{"pageNumber":"667","pageRowStart":"16650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46670,"records":[{"id":70005011,"text":"sir20115124 - 2011 - Hydrogeologic framework and hydrologic budget components of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115124","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5124","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and hydrologic budget components of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","docAbstract":"The Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System (CPRAS) covers an area of about 44,000 square miles in a structural and topographic basin within the drainage of the Columbia River in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The primary aquifers are basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) and overlying sediment. Eighty percent of the groundwater use in the study area is for irrigation, in support of a $6 billion per year agricultural economy. Water-resources issues in the Columbia Plateau include competing agricultural, domestic, and environmental demands. Groundwater levels were measured in 470 wells in 1984 and 2009; water levels declined in 83 percent of the wells, and declines greater than 25 feet were measured in 29 percent of the wells. Conceptually, the system is a series of productive basalt aquifers consisting of permeable interflow zones separated by less permeable flow interiors; in places, sedimentary aquifers overly the basalts. The aquifer system of the CPRAS includes seven hydrogeologic units-the overburden aquifer, three aquifer units in the permeable basalt rock, two confining units, and a basement confining unit. The overburden aquifer includes alluvial and colluvial valley-fill deposits; the three basalt units are the Saddle Mountains, Wanapum, and Grande Ronde Basalts and their intercalated sediments. The confining units are equivalent to the Saddle Mountains-Wanapum and Wanapum-Grande Ronde interbeds, referred to in this study as the Mabton and Vantage Interbeds, respectively. The basement confining unit, referred to as Older Bedrock, consists of pre-CRBG rocks that generally have much lower permeabilities than the basalts and are considered the base of the regional flow system. Based on specific-capacity data, median horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kh) values for the overburden, basalt units, and bedrock are 161, 70, and 6 feet per day, respectively. Analysis of oxygen isotopes in water and carbon isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon from groundwater samples indicates that groundwater in the CPRAS ranges in age from modern (<50 years) to Pleistocene (>10,000 years). The oldest groundwater resides in deep, downgradient locations indicating that groundwater movement and replenishment in parts of this regional aquifer system have operated on long timescales under past natural conditions, which is consistent with the length and depth of long flow paths in the system. The mean annual recharge from infiltration of precipitation for the 23-year period 1985-2007 was estimated to be 4.6 inches per year (14,980 cubic feet per second) using a polynomial regression equation based on annual precipitation and the results of recharge modeling done in the 1980s. A regional-scale hydrologic budget was developed using a monthly SOil WATer (SOWAT) Balance model to estimate irrigation-water demand, groundwater flux (recharge or discharge), direct runoff, and soil moisture within irrigated areas. Mean monthly irrigation throughout the study area peaks in July at 1.6 million acre-feet (MAF), of which 0.45 and 1.15 MAF are from groundwater and surface-water sources, respectively. Annual irrigation water use in the study area averaged 5.3 MAF during the period 1985-2007, with 1.4 MAF (or 26 percent) supplied from groundwater and 3.9 MAF supplied from surface water. Mean annual recharge from irrigation return flow in the study area was 4.2 MAF (1985-2007) with 2.1 MAF (50 percent) occurring within the predominately surface-water irrigated regions of the study area. Annual groundwater-use estimates were made for public supply, self-supplied domestic, industrial, and other uses for the period 1984 through 2009. Public supply groundwater use within the study area increased from 200,600 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) in 1984 to 269,100 acre-ft/yr in 2009. Domestic self-supplied groundwater use increased from 54,580 acre-ft/yr in 1984 to 71,160 acre-ft/yr in 2009. Industrial groundwater use decreased from 53,390 acre-ft/yr in 1984 t","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115124","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Kahle, S.C., Morgan, D.S., Welch, W., Ely, D., Hinkle, S., Vaccaro, J.J., and Orzol, L., 2011, Hydrogeologic framework and hydrologic budget components of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5124, x, 63 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115124.","productDescription":"x, 63 p.; Appendix","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5124.jpg"},{"id":24486,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5124/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Washington;Oregon;Idaho","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627d96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kahle, S. C.","contributorId":46992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, D. S.","contributorId":19184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welch, W.B.","contributorId":53895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"W.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ely, D.M.","contributorId":33356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hinkle, S.R.","contributorId":74778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vaccaro, J. J.","contributorId":48173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Orzol, L.L.","contributorId":63419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orzol","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70004037,"text":"70004037 - 2011 - Assessment of the geomorphic effects of large floods using streamgage data: The 1951 floods in eastern Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-20T20:21:57.357387","indexId":"70004037","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3059,"text":"Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of the geomorphic effects of large floods using streamgage data: The 1951 floods in eastern Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Data from 23 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgages were analyzed to assess the geomorphic effects (short-term change and subsequent recovery) of the record 1951 floods on streams in eastern Kansas. Flood-related, channel-bed elevation change was indicated for 17 gage sites, with substantial deposition at five sites and substantial erosion at two sites. An assessment of post-flood bed elevation recovery was possible for several sites. While recovery to pre-flood channel-bed elevation occurred over a period of months to years at some sites, at other sites recovery was incomplete or absent. Floodrelated channel widening with partial recovery was indicated for one site and possible channel widening was indicated for two sites. It was demonstrated that an analysis of streamgage data is a potentially useful technique for assessing the geomorphic effects of a large flood at a site, provided that the gage has a long period of record and is located on an alluvial channel. In the absence of other lines of evidence, streamgage data can provide an estimate of the direction and magnitude (net) of geomorphic change that otherwise might not be available or attainable.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Columbia, MD","doi":"10.2747/0272-3646.32.1.52","usgsCitation":"Bowen, M.W., and Juracek, K.E., 2011, Assessment of the geomorphic effects of large floods using streamgage data: The 1951 floods in eastern Kansas, USA: Physical Geography, v. 32, no. 1, p. 52-77, https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.32.1.52.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"77","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -102,37 ], [ -102,40 ], [ -94.5,40 ], [ -94.5,37 ], [ -102,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Mark W.","contributorId":67638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Juracek, Kyle E. 0000-0002-2102-8980 kjuracek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":2022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"Kyle","email":"kjuracek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70118152,"text":"70118152 - 2011 - Detection probability in aerial surveys of feral horses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-25T16:54:03","indexId":"70118152","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-01T16:51:55","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection probability in aerial surveys of feral horses","docAbstract":"Observation bias pervades data collected during aerial surveys of large animals, and although some sources can be mitigated with informed planning, others must be addressed using valid sampling techniques that carefully model detection probability. Nonetheless, aerial surveys are frequently employed to count large mammals without applying such methods to account for heterogeneity in visibility of animal groups on the landscape. This often leaves managers and interest groups at odds over decisions that are not adequately informed. I analyzed detection of feral horse (Equus caballus) groups by dual independent observers from 24 fixed-wing and 16 helicopter flights using mixed-effect logistic regression models to investigate potential sources of observation bias. I accounted for observer skill, population location, and aircraft type in the model structure and analyzed the effects of group size, sun effect (position related to observer), vegetation type, topography, cloud cover, percent snow cover, and observer fatigue on detection of horse groups. The most important model-averaged effects for both fixed-wing and helicopter surveys included group size (fixed-wing: odds ratio = 0.891, 95% CI = 0.850–0.935; helicopter: odds ratio = 0.640, 95% CI = 0.587–0.698) and sun effect (fixed-wing: odds ratio = 0.632, 95% CI = 0.350–1.141; helicopter: odds ratio = 0.194, 95% CI = 0.080–0.470). Observer fatigue was also an important effect in the best model for helicopter surveys, with detection probability declining after 3 hr of survey time (odds ratio = 0.278, 95% CI = 0.144–0.537). Biases arising from sun effect and observer fatigue can be mitigated by pre-flight survey design. Other sources of bias, such as those arising from group size, topography, and vegetation can only be addressed by employing valid sampling techniques such as double sampling, mark–resight (batch-marked animals), mark–recapture (uniquely marked and identifiable animals), sightability bias correction models, and line transect distance sampling; however, some of these techniques may still only partially correct for negative observation biases.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.204","usgsCitation":"Ransom, J.I., 2011, Detection probability in aerial surveys of feral horses: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 76, no. 2, p. 299-307, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.204.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291076,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291075,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.204"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe7f19e4b0824b2d147648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ransom, Jason I. 0000-0002-5930-4004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5930-4004","contributorId":71645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ransom","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70042525,"text":"70042525 - 2011 - Slip rate and slip magnitudes of past earthquakes along the Bogd left-lateral strike-slip fault (Mongolia)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T14:48:37.882024","indexId":"70042525","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip rate and slip magnitudes of past earthquakes along the Bogd left-lateral strike-slip fault (Mongolia)","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">We carried out morphotectonic studies along the left-lateral strike-slip Bogd Fault, the principal structure involved in the Gobi-Altay earthquake of 1957 December 4 (published magnitudes range from 7.8 to 8.3). The Bogd Fault is 260 km long and can be subdivided into five main geometric segments, based on variation in strike direction. West to East these segments are, respectively: the West Ih Bogd (WIB), The North Ih Bogd (NIB), the West Ih Bogd (WIB), the West Baga Bogd (WBB) and the East Baga Bogd (EBB) segments. Morphological analysis of offset streams, ridges and alluvial fans—particularly well preserved in the arid environment of the Gobi region—allows evaluation of late Quaternary slip rates along the different faults segments. In this paper, we measure slip rates over the past 200 ka at four sites distributed across the three western segments of the Bogd Fault. Our results show that the left-lateral slip rate is ∼1 mm yr<sup>–1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>along the WIB and EIB segments and ∼0.5 mm yr<sup>–1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>along the NIB segment. These variations are consistent with the restraining bend geometry of the Bogd Fault.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Our study also provides additional estimates of the horizontal offset associated with the 1957 earthquake along the western part of the Bogd rupture, complementing previously published studies. We show that the mean horizontal offset associated with the 1957 earthquake decreases progressively from 5.2 m in the west to 2.0 m in the east, reflecting the progressive change of kinematic style from pure left-lateral strike-slip faulting to left-lateral-reverse faulting. Along the three western segments, we measure cumulative displacements that are multiples of the 1957 coseismic offset, which may be consistent with a characteristic slip. Moreover, using these data, we re-estimate the moment magnitude of the Gobi-Altay earthquake at<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>7.78–7.95.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Combining our slip rate estimates and the slip distribution per event we also determined a mean recurrence interval of ∼2500–5200 yr for past earthquakes along the different segments of the western Bogd Fault. This suggests that the three western segments of the Bogd Fault and the Gurvan Bulag thrust fault (a reverse fault bounding the southern side of the Ih Bogd range that ruptured during the 1957 earthquake) have similar average recurrence times, and therefore may have ruptured together in previous earthquakes as they did in 1957. These results suggest that the western part of the Bogd Fault system, including the Gurvan Bulag thrust fault, usually behaves in a ‘characteristic earthquake’ mode.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05075.x","usgsCitation":"Rizza, M., Ritz, J., Braucher, R., Vassallo, R., Prentice, C., Mahan, S.A., McGill, S., Chauvet, A., Marco, S., Todbileg, M., Demberel, S., and Bourles, D., 2011, Slip rate and slip magnitudes of past earthquakes along the Bogd left-lateral strike-slip fault (Mongolia): Geophysical Journal International, v. 186, p. 897-927, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05075.x.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"897","endPage":"927","ipdsId":"IP-029539","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05075.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":268106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mongolia","otherGeospatial":"Bogd Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              96.470947265625,\n              44.77013681219717\n            ],\n            [\n              101.97509765625,\n              44.77013681219717\n            ],\n            [\n              101.97509765625,\n              47.025206001585396\n            ],\n            [\n              96.470947265625,\n              47.025206001585396\n            ],\n            [\n              96.470947265625,\n              44.77013681219717\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"186","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"512b44c0e4b0523e997a81cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rizza, M.","contributorId":35157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizza","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ritz, J.