The area of this report includes 436 square miles centered about the District of Columbia.
The area contains parts of two distinctly different physiographic provinces-the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain. The Fall Line, which separates the Piedmont province on the west from the Coastal Plain Province on the east, bisects the area diagonally from northeast to southwest. Northwest of the Fall Line, deeply weathered igneous and metamorphic rocks are exposed ; to the southeast, these rocks are covered by Coastal Plain sediments; the nonconformity between crystalline rock and sediments dips southeast at an average rate of about 125 feet per mile.
The rocks of the Piedmont include: (1) schist, phyllite, and quartzite of the Wissahickon Formation; (2) altered mafic rocks such as greenstone and serpentine; (3) the Laurel Gneiss of Chapman, 1942, and the Sykesville Formation of Jonas, 1928--both probably derived from the Wissahickon ; and (4) later granitic intrusive rocks.
Lying upon this basement of hard rocks east of the Fall Line are the generally unconsolidated sediments of the Coastal Plain, which include gravel, sand, and clay, ranging in age from Cretaceous to Recent. These sediments measure only a few inches at their western extremity but thicken to 1,800 feet at the southeast corner of the mapped area.
Owing to the great diversity in the geology of the two provinces, the waterbearing characteristics of the rocks also vary greatly. In the Piedmont, ground water occurs under unconfined or water-table conditions in openings and fissures in the hard rocks or in the residual weathered blanket that overlies them. In the Coastal Plain, the shallow wells tap unconfined water, but beneath the upper clay layers the water is contained in the sand and gravel under artesian pressure and must be recovered by deep drilled wells.
Wells are of three types--drilled, bored, and dug. Drilled wells furnish a permanent water supply and are the least subject to pollution when properly constructed. Bored or dug wells allow greater storage capacity and are satisfactory for domestic supplies in some locations, but they are polluted easily. If not properly constructed or of sufficient depth, they may fail in dry weather.
Ground-water supplies for domestic use, 5 to 10 gpm (gallons per minute), are obtainable in most places. In the Piedmont, recorded yields in drilled wells range from 0.2 to 212 gpm. In the Coastal Plain, wells yield from 1 to 800 gpm.
The quality of the ground water in the report area is generally satisfactory for domestic, industrial, and irrigation use. High iron content and corrosiveness are troublesome in places. The water is soft to moderately hard--2 to 175 ppm (parts per million). Water in the Piedmont province is. dominantly the calcium and bicarbonate type; in the Coastal Plain most water is of calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type.
In the Piedmont, careful location of wells with respect to the geology (rock type and structure) and to topography usually results in higher yields and may mean the difference between success and failure. In the Coastal Plain, drilled artesian wells are not affected by topography, but the yield obtained depends upon the penetration of a water-bearing sand or gravel bed at sufficient depth.
The early settlers obtained water from the springs and streams, and later from dug wells. After Washington was established as the Capital in 1800, water was obtained from public and privately owned wells. Water was piped from some of the springs to government buildings and to private homes and business houses. In 1863 a diversion dam was completed in the Potomac above Great Falls and a conduit was built into the city to furnish a public water supply. This system with modifications has been in use ever since. A new diversion dam and pumping station at Little Falls was put into service in the summer of 1959.
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in Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in western Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":495655,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27465.htm","text":"Chemistry of greenstone of the Catoctin Formation in the Blue Ridge of central Virginia","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":495654,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27464.htm","text":"Post-Paleocene West Elk lacolithic cluster, west-central Colorado","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":495653,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27463.htm","text":"Outline of the stratigraphic and tectonic features of northeastern Maine","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":495652,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27462.htm","text":"Upper Eocene smaller Foraminifer from Shell Bluff and Griffin Landings, Burke County, Georgia","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":495651,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27461.htm","text":"Evidence for a concealed tear-fault with large displacement in the central East Tintic Mountains, Utah","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":495648,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27458.htm","text":"Westward tectonic overriding during Mesozoic time in north-central Nevada","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":252064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0501c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247695,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0501c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495669,"rank":24,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Montana","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":495658,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27468.htm","text":"Evaluation of weathering in the Chattanooga Shale by Fisher assay","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":495663,"rank":18,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27473.htm","text":"Glacial geology of the Mountain Iron - Virginia - Eveleth area, Mesabi Iron Range, Minnesota","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":495668,"rank":23,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93449.htm","text":"Younger Precambrian Formations and the Bolsa? Quartzite of Cambrian age, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37128,"text":"rr66 - 1964 - Effects of accumulated excretory products on hatchery-reared salmonids:","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:52","indexId":"rr66","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":74,"text":"Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"66","title":"Effects of accumulated excretory products on hatchery-reared salmonids:","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Burrows, R., 1964, Effects of accumulated excretory products on hatchery-reared salmonids:: Research Report 66, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94584,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822009784562?urlappend=%3Bseq=59"},{"id":165095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624d6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burrows, R.E.","contributorId":59497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burrows","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40854,"text":"ofr6423 - 1964 - Preliminary geologic map of the Charley River quadrangle, east-central Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":40854,"text":"ofr6423 - 1964 - Preliminary geologic map of the Charley River quadrangle, east-central Alaska","indexId":"ofr6423","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Charley River quadrangle, east-central Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":64806,"text":"i573 - 1969 - Geologic map of the Charley River quadrangle, east-central Alaska","indexId":"i573","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Charley River quadrangle, east-central Alaska"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":41120,"text":"ofr629 - 1962 - Preliminary geologic map of part of the Charley River quadrangle, east central Alaska","indexId":"ofr629","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of