph","email":"jljones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006064,"text":"sir20115191 - 2011 - Seepage investigations of the Clackamas River, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"sir20115191","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5191","title":"Seepage investigations of the Clackamas River, Oregon","docAbstract":"Analysis of streamflow measurements and continuous records of streamflow provided insight into interaction of the groundwater system with the Clackamas River in northwestern Oregon. This report assesses gains and losses of the Clackamas River based on streamflow measurements made during previous hydrologic studies, decades of continuous streamflow data, and a detailed suite of streamflow measurements made in September 2006. Gains and losses were considered significant if, after accounting for tributary inflows and withdrawals, the difference in streamflow from a measurement site to the next site downstream exceeded the streamflow measurement uncertainty. Streamflow measurements made in 1987, 1992, and 1998 indicated minor gains and losses. Comparison of continuous records of late summer streamflow of the Clackamas River at Estacada to sites at Clackamas and Oregon City indicated gains in some years, and no losses. Analysis of streamflow measurements of the Clackamas River from Estacada to Oregon City during low-flow conditions in September 2006 enabled an estimation of gains and losses on a reach-by-reach scale; these gains and losses were attributable to the geomorphic setting. During late summer, most groundwater discharge occurs upstream of Estacada, and groundwater contributions to streamflow downstream of Estacada are minor.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115191","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Clackamas River Water Providers and Clackamas County Water Environment Services?","usgsCitation":"Lee, K.K., 2011, Seepage investigations of the Clackamas River, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5191, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115191.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"20","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5191.jpg"},{"id":110928,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"State Plane, Zone 5076","datum":"NAD 83","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Clackamas River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,45 ], [ -123,45.5 ], [ -121.5,45.5 ], [ -121.5,45 ], [ -123,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0d77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Karl K.","contributorId":41050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006065,"text":"fs20113135 - 2011 - National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center project accomplishments: highlights","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-10T15:48:43.243653","indexId":"fs20113135","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3135","title":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center project accomplishments: highlights","docAbstract":"The National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center (NCCWSC) has invested more than $20M since 2008 to put cutting-edge climate science research in the hands of resource managers across the Nation. With NCCWSC support, more than 25 cooperative research initiatives led by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) researchers and technical staff are advancing our understanding of habitats and species to provide guidance to managers in the face of a changing climate. Projects focus on quantifying and predicting interactions between climate, habitats, species, and other natural resources such as water. Spatial scales of the projects range from the continent of North America, to a regional scale such as the Pacific Northwest United States, to a landscape scale such as the Florida Everglades. Time scales range from the outset of the 20th century to the end of the 21st century. Projects often lead to workshops, presentations, publications and the creation of new websites, computer models, and data visualization tools. Partnership-building is also a key focus of the NCCWSC-supported projects. New and on-going cooperative partnerships have been forged and strengthened with resource managers and scientists at Federal, tribal, state, local, academic, and non-governmental organizations. USGS scientists work closely with resource managers to produce timely and relevant results that can assist managers and policy makers in current resource management decisions. This fact sheet highlights accomplishments of five NCCWSC projects.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113135","usgsCitation":"Holl, S., 2011, National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center project accomplishments: highlights: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3135, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113135.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030703","costCenters":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36940,"text":"National Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/FS_2011_3135.png"},{"id":110926,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3135/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db6989e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holl, Sally","contributorId":107416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holl","given":"Sally","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70004518,"text":"70004518 - 2011 - Migratory movements of waterfowl in Central Asia and avian influenza emergence: Sporadic transmission of H5N1 from east to west","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-26T15:41:13.873796","indexId":"70004518","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migratory movements of waterfowl in Central Asia and avian influenza emergence: Sporadic transmission of H5N1 from east to west","docAbstract":"

Waterfowl in the genera Anas and Tadorna are suspected as vectors in the long‐distance transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. The former Soviet Republics of Central Asia are situated at an important migratory crossroads for these and other species of birds that bridges regions where the disease is prevalent. However, waterfowl movements through Central Asia are poorly quantified. In this study, historical data derived from over 80 years of bird ringing are combined with recent satellite tracking data to delineate migration routes, movement chronology and habitat use patterns of waterfowl in relation to H5N1 outbreak locations. Results confirm migratory linkage between breeding and moulting areas in northern Kazakhstan and southern Siberia, with non‐breeding areas in the Caspian, Black and eastern Mediterranean Sea basins, as well as with South Asia. However, unlike the situation in neighbouring regions, most notably western China, H5N1 outbreaks have not been recurrent in Central Asia after they were first reported during summer 2005 and spring 2006. These findings have implications in relation to potential sampling biases, species‐specific variation in migratory behaviour and continuing regional H5N1 transmission risks.