-F.","contributorId":105890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"J.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Braucher, R.","contributorId":8698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braucher","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vassallo, R.","contributorId":62433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vassallo","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prentice, C.","contributorId":33107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prentice","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon A. 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":147159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McGill, S.","contributorId":46795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGill","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chauvet, A.","contributorId":10642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chauvet","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Marco, S.","contributorId":252837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marco","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Todbileg, M.","contributorId":24593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todbileg","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Demberel, S.","contributorId":25797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demberel","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bourles, D.","contributorId":66036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourles","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70004994,"text":"ofr20101332 - 2011 - GLORIA sidescan-sonar imagery for parts of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T19:42:14.437278","indexId":"ofr20101332","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1332","title":"GLORIA sidescan-sonar imagery for parts of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and adjacent areas","docAbstract":"In 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a Proclamation establishing the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the United States extending its territory 200 nautical miles from the coasts of the United States, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and other U.S. territories and possessions. The charter of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) places the primary responsibility for mapping the territories of the United States within the USGS. Upon declaration of the EEZ, the territory of the United States was enlarged by more than 13 million square kilometers, all of which are under water. The USGS EEZ-SCAN program to systematically map the EEZ began in 1984 and continued through 1991. This digital publication contains all the GLORIA sidescan imagery of the deep-water (greater than 200 meters) portion of the EEZ mapped during those 8 years of data collection. For each EEZ area, we describe the data collection surveys and provide downloads of the GLORIA data and metadata.","language":"English","publisher":"Reston, VA","publisherLocation":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101332","usgsCitation":"Paskevich, V.F., Wong, F.L., O'Malley, J., Stevenson, A.J., and Gutmacher, C.E., 2011, GLORIA sidescan-sonar imagery for parts of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1332, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101332.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":409936,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95362.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":24474,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1332.gif"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.9462890625,\n              55.36662484928637\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.1220703125,\n              56.145549500679074\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.9677734375,\n              56.9449741808516\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.3076171875,\n              59.833775202184206\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.38427734375,\n              59.65664225341022\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.6259765625,\n              59.23217626921806\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.52685546875,\n              58.938673187948304\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.65869140625,\n              59.33318942659219\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.8232421875,\n              60.009970961180386\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.21874999999997,\n              60.108670463036\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.04296875,\n              60.403001945865476\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.85595703125,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.99853515625,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              69.71810669906763\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.4375,\n              70.17020068549206\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.1953125,\n              70.08056215839737\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.765625,\n              70.58341752317065\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.40234375,\n              70.61261423801925\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.314453125,\n              70.95969716686398\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              71.35706654962706\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              70.8734913192635\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0703125,\n              70.31873847853124\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.916015625,\n              69.06856318696033\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.942606818121\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.26938680456564\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.30078125,\n              66.86108230224609\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.982421875,\n              66.47820814385636\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.08936427047088\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.6181218846659\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.76171875,\n              66.40795547978848\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.0908203125,\n              65.69447579373418\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.55273437499997,\n              65.14611484756372\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.904296875,\n              65.05360170595502\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.3330078125,\n              64.41592147626879\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.861328125,\n              64.39693778132846\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.927734375,\n              64.90491004905083\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.0595703125,\n              64.47279382008166\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.4990234375,\n              64.49172504435471\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.8837890625,\n              63.87939001720202\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              63.470144746565424\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.6416015625,\n              63.64625919492172\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.212890625,\n              63.05495931065107\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.2236328125,\n              63.37183226679281\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.1572265625,\n              61.75233128411639\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.3662109375,\n              60.54377524118842\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.431640625,\n              60.326947742998414\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.255859375,\n              59.866883195210214\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.8935546875,\n              59.7563950493563\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.68554687499997,\n              59.734253447591364\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.3779296875,\n              60.174306261926034\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              59.46740794183739\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0263671875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              58.768200159239576\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.20214843749997,\n              58.65408464530598\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.83984375,\n              58.44773280389084\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              58.6769376725869\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.08203125,\n              58.309488840677645\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.88476562499997,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.5,\n              58.516651799363785\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.8076171875,\n              57.61010702068388\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.54296875,\n              56.022948079627454\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.6181640625,\n              53.4357192066942\n            ],\n            [\n              -174.9462890625,\n              52.26815737376817\n            ],\n            [\n              -178.2421875,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.1884765625,\n              51.590722643120145\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.5537109375,\n              54.23955053156177\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.302734375,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.4794921875,\n              57.51582286553883\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.9970703125,\n              60.08676274626006\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.546875,\n              60.21799073323445\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.228515625,\n              59.689926220143356\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              59.93300042374631\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.3837890625,\n              58.83649009392136\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.6591796875,\n              56.31653672211301\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.2421875,\n              54.521081495443596\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.67578124999999,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.939453125,\n              47.57652571374621\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2578125,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.19140625,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.146484375,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              43.644025847699496\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              42.87596410238256\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              41.65649719441145\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              42.374778361114195\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.529296875,\n              42.601619944327965\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.24365234375,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41943359375,\n              45.058001435398275\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.60595703125,\n              45.85941212790755\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              46.027481852486645\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7158203125,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.95751953125,\n              46.07323062540835\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.24316406249999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.72656249999999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41796875,\n              48.3416461723746\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.3408203125,\n              47.96050238891509\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.76904296874999,\n              48.122101028190805\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.87890625,\n              48.22467264956519\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.51611328125,\n              48.10743118848039\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.2412109375,\n              48.37084770238366\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.39501953125,\n              48.23930899024907\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              48.61838518688487\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.44970703125,\n              48.63290858589535\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.7021484375,\n              48.748945343432936\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.833984375,\n              49.23912083246698\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1416015625,\n              49.396675075193976\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20751953125,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.22265625000001,\n              48.99463598353405\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              48.80686346108517\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.24462890625,\n              48.66194284607006\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.1787109375,\n              48.32703913063476\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.78271484375,\n              48.472921272487824\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              48.16608541901253\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              46.58906908309182\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              44.15068115978094\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              41.22824901518529\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.73876953125,\n              40.43022363450862\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03564453125,\n              39.35129035526705\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01367187499999,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05810546875,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.95947265624999,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.80566406250001,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21289062499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.22412109375,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.713355353177555\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.98388671874999,\n              31.3348710339506\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.21533203125,\n              31.297327991404266\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.2373046875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.9853515625,\n              30.600093873550072\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.47998046875,\n              29.592565403314087\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.20556640625,\n              28.94086176940557\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.65625,\n              29.76437737516313\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              29.84064389983441\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.49169921875,\n              29.7453016622136\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.83251953125,\n              29.267232865200878\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.30517578125,\n              28.246327971048842\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.60205078124999,\n              27.586197857692664\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.47021484375,\n              27.31321389856826\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.228515625,\n              26.52956523826758\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.2177734375,\n              