{"pageNumber":"6708","pageRowStart":"167675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":2718,"text":"wsp1615C - 1963 - Equipment and controls used in studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp1615C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1615","chapter":"C","title":"Equipment and controls used in studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wsp1615C","usgsCitation":"Sniegocki, R.T., Bayley, F.H., and Engler, K., 1963, Equipment and controls used in studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1615, iii, 39 p. :ill., map ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1615C.","productDescription":"iii, 39 p. :ill., map ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29103,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d660","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sniegocki, Richard T.","contributorId":67068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sniegocki","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bayley, F. H.","contributorId":75896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayley","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engler, Kyle","contributorId":106862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engler","given":"Kyle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3199,"text":"wsp1544D - 1963 - Application of electrical and radioactive well logging to ground-water hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1544D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1544","chapter":"D","title":"Application of electrical and radioactive well logging to ground-water hydrology","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1544D","usgsCitation":"Patten, E.P., and Bennett, G.D., 1963, Application of electrical and radioactive well logging to ground-water hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1544, v. :ill. ;23 cm. ;60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1544D.","productDescription":"v. :ill. ;23 cm. ;60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1544d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30186,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1544d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aa3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patten, Eugene P. Jr.","contributorId":59777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patten","given":"Eugene","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, Gordon D.","contributorId":18740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3201,"text":"wsp1544F - 1963 - A field method for measurement of infiltration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1544F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1544","chapter":"F","title":"A field method for measurement of infiltration","docAbstract":"The determination of infiltration--the downward entry of water into a soil (or sediment)--is receiving increasing attention in hydrologic studies because of the need for more quantitative data on all phases of the hydrologic cycle. A measure of infiltration, the infiltration rate, is usually determined in the field by flooding basins or furrows, sprinkling, or measuring water entry from cylinders (infiltrometer rings). Rates determined by ponding in large areas are considered most reliable, but the high cost usually dictates that infiltrometer rings, preferably 2 feet in diameter or larger, be used. \r\n\r\nThe hydrology of subsurface materials is critical in the study of infiltration. The zone controlling the rate of infiltration is usually the least permeable zone. Many other factors affect infiltration rate--the sediment (soil) structure, the condition of the sediment surface, the distribution of soil moisture or soil- moisture tension, the chemical and physical nature of the sediments, the head of applied water, the depth to ground water, the chemical quality and the turbidity of the applied water, the temperature of the water and the sediments, the percentage of entrapped air in the sediments, the atmospheric pressure, the length of time of application of water, the biological activity in the sediments, and the type of equipment or method used. It is concluded that specific values of the infiltration rate for a particular type of sediment are probably nonexistent and that measured rates are primarily for comparative use. \r\n\r\nA standard field-test method for determining infiltration rates by means of single- or double-ring infiltrometers is described and the construction, installation, and operation of the infiltrometers are discussed in detail.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1544F","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., 1963, A field method for measurement of infiltration: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1544, v. :ill. ;23 cm. ;27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1544F.","productDescription":"v. :ill. ;23 cm. ;27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1544f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30188,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1544f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2305,"text":"wsp1669Z - 1963 - Selected techniques in water resources investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp1669Z","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1669","chapter":"Z","title":"Selected techniques in water resources investigations","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wsp1669Z","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Mesnier, G.N., and Iseri, K.T., 1963, Selected techniques in water resources investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1669, vii, 64 p. :ill. ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1669Z.","productDescription":"vii, 64 p. :ill. ; 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669z/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28128,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669z/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f8021","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesnier, Glennon N.","contributorId":67488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesnier","given":"Glennon","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iseri, Kathleen T.","contributorId":77910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iseri","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2180,"text":"wsp1532B - 1963 - Hydrologic and biotic characteristics of grazed and ungrazed watersheds of the Badger Wash basin in western Colorado, 1953-58","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T22:58:29.389041","indexId":"wsp1532B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1532","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrologic and biotic characteristics of grazed and ungrazed watersheds of the Badger Wash basin in western Colorado, 1953-58","docAbstract":"A comprehensive study of the hydrologic and biotic characteristics of small drainage basins on the Colorado Plateau and the effect of grazing on these characteristics vas begun in 1953. This report presents data obtained during the first 5 years of the proposed 20-year study. \r\n\r\nPeriodic observations were made at permanent transects in 8 paired fenced and unfenced watersheds to characterize plant and ground cover, determine degree of use by livestock and measure