part of the Charley River quadrangle, east central Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":40854,"text":"ofr6423 - 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1964 - Summary of developed and potential waterpower of the United States and other countries of the world, 1955-62","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir483","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"483","title":"Summary of developed and potential waterpower of the United States and other countries of the world, 1955-62","docAbstract":"Estimates of potential waterpower and historical data on waterpower developments in various parts of the world are assembled in this report. Salient characteristics of the period studied, 1955-62, include increased use of the underground powerhouse, multiple -purpose developments, and use of storage (including pumped storage) to increase the value of waterpower for peaking purposes. High-voltage long-distance transmission has been improved, especially in the United States, Sweden, and the U.S.S.R., and generating facilities tend to be larger than ever before. Asia leads the continents in total potential waterpower; Europe is first in use of waterpower. In rate of increase of waterpower installations and in percent of hydroelectric to total installations Africa is first among the continents. The 1955-62 period saw a great increase in per capita consumption of electric energy. Norway leads all countries with annual consumption of about 9,000 kwhr per capita. Waterpower development was carried on in a majority of the countries of the world and in most of them at an accelerated rate.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/cir483","usgsCitation":"Young, L.L., 1964, Summary of developed and potential waterpower of the United States and other countries of the world, 1955-62: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 483, iv, 38 p. ;26cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir483.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p. ;26cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1964/0483/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30219,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1964/0483/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6992c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Loyd L.","contributorId":14805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Loyd","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3221,"text":"cir489 - 1964 - A magnetic anomaly of possible economic significance in southeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T19:49:02","indexId":"cir489","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"489","title":"A magnetic anomaly of possible economic significance in southeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"An aeromagnetic survey in southeastern Minnesota by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the State of Minnesota has revealed a high-amplitude, linear, and narrow magnetic feature that suggests a possible source of Precambrian iron-formation of economic value. \r\n\r\nFor the past few years the U. S. Geological Survey has been conducting detailed geophysical studies of the midcontinent gravity anomaly--a broad, high-amplitude feature that extends from Lake Superior through the States of Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, and part of Kansas. As part of this study an aeromagnetic survey of the southern part of the State was made in cooperation with the State of Minnesota during the summer of 1963, in which a linear high-amplitude anomaly of the order of 4,000 gammas was discovered. Because of the high amplitude, the linearity, and the narrowness of the magnetic feature, it is believed the source may be Precambrian iron-formation of possible economic value. \r\n\r\nThe anomalous area is in Fillmore County, approximately between the towns of Lanesboro and Peterson in the extreme southeastern part of the State. (See figures 1 and 2.) At the site of the anomaly, Cambrian sedimentary rocks occur in the valley of the Root River, and Ordovician rocks (nearly flat lying) mantle the upland areas. \r\n\r\nThe uplands are largely covered by glacial deposits, which are relatively thin (Paul K. Sims, written communication, 1964). Depths to the Precambrian are estimated to range from 500 feet to 1,000 feet below the surface. \r\n\r\nThe aeromagnetic map shown in figure 2 was compiled from continuous magnetic profiles made along east-west flight lines 1,000 feet above ground, and spaced approximately 1 mile apart. Contour intervals of 20, 100, and 500 gammas were used depending on the intensity. The instrument for the survey was a flux-gate type magnetometer (AN/ASQ-3A) which measures total-field variations. The contour map displays variations in magnetic pattern which are typical of shallow Precambrian rocks. Anomalies of the order of 1,000 gammas are shown along the east and west edges of the map. The outstanding feature is the previously mentioned linear positive anomaly that trends northeast and reaches a peak of 3,960 gammas. The positive anomaly is contoured from data on four consecutive profiles, but only two show high amplitudes. The high-amplitude anomalies along traverses 1 and 2 are shown in figure 3. \r\n\r\nDepth calculations suggest that the source of the anomaly lies about 1,000 feet below the surface. Assuming a dikelike source and magnetization resulting entirely from induction in the earth's field, several calculations were made in an attempt to fit the magnetic profile taken along the line AA' (see figs. 2 and 4), considered to be a typical cross-section of the magnetic anomaly. Comparisons are shown between observed and computed profiles. The fixed parameters used were (a) distance from detector to source of 2,000 ft; width of dike of 5,000 ft; dip of dike of 75?, 90?, 105? , and 120? , as shown. The best fit occurs when the dike is vertical or dips 75? to the southwest. For these cases, the susceptibility, k, is computed to be 0.016 c.g.s, units, and is comparable to k = 0.02+ calculated by Bath (1962) for the relatively unmetamorphosed iron-formation of the Main Megabi district in Minnesota where the induced magnetization was most likely the dominant magnetization. If the dominant magnetization for the anomaly in Fillmore County were remanent rather than induced, the economic importance of the anomaly would be greatly reduced. \r\n\r\nThis anomaly seems sufficiently promising to warrant further geologic and geophysical investigation. Detailed ground magnetic and electrical studies would be useful to delineate the feature. In the final analysis, however, the presence of iron-formation can be determined only by the drill.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir489","usgsCitation":"Zietz, I., 1964, A magnetic anomaly of possible economic significance in southeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 489, 5 p. :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir489.","productDescription":"5 p. :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1964/0489/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30214,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1964/0489/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae1de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zietz, Isidore","contributorId":76708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isidore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38887,"text":"pp474E - 1964 - Uraniferous phosphatic lake beds of Eocene age in intermontane basins of Wyoming and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:37","indexId":"pp474E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"474","chapter":"E","title":"Uraniferous phosphatic lake beds of Eocene age in intermontane basins of Wyoming and Utah","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1963","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp474E","usgsCitation":"Love, J.D., 1964, Uraniferous phosphatic lake beds of Eocene age in intermontane basins of Wyoming and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 474, p. 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