26.05678288577881\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75634765625,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.44873046875,\n              25.839449402063185\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20703125,\n              25.93828707492375\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8994140625,\n              26.194876675795218\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.78955078125,\n              27.858503954841247\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75732421875,\n              29.420460341013133\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2197265625,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.22021484375,\n              29.05616970274342\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.91259765625,\n              30.14512718337613\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.5283203125,\n              30.183121842195515\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2978515625,\n              29.49698759653577\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.13330078125,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81494140625,\n              28.555576049185973\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.21044921875,\n              27.800209937418252\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              26.941659545381516\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.08984375,\n              25.878994400196202\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              25.264568475331583\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              24.467150664739002\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0458984375,\n              24.046463999666567\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6396484375,\n              24.56710835257599\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.78271484375,\n              25.34402602913433\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              27.27416111737468\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              30.713503990354965\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.66162109375,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.81640625,\n              34.07086232376631\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.16845703124999,\n              35.263561862152095\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.498046875,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.58642578125,\n              39.90973623453719\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3671875,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.63134765625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0048828125,\n              42.342305278572816\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.3564453125,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2802734375,\n              44.37098696297173\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.0166015625,\n              44.69989765840318\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.56640625,\n              18.771115062337024\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.68749999999997,\n              19.642587534013032\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.9287109375,\n              21.453068633086783\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.521484375,\n              22.43134015636061\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.5322265625,\n              21.983801417384697\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              21.207458730482642\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.291015625,\n              20.92039691397189\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.97265625,\n              19.932041306115536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.9619140625,\n              18.8543103618898\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.56640625,\n              18.771115062337024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -67.060546875,\n              18.020527657852337\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.2255859375,\n              17.916022703877665\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.6103515625,\n              17.97873309555617\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.2587890625,\n              18.124970639386515\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.5224609375,\n              18.458768120015126\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.11572265625,\n              18.542116654448996\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.95068359374999,\n              18.60460138845525\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.34619140625,\n              18.542116654448996\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2802734375,\n              17.99963161491187\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.060546875,\n              18.020527657852337\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b159e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paskevich, Valerie F.","contributorId":81907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskevich","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Malley, John J.","contributorId":11892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Malley","given":"John J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevenson, Andrew J.","contributorId":18830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gutmacher, Christina E.","contributorId":28272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutmacher","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70003904,"text":"70003904 - 2011 - Assessing power of large river fish monitoring programs to detect population changes: the Missouri River sturgeon example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:28:21","indexId":"70003904","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing power of large river fish monitoring programs to detect population changes: the Missouri River sturgeon example","docAbstract":"In 2003, the US Army Corps of Engineers initiated the Pallid Sturgeon Population Assessment Program (PSPAP) to monitor pallid sturgeon and the fish community of the Missouri River. The power analysis of PSPAP presented here was conducted to guide sampling design and effort decisions. The PSPAP sampling design has a nested structure with multiple gear subsamples within a river bend. Power analyses were based on a normal linear mixed model, using a mixed cell means approach, with variance estimates from the original data. It was found that, at current effort levels, at least 20 years for pallid and 10 years for shovelnose sturgeon is needed to detect a 5% annual decline. Modified bootstrap simulations suggest power estimates from the original data are conservative due to excessive zero fish counts. In general, the approach presented is applicable to a wide array of animal monitoring programs.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01635.x","usgsCitation":"Wildhaber, M., Holan, S., Bryan, J., Gladish, D., and Ellersieck, M., 2011, Assessing power of large river fish monitoring programs to detect population changes: the Missouri River sturgeon example: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 282-290, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01635.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"282","endPage":"290","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474952,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01635.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672a5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildhaber, M. L. 0000-0002-6538-9083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":62961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holan, S. H.","contributorId":76453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holan","given":"S. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryan, J.L.","contributorId":15328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gladish, D. W.","contributorId":68445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gladish","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ellersieck, M.","contributorId":105841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellersieck","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70004991,"text":"sir20115129 - 2011 - Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget in the Chimacum Creek basin and vicinity, Jefferson County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-15T19:04:40.898124","indexId":"sir20115129","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5129","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget in the Chimacum Creek basin and vicinity, Jefferson County, Washington","docAbstract":"This report presents information used to characterize the groundwater flow system in the Chimacum Creek basin. It includes descriptions of the geology and hydrogeologic framework; groundwater recharge and discharge; groundwater levels and flow directions; seasonal fluctuations in groundwater level; interactions between aquifers and the surface-water system; and a groundwater budget. The study area covers 124 square miles in northeastern Jefferson County, Washington, and includes the Chimacum Creek basin, which drains an area of about 37 square miles. The area is underlain by a north-thickening sequence of unconsolidated glacial and interglacial deposits that overlie sedimentary and igneous bedrock units that crop out along the margins and western interior of the study area. Six hydrogeologic units consisting of unconsolidated aquifers and confining units, along with an underlying bedrock unit, were identified. A surficial hydrogeologic map was developed and used with well information from 187 drillers' logs to construct 4 hydrogeologic sections, and maps showing the extent and thickness of the units. Natural recharge was estimated using precipitation-recharge relation regression equations developed for western Washington, and estimates were calculated for return flow from data on domestic indoor and outdoor use and irrigated agriculture. Results from synoptic streamflow measurements and water table elevations determined from monthly measurements at monitoring wells are presented and compared with those from a study conducted during 2002-03. A water budget was calculated comprising long-term average recharge, domestic public-supply withdrawals and return flow, self-supplied domestic withdrawals and return flow, and irrigated agricultural withdrawals and return flow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115129","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.L., Welch, W.B., Frans, L.M., and Olsen, T.D., 2011, Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget in the Chimacum Creek basin and vicinity, Jefferson County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5129, Report: vi, 28 p.; 1 Plate: 32.48 x 24.08 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115129.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 28 p.; 1 Plate: 32.48 x 24.08 inches","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5129.bmp"},{"id":398855,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95358.htm"},{"id":24471,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Chimacum Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.8739,\n              47.9011\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6533,\n              47.9011\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6533,\n              48.07667\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8739,\n              48.0767\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8739,\n              47.9011\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6279be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Joseph L. jljones@usgs.gov","contributorId":3492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Joseph","email":"jljones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, Wendy B. wwelch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Wendy","email":"wwelch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frans, Lonna M. 0000-0002-3217-1862 lmfrans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-1862","contributorId":1493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frans","given":"Lonna","email":"lmfrans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olsen, Theresa D. 0000-0003-4099-4057 tdolsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-4057","contributorId":1644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Theresa","email":"tdolsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70036963,"text":"70036963 - 2011 - Northern Hemisphere modes of variability and the timing of spring in western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-15T20:03:05.010735","indexId":"70036963","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Northern Hemisphere modes of variability and the timing of spring in western North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>Spatial and temporal patterns of variability in spring onset are identified across western North America using a spring index (SI) model based on weather station minimum and maximum temperatures (</span><i>T</i><sub>min</sub><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>max</sub><span>, respectively). Principal component analysis shows that two significant and independent patterns explain roughly half of the total variance in the timing of spring onset from 1920 to 2005. However, these patterns of spring onset do not appear to be linear responses to the primary modes of variability in the Northern Hemisphere: the Pacific–North American pattern (PNA) and the northern annular mode (NAM). Instead, over the period when reanalysis data and the spring index model overlap (1950–2005), the patterns of spring onset are local responses to the state of both the PNA and NAM, which together modulate the onset date of spring by 10–20 days on interannual time scales. They do so by controlling the number and intensity of warm days. There is also a regionwide trend in spring advancement of about −1.5 days decade</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;from 1950 to 2005. Trends in the NAM and PNA can only explain about one-third (−0.5 day decade</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) of this trend.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/2011JCLI4069.1","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Ault, T., Macalady, A., Pederson, G., Betancourt, J., and Schwartz, M., 2011, Northern Hemisphere modes of variability and the timing of spring in western North America: Journal of Climate, v. 24, no. 15, p. 4003-4014, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4069.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4003","endPage":"4014","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4069.