State water-quality professionals developing new biological assessment methods often have difficulty relating assessment results to narrative criteria in water-quality standards. An alternative to selecting index thresholds arbitrarily is to include the Biological Condition Gradient (BCG) in the development of the assessment method. The BCG describes tiers of biological community condition to help identify and communicate the position of a water body along a gradient of water quality ranging from natural to degraded. Although originally developed for fish and macroinvertebrate communities of streams and rivers, the BCG is easily adapted to other habitats and taxonomic groups. We developed a discriminant analysis model with stream algal data to predict attainment of tiered aquatic-life uses in Maine's water-quality standards. We modified the BCG framework for Maine stream algae, related the BCG tiers to Maine's tiered aquatic-life uses, and identified appropriate algal metrics for describing BCG tiers. Using a modified Delphi method, 5 aquatic biologists independently evaluated algal community metrics for 230 samples from streams and rivers across the state and assigned a BCG tier (1–6) and Maine water quality class (AA/A, B, C, nonattainment of any class) to each sample. We used minimally disturbed reference sites to approximate natural conditions (Tier 1). Biologist class assignments were unanimous for 53% of samples, and 42% of samples differed by 1 class. The biologists debated and developed consensus class assignments. A linear discriminant model built to replicate a priori class assignments correctly classified 95% of 150 samples in the model training set and 91% of 80 samples in the model validation set. Locally derived metrics based on BCG taxon tolerance groupings (e.g., sensitive, intermediate, tolerant) were more effective than were metrics developed in other regions. Adding the algal discriminant model to Maine's existing macroinvertebrate discriminant model will broaden detection of biological impairment and further diagnose sources of impairment. The algal discriminant model is specific to Maine, but our approach of explicitly tying an assessment tool to tiered aquatic-life goals is widely transferrable to other regions, taxonomic groups, and waterbody types.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Freshwater Science","doi":"10.1899/11-061.1","usgsCitation":"Danielson, T.J., Loftin, C., Tsomides, L., DiFranco, J.L., Connors, B., Courtemanch, D.L., Drummond, F., and Davies, S., 2012, An algal model for predicting attainment of tiered biological criteria of Maine's streams and rivers: Freshwater Science, v. 31, no. 2, p. 318-340, https://doi.org/10.1899/11-061.1.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"340","ipdsId":"IP-029126","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"599a9fb7e4b0b589267d58bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danielson, Thomas J.","contributorId":195761,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danielson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftin, Cyndy 0000-0001-9104-3724 cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-3724","contributorId":146427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Cyndy","email":"cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":708027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tsomides, Leonidas","contributorId":195762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsomides","given":"Leonidas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiFranco, Jeanne L.","contributorId":195763,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DiFranco","given":"Jeanne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Connors, Beth","contributorId":195764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connors","given":"Beth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Courtemanch, David L.","contributorId":70639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courtemanch","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Drummond, Francis","contributorId":195765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drummond","given":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Davies, Susan","contributorId":63249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70038993,"text":"70038993 - 2012 - Estimating the Cumulative Ecological Effect of Local Scale Landscape Changes in South Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-12T01:01:45","indexId":"70038993","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the Cumulative Ecological Effect of Local Scale Landscape Changes in South Florida","docAbstract":"Ecosystem restoration in south Florida is a state and national priority centered on the Everglades wetlands. However, urban development pressures affect the restoration potential and remaining habitat functions of the natural undeveloped areas. Land use (LU) planning often focuses at the local level, but a better understanding of the cumulative effects of small projects at the landscape level is needed to support ecosystem restoration and preservation. The South Florida Ecosystem Portfolio Model (SFL EPM) is a regional LU planning tool developed to help stakeholders visualize LU scenario evaluation and improve communication about regional effects of LU decisions. One component of the SFL EPM is ecological value (EV), which is evaluated through modeled ecological criteria related to ecosystem services using metrics for (1) biodiversity potential, (2) threatened and endangered species, (3) rare and unique habitats, (4) landscape pattern and fragmentation, (5) water quality buffer potential, and (6) ecological restoration potential. In this article, we demonstrate the calculation of EV using two case studies: (1) assessing altered EV in the Biscayne Gateway area by comparing 2004 LU to potential LU in 2025 and 2050, and (2) the cumulative impact of adding limestone mines south of Miami. Our analyses spatially convey changing regional EV resulting from conversion of local natural and agricultural areas to urban, industrial, or extractive use. Different simulated local LU scenarios may result in different alterations in calculated regional EV. These case studies demonstrate methods that may facilitate evaluation of potential future LU patterns and incorporate EV into decision making.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s00267-011-9771-8","usgsCitation":"Hogan, D.M., Labiosa, W., Pearlstine, L., Hallac, D., Strong, D., Hearn, P., and Bernknopf, R., 2012, Estimating the Cumulative Ecological Effect of Local Scale Landscape Changes in South Florida: Environmental Management, v. 49, no. 2, p. 502-515, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9771-8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"515","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9771-8","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","volume":"49","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b52e4b0c8380cd52696","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hogan, Dianna M. 0000-0003-1492-4514 dhogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1492-4514","contributorId":2299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogan","given":"Dianna","email":"dhogan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Labiosa, William","contributorId":26421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labiosa","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearlstine, Leonard","contributorId":79174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearlstine","given":"Leonard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hallac, David","contributorId":45164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallac","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Strong, David","contributorId":101767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strong","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hearn, Paul","contributorId":28702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard","contributorId":51701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70038986,"text":"70038986 - 2012 - Changes in faunal and vegetation communities along a soil calcium gradient in northern hardwood forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-17T01:01:41","indexId":"70038986","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in faunal and vegetation communities along a soil calcium gradient in northern hardwood forests","docAbstract":"Depletion of Ca from forest soils due to acidic deposition has had potentially pervasive