{"pageNumber":"6660","pageRowStart":"166475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184660,"records":[{"id":32726,"text":"pp458B - 1964 - Rocks, structure, and geologic history of Steamboat Springs thermal area, Washoe County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:09","indexId":"pp458B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"458","chapter":"B","title":"Rocks, structure, and geologic history of Steamboat Springs thermal area, Washoe County, Nevada","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and geochemistry of the Steamboat Springs area, Nevada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp458B","usgsCitation":"White, D., Thompson, G.A., and Sandberg, C., 1964, Rocks, structure, and geologic history of Steamboat Springs thermal area, Washoe County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 458, p. B1-B63, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp458B.","productDescription":"p. B1-B63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":113063,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0458b/report.pdf","size":"17443","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113064,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0458b/plate-1.pdf","size":"7458","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113065,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0458b/plate-2.pdf","size":"2697","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113066,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0458b/plate-3.pdf","size":"2685","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113067,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0458b/plate-4.pdf","size":"2611","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113068,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0458b/plate-5.pdf","size":"2334","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0458b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, D. E.","contributorId":20729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":209038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, G. A.","contributorId":90332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sandberg, C.H.","contributorId":47421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1320,"text":"wsp1779W - 1964 - Geology and ground-water resources of Richardson County, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp1779W","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1779","chapter":"W","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Richardson County, Nebraska","docAbstract":"Richardson County is in the extreme southeast corner of Nebraska. It has an area of 545 square miles, and in 1960 it had a population of 13,903. The county is in the physiographic region referred to as the Dissected Loess-covered Till Prairies. Major drainage consists of the Big Nemaha River, including its North and South Forks, and Muddy Creek. These streams flow southeastward and empty into the Missouri River, which forms the eastern boundary of the county. The climate of Richardson County is subhumid; the normal annual precipitation is about 35 inches. Agriculture is the chief industry, and corn is the principal crop. \r\n\r\nPleistocene glacial drift, loess, and alluvial deposits mantle the bedrock except in the southern and southwestern parts of the county where the bedrock is at the surface. Ground water is obtained from glacial till, fluvioglacial material, terrace deposits, and coarse alluvial deposits, all of Pleistocene age--and some is obtained from bedrock aquifers of Pennsylvanian and Permian age. \r\n\r\nAdequate supplies of ground water are in many places difficult to locate because the water-bearing sands and gravels of Pleistocene age vary in composition and lack lateral persistence. Perched water tables are common in the upland areas and provide limited amounts of water to many of the shallow wells, Very few wells in bedrock yield adequate supplies, as the permeability of the rock is low and water that is more than a few tens of feet below the bedrock surface is highly mineralized. \r\n\r\nRecharge is primarily from local precipitation, and water levels in many wells respond rapidly to increased or decreased precipitation. The quality of the ground water is generally satisfactory for most uses, although all the water is hard, and iron and manganese concentrations, in some areas, are relatively high. Ground water is used mainly for domestic and stock purposes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1779W","usgsCitation":"Emery, P.A., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of Richardson County, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1779, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1779W.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110017,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24970.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24970"},{"id":138067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779w/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26359,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779w/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26360,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779w/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26361,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779w/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26362,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779w/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6859b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emery, Philip A.","contributorId":43733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32764,"text":"pp420B - 1964 - Geology and oil resources of the eastern Puente Hills area, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:11","indexId":"pp420B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"420","chapter":"B","title":"Geology and oil resources of the eastern Puente Hills area, southern California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp420B","usgsCitation":"Durham, D., and Yerkes, R.F., 1964, Geology and oil resources of the eastern Puente Hills area, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 420, p. B1-B62, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp420B.","productDescription":"p. B1-B62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":113073,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0420b/report.pdf","size":"14606","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113074,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0420b/plate-1.pdf","size":"13386","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113075,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0420b/plate-2.pdf","size":"1410","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113076,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0420b/plate-3.pdf","size":"4449","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113077,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0420b/plate-4.pdf","size":"2695","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0420b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684751","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durham, D.L.","contributorId":62257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32778,"text":"pp440L - 1964 - Phase-equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:11","indexId":"pp440L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"440","chapter":"L","title":"Phase-equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Data of geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp440L","usgsCitation":"Morey, G., 1964, Phase-equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 440, p. L1-L159, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp440L.","productDescription":"p. L1-L159","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0440l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60721,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0440l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db68792d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morey, G.W.","contributorId":108155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":972,"text":"wsp1694 - 1964 - Geology and ground-water conditions in the Wilmington-Reading area, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1694","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1694","title":"Geology and ground-water conditions in the Wilmington-Reading area, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Wilmington-Reading area, as defined for this report, contains the headwaters of the Ipswich River in northeastern Massachusetts. Since World War II the growth of communities in this area and the change in character of some of them from rural to suburban have created new water problems and intensified old ones. The purpose of this report on ground-water conditions is to provide information that will aid in understanding and resolving some of these problems. \r\n\r\nThe regional climate, which is humid and temperate, assures the area an ample natural supply of water. At the current stage of water-resources development a large surplus of water drains from the area by way of the Ipswich River during late autumn, winter, and spring each year and is unavailable for use during summer and early autumn, when during some years there is a general water deficiency. \r\n\r\nGround water occurs both in bedrock and in the overlying deposits of glacial drift. The bedrock is a source of small but generally reliable supplies of water throughout the area. Glacial till also is a source of small supplies of water, but wells in till often fail to meet modern demands. Stratified glacial drift, including ice-contact deposits and outwash, yields small to large supplies of water. \r\n\r\nStratified glacial drift forms the principal ground-water reservoir. It partly fills a system of preglacial valleys corresponding roughly to the valleys of the present Ipswich River system and is more than 100 feet thick at places. The ice-contact deposits generally are more permeable than the outwash deposits. Ground water occurs basically under water-table conditions. \r\n\r\nRecharge in the Wilmington-Reading area is derived principally from precipitation on outcrop areas of ice-contact deposits and outwash during late autumn, winter. and spring. It is estimated that the net annual recharge averages about 10 inches and generally ranges from 5 inches during unusually dry years to 15 inches during unusually wet years. Ground water withdrawn largely by municipal wells supplies the towns of North Reading, Reading, and Wilmington. In 1957 the average daily withdrawal from these wells was about 2.5 million gallons, of which about half was used outside the Ipswich River drainage basin. \r\n\r\nThe chemical quality of the ground water is generally satisfactory except for local excessive concentrations of iron. \r\n\r\nThe storage capacity of the ground-water reservoir and recharge in the Wilmington-Reading area are large enough to sustain a total withdrawal of ground water at several times the current rate, but the use of the reservoir probably will be limited by the extent to which wells of moderate or large capacity can be dispersed. This will depend upon the distribution of areas of thick permeable materials. Conditions in the Martins Brook-Skug River drainage basin seem generally favorable for increased development of water supplies. In the rest of the Wilmington-Reading area the chances of finding substantial bodies of thick permeable materials probably are small, but further exploration is desirable. \r\n\r\nMeasures proposed to drain swampland by deepening and straightening the Ipswich River and its tributaries will have some effect upon the ground-water conditions. Probably the most obvious effect will be a lowering of water levels in wells near improved reaches of channel. Also important will b the effect of changes in low streamflow conditions on wells that induce infiltration from streams and the effect on well yields of an improved hydraulic connection between streams and the ground-water body. \r\n\r\nThe Reading 100-acre well field, which derives part of its supply by inducing recharge from the Ipswich River, would be affected by the drainage measures. During a dry summer, such as that of 1957, the flow of the Ipswich is fully diverted by pumping at this well field, and drawdowns at some of the wells approach half the saturated thickness of the aquifer there. If the drainage measures are","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1694","usgsCitation":"Baker, J.A., Healy, H., and Hackett, O.M., 1964, Geology and ground-water conditions in the Wilmington-Reading area, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1694, v, 80 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1694.","productDescription":"v, 80 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25518,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25519,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25520,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25521,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25522,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25523,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, John Augustus","contributorId":48159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Augustus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, H.G.","contributorId":72776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hackett, O. M.","contributorId":38527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackett","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":974,"text":"wsp1669Y - 1964 - Ground-water resources of the Lowell area, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1669Y","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1669","chapter":"Y","title":"Ground-water resources of the Lowell area, Massachusetts","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1669Y","usgsCitation":"Baker, J.A., 1964, Ground-water resources of the Lowell area, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1669, iv, 37 p. :ill., map ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1669Y.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., map ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25528,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25529,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25530,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25531,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db65848f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, John Augustus","contributorId":48159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Augustus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":976,"text":"wsp1669CC - 1964 - Natural sources of salinity in the Brazos River, Texas with particular reference to the Croton and salt Croton Creek basins","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":976,"text":"wsp1669CC - 1964 - Natural sources of salinity in the Brazos River, Texas with particular reference to the Croton and salt Croton Creek basins","indexId":"wsp1669CC","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"chapter":"CC","title":"Natural sources of salinity in the Brazos River, Texas with particular reference to the Croton and salt Croton Creek basins"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":76866,"text":"wsp1669 - 1964 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962","indexId":"wsp1669","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":76866,"text":"wsp1669 - 1964 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962","indexId":"wsp1669","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T19:58:08.762707","indexId":"wsp1669CC","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1669","chapter":"CC","title":"Natural sources of salinity in the Brazos River, Texas with particular reference to the Croton and salt Croton Creek basins","docAbstract":"