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":381388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Western United States and Canada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130.078125,\n              31.728167146023935\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3046875,\n              31.728167146023935\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3046875,\n              54.16243396806779\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.078125,\n              54.16243396806779\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.078125,\n              31.728167146023935\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6838e4b0c8380cd736a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ault, T.R.","contributorId":14229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ault","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macalady, A.K.","contributorId":42046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macalady","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pederson, G.T.","contributorId":19353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pederson","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":458719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schwartz, M.D.","contributorId":83468,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[{"id":7200,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":458718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70004984,"text":"ofr20111121 - 2011 - Surficial geologic map of the Elizabethtown 30' x 60' quadrangle, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-15T19:00:39.034778","indexId":"ofr20111121","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1121","title":"Surficial geologic map of the Elizabethtown 30' x 60' quadrangle, North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Elizabethtown 30' x 60' quadrangle is located in southeastern North Carolina between Fayetteville and Wilmington. Most of the area is flat to gently rolling, although steep slopes occur locally along some of the larger streams. Total relief in the area is slightly over 210 feet (ft), with elevations ranging from slightly less than 10 ft above sea level along the Black River (east of Rowan in the southeastern corner of the map) to slightly over 220 ft in the northwestern corner northeast of Hope Mills. The principal streams in the area are the Cape Fear, Black, South, and Lumber Rivers, which on average flow from northwest to southeast across the map area. The principal north-south roads are Interstate Route 95, Interstate Route 40, U.S. Route 117, U.S. Route 301, U.S. Route 421, and U.S. Route 701, and the principal east-west roads are N.C. State Route 241 and N.C. State Route 41. This part of North Carolina is primarily rural and agricultural. The largest communities in and adjacent to the area are Elizabethtown, Hope Mills, Clinton, Warsaw, and Lumberton. The map lies entirely within the Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province. Outstanding features of this area are the large number of sand-rimmed Carolina bays, five of which contain enough water to constitute natural lakes: Bay Tree Lake, Salter Lake, Little Singletary Lake, Singletary Lake, and White Lake. These are associated with widespread windblown sand deposits on which are grown abundant crops of blueberries. The extent and distribution of these deposits have been estimated based on a combination of augerhole, outcrop, and light-detection and ranging (LIDAR) data.\n\nThe geology of the Elizabethtown 30' x 60' quadrangle was originally mapped on 32 7.5-minute quadrangles at 1:24,000 scale and then compiled on this 1:100,000-scale base. The base-map topographic contours on this compilation are shown in meters; the cross sections, structure contours, and well and corehole basement elevations have been carried over unconverted from the 1:24,000-scale maps and are shown in feet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111121","usgsCitation":"Weems, R.E., Lewis, W., and Crider, E.A., 2011, Surficial geologic map of the Elizabethtown 30' x 60' quadrangle, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1121, 1 Sheet: 63.92 x 42.01 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111121.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 63.92 x 42.01 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1121.gif"},{"id":398854,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95361.htm"},{"id":24465,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1121/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American datum 1927","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Elizabethtown","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79,34.5 ], [ -79,35 ], [ -78,35 ], [ -78,34.5 ], [ -79,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, Robert E. 0000-0002-1907-7804 rweems@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-7804","contributorId":2663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"Robert","email":"rweems@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, William C.","contributorId":50878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"William C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crider, E. Allen","contributorId":93992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crider","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70004981,"text":"sir20115078 - 2011 - A water-budget model and assessment of groundwater recharge for the Island of Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T19:04:02.580289","indexId":"sir20115078","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5078","title":"A water-budget model and assessment of groundwater recharge for the Island of Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Concern surrounding increasing demand for groundwater on the Island of Hawai&#699;i, caused by a growing population and an increasing reliance on groundwater as a source for municipal and private water systems, has prompted a study of groundwater recharge on the island using the most current data and accepted methods. For this study, a daily water-budget model for the entire Island of Hawai&#699;i was developed and used to estimate mean recharge for various land-cover and rainfall conditions, and a submodel for the Kona area was developed and used to estimate historical groundwater recharge in the Kona area during the period 1984&ndash;2008. Estimated mean annual recharge on the Island of Hawai&#699;i is 6,594 million gallons per day, which is about 49 percent of mean annual rainfall. Recharge is highest on the windward slopes of Mauna Loa, below the tradewind inversion, and lowest on the leeward slopes of Kohala and Mauna Kea. Local recharge maxima also occur on (1) windward Kohala, with the exception of the northern tip, (2) windward Mauna Kea below the tradewind inversion, (3) windward K&#299;lauea, (4) the middle elevations of southeastern Mauna Loa, and (5) the lower-middle elevations of leeward Mauna Loa and southwestern Hual&#257;lai, in the Kona area. Local recharge minima also occur on (1) Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, above the tradewind inversion, (2) the northern tip of Kohala, (3) leeward K&#299;lauea, (4) the southern tip of Mauna Loa, and (5) the northwestern slopes of Mauna Loa and Hual&#257;lai. In 18 of the 24 aquifer systems on the island, estimated mean annual recharge for baseline conditions was higher than the recharge estimates used in the 2008 State of Hawai&#699;i Water Resource Protection Plan (2008 WRPP). Baseline conditions for this study were 2008 land cover and mean annual rainfall from the period 1916&ndash;1983. Estimates of recharge for the M&#257;hukona, Waimea, and H&#257;w&#299; aquifer systems, however, were between 29 and 38 percent lower than the 2008 WRPP estimates, mainly because of much higher evapotranspiration estimates in this study compared to the 2008 WRPP. For the drought simulation (1991&ndash;95 rainfall), the estimates of recharge for these three aquifer systems were only 15 to 33 percent of the sustainable yields (maximum allowable pumping rates) set by the 2008 WRPP. This may be cause for concern, as these areas are experiencing a rapid growth in development and a related growth in water demand. Recent projections of change in rainfall owing to effects of ongoing climate change generally indicate a slight increase in islandwide rainfall, and estimates of annual recharge in the late 21st century are higher than baseline estimates for every aquifer system, except &#699;Anaeho&#699;omalu. On average, these aquifer-system recharge estimates are higher by about 8 percent compared to baseline estimates. In the Kona area, estimated groundwater recharge during the period 1984&ndash;2008 was highest during 2004&ndash;8 and lowest during 1999&ndash;2003, with the 1999&ndash;2003 recharge being about 50 percent of the 2004&ndash;8 recharge. These extremes in recharge coincided with the periods of lowest and highest mean rainfall, respectively. No seasonal pattern in recharge is discernible. Spatially, the highest recharge occurred in a belt about 4 miles wide running parallel to the coast about 2 miles inland. The sensitivity of recharge estimates to input parameters is related to the climate and land-cover conditions of the particular area of study. For the wet, forested areas characteristic of the windward side of the island, recharge was most sensitive to the ratio of runoff to rainfall. For the dry, grassland areas characteristic of the northwestern leeward side of the island, recharge was most sensitive to root depth. For the Kona area, characterized by moderate rainfall and a wide variety of land cover, recharge was most sensitive to the pan coefficient and canopy-evaporation rates in","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115078","usgsCitation":"Engott, J.A., 2011, A water-budget model and assessment of groundwater recharge for the Island of Hawai'i: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5078, xi, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115078.","productDescription":"xi, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1983-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5078.gif"},{"id":394041,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95355.htm"},{"id":24462,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5078/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"NAD83","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.27227783203125,\n              18.828316252698386\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.742431640625,\n              18.828316252698386\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.742431640625,\n              20.357502636858204\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.27227783203125,\n              20.357502636858204\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.27227783203125,\n              18.828316252698386\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697a41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engott, John A. 0000-0003-1889-4519 jaengott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1889-4519","contributorId":1142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engott","given":"John","email":"jaengott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70004982,"text":"ofr20111163 - 2011 - Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T21:45:03.511293","indexId":"ofr20111163","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1163","title":"Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2010","docAbstract":"<p>Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Macoma petalum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(formerly reported as<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Macoma balthica</i>), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in South San Francisco Bay, Calif. This report includes the data collected for the period January 2010 to December 2010 and extends a critical long-term biogeochemical record that dates back to 1974. These data serve as the basis for the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring Program initiated in 1994.</p><p>In 2010, metal concentrations in both sediments and clam tissue were among the lowest concentrations on record and consistent with results observed since 1991. Following significant reductions in the late 1980s, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) concentrations appear to have stabilized. Annual mean concentrations have fluctuated modestly (2–4 fold) in a nondirectional manner. Data for other metals, including chromium, mercury, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc, have been collected since 1994. Over this period, concentrations of these elements, which likely reflect regional inputs and systemwide processes, have remained relatively constant, aside from typical seasonal variation that is common to all elements. Within years, the winter months (January–March) generally exhibit maximum concentrations, with a decline to annual minima in spring through fall. Concentrations of chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V) in sediments have shown an upward trend since 2005. Chromium concentrations are approaching the record maximum levels observed in 2003, and concentrations of V in sediments in 2010 were the highest annual average concentrations on record. Mercury (Hg) concentrations in sediments and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M. petalum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in 2010 were comparable to concentrations observed in 2009 and were generally consistent with data from previous years. Selenium (Se) concentrations in sediment varied among years and showed no sustained temporal trend. During 2009–2010, sedimentary Se concentrations declined from the record high observed in 2008 to concentrations that were among the lowest on record. Selenium in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M. petalum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>was slightly higher in 2010 than in 2009. Overall, Cu and Ag concentrations in sediments and soft tissues of the clam,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M. petalum</i>, remained representative of the concentrations observed since 1991 following significant reductions in the discharge of these elements from the PARWQCP. This indicates that, as with other elements of regulatory interest, regional-scale factors now largely affect sedimentary and bioavailable concentrations of Ag and Cu.</p><p>Analyses of the benthic community structure of a mudflat in South San Francisco Bay over a 37-year period show that changes in the community have occurred concurrent with reduced concentrations of metals in the sediment and in the tissues of the biosentinel clam,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M. petalum</i>, from the same area. Analysis of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M. petalum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>community shows increases in reproductive activity concurrent with the decline in metal concentrations in the tissues of this organism. Reproductive activity is presently stable (2010), with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring of most years. The community has shifted from being dominated by several opportunistic species to a community where the species are more similar in abundance, a pattern that indicates a more stable community that is subjected to fewer stressors. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (<i>Ampelisca abdita</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Streblospio benedicti</i>) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals; both species had short-lived rebounds in abundance in 2008, 2009, and 2010.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Heteromastus filiformis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying its eggs on or in the sediment) showed a concurrent increase in dominance and, in last several years prior to 2008, showed a stable population. An unidentified disturbance occurred on the mudflat in early 2008 that resulted in the loss of the benthic animals, except for those deep-dwelling animals like<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Macoma petalum</i>. Animals immediately returned to the mudflat in 2008, which was the first indication that the disturbance was not due to a persistent toxin or to anoxia. The use of functional ecology was highlighted in the 2010 benthic community data, which show that the animals that have now returned to the mudflat are those that can respond successfully to a physical, nontoxic disturbance. Today, community data show a mix of animals that consume the sediment, filter feed, have pelagic larvae that must survive landing on the sediment, and brood their young. USGS scientists continue to observe the community’s response to the defaunation event because it allows them to examine the response of the community to a natural disturbance (possible causes include sediment accretion or freshwater inundation) and compare this recovery to the long-term recovery observed in the 1970s when the decline in sediment pollutants was the dominating factor.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111163","usgsCitation":"Dyke, J., Parcheso, F., Thompson, J.K., Cain, D.J., Luoma, S.N., and Hornberger, M.I., 2011, Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1163, vi, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111163.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":434,"text":"National Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1163.gif"},{"id":24463,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1163/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394625,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95356.