effects on forest communities, but these impacts remain largely unknown. Because snails, salamanders, and plants play essential roles in the Ca cycle of northern hardwood forests, we hypothesized that their community diversity, abundance, and structure would vary with differences in biotic Ca availability. To test this hypothesis, we sampled 12 upland hardwood forests representing a soil Ca gradient in the Adirondack Mountains, New York (USA), where chronic deposition has resulted in acidified soils but where areas of well-buffered soils remain Ca rich due to parent materials. Along the gradient of increasing soil [Ca2+], we observed increasing trends in snail community richness and abundance, live biomass of redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818)), and canopy tree basal area. Salamander communities were dominated by mountain dusky salamanders (Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859) at Ca-poor sites and changed continuously along the Ca gradient to become dominated by redback salamanders at the Ca-rich sites. Several known calciphilic species of snails and plants were found only at the highest-Ca sites. Our results indicated that Ca availability, which is shaped by geology and acidic deposition inputs, influences northern hardwood forest ecosystems at multiple trophic levels, although the underlying mechanisms require further study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ontario","doi":"10.1139/x2012-071","usgsCitation":"Beier, C.M., Woods, A.M., Hotopp, K.P., Gibbs, J.P., Mitchell, M.J., Dovciak, M., Leopold, D.J., Lawrence, G.B., and Page, B.D., 2012, Changes in faunal and vegetation communities along a soil calcium gradient in northern hardwood forests: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 42, no. 6, p. 1141-1152, https://doi.org/10.1139/x2012-071.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1141","endPage":"1152","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258340,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-071","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Adirondack Mountains","volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f412e4b0c8380cd4bb0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beier, Colin M.","contributorId":17107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beier","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woods, Anne M.","contributorId":18642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hotopp, Kenneth P.","contributorId":80977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hotopp","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibbs, James P.","contributorId":102418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibbs","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12623,"text":"State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":465350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mitchell, Myron J.","contributorId":73734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Myron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dovciak, Martin","contributorId":10690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dovciak","given":"Martin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leopold, Donald J.","contributorId":82589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Page, Blair D.","contributorId":33187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Blair","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70038985,"text":"sir20125087 - 2012 - Interlaboratory comparison of three microbial source tracking quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays from fecal-source and environmental samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-11T01:01:42","indexId":"sir20125087","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5087","title":"Interlaboratory comparison of three microbial source tracking quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays from fecal-source and environmental samples","docAbstract":"During summer and early fall 2010, 15 river samples and 6 fecal-source samples were collected in West Virginia. These samples were analyzed by three laboratories for three microbial source tracking (MST) markers: AllBac, a general fecal indicator; BacHum, a human-associated fecal indicator; and BoBac, a ruminant-associated fecal indicator. MST markers were analyzed by means of the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The aim was to assess interlaboratory precision when the three laboratories used the same MST marker and shared deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracts of the samples, but different equipment, reagents, and analyst experience levels. The term assay refers to both the markers and the procedure differences listed above. Interlaboratory precision was best for all three MST assays when using the geometric mean absolute relative percent difference (ARPD) and Friedman's statistical test as a measure of interlaboratory precision. Adjustment factors (one for each MST assay) were calculated using results from fecal-source samples analyzed by all three laboratories and applied retrospectively to sample concentrations to account for differences in qPCR results among labs using different standards and procedures. Following the application of adjustment factors to qPCR results, ARPDs were lower; however, statistically significant differences between labs were still observed for the BacHum and BoBac assays. This was a small study and two of the MST assays had 52 percent of samples with concentrations at or below the limit of accurate quantification; hence, more testing could be done to determine if the adjustment factors would work better if the majority of sample concentrations were above the quantification limit.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Stelzer, E.A., Strickler, K.M., and Schill, W.B., 2012, Interlaboratory comparison of three microbial source tracking quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays from fecal-source and environmental samples: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5087, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125087.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-06-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5087.gif"},{"id":258338,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258339,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5087/pdf/SIR20125087_070912.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","city":"Leetown","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.66666666666667,37.166666666666664 ], [ -82.66666666666667,40.666666666666664 ], [ -77.66666666666667,40.666666666666664 ], [ -77.66666666666667,37.166666666666664 ], [ -82.66666666666667,37.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d25e4b0c8380cd6332b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stelzer, Erin A. 0000-0001-7645-7603 eastelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-7603","contributorId":1933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelzer","given":"Erin","email":"eastelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strickler, Kriston M.","contributorId":91186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickler","given":"Kriston","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schill, William B. 0000-0002-9217-984X wschill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-984X","contributorId":2736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"William","email":"wschill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70038965,"text":"ofr20121133 - 2012 - An environmental streamflow assessment for the Santiam River basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-10T01:01:44","indexId":"ofr20121133","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1133","title":"An environmental streamflow assessment for the Santiam River basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Santiam River is a tributary of the Willamette River in northwestern Oregon and drains an area of 1,810 square miles. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) operates four dams in the basin, which are used primarily for flood control, hydropower production, recreation, and water-quality improvement. The Detroit and Big Cliff Dams were constructed in 1953 on the North Santiam River. The Green Peter and Foster Dams were completed in 1967 on the South Santiam River. The impacts of the structures have included a decrease in the frequency and magnitude of floods and an increase in low flows. For three North Santiam River reaches, the median of annual 1-day maximum streamflows decreased 42–50 percent because of regulated streamflow conditions. Likewise, for three reaches in the South Santiam River basin, the median of annual 1-day maximum streamflows decreased 39–52 percent because of regulation. In contrast to their effect on high flows, the dams increased low flows. The median of annual 7-day minimum flows in six of the seven study reaches increased under regulated streamflow conditions between 60 and 334 percent. On a seasonal basis, median monthly streamflows decreased from February to May and increased from September to January in all the reaches. However, the magnitude of these impacts usually decreased farther downstream from dams because of cumulative inflow from unregulated tributaries and groundwater entering the North, South, and main-stem Santiam Rivers below the dams. A Wilcox rank-sum test of monthly precipitation data from Salem, Oregon, and Waterloo, Oregon, found no significant difference between the pre-and post-dam periods, which suggests that the construction and operation of the dams since the 1950s and 1960s are a primary cause of alterations to the Santiam River basin streamflow regime. In addition to the streamflow analysis, this report provides a geomorphic characterization of the Santiam River basin and the associated conceptual framework for assessing possible geomorphic and ecological changes in response to river-flow modifications. Suggestions for future biomonitoring and investigations are also provided. This study was one in a series of similar tributary streamflow and geomorphic studies conducted for the Willamette Sustainable Rivers Project. The Sustainable Rivers Project is a national effort by the USACE and The Nature Conservancy to develop environmental flow requirements in regulated river systems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Risley, J.C., Wallick, J., Mangano, J.F., and Jones, K.L., 2012, An environmental streamflow assessment for the Santiam River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1133, vi, 66 p.; Appendices; ZIP Downloads of Appendices A and C; XLSX Download of Appendix D, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121133.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p.; Appendices; ZIP Downloads of Appendices A and C; XLSX Download of Appendix D","startPage":"i","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1133.jpg"},{"id":258272,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1133/pdf/ofr20121133.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Santiam River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea3ee4b0c8380cd4871d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallick, J. Rose 0000-0002-9392-272X rosewall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-272X","contributorId":3583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallick","given":"J. Rose","email":"rosewall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mangano, Joseph F. 0000-0003-4213-8406 jmangano@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4213-8406","contributorId":4722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"Joseph","email":"jmangano@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, Krista L. 0000-0002-0301-4497 kljones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-4497","contributorId":4550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Krista","email":"kljones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70038964,"text":"fs20123068 - 2012 - National hydrography dataset--linear referencing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-10T01:01:44","indexId":"fs20123068","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3068","title":"National hydrography dataset--linear referencing","docAbstract":"Geospatial data normally have a certain set of standard attributes, such as an identification number, the type of feature, and name of the feature. These standard attributes are typically embedded into the default attribute table, which is directly linked to the geospatial features. However, it is impractical to embed too much information because it can create a complex, inflexible, and hard to maintain geospatial dataset. Many scientists prefer to create a modular, or relational, data design where the information about the features is stored and maintained separately, then linked to the geospatial data. For example, information about the water chemistry of a lake can be maintained in a separate file and linked to the lake. A Geographic Information System (GIS) can then relate the water chemistry to the lake and analyze it as one piece of information. For example, the GIS can select all lakes more than 50 acres, with turbidity greater than 1.5 milligrams per liter.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123068","collaboration":"National Geospatial Program","usgsCitation":"Simley, J., and Doumbouya, A., 2012, National hydrography dataset--linear referencing: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3068, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123068.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3068.gif"},{"id":258270,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258271,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3068/FS12-3068.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6271e4b0c8380cd71ef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simley, Jeffrey","contributorId":31246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simley","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doumbouya, Ariel","contributorId":44025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doumbouya","given":"Ariel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198842,"text":"70198842 - 2012 - Introduction to emergent wetlands: Chapter A in Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T07:48:52","indexId":"70198842","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-07T13:21:48","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"chapter":"A","title":"Introduction to emergent wetlands: Chapter A in Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010","docAbstract":"Throughout the past century, emergent wetlands have been declining across the Gulf of Mexico.
Emergent wetland ecosystems provide a plethora of resources including plant and wildlife habitat,
commercial and recreational economic activity, water quality improvement, and natural barriers against
storms. As emergent wetland losses increase, so does the need for information on the causes and effects of
these losses, for emergent wetland mapping, for monitoring and restoration efforts, and for increased
education.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Gulf of
Mexico Program Office (EPA GMPO) are committed to providing the best science to restore, enhance, and
protect these important ecosystems. The Emergent Wetlands Status and Trends Report is a continuation of
the completed Seagrass Status and Trends in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Report (Handley and others,
2007), both of which serve to update the EPA GMPO Status and Trends of Emergent and Submerged
Vegetated Habitats of Gulf of Mexico Coastal Waters, USA Report (Duke and Kruczynski, 1992). The
Emergent Wetlands Status and Trends Report is also part of the Gulf of Mexico Alliance Ecosystems
Integration and Assessment Priority Issue Team’s work plan to provide resources that will aid in the
ecological and economic enhancement of the Gulf of Mexico region. The purpose of this report is to
provide scientists, managers, and citizens with valuable baseline information on the status and trends of
emergent wetlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The study upon which this report is based
examines the emergent wetlands of eight individual estuarine areas within the northern Gulf of Mexico
region and presents statewide summaries for Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Each
estuarine area is detailed in vignettes that address current status and historical trends of estuarine and
palustrine emergent wetlands, emergent wetlands mapping and monitoring, causes of status change,
restoration and enhancement activities, background information for the study area, and the methodology
employed to analyze and document the historical trends and current status of emergent wetlands.
The eight individual estuarine areas examined in this report are:
Corpus Christi/ Nueces/Aransas Bays, Tex.
Galveston Bay, Tex.
Barataria/Terrebonne Bay, La.
Mississippi Delta, La.
Mississippi Sound, Miss.
Mobile Bay, Ala.
Florida Panhandle, Fla.
Tampa Bay, Fla.