","language":"English","publisher":"British Ornithologist's Union","publisherLocation":"Peterborough, U.K.","doi":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01095.x","usgsCitation":"Iverson, S.A., Gavrilov, A., Katzner, T., Takekawa, J.Y., Miller, T., Hagemeijer, W., Mundkur, T., Sivananinthaperumal, B., DeMattos, C.C., Ahmed, L.S., and Newman, S.H., 2011, Migratory movements of waterfowl in Central Asia and avian influenza emergence: Sporadic transmission of H5N1 from east to west: Ibis, v. 153, no. 2, p. 279-292, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01095.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan","state":"Siberia","otherGeospatial":"Central Asia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 56.42578125,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n 119.70703125,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n 119.70703125,\n 59.62332522313024\n ],\n [\n 56.42578125,\n 59.62332522313024\n ],\n [\n 56.42578125,\n 31.653381399664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"153","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6355c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Samuel A.","contributorId":52308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iverson","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":350549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gavrilov, Andrei","contributorId":57587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gavrilov","given":"Andrei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Katzner, Todd E.","contributorId":18893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, Tricia A.","contributorId":64790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Tricia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hagemeijer, Ward","contributorId":96406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagemeijer","given":"Ward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mundkur, Taej","contributorId":107843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mundkur","given":"Taej","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sivananinthaperumal, Balachandran","contributorId":63518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sivananinthaperumal","given":"Balachandran","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"DeMattos, Carlos C.","contributorId":26058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMattos","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ahmed, Lu’ay S.","contributorId":45050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahmed","given":"Lu’ay","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Newman, Scott H.","contributorId":101372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70003659,"text":"70003659 - 2011 - Mineralogy and composition of the oceanic mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-17T15:11:44.620027","indexId":"70003659","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and composition of the oceanic mantle","docAbstract":"

The mineralogy of the oceanic basalt source region is examined by testing whether a peridotite mineralogy can yield observed whole-rock and olivine compositions from (1) the Hawaiian Islands, our type example of a mantle plume, and (2) the Siqueiros Transform, which provides primitive samples of normal mid-ocean ridge basalt. New olivine compositional data from phase 2 of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP2) show that higher Ni-in-olivine at the Hawaiian Islands is due to higher temperatures (T) of melt generation and processing (by c. 300°C) related to the Hawaiian mantle plume. DNi is low at high T, so parental Hawaiian basalts are enriched in NiO. When Hawaiian (picritic) parental magmas are transported to shallow depths, olivine precipitation occurs at lower temperatures, where DNi is high, leading to high Ni-in-olivine. Similarly, variations in Mn and Fe/Mn ratios in olivines are explained by contrasts in the temperatures of magma processing. Using the most mafic rocks to delimit Siqueiros and Hawaiian Co and Ni contents in parental magmas and mantle source compositions also shows that both suites can be derived from natural peridotites, but are inconsistent with partial melting of natural pyroxenites. Whole-rock compositions at Hawaii and Siqueiros are also matched by partial melting experiments conducted on peridotite bulk compositions. Hawaiian whole-rocks have elevated FeO contents compared with Siqueiros, which can be explained if Hawaiian parental magmas are generated from peridotite at 4–5 GPa, in contrast to pressures of slightly greater than 1 GPa for melt generation at Siqueiros; these pressures are consistent with olivine thermometry, as described in an earlier paper. SiO2-enriched Koolau compositions are reproduced if high-Fe Hawaiian parental magmas re-equilibrate at 1–1·5 GPa. Peridotite partial melts from experimental studies also reproduce the CaO and Al2O3 contents of Hawaiian (and Siqueiros) whole-rocks. Hawaiian magmas have TiO2 contents, however, that are enriched compared with melts from natural peridotites and magmas derived from the Siqueiros depleted mantle, and consequently may require an enriched source. TiO2 is not the only element that is enriched relative to melts of natural peridotites. Moderately incompatible elements, such as Ti, Zr, Hf, Y, and Eu, and compatible elements, such as Yb and Lu, are all enriched at the Hawaiian Islands. Such enrichments can be explained by adding 5–10% mid-ocean ridge basalt (crust) to depleted mantle; when the major element composition of such a mixture is recast into mineral components, the result is a fertile peridotite mineralogy.