The average daily load of the Brazos River at Possum Kingdom Reservoir is about 2,800 tons of dissolved solids, of which 1,000 tons is chloride. More than 85 percent of the chloride load is contributed by the Salt Fork Brazos River, and more than 50 percent of the chloride load of the Brazos River originates from salt springs and seeps in Croton and Salt Crotdn Creeks, which are tributaries of Salt Fork Brazos River. The rest of the chloride is contributed from many small sources.

\n

The average daily chloride load of Croton Creek is 70 tons, much of which is carried during periods of flood runoff. The average daily chloride load of Salt Croton Creek is about 480 tons. Of this total, 330 tons is contributed by the base flow, which ranges from 0.5 to 2 cubic feet per second.

\n

The principal areas of salt springs and seeps in the Croton Creek basin are Hot Springs and Short Croton Salt Flats in northeastern Kent County. In the Salt Croton Creek basin, saline water is discharged in Dove Creek Salt Flat, Dove Creek near Dove Creek Salt Flat, and three small salt flats on Haystack Creek, all in southwestern King County and northwestern Stonewall County.

\n

Salt springs and seeps discharge from the rocks of the Whitehorse Group undifferentiated in the Croton Creek basin, and from the upper part of the Dog Creek Shale of the Pease River Group in the Salt Croton Creek basin. Both groups are of Permian age. The water that is discharged by springs and seeps in the Croton Creek basin is derived from the infiltration of precipitation and seepage from streams in the Duck Creek basin. The source of the water that discharges in the Salt Croton basin is not known.

\n

The salt load contributed to the Brazos River by the springs and seeps can be reduced, although the volume of salt water for disposal probably cannot be reduced or eliminated. Collecting and disposing of the base flow of Salt Croton Creek would reduce the salt load of the Brazos River by 30 percent; disposal of the total flow of Salt Croton Creek would reduce the salt load by 45 percent.

\n

The salt water may be disposed of by impounding it in reservoirs for evaporation or by injecting it underground through oil wells, oil tests, or wells drilled for saltwater disposal. Sediments in which the salt water possibly could be injected underlie the. Dove Creek Salt Flats at depths of less than 7,000 feet.

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Chapter A of this series will be published later in the year, and will present a summary of results of work done during the present fiscal year.