In this paper we describe an application of a GIS-based multi-criteria decision support web tool that models and evaluates relative changes in ecosystem services to policy and land management decisions. The Santa Cruz Watershed Ecosystem Portfolio (SCWEPM) was designed to provide credible forecasts of responses to ecosystem drivers and stressors and to illustrate the role of land use decisions on spatial and temporal distributions of ecosystem services within a binational (U.S. and Mexico) watershed. We present two SCWEPM sub-models that when analyzed together address bidirectional relationships between social and ecological vulnerability and ecosystem services. The first model employs the Modified Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index (M-SEVI), which assesses community vulnerability using information from U.S. and Mexico censuses on education, access to resources, migratory status, housing situation, and number of dependents. The second, relating land cover change to biodiversity (provisioning services), models changes in the distribution of terrestrial vertebrate habitat based on multitemporal vegetation and land cover maps, wildlife habitat relationships, and changes in land use/land cover patterns. When assessed concurrently, the models exposed some unexpected relationships between vulnerable communities and ecosystem services provisioning. For instance, the most species-rich habitat type in the watershed, Desert Riparian Forest, increased over time in areas occupied by the most vulnerable populations and declined in areas with less vulnerable populations. This type of information can be used to identify ecological conservation and restoration targets that enhance the livelihoods of people in vulnerable communities and promote biodiversity and ecosystem health.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the sixth biannial meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, Leipzig, Germany, July 1-5, 2012","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"6th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software (iEMSs)","conferenceDate":"July 1-5, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Leipzig, Germany","language":"English","publisher":"International Environmental Modelling and Software Society","usgsCitation":"Villarreal, M.L., Norman, L.M., and Labiosa, W.B., 2012, Assessing the vulnerability of human and biological communities to changing ecosystem services using a GIS-based multi-criteria decision support tool, in Proceedings of the sixth biannial meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, Leipzig, Germany, July 1-5, 2012, Leipzig, Germany, July 1-5, 2012, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035878","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.iemss.org/society/index.php/iemss-2012-proceedings"},{"id":307425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.89692933742873,\n 31.03338137501963\n ],\n [\n -110.53967132994711,\n 31.052045559357452\n ],\n [\n -110.18677012743555,\n 31.33156842538311\n ],\n [\n -110.26954942185198,\n 31.502599872693537\n ],\n [\n -110.38282635105342,\n 31.625104005550753\n ],\n [\n -110.35232871626839,\n 31.747447054283\n ],\n [\n -110.30876066657514,\n 32.14302307888684\n ],\n [\n -110.31311747154471,\n 32.23888675025003\n ],\n [\n -110.37411274111477,\n 32.308877076912594\n ],\n [\n -110.48303286534663,\n 32.32360500041531\n ],\n [\n -110.60066659951715,\n 32.470752409392915\n ],\n [\n -110.66166186908718,\n 32.507501770311265\n ],\n [\n -110.68780269890314,\n 32.64701233297025\n ],\n [\n -111.33260983435669,\n 32.75699878112739\n ],\n [\n -111.6245157672987,\n 33.19193960680832\n ],\n [\n -112.27803651269089,\n 33.29760843187891\n ],\n [\n -112.64836493508025,\n 33.14817722758413\n ],\n [\n -112.67886256986527,\n 32.936351431346736\n ],\n [\n -112.71371700961936,\n 32.63233723506134\n ],\n [\n -112.62222410526428,\n 32.470752409392915\n ],\n [\n -112.5525152257561,\n 32.29414675890112\n ],\n [\n -112.21268443815177,\n 32.117196384557545\n ],\n [\n -112.15168916858173,\n 31.98056250192039\n ],\n [\n -111.82492879588563,\n 31.947296406620424\n ],\n [\n -111.63322937723734,\n 31.817813784680425\n ],\n [\n -111.68986784183781,\n 31.702977332621856\n ],\n [\n -111.66808381699143,\n 31.59542081267658\n ],\n [\n -111.44588676355814,\n 31.53602604618385\n ],\n [\n -111.19319207533981,\n 31.402249647414394\n ],\n [\n -111.17140805049343,\n 31.201227169537006\n ],\n [\n -111.09734236601565,\n 31.111746348048058\n ],\n [\n -111.03634709644561,\n 31.089362946870978\n ],\n [\n -110.89692933742873,\n 31.03338137501963\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91aee4b0518e354dd12a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L. 0000-0003-0720-1422 mvillarreal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-1422","contributorId":1424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel","email":"mvillarreal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Labiosa, William B.","contributorId":20445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labiosa","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70038871,"text":"sir20125125 - 2012 - Streamflow gains and losses and selected water-quality observations in five subreaches of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo del Norte from near Presidio to Langtry, Texas, Big Bend area, United States and Mexico, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-08T08:55:35","indexId":"sir20125125","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5125","title":"Streamflow gains and losses and selected water-quality observations in five subreaches of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo del Norte from near Presidio to Langtry, Texas, Big Bend area, United States and Mexico, 2006","docAbstract":"Few historical streamflow and water-quality data are available to characterize the segment of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo del Norte (hereinafter Rio Grande) extending from near Presidio to near Langtry, Texas. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, collected water-quality and streamflow data from the Rio Grande from near Presidio to near Langtry, Texas, to characterize the streamflow gain and loss and selected constituent concentrations in a 336.3-mile reach of the Rio Grande from near Presidio to near Langtry, Texas. Streamflow was measured at 38 sites and water-quality samples were collected at 20 sites along the Rio Grande in February, March, and June 2006. Streamflow gains and losses over the course of the stream were measured indirectly by computing the differences in measured streamflow between sites along the stream. Water-quality data were collected and analyzed for salinity, dissolved solids, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and stable isotopes. Selected properties and constituents were compared to available Texas Commission on Environmental Quality general use protection criteria or screening levels. Summary statistics of selected water-quality data were computed for each of the five designated subreaches. Streamflow gain and loss and water-quality constituent concentration were compared for each subreach, rather than the entire segment because of the temporal variation in sample collection caused by controlled releases upstream. Subreach A was determined to be a losing reach, and subreaches B, C, D, and E were determined to be gaining reaches. Compared to concentrations measured in upstream subreaches, downstream subreaches exhibited evidence of dilution of selected constituent concentrations. Subreaches A and B had measured total dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate exceeding the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality general use protection criteria. Subreaches C, D, and E did not exceed the general use protection criteria for any constituent concentration criteria, but dissolved oxygen concentrations did not meet the general use criteria in these subreaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125125","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., Turco, M.J., Connor, P.J., and Bennett, J.B., 2012, Streamflow gains and losses and selected water-quality observations in five subreaches of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo del Norte from near Presidio to Langtry, Texas, Big Bend area, United States and Mexico, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5125, vi, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125125.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2006-02-01","temporalEnd":"2006-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5125.JPG"},{"id":258207,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5125/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258206,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5125/pdf/sir2012-5125.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Projection Zone 13","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Chihuahua, Coahuila, Texas","county":"Brewster County, Presido County, Terrell County, Val Verde County","city":"Langtry, Presidio","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.75,28.25 ], [ -104.75,30 ], [ -101.25,30 ], [ -101.25,28.25 ], [ -104.75,28.