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant, South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.11938858032227,\n              37.449854970912526\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.09775924682616,\n              37.449854970912526\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.09775924682616,\n              37.46641110157195\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.11938858032227,\n              37.46641110157195\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.11938858032227,\n              37.449854970912526\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyke, Jessica jldyke@usgs.gov","contributorId":1035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyke","given":"Jessica","email":"jldyke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parcheso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":2590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcheso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70004949,"text":"ofr20111115 - 2011 - Detailed sections from auger holes in the Elizabethtown 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-04T18:34:24.99015","indexId":"ofr20111115","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1115","title":"Detailed sections from auger holes in the Elizabethtown 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Elizabethtown 1:100,000 quadrangle is in the west-central part of the Coastal Plain of southeastern North Carolina. The Coastal Plain, in this region, consists mostly of unlithified sediments that range in age from Late Cretaceous to Holocene. These sediments lie with profound unconformity on complexly deformed metamorphic and igneous rocks similar to rocks found immediately to the west in the Piedmont province. Coastal Plain sediments generally dip gently to the southeast or south and reach a maximum thickness of about 850 feet (ft) in the extreme southeast part of the map area. The gentle southerly and southeasterly dip is disrupted in several areas by faulting.  The U.S. Geological Survey recovered one core and augered 196 research test holes in the Elizabethtown 1:100,000 quadrangle to supplement sparse outcrop data in the map area. The recovered sediments were studied and data from these sediments recorded to determine the lithologic characteristics, spatial distribution, and temporal framework of the represented Coastal Plain stratigraphic units. These test holes were critical for accurately determining the distribution of major geologic units and the position of unit boundaries. The detailed descriptions of the subsurface data can be used by geologists, hydrologists, engineers, and community planners to provide a detailed shallow-subsurface stratigraphic framework for the Elizabethtown map region.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111115","usgsCitation":"Weems, R.E., Lewis, W., Murray, J.H., Queen, D., Grey, J.B., and DeJong, B.D., 2011, Detailed sections from auger holes in the Elizabethtown 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1115, v, 286 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111115.","productDescription":"v, 286 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"291","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1115.gif"},{"id":24464,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":391389,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95360.htm"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Elizabethtown quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79,34.5 ], [ -79,35 ], [ -78,35 ], [ -78,34.5 ], [ -79,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, Robert E. 0000-0002-1907-7804 rweems@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-7804","contributorId":2663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"Robert","email":"rweems@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, William C.","contributorId":50878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"William C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, Joseph H.","contributorId":42698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Queen, David B.","contributorId":73733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Queen","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grey, Jeffrey B. jbgrey@usgs.gov","contributorId":3195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbgrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeJong, Benjamin D. bdejong@usgs.gov","contributorId":2506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeJong","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdejong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70003991,"text":"70003991 - 2011 - Appropriate uses and considerations for online surveying in human dimensions research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T14:58:37","indexId":"70003991","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1909,"text":"Human Dimensions of Wildlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Appropriate uses and considerations for online surveying in human dimensions research","docAbstract":"Online surveying has gained attention in recent years for its applicability to human dimensions research as an efficient and inexpensive data-collection method; however, online surveying is not a panacea. In this article, we provide some guidelines for alleviating or avoiding the criticisms and pitfalls suggested of online survey methods and explore two case studies demonstrating different approaches to online surveying. The first was a mixed-mode study of visitors to 52 participating National Wildlife Refuges. The response rate was 72%, with over half of respondents completing the survey online, resulting in cost-savings and efficiencies that would not have otherwise been realized. The second highlighted an online-only approach targeting specialized users of satellite imagery. Through branching and skipping, the online mode allowed flexibilities in administration impractical in a mail survey. The response rate of 53% was higher than typical for online surveys. Both case studies provide examples of appropriate uses of online surveying.","language":"English","publisher":"Routledge","publisherLocation":"Abingdon, UK","doi":"10.1080/10871209.2011.572142","usgsCitation":"Sexton, N.R., Miller, H.M., and Dietsch, A.M., 2011, Appropriate uses and considerations for online surveying in human dimensions research: Human Dimensions of Wildlife, v. 16, no. 3, p. 154-163, https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2011.572142.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"163","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a250","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sexton, Natalie R.","contributorId":82750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sexton","given":"Natalie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Holly M. 0000-0003-0914-7570 millerh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0914-7570","contributorId":29544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Holly","email":"millerh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dietsch, Alia M.","contributorId":66399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietsch","given":"Alia","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208569,"text":"70208569 - 2011 - Detection, emission estimation and risk prediction of forest fires in China using satellite sensors and simulation models in the past three decades-An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:00:08","indexId":"70208569","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-28T10:44:14","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2041,"text":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection, emission estimation and risk prediction of forest fires in China using satellite sensors and simulation models in the past three decades-An overview","docAbstract":"<p><span>Forest fires have major impact on ecosystems and greatly impact the amount of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. This paper presents an overview in the forest fire detection, emission estimation, and fire risk prediction in China using satellite imagery, climate data, and various simulation models over the past three decades. Since the 1980s, remotely-sensed data acquired by many satellites, such as NOAA/AVHRR, FY-series, MODIS, CBERS, and ENVISAT, have been widely utilized for detecting forest fire hot spots and burned areas in China. Some developed algorithms have been utilized for detecting the forest fire hot spots at a sub-pixel level. With respect to modeling the forest burning emission, a remote sensing data-driven Net Primary productivity (NPP) estimation model was developed for estimating forest biomass and fuel. In order to improve the forest fire risk modeling in China, real-time meteorological data, such as surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction，have been used as the model input for improving prediction of forest fire occurrence and its behavior. Shortwave infrared (SWIR) and near infrared (NIR) channels of satellite sensors have been employed for detecting live fuel moisture content (FMC), and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) was used for evaluating the forest vegetation condition and its moisture status.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/ijerph8083156","usgsCitation":"Zhang, J., Yao, F., Liu, C., Yang, L., and Boken, V.K., 2011, Detection, emission estimation and risk prediction of forest fires in China using satellite sensors and simulation models in the past three decades-An overview: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 8, no. 8, p. 3156-3178, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083156.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"3156","endPage":"3178","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083156","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[110.33919,18.6784],[109.47521,18.1977],[108.65521,18.50768],[108.62622,19.36789],[109.11906,19.82104],[110.2116,20.10125],[110.78655,20.07753],[111.01005,19.69593],[110.57065,19.25588],[110.33919,18.6784]]],[[[127.65741,49.76027],[129.39782,49.4406],[130.58229,48.72969],[130.98728,47.79013],[132.50667,47.78897],[133.3736,48.18344],[135.02631,48.47823],[134.50081,47.57844],[134.11236,47.21247],[133.76964,46.11693],[133.09713,45.14407],[131.88345,45.32116],[131.02521,44.96795],[131.28856,44.11152],[131.14469,42.92999],[130.63387,42.90301],[130.64002,42.39501],[129.99427,42.98539],[129.59667,42.42498],[128.05222,41.99428],[128.20843,41.46677],[127.34378,41.50315],[126.86908,41.81657],[126.18205,41.10734],[125.07994,40.56982],[124.26562,39.92849],[122.86757,39.63779],[122.13139,39.17045],[121.05455,38.89747],[121.58599,39.36085],[121.37676,39.75026],[122.1686,40.42244],[121.64036,40.94639],[120.76863,40.59339],[119.6396,39.89806],[119.02346,39.25233],[118.04275,39.20427],[117.5327,38.73764],[118.0597,38.06148],[118.87815,37.89733],[118.91164,37.44846],[119.7028,37.15639],[120.82346,37.87043],[121.71126,37.48112],[122.35794,37.45448],[122.51999,36.93061],[121.10416,36.65133],[120.63701,36.11144],[119.66456,35.60979],[119.15121,34.90986],[120.22752,34.36033],[120.62037,33.37672],[121.22901,32.46032],[121.90815,31.69217],[121.89192,30.94935],[121.26426,30.67627],[121.50352,30.14291],[122.09211,29.83252],[121.93843,29.01802],[121.68444,28.22551],[121.12566,28.13567],[120.39547,27.05321],[119.5855,25.74078],[118.65687,24.54739],[117.28161,23.6245],[115.89074,22.78287],[114.76383,22.66807],[114.15255,22.22376],[113.80678,22.54834],[113.24108,22.05137],[111.84359,21.55049],[110.78547,21.39714],[110.44404,20.34103],[109.88986,20.28246],[109.62766,21.00823],[109.86449,21.39505],[108.52281,21.71521],[108.05018,21.55238],[107.04342,21.8119],[106.56727,22.2182],[106.7254,22.79427],[105.81125,22.97689],[105.32921,23.35206],[104.47686,22.81915],[103.50451,22.70376],[102.70699,22.7088],[102.17044,22.46475],[101.65202,22.3182],[101.80312,21.17437],[101.27003,21.20165],[101.18001,21.43657],[101.15003,21.84998],[100.41654,21.55884],[99.98349,21.74294],[99.2409,22.11831],[99.53199,22.94904],[98.89875,23.14272],[98.66026,24.06329],[97.60472,23.8974],[97.72461,25.08364],[98.67184,25.9187],[98.71209,26.74354],[98.68269,27.50881],[98.24623,27.74722],[97.91199,28.33595],[97.32711,28.26158],[96.24883,28.41103],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.11768,29.4528],[95.4048,29.03172],[94.56599,29.27744],[93.41335,28.64063],[92.50312,27.89688],[91.69666,27.77174],[91.25885,28.04061],[90.73051,28.06495],[90.01583,28.29644],[89.47581,28.04276],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.12044,27.87654],[86.95452,27.97426],[85.82332,28.20358],[85.01164,28.64277],[84.23458,28.83989],[83.89899,29.32023],[83.33712,29.46373],[82.32751,30.11527],[81.5258,30.42272],[81.11126,30.18348],[79.72137,30.88271],[78.73889,31.51591],[78.45845,32.61816],[79.17613,32.48378],[79.20889,32.99439],[78.81109,33.5062],[78.91227,34.32194],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.19285,35.8984],[75.8969,36.66681],[75.15803,37.13303],[74.98,37.41999],[74.82999,37.99001],[74.86482,38.37885],[74.25751,38.60651],[73.92885,38.50582],[73.67538,39.43124],[73.96001,39.66001],[73.82224,39.89397],[74.77686,40.36643],[75.46783,40.56207],[76.52637,40.42795],[76.90448,41.06649],[78.1872,41.18532],[78.54366,41.58224],[80.11943,42.12394],[80.25999,42.35],[80.18015,42.92007],[80.86621,43.18036],[79.96611,44.91752],[81.94707,45.31703],[82.45893,45.53965],[83.18048,47.33003],[85.16429,47.00096],[85.72048,47.45297],[85.76823,48.45575],[86.59878,48.54918],[87.35997,49.21498],[87.75126,49.2972],[88.01383,48.59946],[88.8543,48.06908],[90.28083,47.69355],[90.97081,46.88815],[90.58577,45.71972],[90.94554,45.28607],[92.13389,45.11508],[93.48073,44.97547],[94.68893,44.35233],[95.30688,44.24133],[95.76245,43.31945],[96.3494,42.72564],[97.45176,42.74889],[99.51582,42.52469],[100.84587,42.6638],[101.83304,42.51487],[103.31228,41.90747],[104.52228,41.90835],[104.96499,41.59741],[106.12932,42.13433],[107.74477,42.48152],[109.2436,42.51945],[110.4121,42.87123],[111.12968,43.40683],[111.82959,43.74312],[111.66774,44.07318],[111.34838,44.45744],[111.87331,45.10208],[112.43606,45.01165],[113.46391,44.80889],[114.46033,45.33982],[115.9851,45.72724],[116.71787,46.3882],[117.4217,46.67273],[118.87433,46.80541],[119.66327,46.69268],[119.77282,47.04806],[118.86657,47.74706],[118.06414,48.06673],[117.29551,47.69771],[116.30895,47.85341],[115.74284,47.72654],[115.48528,48.13538],[116.1918,49.1346],[116.6788,49.88853],[117.87924,49.51098],[119.28846,50.14288],[119.27937,50.58291],[120.18205,51.64357],[120.73819,51.96412],[120.72579,52.51623],[120.17709,52.75389],[121.00308,53.2514],[122.24575,53.43173],[123.57151,53.4588],[125.06821,53.16104],[125.94635,52.7928],[126.5644,51.78426],[126.93916,51.35389],[127.28746,50.7398],[127.65741,49.76027]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"China\"}}]}","volume":"8","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Jiahua","contributorId":35479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiahua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yao, Fengmei","contributorId":107927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yao","given":"Fengmei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Cheng","contributorId":222561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Cheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boken, Vijendra K.","contributorId":27331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boken","given":"Vijendra","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70004978,"text":"ofr20111181 - 2011 - Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2011 Monument burn area, southeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr20111181","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1181","title":"Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2011 Monument burn area, southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"This report presents a preliminary emergency assessment of the debris-flow hazards from drainage basins burned by the Monument wildfire in southeastern Arizona, in 2011. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned drainage basins throughout the intermountain Western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence and volumes of debris flows for selected drainage basins. Input for the models include measures of burn severity, topographic characteristics, soil properties, and rainfall total and intensity for a (1) 2-year-recurrence, 30-minute-duration rainfall, (2) 5-year-recurrence, 30-minute-duration rainfall, and (3) 10-year-recurrence, 30-minute-duration rainfall. Estimated debris-flow probabilities in the drainage basins of interest ranged from a low of 26 percent in response to the 2-year-recurrence, 30-minute-duration rainfall to 100 percent in response to the 10-year-recurrence, 30-minute-duration rainfall. The high probabilities in all modeled drainage basins are likely due to the abundance of steep hillslopes and the extensive areas burned at moderately to high severities. The estimated volumes ranged from a low of about 2,000 cubic meters to a high of greater than 200,000 cubic meters.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111181","usgsCitation":"Ruddy, B.C., and Verdin, K.L., 2011, Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2011 Monument burn area, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1181, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111181.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1181.gif"},{"id":24460,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Monument Burn Area;Southeastern Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.31666666666666,31.35 ], [ -110.31666666666666,31.45 ], [ -110.21666666666667,31.45 ], [ -110.21666666666667,31.35 ], [ -110.31666666666666,31.35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660c01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruddy, Barbara C. bcruddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":4163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruddy","given":"Barbara","email":"bcruddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70004045,"text":"70004045 - 2011 - Anthropocene streams and base-level controls from historic dams in the unglaciated mid-Atlantic region, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-19T15:35:08.277773","indexId":"70004045","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anthropocene streams and base-level controls from historic dams in the unglaciated mid-Atlantic region, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recently, widespread valley-bottom damming for water power was identified as a primary control on valley sedimentation in the mid-Atlantic US during the late seventeenth to early twentieth century. The timing of damming coincided with that of accelerated upland erosion during post-European settlement land-use change. In this paper, we examine the impact of local drops in base level on incision into historic reservoir sediment as thousands of ageing dams breach. Analysis of lidar and field data indicates that historic milldam building led to local base-level rises of 2–5 m (typical milldam height) and reduced valley slopes by half. Subsequent base-level fall with dam breaching led to an approximate doubling in slope, a significant base-level forcing. Case studies in forested, rural as well as agricultural and urban areas demonstrate that a breached dam can lead to stream incision, bank erosion and increased loads of suspended sediment, even with no change in land use. After dam breaching, key predictors of stream bank erosion include number of years since dam breach, proximity to a dam and dam height. One implication of this work is that conceptual models linking channel condition and sediment yield exclusively with modern upland land use are incomplete for valleys impacted by milldams. With no equivalent in the Holocene or late Pleistocene sedimentary record, modern incised stream-channel forms in the mid-Atlantic region represent a transient response to both base-level forcing and major changes in land use beginning centuries ago. Similar channel forms might also exist in other locales where historic milling was prevalent.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society Publishing","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2010.0335","usgsCitation":"Merritts, D., Walter, R., Rahnis, M., Hartranft, J., Cox, S., Gellis, A., Potter, N., Hilgartner, W., Langland, M.J., Manion, L., Lippincott, C., Siddiqui, S., Rehman, Z., Scheid, C., Kratz, L., Shilling, A., Jenschke, M., Datin, K., Cranmer, E., Reed, A., Matuszewski, D., Voli, M., Ohlson, E., Neugebauer, A., Ahamed, A., Neal, C., Winter, A., and Becker, S., 2011, Anthropocene streams and base-level controls from historic dams in the unglaciated mid-Atlantic region, USA: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 369, no. 1938, p. 976-1009, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0335.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"976","endPage":"1009","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Newe Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Viginia","otherGeospatial":"Mid-Atlantic region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.38671875,\n              36.61552763134925\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.322265625,\n              36.61552763134925\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.00390625,\n              39.65645604812829\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.11376953125,\n              43.46886761482925\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.7060546875,\n              43.229195113965005\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.22216796875,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.38671875,\n              36.61552763134925\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"369","issue":"1938","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b3e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritts, Dorothy","contributorId":65215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritts","given":"Dorothy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Robert","contributorId":28727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rahnis, Michael","contributorId":55567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahnis","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartranft, Jeff","contributorId":74494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartranft","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cox, Scott","contributorId":107023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gellis, Allen","contributorId":37051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Potter, Noel","contributorId":15329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Noel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hilgartner, William","contributorId":56361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilgartner","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Langland, Michael J. 0000-0002-8350-8779 langland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-8779","contributorId":2347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"Michael","email":"langland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Manion, Lauren","contributorId":49505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manion","given":"Lauren","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lippincott, Caitlin","contributorId":62733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lippincott","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Siddiqui, Sauleh","contributorId":59168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siddiqui","given":"Sauleh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Rehman, Zain","contributorId":72110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehman","given":"Zain","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Scheid, Chris","contributorId":73729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheid","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kratz, Laura","contributorId":53512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratz","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Shilling, Andrea","contributorId":71684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shilling","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Jenschke, Matthew","contributorId":34248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenschke","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Datin, Katherine","contributorId":45817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Datin","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Cranmer, Elizabeth","contributorId":52309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranmer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Reed, Austin","contributorId":18833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Austin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Matuszewski, Derek","contributorId":88073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matuszewski","given":"Derek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Voli, Mark","contributorId":75261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voli","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Ohlson, Erik","contributorId":12170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlson","given":"Erik","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Neugebauer, Ali","contributorId":15751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neugebauer","given":"Ali","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Ahamed, Aakash","contributorId":43092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahamed","given":"Aakash","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Neal, Conor","contributorId":90862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Conor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Winter, Allison","contributorId":106625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Allison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Becker, Steven","contributorId":17748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28}]}}
,{"id":70004033,"text":"70004033 - 2011 - An adaptive-management framework for optimal control of hiking near golden eagle nests in Denali National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-07T20:19:32.924057","indexId":"70004033","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An adaptive-management framework for optimal control of hiking near golden eagle nests in Denali National Park","docAbstract":"Unintended effects of recreational activities in protected areas are of growing concern. We used an adaptive-management framework to develop guidelines for optimally managing hiking activities to maintain desired levels of territory occupancy and reproductive success of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Denali National Park (Alaska, U.S.A.). The management decision was to restrict human access (hikers) to particular nesting territories to reduce disturbance. The management objective was to minimize restrictions on hikers while maintaining reproductive performance of eagles above some specified level. We based our decision analysis on predictive models of site occupancy of eagles developed using a combination of expert opinion and data collected from 93 eagle territories over 20 years. The best predictive model showed that restricting human access to eagle territories had little effect on occupancy dynamics. However, when considering important sources of uncertainty in the models, including environmental stochasticity, imperfect detection of hares on which eagles prey, and model uncertainty, restricting access of territories to hikers improved eagle reproduction substantially. An adaptive management framework such as ours may help reduce uncertainty of the effects of hiking activities on Golden Eagles","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01644.x","usgsCitation":"Martin, J., Fackler, P.L., Nichols, J., Runge, M.C., McIntyre, C.L., Lubow, B.L., McCluskie, M.C., and Schmutz, J.A., 2011, An adaptive-management framework for optimal control of hiking near golden eagle nests in Denali National Park: Conservation Biology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 316-323, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01644.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"316","endPage":"323","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474958,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01644.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.09423828124997,\n              62.201388691814294\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.502197265625,\n              62.201388691814294\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.502197265625,\n              64.028933234179\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.09423828124997,\n              64.028933234179\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.09423828124997,\n              62.201388691814294\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Julien 0000-0002-7375-129X julienmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-129X","contributorId":5785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Julien","email":"julienmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fackler, Paul L.","contributorId":17487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fackler","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McIntyre, Carol L.","contributorId":94642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lubow, Bruce L.","contributorId":54474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lubow","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCluskie, Maggie C.","contributorId":57730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCluskie","given":"Maggie","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70004637,"text":"70004637 - 2011 - Greater sage-grouse as an umbrella species for shrubland passerine birds: a multiscale assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:55","indexId":"70004637","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Greater sage-grouse as an umbrella species for shrubland passerine birds: a multiscale assessment","docAbstract":"Working groups and government agen-cies are planning and conducting land actions in sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats to benefit Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations. Managers have adopted an umbrella concept, creating habitat characteristics specific to sage-grouse requirements, in the belief that other wildlife species dependent on sagebrush will benefit. We tested the efficacy of this approach by first identifying the primary environmental gradients underlying sagebrush steppe bird com-munities (including Greater Sage-Grouse). We integrated field sampling for birds and vegetation with geographic information system (GIS) data to characterize 305 sites sampled throughout the current range of Greater Sage-Grouse in the Intermountain West, United States. The primary environmental axis defining the bird community represented a gradient from local-scale Wyoming/basin big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. wyomingensis/A. t. ssp. tridentata), and bare ground cover to local and regional grassland cover; the second axis repre-sented a transition from low-elevation Wyoming/basin big sagebrush and bare ground to mountain big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. vaseyana) and habitat edge. We identified the relative overlap of sage-grouse with 13 species of passerine birds along the multiscale gradients and estimated the width of the umbrella when applying management guidelines specific to sage-grouse. Passerine birds associated with sagebrush steppe habitats had high levels of overlap with Greater Sage-Grouse along the multiscale environmental gradients. However, the overlap of the umbrella was prima-rily a function of the broad range of sagebrush habitats used by sage-grouse. Management that focuses on creating a narrow set of plot-scale con-ditions will likely be less effective than restoration efforts that recognize landscape scale heterogene-ity and multiscale organization of habitats. These multiscale efforts may improve some sage-grouse habitats and strengthen the management umb-rella for shrub steppe passerine birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Greater Sage-Grouse","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hanser, S.E., and Knick, S.T., 2011, Greater sage-grouse as an umbrella species for shrubland passerine birds: a multiscale assessment, chap. <i>of</i> Greater Sage-Grouse, p. 475-488.