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egq080","usgsCitation":"Putirka, K., Ryerson, F.J., Perfit, M., and Ridley, W., 2011, Mineralogy and composition of the oceanic mantle: Journal of Petrology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 279-313, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq080.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq080","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Siqueiros Transform","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.71874999999997,\n 2.986927393334876\n ],\n [\n -150.732421875,\n 2.986927393334876\n ],\n [\n -150.732421875,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -161.71874999999997,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -161.71874999999997,\n 2.986927393334876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Putirka, Keith","contributorId":12950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Putirka","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryerson, F. J.","contributorId":90028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryerson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perfit, Michael","contributorId":13736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perfit","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ridley, W. Ian 0000-0001-6787-558X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6787-558X","contributorId":17269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"W. Ian","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70005558,"text":"70005558 - 2011 - Role of back diffusion and biodegradation reactions in sustaining an MTBE/TBA plume in alluvial media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-11T11:25:36","indexId":"70005558","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of back diffusion and biodegradation reactions in sustaining an MTBE/TBA plume in alluvial media","docAbstract":"A methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) / tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) plume originating from a gasoline spill in late 1994 at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) persisted for over 15 years within 200 feet of the original spill source. The plume persisted until 2010 despite excavation of the tanks and piping within months after the spill and excavations of additional contaminated sediments from the source area in 2007 and 2008. The probable history of MTBE concentrations along the plume centerline at its source was estimated using a wide variety of available information, including published details about the original spill, excavations and monitoring by VAFB consultants, and our own research data. Two-dimensional reactive transport simulations of MTBE along the plume centerline were conducted for a 20-year period following the spill. These analyses suggest that MTBE diffused from the thin anaerobic aquifer into the adjacent anaerobic silts and transformed to TBA in both aquifer and silt layers. The model reproduces the observation that after 2004 TBA was the dominant solute, diffusing back out of the silts into the aquifer and sustaining plume concentrations much longer than would have been the case in the absence of such diffusive exchange. Simulations also suggest that aerobic degradation of MTBE or TBA at the water table in the overlying silt layer significantly affected concentrations of MTBE and TBA by limiting the chemical mass available for back diffusion to the aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.08.006","usgsCitation":"Rasa, E., Chapman, S.W., Bekins, B.A., Fogg, G., Scow, K.M., and Mackay, D.M., 2011, Role of back diffusion and biodegradation reactions in sustaining an MTBE/TBA plume in alluvial media: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 126, no. 3-4, p. 235-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.08.006.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"247","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3267905","text":"External Repository"},{"id":204366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Vandenberg Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.68206787109375,\n 34.6241677899049\n ],\n [\n -120.40740966796875,\n 34.6241677899049\n ],\n [\n -120.40740966796875,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -120.68206787109375,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -120.68206787109375,\n 34.6241677899049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasa, Ehsan","contributorId":20461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasa","given":"Ehsan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Steven W.","contributorId":35867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fogg, Graham E.","contributorId":68779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogg","given":"Graham E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scow, Kate M.","contributorId":100519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scow","given":"Kate","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mackay, Douglas M.","contributorId":22081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackay","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}