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b01e4b08c986b31cc18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turco, Michael J. mjturco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turco","given":"Michael","email":"mjturco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connor, Patrick J.","contributorId":11081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, Jeffery B.","contributorId":82993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040395,"text":"70040395 - 2012 - Use of Dry Tortugas National Park by threatened and endangered marine turtles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-14T16:19:25.926867","indexId":"70040395","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-04T02:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"chapter":"5","title":"Use of Dry Tortugas National Park by threatened and endangered marine turtles","docAbstract":"Satellite and acoustic tracking results for green turtles, hawksbills, and loggerheads have revealed patterns in the proportion of time that tagged turtles spend within various zones of the park, including the RNA. Green turtles primarily utilize the shallow areas in the northern portion of the park. Hawksbills were mostly observed near Garden Key and loggerheads were observed throughout DRTO. Our record of turtle captures, recaptures, and sightings over the last 4 years serves as a baseline database for understanding the size classes of each species present in the park, as well as species-specific habitats in DRTO waters.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Implementing the Dry Tortugas National Park Research Natural Area science plan: The 5-year report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","collaboration":"National Park Service and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","usgsCitation":"Hart, K.M., Fujisaki, I., and Sartain-Iverson, A.R., 2012, Use of Dry Tortugas National Park by threatened and endangered marine turtles, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033891","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319611,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319610,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2188640","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Dry Tortugas National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.76726111255684,\n 24.668880028267623\n ],\n [\n -82.76808893731325,\n 24.70347980045176\n ],\n [\n -82.80244366469317,\n 24.726039692971767\n ],\n [\n -82.8670139956724,\n 24.725287762430412\n ],\n [\n -82.90012698591825,\n 24.717768207105777\n ],\n [\n -82.96635296640954,\n 24.647814596972225\n ],\n [\n -82.96511122927551,\n 24.5657760529391\n ],\n [\n -82.89722959927172,\n 24.566528944544928\n ],\n [\n -82.79996019042464,\n 24.616209786360997\n ],\n [\n -82.76767502493483,\n 24.668880028267623\n ],\n [\n -82.76726111255684,\n 24.668880028267623\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fd0613e4b0a6037df2d04c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Kristin M.","contributorId":147610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hart","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fujisaki, Ikuko","contributorId":42152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fujisaki","given":"Ikuko","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":514619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sartain-Iverson, Autumn R. 0000-0002-8353-6745 asartain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8353-6745","contributorId":5477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sartain-Iverson","given":"Autumn","email":"asartain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":514620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70046934,"text":"70046934 - 2012 - Process-based coastal erosion modeling for Drew Point (North Slope, Alaska)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-23T10:19:29","indexId":"70046934","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-03T09:56:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Process-based coastal erosion modeling for Drew Point (North Slope, Alaska)","docAbstract":"A predictive, coastal erosion/shoreline change model has been developed for a small coastal segment near Drew Point, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. This coastal setting has experienced a dramatic increase in erosion since the early 2000’s. The bluffs at this site are 3-4 m tall and consist of ice-wedge bounded blocks of fine-grained sediments cemented by ice-rich permafrost and capped with a thin organic layer. The bluffs are typically fronted by a narrow (∼ 5 m wide) beach or none at all. During a storm surge, the sea contacts the base of the bluff and a niche is formed through thermal and mechanical erosion. The niche grows both vertically and laterally and eventually undermines the bluff, leading to block failure or collapse. The fallen block is then eroded both thermally and mechanically by waves and currents, which must occur before a new niche forming episode may begin. The erosion model explicitly accounts for and integrates a number of these processes including: (1) storm surge generation resulting from wind and atmospheric forcing, (2) erosional niche growth resulting from wave-induced turbulent heat transfer and sediment transport (using the Kobayashi niche erosion model), and (3) thermal and mechanical erosion of the fallen block. The model was calibrated with historic shoreline change data for one time period (1979-2002), and validated with a later time period (2002-2007).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000106","usgsCitation":"Ravens, T.M., Jones, B.M., Zhang, J., Arp, C.D., and Schmutz, J.A., 2012, Process-based coastal erosion modeling for Drew Point (North Slope, Alaska): Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 138, no. 2, p. 122-130, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000106.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-026511","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275272,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000106"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Teshekpuk Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153.9444,70.5395 ], [ -153.9444,70.9763 ], [ -152.1354,70.9763 ], [ -152.1354,70.5395 ], [ -153.9444,70.5395 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"138","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51efa5f6e4b0b09fbe58f1d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ravens, Thomas M.","contributorId":24668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravens","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Jinlin","contributorId":25841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jinlin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":480644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038902,"text":"sir20125090 - 2012 - Analysis of annual dissolved-solids loading from selected natural and irrigated catchments in the Upper Colorado River Basin, 1974-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T10:39:13","indexId":"sir20125090","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5090","title":"Analysis of annual dissolved-solids loading from selected natural and irrigated catchments in the Upper Colorado River Basin, 1974-2003","docAbstract":"Dissolved-solids loading from 17 natural catchments and 14 irrigated catchments in the Upper Colorado River Basin was examined for the period from 1974 through 2003. In general, dissolved-solids loading increased and decreased concurrently in natural and irrigated catchments but at different magnitudes. Annually, the magnitude of loading in natural catchments changed about 10 percent more, on average, than in irrigated catchments. Measures of variability, or spread, indicate that natural catchments had 35 percent greater annual variability in loading than irrigated catchments. Precipitation and dissolved-solids loads were positively correlated in natural catchments, and a weak positive correlation was determined for irrigated catchments. A weak negative correlation between temperature and dissolved-solids load was determined for both natural and irrigated catchments. In irrigated catchments, the dissolved-solids load response to an above-average precipitation period from 1982 through 1987 generally lagged behind that in the natural catchments. On average, irrigated catchments with reservoir storage had the largest normalized maximum annual loads during the wet period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125090","usgsCitation":"Kenney, T.A., Gerner, S.J., and Buto, S.G., 2012, Analysis of annual dissolved-solids loading from selected natural and irrigated catchments in the Upper Colorado River Basin, 1974-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5090, vi, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125090.