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W.","contributorId":102071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tooker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":42997,"text":"ofr6475 - 1964 - Simple Bouguer gravity map of the northern part of the Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"ofr6475","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"64-75","title":"Simple Bouguer gravity map of the northern part of the Black Hills, South Dakota","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6475","usgsCitation":"Hazlewood, R.M., 1964, Simple Bouguer gravity map of the northern part of the Black Hills, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 64-75, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6475.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":80796,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0075/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f394f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hazlewood, Robert M.","contributorId":58282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazlewood","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62758,"text":"gq360 - 1964 - Geology of the Slaughters quadrangle, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:40","indexId":"gq360","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"360","title":"Geology of the Slaughters quadrangle, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq360","usgsCitation":"Kehn, T.M., 1964, Geology of the Slaughters quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 360, 1 map :col. ;58 x 46 cm., on sheet 79 x 85 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq360.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 46 cm., on sheet 79 x 85 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102373,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_822.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"822"},{"id":248913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0360/report.pdf","size":"35","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":254388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0360/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.61749999999999,37.3675 ], [ -87.61749999999999,37.5 ], [ -87.5,37.5 ], [ -87.5,37.3675 ], [ -87.61749999999999,37.3675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kehn, Thomas M.","contributorId":64219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kehn","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62686,"text":"gq331 - 1964 - Surficial geology of the Concord quadrangle, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:46","indexId":"gq331","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"331","title":"Surficial geology of the Concord quadrangle, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq331","usgsCitation":"Koteff, C., 1964, Surficial geology of the Concord quadrangle, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 331, 1 map :col. ;58 x 43 cm., on sheet 65 x 72 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (4 p. ; 27 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/gq331.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 43 cm., on sheet 65 x 72 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (4 p. ; 27 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102345,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_794.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"794"},{"id":179903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0331/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":89021,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0331/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89022,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0331/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.36749999999999,42.3675 ], [ -71.36749999999999,42.5 ], [ -71.25,42.5 ], [ -71.25,42.3675 ], [ -71.36749999999999,42.3675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68890a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koteff, Carl","contributorId":73172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koteff","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68150,"text":"ha113 - 1964 - Availability of ground water in the Kirksey quadrangle, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:28","indexId":"ha113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"113","title":"Availability of ground water in the Kirksey quadrangle, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha113","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.H., 1964, Availability of ground water in the Kirksey quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 113, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha113.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89453,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/113/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.5,36.6175 ], [ -88.5,36.75 ], [ -88.36749999999999,36.75 ], [ -88.36749999999999,36.6175 ], [ -88.5,36.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d941","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. H.","contributorId":9243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68643,"text":"ha106 - 1964 - Water-table, surface-drainage, and engineering soils map of the Seaford East quadrangle, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:27","indexId":"ha106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"106","title":"Water-table, surface-drainage, and engineering soils map of the Seaford East quadrangle, Delaware","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha106","usgsCitation":"Adams, J.K., Boggess, D.H., and Coskery, O.J., 1964, Water-table, surface-drainage, and engineering soils map of the Seaford East quadrangle, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 106, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha106.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":90317,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/106/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.61749999999999,38.6175 ], [ -75.61749999999999,38.75 ], [ -75.5,38.75 ], [ -75.5,38.6175 ], [ -75.61749999999999,38.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ca8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, John K.","contributorId":17700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boggess, Durward H.","contributorId":28650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boggess","given":"Durward","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coskery, O. J.","contributorId":8440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coskery","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68621,"text":"ha90 - 1964 - Floods in Harvey quadrangle, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-13T21:51:01.628461","indexId":"ha90","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90","title":"Floods in Harvey quadrangle, Illinois","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha90","usgsCitation":"Allen, H., and May, V.J., 1964, Floods in Harvey quadrangle, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 90, 1 Plate: 53.00 x 32.