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"488","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":24448,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520267114","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671c63","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":508244,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connelly, John W.","contributorId":32391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connelly","given":"John W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508245,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Hanser, Steven E.","contributorId":99273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanser","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70004968,"text":"ofr20111179 - 2011 - Summary of juvenile salmonid passage and survival at McNary Dam-Acoustic survival studies, 2006-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:00","indexId":"ofr20111179","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1179","title":"Summary of juvenile salmonid passage and survival at McNary Dam-Acoustic survival studies, 2006-09","docAbstract":"Passage and survival data were collected at McNary Dam between 2006 and 2009. These data have provided critical information for resource managers to implement structural and operational changes designed to improve the survival of juvenile salmonids as they migrate past the dam. Given the importance of these annual studies, the primary objectives of this report were to summarize the findings of these annual studies to ensure that passage and survival metrics are consistently calculated and reported across all years and to consolidate this information in a single document, thereby making it easier to reference. It is worth noting that this report does not contain all the information from all the annual reports. The intent of this report was to summarize the key findings from multiple years of research. The reader is encouraged to reference the annual reports if more detailed information is needed. Chapter 1 summarizes existing behavior, passage, and survival results for fish released 10 rkm upstream of McNary Dam and from the McNary Dam tailrace during 2006-09. Chapter 2 summarizes existing behavior, passage, and survival results for fish released in the mid-Columbia River and detected at McNary Dam during 2006-09.\n\nResults from 2006 indicated that higher spill discharge generally resulted in higher fish passage through spill, and in turn, higher fish survival through the entire dam. Within the spillway, passage effectiveness was highest for the south spill bays, adjacent to the powerhouse. Increased passage in this area, combined with detailed 3-dimensional approach paths, aided in the design and location of the temporary spillway weirs (TSWs) at McNary Dam prior to the 2007 migration of juvenile salmonids.\n\nDuring the 2007 study, the TSWs were tested under two spill treatments during the spring and summer: a \"2006 Modified spill,\" and a \"2007 test spill.\" In the spring, slightly higher discharge through spill bays 14-17 was the primary difference between the spill treatments tested. During the summer, spill treatments were characterized by a high (60 percent) and low (40 percent) percent flow of the total discharge going through the spillway. Flow through the TSWs represented about 7-8 percent of total project discharge in spring and about 10-11 percent of total project discharge in summer. Overall, the TSWs passed 24 percent of yearling Chinook salmon and 27 percent of subyearling Chinook salmon, but passed about 65 percent of juvenile steelhead. In spring, there was little evidence for an effect of spill treatment on either fish passage or survival, however, this was not surprising given there was a relatively small difference between spill treatments. For subyearling Chinook salmon during the summer study, high spill discharge resulted in higher fish passage through the spillway and lower fish passage through the powerhouse. Season wide survival (paired-release) for yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon was 0.98 and 0.92 (SE<0.04) through TSW 20, and 0.96 and 0.97 (SE<0.04) through TSW 22, respectively. Season-wide survival (single-release) for juvenile steelhead was 0.98 (SE=0.024) through TSW 20, and 0.90 (SE=0.02) through TSW 22. The extent to which location and structural design contributed to the differences observed between the two TSWs was uncertain. Nonetheless, the TSWs performed similarly to surface-oriented fish passage structures at other locations and appear to be a useful fish passage alternative at McNary Dam. The 2008 and 2009 studies confirmed previous results showing high survival for fish passing through the TSWs, especially juvenile steelhead. Although the number of all fish species passing through the TSWs was lower in 2008 and 2009 compared to 2007, fish passage efficiency for juvenile steelhead and subyearling Chinook salmon was higher in years with the TSWs, compared to 2006, before the TSWs were in place.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Adams, N.S., and Evans, S.D., 2011, Summary of juvenile salmonid passage and survival at McNary Dam-Acoustic survival studies, 2006-09: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1179, iv, 114 p.; Appendices:  A, B, C, D, E, F, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111179.","productDescription":"iv, 114 p.; Appendices:  A, B, C, D, E, F","numberOfPages":"144","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1179.jpg"},{"id":24454,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,45 ], [ -120,46.5 ], [ -119,46.5 ], [ -119,45 ], [ -120,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Scott D. 0000-0003-0452-7726 sdevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-7726","contributorId":4408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Scott","email":"sdevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70004965,"text":"ofr20111171 - 2011 - Whole-rock and sulfide-mineral geochemical data for samples from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield district, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T09:46:26","indexId":"ofr20111171","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1171","title":"Whole-rock and sulfide-mineral geochemical data for samples from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield district, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"This Open-File Report presents geochemical data for outcrop and drill-core samples from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and associated metaigneous and metasedimentary rocks in the Wood River area of the Bonnifield mining district, northern Alaska Range, east-central Alaska. The data consist of major- and trace-element whole-rock geochemical analyses, and major- and trace-element analyses of sulfide minerals determined by electron microprobe and laser ablation&mdash;inductively coupled plasma&mdash;mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques. The PDF consists of text, appendix explaining the analytical methods used for the analyses presented in the data tables, a sample location map, and seven data tables. The seven tables are also available as spreadsheets in several file formats. Descriptions and discussions of the Bonnifield deposits are given in Dusel-Bacon and others (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111171","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Slack, J.F., Koenig, A.E., Foley, N.K., Oscarson, R.L., and Gans, K.D., 2011, Whole-rock and sulfide-mineral geochemical data for samples from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield district, east-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1171, iv, 2 p.; Appendix; Figure; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111171.","productDescription":"iv, 2 p.; Appendix; Figure; Tables","startPage":"1","endPage":"43","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":663,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center-Menlo Park Office","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1171.gif"},{"id":24445,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Wood River Area Of The Bonnifield Mining District","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147.5,63.5 ], [ -147.5,64 ], [ -147,64 ], [ -147,63.5 ], [ -147.5,63.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0ba2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koenig, Alan E. 0000-0002-5230-0924 akoenig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-0924","contributorId":1564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"Alan","email":"akoenig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oscarson, Robert L. roscarson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oscarson","given":"Robert","email":"roscarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gans, Kathleen D. 0000-0002-7545-9655 kgans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7545-9655","contributorId":5403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gans","given":"Kathleen","email":"kgans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70004967,"text":"sir20115097 - 2011 - Assessment of selected contaminants in streambed- and suspended-sediment samples collected in Bexar County, Texas, 2007-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T15:29:08","indexId":"sir20115097","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5097","title":"Assessment of selected contaminants in streambed- and suspended-sediment samples collected in Bexar County, Texas, 2007-09","docAbstract":"<p>Elevated concentrations of sediment-associated contaminants are typically associated with urban areas such as San Antonio, Texas, in Bexar County, the seventh most populous city in the United States. This report describes an assessment of selected sediment-associated contaminants in samples collected in Bexar County from sites on the following streams: Medio Creek, Medina River, Elm Creek, Martinez Creek, Chupaderas Creek, Leon Creek, Salado Creek, and San Antonio River. During 2007-09, the U.S. Geological Survey periodically collected surficial streambed-sediment samples during base flow and suspended-sediment (large-volume suspended-sediment) samples from selected streams during stormwater runoff. All sediment samples were analyzed for major and trace elements and for organic compounds including halogenated organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Selected contaminants in streambed and suspended sediments in watersheds of the eight major streams in Bexar County were assessed by using a variety of methods&mdash;observations of occurrence and distribution, comparison to sediment-quality guidelines and data from previous studies, statistical analyses, and source indicators. Trace elements concentrations were low compared to the consensus-based sediment-quality guidelines threshold effect concentration (TEC) and probable effect concentration (PEC). Trace element concentrations were greater than the TEC in 28 percent of the samples and greater than the PEC in 1.5 percent of the samples. Chromium concentrations exceeded sediment-quality guidelines more frequently than concentrations of any other constituents analyzed in this study (greater than the TEC in 69 percent of samples and greater than the PEC in 8 percent of samples). Mean trace element concentrations generally are lower in Bexar County samples compared to concentrations in samples collected during previous studies in the Austin and Fort Worth, Texas, areas, but considering the relatively large ranges and standard deviations associated with the concentrations measured in all three areas, the trace element concentrations are similar. On the basis of Mann-Whitney U test results, the presence of a military installation in a watershed was associated with statistically significant higher chromium, mercury, and zinc concentrations in streambed sediments compared to concentrations of the same elements in a watershed without a military installation. Halogenated organic compounds analyzed in sediment samples included pesticides (chlordane, dieldrin, DDT, DDD, and DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants. Three or more halogenated organic compounds were detected in each sediment sample, and 66 percent of all concentrations were less than the respective interim reporting levels. Halogenated organic compound concentrations were mostly low compared to consensus-based sediment quality guidelines-;TECs were exceeded in 11 percent of the analyses and PECs were exceeded in 1 percent of the analyses. Chlordane compounds were the most frequently detected halogenated organic compounds with one or more detections of chlordane compounds in every watershed; concentrations were greater than the TEC in 6 percent of the samples. Dieldrin was detected in 50 percent of all samples, however all concentrations were much less than the TEC. The DDT compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE) were detected less frequently than some other halogenated organic compounds, however most detections exceeded the TECs. p,p'-DDT was detected in 13 percent of the samples (TEC exceeded in 67 percent); p,p'-DDD was detected in 19 percent of the samples (TEC exceeded in 78 percent); and p,p'-DDE was detected in 35 percent of the samples (TEC exceeded in 53 percent). p,p'-DDE concentrations in streambed-sediment samples correlate positively with population density and residential, commercial, and transportation land use. One or more PCB congeners were detected in</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority and the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District Public Center for Environmental Health","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.T., 2011, Assessment of selected contaminants in streambed- and suspended-sediment samples collected in Bexar County, Texas, 2007-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5097, ix, 57 p.; Appendices:  1-2, 3, 4, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115097.","productDescription":"ix, 57 p.; Appendices:  1-2, 3, 4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5097.gif"},{"id":24453,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5097/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -99.75,29 ], [ -99.75,30 ], [ -98,30 ], [ -98,29 ], [ -99.75,29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b311","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Jennifer T. 0000-0003-4481-6354 jenwilso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-6354","contributorId":1782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Jennifer","email":"jenwilso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70004961,"text":"sir20115066 - 2011 - Precipitation and runoff simulations of select perennial and ephemeral watersheds in the middle Carson River basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, west-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T20:06:14.507389","indexId":"sir20115066","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5066","title":"Precipitation and runoff simulations of select perennial and ephemeral watersheds in the middle Carson River basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, west-central Nevada","docAbstract":"The effect that land use may have on streamflow in the Carson River, and ultimately its impact on downstream users can be evaluated by simulating precipitation-runoff processes and estimating groundwater inflow in the middle Carson River in west-central Nevada. To address these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, began a study in 2008 to evaluate groundwater flow in the Carson River basin extending from Eagle Valley to Churchill Valley, called the middle Carson River basin in this report. This report documents the development and calibration of 12 watershed models and presents model results and the estimated mean annual water budgets for the modeled watersheds. This part of the larger middle Carson River study will provide estimates of runoff tributary to the Carson River and the potential for groundwater inflow (defined here as that component of recharge derived from percolation of excess water from the soil zone to the groundwater reservoir). \n\nThe model used for the study was the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, a physically based, distributed-parameter