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1974-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5090.jpg"},{"id":258139,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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A. 0000-0003-4477-7295 tkenney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4477-7295","contributorId":447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenney","given":"Terry","email":"tkenney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerner, Steven J. 0000-0002-5701-1304 sjgerner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-1304","contributorId":972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"Steven","email":"sjgerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buto, Susan G. 0000-0002-1107-9549 sbuto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9549","contributorId":1057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buto","given":"Susan","email":"sbuto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70038903,"text":"70038903 - 2012 - Hyper-dry conditions provide new insights into the cause of extreme floods after wildfire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-04T01:02:11","indexId":"70038903","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1198,"text":"Catena","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hyper-dry conditions provide new insights into the cause of extreme floods after wildfire","docAbstract":"A catastrophic wildfire in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains near Boulder, Colorado provided a unique opportunity to investigate soil conditions immediately after a wildfire and before alteration by rainfall. Measurements of near-surface (< 6 cm) soil properties (temperature, volumetric soil-water content, θ; and matric suction, ψ), rainfall, and wind velocity were started 8 days after the wildfire began. These measurements established that hyper-dryconditions (θ < ~ 0.02 cm3 cm-3; ψ > ~ 3 x 105 cm) existed and provided an in-situ retention curve for these conditions. These conditions exacerbate the effects of water repellency (natural and fire-induced) and limit the effectiveness of capillarity and gravity driven infiltration into fire-affected soils. The important consequence is that given hyper-dryconditions, the critical rewetting process before the first rain is restricted to the diffusion–adsorption of water-vapor. This process typically has a time scale of days to weeks (especially when the hydrologic effects of the ash layer are included) that is longer than the typical time scale (minutes to hours) of some rainstorms, such that under hyper-dryconditions essentially no rain infiltrates. The existence of hyper-dryconditions provides insight into why, frequently during the first rain storm after a wildfire, nearly all rainfall becomes runoff causing extremefloods and debris flows.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Catena","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2012.01.006","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Ebel, B.A., 2012, Hyper-dry conditions provide new insights into the cause of extreme floods after wildfire: Catena, v. 93, p. 58-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.01.006.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258141,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.01.006","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Boulder","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","volume":"93","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37b5e4b0c8380cd610c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, John A. 0000-0003-2609-364X jamoody@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-364X","contributorId":771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"John","email":"jamoody@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038898,"text":"ofr20111274 - 2012 - Paleontology and geochronology of the Long Beach core sites and monitoring wells, Long Beach, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-13T01:01:54","indexId":"ofr20111274","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1274","title":"Paleontology and geochronology of the Long Beach core sites and monitoring wells, Long Beach, California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's Focus on Quaternary Stratigraphy in Los Angeles (FOQUS-LA) project was a cooperative coring program between Federal, State, and local agencies. It was designed to provide a better understanding of earthquake potentials and to develop a stratigraphic model of the western Los Angeles Basin in California. The biostratigraphic, geochronologic, and paleoecologic analyses of eight wells drilled during the FOQUS-LA project are presented. These analyses are based on microfossils (benthic and planktic foraminifers), macrofossils, paleomagnetic stratigraphy, optically stimulated luminescence, thermoluminescence, radiocarbon dating, and tephrochronology. A geochronologic framework (incorporating paleomagnetism, luminescence, and tephrochronology) was used to calibrate the sequence stratigraphic units in the FOQUS-LA wells and also was used to calibrate the ages of the microfossil stage and zonal boundaries. The results of this study show that (1) the offshore California margin zones can be used in a nearshore setting, and (2) the California margin zonal scheme refines the chronostratigraphic resolution of the benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphic framework for the Pacific Coast. Benthic foraminiferal stages are modified by the recognition of an early Hallian substage, which is a faunal change recognized throughout the Los Angeles Basin. Although no detailed macrofossil zonations exist for the Quaternary of southern California, several species, whose distribution is regulated by the climatic conditions, are useful as secondary marker species in the shallower water deposits of the Los Angeles Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111274","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and the Water Replenishment District of Southern California","usgsCitation":"McDougall, K., Hillhouse, J., Powell, C., Mahan, S., Wan, E., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., 2012, Paleontology and geochronology of the Long Beach core sites and monitoring wells, Long Beach, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1274, xi, 223 p.; Plates Folder; All Files Folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111274.","productDescription":"xi, 223 p.; Plates Folder; All Files Folder","numberOfPages":"235","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":671,"text":"Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1274/of2011-1274_report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258130,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1274/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1274.png"}],"country":"United States","city":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Beach;Los Angeles Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7437e4b0c8380cd774fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDougall, Kristin 0000-0002-8788-3664","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-3664","contributorId":85610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall","given":"Kristin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hillhouse, John","contributorId":25400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillhouse","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, Charles II","contributorId":83379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Charles","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon 0000-0001-5214-7774","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":19239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wan, Elmira 0000-0002-9255-112X ewan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-112X","contributorId":3434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wan","given":"Elmira","email":"ewan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. 0000-0002-0244-9149 asarna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":1046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"Andrei","email":"asarna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70102472,"text":"70102472 - 2012 - Gaining the necessary geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical understanding for additional brackish groundwater development, coastal San Diego, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-02T14:56:17","indexId":"70102472","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T15:38:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Gaining the necessary geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical understanding for additional brackish groundwater development, coastal San Diego, California, USA","docAbstract":"Local water agencies and the United States Geological Survey are using a \ncombination of techniques to better understand the scant freshwater resources and the much \nmore abundant brackish resources in coastal San Diego, California, USA. Techniques include \ninstallation of multiple-depth monitoring well sites; geologic and paleontological analysis of \ndrill cuttings; geophysical logging to identify formations and possible seawater intrusion; \nsampling of pore-water obtained from cores; analysis of chemical constituents including trace \nelements and isotopes; and use of scoping models including a three-dimensional geologic \nframework model, rainfall-runoff model, regional groundwater flow model, and coastal \ndensity-dependent groundwater flow model. Results show that most fresh groundwater was \nrecharged during the last glacial period and that the coastal aquifer has had recurring \nintrusions of fresh and saline water. These intrusions disguise the source, flowpaths, and \nhistory of ground water near the coast. The flow system includes a freshwater lens resting on \nbrackish water; a 100-meter-thick flowtube of freshwater discharging under brackish \nestuarine water and above highly saline water; and broad areas of fine-grained coastal \nsediment filled with fairly uniform brackish water. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen \nindicate the recharged water flows through many kilometers of fractured crystalline rock \nbefore entering the narrow coastal aquifer.