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha90.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 53.00 x 32.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411928,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16189.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":90282,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/090/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185645,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Harvey quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.75,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -87.75,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -87.625,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -87.625,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -87.75,\n 41.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e70fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Howard E.","contributorId":17274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Howard E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, V. Jeff","contributorId":80358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12938,"text":"ofr6433 - 1964 - Geology of the Andover Granite and surrounding rocks, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:56","indexId":"ofr6433","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"64-33","title":"Geology of the Andover Granite and surrounding rocks, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Field and petrographic studies of the Andover Granite and surrounding rocks have afforded an opportunity for an explanation of its emplacement and crystallization. The investigation has contributed secondarily to an understanding of the geologic history of southeastern New England, particularly as it is revealed in the Lawrence, Wilmington, South Groveland, and Reading quadrangles of Massachusetts. \r\n\r\nThe Andover Granite and Sharpners Pond Tonalite together comprise up to 90 percent of the Acadian(?) subalkaline intrusive series cropping out within the area of study. The subalkaline series locally invades a sequence of early to middle Paleozoic and possibly Precambrian metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. Much of the subalkaline series and most of the Andover Granite is confined between two prominent east-northeast trending faults or fault systems. The northern fault separates the mildly metamorphosed Middle Silurian(?) Merrimack Group on the north from a highly metamorphosed and thoroughly intruded Ordovician(?) sequence on the south. The southern 'boundary '' fault is a major structural discontinuity characterized by penetrative, diffuse shearing over a zone one-half mile or more in width. \r\n\r\nThe magmatic nature of the Andover Granite is demonstrated by: (1) sharply crosscutting relationships with surrounding rocks; (2) the occurrence of tabular-shaped xenoliths whose long directions parallel the foliation within the granite and whose internal foliation trends at a high angle to that of the granite; (3) continuity with the clearly intrusive Sharpners Pond Tonalite; (4) the compositional uniformity of the granite as contrasted with the compositional diversity of the rocks it invades; (5) its modal and normative correspondence with (a) calculated norms of salic extrusives and (b) that of the ternary (\u001Cgranite\u001D) minimum for the system NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi3O8-SiO2. \r\n\r\nOrogenic granites, as represented by the Andover, contrast with post-orogenic granites, represented locally by the Peabody Granite, in their phase composition and texture. Unlike the Peabody, the Andover Granite is thought to have been thoroughly recrystallized through the unmixing of initially homogeneous phases with the concomitant development of extremely intricate, allotriomorphic textures. Textural relationships between potassium and plagioclase feldspars and among quartz and the two feldspars, suggest that the Andover Granite has evolved through exsolution of a single hypersolvus feldspar (or two coexisting subsolvus feldspars of only slightly disparate compositions) into discrete grains of plagioclase and potassium feldspar, much along the lines proposed by Tuttle (1952). \r\n\r\nA hypothesis is proposed for the origin of myrmekite whereby it is evolved indirectly through exsolution of a homogeneous, hypersolvus, calcalkali feldspar in the presence of a silica reservoir. Where the An 'molecule' is contained in the primary mix crystal, exsolution into potassium and plagioclase feldspar phases normally requires a paired exchange between Ca-Al and K-Si. Should the silicon requirements of the developing potassium feldspar be met by the matrix silica reservoir, the concomitantly evolving plagioclase may become stoichiometrically enriched in silicon and ultimately develop into myrmekite. Discrete unmixing of pure alkali feldspar proceeds through simple alkali ion exchange; ternary compostions high in An are more apt to fall initially in the two-feldspar field, thereby reducing the unmixing potential. General restriction of myrmekite to plagioclase of calcic albite to oligoclase composition is explained accordingly.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr6433","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., 1964, Geology of the Andover Granite and surrounding rocks, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 64-33, 550 p. ill., maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6433.","productDescription":"550 p. ill., maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41382,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41383,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41384,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41385,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41386,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41387,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41388,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41389,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41390,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41391,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68353e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2983,"text":"wsp1499E - 1964 - Water resources of the Flint area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T15:45:12","indexId":"wsp1499E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1499","chapter":"E","title":"Water resources of the Flint area, Michigan","docAbstract":"