model designed to simulate precipitation and snowmelt runoff as well as snowpack accumulation and snowmelt processes. Models were developed for 2 perennial watersheds in Eagle Valley having gaged daily mean runoff, Ash Canyon Creek and Clear Creek, and for 10 ephemeral watersheds in the Dayton Valley and Churchill Valley hydrologic areas. Model calibration was constrained by daily mean runoff for the 2 perennial watersheds and for the 10 ephemeral watersheds by limited indirect runoff estimates and by mean annual runoff estimates derived from empirical methods. The models were further constrained by limited climate data adjusted for altitude differences using annual precipitation volumes estimated in a previous study. The calibration periods were water years 1980-2007 for Ash Canyon Creek, and water years 1991-2007 for Clear Creek. To allow for water budget comparisons to the ephemeral models, the two perennial models were then run from 1980 to 2007, the time period constrained somewhat by the later record for the high-altitude climate station used in the simulation. The daily mean values of precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and groundwater inflow simulated from the watershed models were summed to provide mean annual rates and volumes derived from each year of the simulation. \n\nMean annual bias for the calibration period for Ash Canyon Creek and Clear Creek watersheds was within 6 and 3 percent, and relative errors were about 18 and -2 percent, respectively. For the 1980-2007 period of record, mean recharge efficiency and runoff efficiency (percentage of precipitation as groundwater inflow and runoff) averaged 7 and 39 percent, respectively, for Ash Canyon Creek, and 8 and 31 percent, respectively, for Clear Creek. For this same period, groundwater inflow volumes averaged about 500 acre-feet for Ash Canyon and 1,200 acre-feet for Clear Creek. The simulation period for the ephemeral watersheds ranged from water years 1978 to 2007. Mean annual simulated precipitation ranged from 6 to 11 inches. Estimates of recharge efficiency for the ephemeral watersheds ranged from 3 percent for Eureka Canyon to 7 percent for Eldorado Canyon. Runoff efficiency ranged from 7 percent for Eureka Canyon and 15 percent at Brunswick Canyon. For the 1978-2007 period, mean annual groundwater inflow volumes ranged from about 40 acre-feet for Eureka Canyon to just under 5,000 acre-feet for Churchill Canyon watershed. Watershed model results indicate significant interannual variability in the volumes of groundwater inflow caused by climate variations. For most of the modeled watersheds, little to no groundwater inflow was simulated for years with less than 8 inches of precipitation, unless those years were preceded by abnormally high precipitation years with significant subsurface storage carryover.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115066","usgsCitation":"Jeton, A.E., and Maurer, D.K., 2011, Precipitation and runoff simulations of select perennial and ephemeral watersheds in the middle Carson River basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, west-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5066, vii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115066.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5066.jpg"},{"id":406881,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95335.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":24444,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"datum":"North American Vertical Datum of 1988, North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"middle Carson River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.7469,\n              39.0142\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.2,\n              39.0142\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.2,\n              39.4714\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.7469,\n              39.4714\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.7469,\n              39.0142\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a25f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jeton, Anne E.","contributorId":45351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeton","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70004960,"text":"sir20115090 - 2011 - Hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:59","indexId":"sir20115090","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5090","title":"Hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-2008","docAbstract":"Dissolved oxygen is a critical constituent in reservoirs and lakes because it is essential for metabolism by all aerobic aquatic organisms. In general, hypolimnetic temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentrations vary from summer to summer in reservoirs, more so than in natural lakes, largely in response to the magnitude of flow into and release out of the water body. Because eutrophication is often defined as the acceleration of biological productivity resulting from increased nutrient and organic loading, hypolimnetic oxygen consumption rates or deficits often provide a useful tool in analyzing temporal changes in water quality.\r\n\r\nThis report updates a previous report that evaluated hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics for a 21-year record (1974-94) in Beaver, Table Rock, Bull Shoals, and Norfork Lakes, as well as analyzed the record for Greers Ferry Lake. Beginning in 1974, vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentrations generally were collected monthly from March through December at sites near the dam of each reservoir. The rate of change in the amount of dissolved oxygen present below a given depth at the beginning and end of the thermal stratification period is referred to as the areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit. Areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit was normalized for each reservoir based on seasonal flushing rate between April 15 and October 31 to adjust for wet year and dry year variability.\r\n\r\nAnnual cycles in thermal stratification within Beaver, Table Rock, Bull Shoals, Norfork, and Greers Ferry Lakes exhibited typical monomictic (one extended turnover period per year) characteristics. Flow dynamics drive reservoir processes and need to be considered when analyzing areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit rates. A nonparametric, locally weighted scatter plot smooth line describes the relation between areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit and seasonal flushing rates, without assuming linearity or normality of the residuals. \r\n\r\nThe results in this report are consistent with earlier findings that oxygen deficit rates and flushing-rate adjusted areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in Beaver and Table Rock Lakes were decreasing between 1974 and 1994. The additional data (1995-2008) demonstrate that the decline in flushing-rate adjusted areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in Beaver Lake has continued, whereas that in Table Rock Lake has flattened out in recent years. The additional data demonstrate the flushing-rate adjusted areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes have declined since 1995 (improved water quality), which was not indicated in earlier studies, while Greers Ferry Lake showed little net change over the period of record. Given the amount of data (35 years) for these reservoirs, developing an equation or model to predict areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit and, therefore, areal hypolimnetic oxygen content, on any given day during future stratification seasons may be useful for reservoir managers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Southwest Power Administration, and the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission","usgsCitation":"De Lanois, J.L., and Green, W.R., 2011, Hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen dynamics within selected White River reservoirs, northern Arkansas-southern Missouri, 1974-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5090, iv, 15 p.; Appendices: Beaver Lake, Table Rock Lake, Bull Shoals Lake, Norfolk Lake, Greers Ferry Lak-, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115090.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.; Appendices: Beaver Lake, Table Rock Lake, Bull Shoals Lake, Norfolk Lake, Greers Ferry Lak-","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5090.gif"},{"id":24443,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5090/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Vertical Datum of 1988, North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Missouri;Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"White River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94,35 ], [ -94,37.5 ], [ -91,37.5 ], [ -91,35 ], [ -94,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc67d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Lanois, Jeanne L. jdelanoi@usgs.gov","contributorId":4672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Lanois","given":"Jeanne","email":"jdelanoi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70004956,"text":"ofr20111143 - 2011 - Development of a high-resolution binational vegetation map of the Santa Cruz River riparian corridor and surrounding watershed, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr20111143","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1143","title":"Development of a high-resolution binational vegetation map of the Santa Cruz River riparian corridor and surrounding watershed, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the development of a binational vegetation map developed for the Santa Cruz Watershed, which straddles the southern border of Arizona and the northern border of Sonora, Mexico. The map was created as an environmental input to the Santa Cruz Watershed Ecosystem Portfolio Model (SCWEPM) that is being created by the U.S. Geological Survey for the watershed. The SCWEPM is a map-based multicriteria evaluation tool that allows stakeholders to explore tradeoffs between valued ecosystem services at multiple scales within a participatory decision-making process. Maps related to vegetation type and are needed for use in modeling wildlife habitat and other ecosystem services. Although detailed vegetation maps existed for the U.S. side of the border, there was a lack of consistent data for the Santa Cruz Watershed in Mexico. We produced a binational vegetation classification of the Santa Cruz River riparian habitat and watershed vegetation based on NatureServe Terrestrial Ecological Systems (TES) units using Classification And Regression Tree (CART) modeling. Environmental layers used as predictor data were derived from a seasonal set of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images (spring, summer, and fall) and from a 30-meter digital-elevation-model (DEM) grid. Because both sources of environmental data are seamless across the international border, they are particularly suited to this binational modeling effort. Training data were compiled from existing field data for the riparian corridor and data collected by the NM-GAP (New Mexico Gap Analysis Project) team for the original Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project (SWReGAP) modeling effort. Additional training data were collected from core areas of the SWReGAP classification itself, allowing the extrapolation of the SWReGAP mapping into the Mexican portion of the watershed without collecting additional training data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111143","usgsCitation":"Wallace, C., Villarreal, M., and Norman, L.M., 2011, Development of a high-resolution binational vegetation map of the Santa Cruz River riparian corridor and surrounding watershed, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1143, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111143.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1143.gif"},{"id":24440,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1143/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States;Mexico","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.75,30.75 ], [ -111.75,32.75 ], [ -110,32.75 ], [ -110,30.75 ], [ -111.75,30.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db6605e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, Cynthia S.A.","contributorId":70487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Cynthia S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L.","contributorId":107012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70004605,"text":"70004605 - 2011 - Geology and geochemistry of volcanic centers within the eastern half of the Sonoma volcanic field, northern San Francisco Bay region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-25T21:56:02.954513","indexId":"70004605","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and geochemistry of volcanic centers within the eastern half of the Sonoma volcanic field, northern San Francisco Bay region, California","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Volcanic rocks in the Sonoma volcanic field in the northern California Coast Ranges contain heterogeneous assemblages of a variety of compositionally diverse volcanic rocks. We have used field mapping, new and existing age determinations, and 343 new major and trace element analyses of whole-rock samples from lavas and tuff to define for the first time volcanic source areas for many parts of the Sonoma volcanic field. Geophysical data and models have helped to define the thickness of the volcanic pile and the location of caldera structures. Volcanic rocks of the Sonoma volcanic field show a broad range in eruptive style that is spatially variable and specific to an individual eruptive center. Major, minor, and trace-element geochemical data for intracaldera and outflow tuffs and their distal fall equivalents suggest caldera-related sources for the Pinole and Lawlor Tuffs in southern Napa Valley and for the tuff of Franz Valley in northern Napa Valley. Stratigraphic correlations based on similarity in eruptive sequence and style coupled with geochemical data allow an estimate of 30 km of right-lateral offset across the West Napa-Carneros fault zones since ∼5 Ma.</p><p>The volcanic fields in the California Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay are temporally and spatially associated with the northward migration of the Mendocino triple junction and the transition from subduction and associated arc volcanism to a slab window tectonic environment. Our geochemical analyses from the Sonoma volcanic field highlight the geochemical diversity of these volcanic rocks, allowing us to clearly distinguish these volcanic rocks from those of the roughly coeval ancestral Cascades magmatic arc to the west, and also to compare rocks of the Sonoma volcanic field to rocks from other slab window settings.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/GES00625.1","usgsCitation":"Sweetkind, D., Rytuba, J.J., Langenheim, V., and Fleck, R.J., 2011, Geology and geochemistry of volcanic centers within the eastern half of the Sonoma volcanic field, northern San Francisco Bay region, California: Geosphere, v. 7, no. 3, p. 629-657, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00625.1.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"629","endPage":"657","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474959,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00625.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sonoma Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.92053222656249,\n              38.11727165830543\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.10205078125,\n              38.11727165830543\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.10205078125,\n              38.74551518488265\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.92053222656249,\n              38.74551518488265\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.92053222656249,\n              38.11727165830543\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":1526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleck, Robert J. 0000-0002-3149-8249 fleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-8249","contributorId":1048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Robert","email":"fleck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}