","largerWorkTitle":"22nd Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM)","conferenceTitle":"22nd Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM)","conferenceDate":"2012-06-17T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Buzios, Brazil","language":"English","publisher":"Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM)","usgsCitation":"Danskin, W.R., 2012, Gaining the necessary geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical understanding for additional brackish groundwater development, coastal San Diego, California, USA, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"5","ipdsId":"IP-037915","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286520,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/sandiego/abstracts/SWIM.Danskin.LoRes.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Diego","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.282167,32.534856 ], [ -117.282167,33.114249 ], [ -116.90816,33.114249 ], [ -116.90816,32.534856 ], [ -117.282167,32.534856 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b13ee4b0388651d9173b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danskin, Wesley R. 0000-0001-8672-5501 wdanskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-5501","contributorId":1034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danskin","given":"Wesley","email":"wdanskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70043338,"text":"70043338 - 2012 - Reflections on our Model Validation editorial","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-12T12:25:07","indexId":"70043338","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T12:22:55","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflections on our Model Validation editorial","docAbstract":"This reprinted editorial from 1993 helps to celebrate the legacy of ideas that have influenced generations of hydrogeologists. Drs. Bredehoeft and Konikow kindly provided the following reflections on their editorial.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00951.x","usgsCitation":"Bredehoeft, J.D., and Konikow, L.F., 2012, Reflections on our Model Validation editorial: Ground Water, v. 50, no. 4, p. 493-495, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00951.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"495","ipdsId":"IP-037619","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":624,"text":"Water Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274921,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00951.x"}],"country":"United States","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e1256fe4b02f5cae2b73ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":86747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169880,"text":"70169880 - 2012 - Examining spring wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T10:43:41","indexId":"70169880","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Examining spring wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"Wet slab and glide snow avalanches are dangerous and yet can be particularly difficult to predict. Wet slab and glide avalanches are presumably triggered by free water moving through the snowpack and the subsequent interaction with layer or ground interfaces, and typically occur in the spring during warming and subsequent melt periods. In Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana, both types of avalanches can occur in the same year and affect the spring opening operations of the Going-to-the-Sun Road (GTSR).
\nWe investigated the timing of wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the GTSR from 2003 to 2011 using meteorological and snowpack data from two high-elevation weather stations, one SNOTEL site, and an avalanche database to characterize 55 wet slab and 182 glide avalanches. Daily wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence were combined to represent an avalanche day and were compared to non-avalanche days (no avalanche occurrence) for 60 variables (both direct and derived measurements) using a univariate analysis. A classification tree (CART) was then trained to capture the most important variables for examining specific meteorological and snowpack variables that contribute to these types of wet snow avalanches. The CART was 10-fold cross validated using the data for 2003–2010 seasons and resulted in overall predictive accuracy of 73%. We then used the statistically optimal CART as a predictive model for the spring avalanche season of 2011, which resulted in an overall predictive accuracy of 82% for both avalanche and non-avalanche days, and a predictive accuracy of 91% for avalanche days.
\nThe results suggest that the role of air temperature and snowpack settlement appear to be the most important variables in wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence. When applied to the 2011 season, the results of the CART model are encouraging and they enhance our understanding of some of the required meteorological and snowpack conditions for wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.01.012","usgsCitation":"Peitzsch, E.H., Hendrikx, J., Fagre, D.B., and Reardon, B., 2012, Examining spring wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 78, p. 73-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.01.012.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"81","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032503","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fba7a5e4b0a6037df1a140","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peitzsch, Erich H. 0000-0001-7624-0455 epeitzsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-0455","contributorId":3786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peitzsch","given":"Erich","email":"epeitzsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendrikx, Jordy","contributorId":166967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hendrikx","given":"Jordy","affiliations":[{"id":13628,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 173480, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA. 59717.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reardon, Blase","contributorId":168313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reardon","given":"Blase","affiliations":[{"id":25251,"text":"University of Montana, Department of Geosciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70074333,"text":"70074333 - 2012 - Monitoring groundwater-surface water interaction using time-series and time-frequency analysis of transient three-dimensional electrical resistivity changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-29T11:47:14","indexId":"70074333","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T11:21:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring groundwater-surface water interaction using time-series and time-frequency analysis of transient three-dimensional electrical resistivity changes","docAbstract":"Time-lapse resistivity imaging is increasingly used to monitor hydrologic processes. Compared to conventional hydrologic measurements, surface time-lapse resistivity provides superior spatial coverage in two or three dimensions, potentially high-resolution information in time, and information in the absence of wells. However, interpretation of time-lapse electrical tomograms is complicated by the ever-increasing size and complexity of long-term, three-dimensional (3-D) time series conductivity data sets. Here we use 3-D surface time-lapse electrical imaging to monitor subsurface electrical conductivity variations associated with stage-driven groundwater-surface water interactions along a stretch of the Columbia River adjacent to the Hanford 300 near Richland, Washington, USA. We reduce the resulting 3-D conductivity time series using both time-series and time-frequency analyses to isolate a paleochannel causing enhanced groundwater-surface water interactions. Correlation analysis on the time-lapse imaging results concisely represents enhanced groundwater-surface water interactions within the paleochannel, and provides information concerning groundwater flow velocities. Time-frequency analysis using the Stockwell (S) transform provides additional information by identifying the stage periodicities driving groundwater-surface water interactions due to upstream dam operations, and identifying segments in time-frequency space when these interactions are most active. These results provide new insight into the distribution and timing of river water intrusion into the Hanford 300 Area, which has a governing influence on the behavior of a uranium plume left over from historical nuclear fuel processing operations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2012WR011893","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T., Slater, L.D., Ntarlagiannis, D., Day-Lewis, F.D., and Elwaseif, M., 2012, Monitoring groundwater-surface water interaction using time-series and time-frequency analysis of transient three-dimensional electrical resistivity changes: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 7, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011893.