This report describes the water resources of Genesee County, Mich., whose principal city is Flint. The sources of water available to the county are the Flint and Shiawassee Rivers and their tributaries, inland lakes, ground water, and Lake Huron. The withdrawal use of water in the county in 1958 amounted to about 45 mgd. Of this amount, 36 mgd was withdrawn from the Flint River by the Flint public water-supply system. The rest was supplied by wells. At present (1959) the Shiawassee River and its tributaries and the inland lakes are not used for water supply.

 Flint River water is used for domestic, industrial, and waste-dilution requirements in Flint. About 60 percent of the water supplied by the Flint public water system is used by Flint industry. At least 30 mgd of river water is needed for waste dilution in the Flint River during warm weather.

Water from Holloway Reservoir, which has a storage capacity of 5,760 million gallons, is used to supplement low flows in the Flint River to meet water-supply and waste-dilution requirements. About 650 million gallons in Kearsley Reservoir, on a Flint River tributary, is held in reserve for emergency use. Based on records for the lowest flows during the period 1930-52, the Flint River system, with the two reservoirs in operation, is capable of supplying about 60 mgd at Flint, less evaporation and seepage losses. The 1958 water demands exceeded this amount. Development of additional storage in the Flint River basin is unlikely because of lack of suitable storage sites. Plans are underway to supply Flint and most of Genesee County with water from Lake Huron.

The principal tributaries of the Flint River in and near Flint could furnish small supplies of water. Butternut Creek, with the largest flow of those studied, has an estimated firm yield of 0.054 mgd per sq mi for 95 percent of the time. The Shiawassee River at Byron is capable of supplying at least 29 mgd for 95 percent of the time.

Floods are a serious problem in Flint. The April 1947 flood, the largest on record, caused nearly $4 million flood damage in Flint. A proposed flood-control plan for Flint calls for channel, floodwall, and levee improvements and the removal or modification of some bridges.

Analyses of water samples taken from selected streams and lakes in the Flint area indicate that the waters are of the calcium bicarbonate type and generally hard to very hard. Flint River water is relatively uniform in quality although a progressive increase in iron, sodium, and chloride concentrations was noted between Otisville and Montrose. Downstream from Flint, the dissolved oxygen

content may be low during low flows. At times, concentrations of iron, manganese, phenols, color, and turbidity in Flint River water exceed the limits recommended in drinking water standards. Water temperatures ranged from freezing to 86°F in a 4-year period. The finished water supplied by the Flint water-treatment plant is fairly uniform in quality, moderately soft, alkaline, and low in color and turbidity. The pH is nearly always above 10. Further softening and removal of iron and related minerals would be desirable for certain industrial uses.

The quality of the water sampled in the Flint River tributaries was generally similar to that of the Flint River. However, no phenols or oils and waxes were found. Softening and other treatment dependent upon use would be required if these streams were developed for water supply.

Waters sampled in the Shiawassee River and selected lakes were generally less mineralized than Flint River water. Water from the lakes showed the lowest concentrations of dissolved solids. Softening would be required for nearly all uses. Additional treatment would depend upon contemplated use.

Shallow deposits of sand and gravel deposited as outwash along glacial meltwater streams and as deltas in the glacial lakes that covered the northwestern part of the county are sources of water to moderate- and large-capacity wells. Thick deposits of sand and gravel also fill some of the valleys in the bedrock surface and yield moderate to large supplies of water. Production from public supply wells tapping the drift aquifers in the area ranges from about 50 to 1,200 gpm. The water from the drift aquifer is hard or very hard and commonly contains objectionable amounts of iron.

The Saginaw formation is a source of water to wells supplying some of the small communities and industries in the county. The Saginaw, which is the uppermost bedrock formation in the area, underlies most of the county. It is composed of layers of sandstone, shale, and limestone and some beds of coal. The formation is composed principally of sandstone in some areas of the county, and shale in others. Production from wells tapping the Saginaw ranges from a few to about 500 gpm. The water produced is generally moderately hard or hard and commonly contains objectionable amounts of chloride. The quality of the water limits its development for water supply. Overdrafts from the Saginaw result in a lowering of the piezometric surface and commonly cause an upward migration of water high in chloride.

The Michigan and Marshall formations are generally not sources of fresh water where they are overlain by the Saginaw formation. In the southern and eastern parts of the county where they are overlain by glacial deposits, they are a source of water of good quality. The quantity of water obtainable from these formations is not fully known. However, the Marshall may be a source of large supplies of water in the southeastern part of the county.

An ample supply of water is available in lakes, ponds, and streams in the metropolitan area of Flint to meet requirements for domestic, sanitary, and firefighting use in civil defense emergencies. The extent of emergency use of water from these sources would depend upon the pumping, distribution, and treatment facilities available. Enough private industrial and commercial, and public wells are present in the area normally supplied by the Flint public water system to meet emergency requirements for domestic and sanitary use. Use of these wells would also depend upon available pumping and distribution facilities. Water from many of these wells contains objectionable amounts of chloride, but it could be used without treatment in an emergency.

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