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-037950","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012wr011893","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281637,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011893"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Richland","otherGeospatial":"Doe Hanford 300 Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.400291,46.259468 ], [ -119.400291,46.370457 ], [ -119.211394,46.370457 ], [ -119.211394,46.259468 ], [ -119.400291,46.259468 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"48","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd681fe4b0b29085101d37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Timothy C.","contributorId":99884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Timothy C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slater, Lee D.","contributorId":95792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ntarlagiannis, Dimitris","contributorId":14295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ntarlagiannis","given":"Dimitris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elwaseif, Mehrez","contributorId":86681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elwaseif","given":"Mehrez","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70098178,"text":"70098178 - 2012 - Rocky Mountain hydroclimate: Holocene variability and the role of insolation, ENSO, and the North American Monsoon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-18T09:35:09","indexId":"70098178","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T09:30:28","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rocky Mountain hydroclimate: Holocene variability and the role of insolation, ENSO, and the North American Monsoon","docAbstract":"Over the period of instrumental records, precipitation maximum in the headwaters of the Colorado Rocky Mountains has been dominated by winter snow, with a substantial degree of interannual variability linked to Pacific ocean–atmosphere dynamics. High-elevation snowpack is an important water storage that is carefully observed in order to meet increasing water demands in the greater semi-arid region. The purpose here is to consider Rocky Mountain water trends during the Holocene when known changes in earth's energy balance were caused by precession-driven insolation variability. Changes in solar insolation are thought to have influenced the variability and intensity of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and North American Monsoon and the seasonal precipitation balance between rain and snow at upper elevations. Holocene records are presented from two high elevation lakes located in northwest Colorado that document decade-to-century scale precipitation seasonality for the past ~ 7000 years. Comparisons with sub-tropical records of ENSO indicate that the snowfall-dominated precipitation maxima developed ~ 3000 and 4000 years ago, coincident with evidence for enhanced ENSO/PDO dynamics. During the early-to-mid Holocene the records suggest a more monsoon affected precipitation regime with reduced snowpack, more rainfall, and net moisture deficits that were more severe than recent droughts. The Holocene perspective of precipitation indicates a far broader range of variability than that of the past century and highlights the non-linear character of hydroclimate in the U.S. west.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.05.012","usgsCitation":"Anderson, L., 2012, Rocky Mountain hydroclimate: Holocene variability and the role of insolation, ENSO, and the North American Monsoon: Global and Planetary Change, v. 92-93, p. 198-208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.05.012.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-035838","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284099,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.05.012"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -129.81,23.48 ], [ -129.81,52.21 ], [ -87.98,52.21 ], [ -87.98,23.48 ], [ -129.81,23.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"92-93","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd711ce4b0b2908510778a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Lesleigh 0000-0002-5264-089X land@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5264-089X","contributorId":436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Lesleigh","email":"land@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038895,"text":"sir20125003 - 2012 - Statistical relations of salt and selenium loads to geospatial characteristics of corresponding subbasins of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-03T17:03:09","indexId":"sir20125003","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5003","title":"Statistical relations of salt and selenium loads to geospatial characteristics of corresponding subbasins of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers in Colorado","docAbstract":"Elevated loads of salt and selenium can impair the quality of water for both anthropogenic and natural uses. Understanding the environmental processes controlling how salt and selenium are introduced to streams is critical to managing and mitigating the effects of elevated loads. Dominant relations between salt and selenium loads and environmental characteristics can be established by using geospatial data. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, investigated statistical relations between seasonal salt or selenium loads emanating from the Upper Colorado River Basin and geospatial data. Salt and selenium loads measured during the irrigation and nonirrigation seasons were related to geospatial variables for 168 subbasins within the Gunnison and Colorado River Basins. These geospatial variables represented subbasin characteristics of the physical environment, precipitation, geology, land use, and the irrigation network. All subbasin variables with units of area had statistically significant relations with load. The few variables that were not in units of area but were statistically significant helped to identify types of geospatial data that might influence salt and selenium loading. Following a stepwise approach, combinations of these statistically significant variables were used to develop multiple linear regression models. The models can be used to help prioritize areas where salt and selenium control projects might be most effective.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Leib, K.J., Linard, J.I., and Williams, C.A., 2012, Statistical relations of salt and selenium loads to geospatial characteristics of corresponding subbasins of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5003, v, 31 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125003.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.; Appendices","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5003.gif"},{"id":258123,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258124,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5003/SIR12-5003.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Gunnison River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9740e4b08c986b31b98f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linard, Joshua I. jilinard@usgs.gov","contributorId":1465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linard","given":"Joshua","email":"jilinard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70038519,"text":"70038519 - 2012 - Strontium isotopes and nutrient sourcing in a semi-arid woodland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T19:24:09.343812","indexId":"70038519","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium isotopes and nutrient sourcing in a semi-arid woodland","docAbstract":"Sr isotopes are widely used as a tracer of Sr and Ca in surficial systems. Basalt flows ranging in age from 3 ka (kiloyears ago) to > 200 ka from El Malpais National Monument (EMNM), New Mexico provide an ideal setting to examine strontium, and hence calcium cycling by plants in a semi-arid woodland. To gauge plant dependence on atmospheric dust versus local weathering products for strontium and calcium, we measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios in local bedrock and soils, and compared them to leaf/wood cellulose of four different conifers, a deciduous tree, three shrubs, an annual C4 grass, and a lichen. Sampling sites varied by parent material (limestone, sandstone, granite, and basalt) and age (Quaternary to Precambrian), providing a wide range in end-member 87Sr/86Sr ratios, whereas the target plant species varied in physiognomy, life history, and rooting depth. On non-basalt parent material, the contribution from dust changed with the supply of weatherable Sr-bearing minerals in local bedrock. Soils developed on Paleozoic limestone showed significant bedrock contributions. On basalts, the Sr budget of soils at EMNM is dominated by atmospheric dust on young, 3 ka flows, incorporates a mixture of basalt-dust in 9 ka flows, and is basalt-dominated in 120 ka flows. This is unlike the pattern observed in tropical soils developed on basalt in Hawaii, where basalt weathering dominates the Sr inventory of the youngest soils and aerosols dominate in older, deeply weathered soils. This contrast is mainly due to different water/rock (W/R) ratios: bedrock subjected to high W/R over short periods is quickly ( < 10 ka) depleted in Sr (and Ca), except for the ongoing replenishment from aerosols. In arid settings where W/R are lower, soil Sr is still abundantly available first from dust, and increasingly from bedrock even after 120 ka. For plants, 87Sr/86Sr variations within and across sites at EMNP showed that evergreen trees varied most in 87Sr/86Sr ratios, shrubs were least dependent on eolian input of Sr, and both foliage density and rooting depths influence soil Sr pools.
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A Fe-based coagulant was reacted with DOM from an agricultural drain and the resulting precipitate (floc) was exposed to S(-II) and Fe(II). Solution concentrations of Fe(II/III) and DOM were monitored, floc crystallinity was determined using X-ray diffraction, and the composition and distribution of functional groups were assessed using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Results indicate coprecipitation of Fe(III) with DOM forms a non-crystalline floc that withstands crystallization regardless of change in pH, Fe:DOM ratio and type of reductant added. There was no evidence that exposure to reducing conditions led to release of DOM from the floc, indicating that coprecipitation with complex natural DOM in aquatic environments may stabilize Fe (hydr)oxides against crystallization upon reaction with reduced species and lead to long term sequestration of the DOM. STXM analysis identified spatially distinct regions with remarkable functional group purity, contrary to the model of DOM as a relatively uniform complex polymer lacking identifiable organic compounds. 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