changes in watershed cover. Results after 5 years of study indicate that changes in watershed cover have been relatively small on both grazed and ungrazed areas. Changes that did take place were mainly on shale and mixed type .soil. Ground-cover index on mixed type soil was significantly higher, 4 percent, on ungrazed ,areas than on grazed areas at the end of 5 years. \r\n\r\nPlot records were obtained using the Rocky Mountain Infiltrameter at 12 plots in each of the 8 study watersheds to determine the effect of livestock exclusion on infiltration and sheet erosion. Infiltration rates for the last 20 minutes of both the wet .and dry runs were significantly higher in 1958 than they were 5 years before, but this difference was not associated with treatment because rates on both grazed and ungrazed plots increased about .the same amount. The initial water-absorbing capacity increased significantly on ungrazed plots. No change in erosion rates was observed. \r\n\r\nRainfall was variable and below normal during 4 of the first 5 years of study. Runoff was produced mainly by thunderstorms during the summer months and was characterized by high rates of flow for short periods. Comparison of runoff in grazed and ungrazed watersheds indicates a change in the relation between precipitation and runoff because of exclusion of livestock. More sediment per unit area was produced during the 5 years of study from grazed .areas than from ungrazed areas. \r\n\r\nNo definite trend in small mammal population on grazed and ungrazed water- sheds has yet been determined. Results of preliminary studies on rabbit population indicates that rabbits prefer to inhabit ungrazed areas, but populations were judged to be not high in any area.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrologic effects of land use","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1532B","usgsCitation":"Lusby, G.C., Lusby, G.C., Turner, G.T., Thompson, J.R., and Reid, V.H., 1963, Hydrologic and biotic characteristics of grazed and ungrazed watersheds of the Badger Wash basin in western Colorado, 1953-58: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1532, Report: v, 73 p.; 1 Plate: 11.75 × 18.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1532B.","productDescription":"Report: v, 73 p.; 1 Plate: 11.75 × 18.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27802,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27801,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109967,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24707.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24707"},{"id":138221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Badger Wash basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.948,\n              39.292\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.91,\n              39.292\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.91,\n              39.356\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.948,\n              39.356\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.948,\n              39.292\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lusby, Gregg C.","contributorId":68290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lusby","given":"Gregg","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lusby, George C.","contributorId":102860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lusby","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, George T.","contributorId":6833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, J. R.","contributorId":27845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reid, Vincent H.","contributorId":57439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":2145,"text":"wsp1619J - 1963 - Ground-water geology of Edwards County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-23T22:02:33.617404","indexId":"wsp1619J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1619","chapter":"J","title":"Ground-water geology of Edwards County, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>Edwards County occupies 2,075 square miles of the southern part of the Edwards Plateau in southwest Texas. In 1950 it had a population of 2,908. Its thin limestone soil supports the characteristic flora of a semiarid region. The county is underlain by nearly flat-lying beds of limestone and a few beds of shale and marl.</p>\n<p>The Glen Rose limestone of Cretaceous age, the oldest formation tapped by water wells in the county, yields small quantities of rather highly mineralized water. Springs in the Glen Rose discharge water that is generally less mineralized than that from wells. Nearly all the wells and springs tapping the Glen Rose are in the southeastern part of the county, where the Edwards and associated limestones have been removed by erosion or are very thin.</p>\n<p>The Comanche Peak, Edwards, and Georgetown limestones, collectively called the Edwards and associated limestones, underlie most of the county and form the principal aquifer. Generally, the water in the Edwards is under water-table conditions, but locally it may be artesian. The Edwards and associated limestones yield small to moderate quantities of water that is hard but otherwise of good chemical quality.</p>\n<p>The alluvium in the major stream valleys yields small to moderate quantities of hard water similar in quality to that of the Edwards and associated limestones.</p>\n<p>The main ground-water divides in the Edwards and associated limestones follow the topographic divides. Most of the ground water flows southward and either appears as springflow in the Nueces River drainage or flows underground into Kinney or Val Verde County. The remainder flows northward and ultimately appears as springflow in the South Llano River drainage.</p>\n<p>About 150,000 acre-feet of water is recharged annually to and discharged from the Edwards and associated limestones in Edwards County. Most of this water is available for additional development inasmuch as only about 900 acre-feet per year is currently being used; however, additional development of ground water will result in a reduction in streamflow.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1619J","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Long, A.T., 1963, Ground-water geology of Edwards County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1619, Report: iv, 29 p.; 5 Plates: 32.00 x 28.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1619J.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 29 p.; 5 Plates: 32.00 x 28.25 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":109997,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24826.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24826"},{"id":27750,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27749,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27748,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27747,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27752,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27751,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Edwards County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-100.6999,30.2899],[-100.1183,30.2897],[-100.0347,30.287],[-99.7576,30.2882],[-99.7577,30.0772],[-99.9235,30.0772],[-99.9235,30.0809],[-99.9726,30.0796],[-99.9742,30.0425],[-99.9789,30.0214],[-99.9916,30.0205],[-99.9989,29.9166],[-100.0016,29.9093],[-100.0042,29.9019],[-100.0063,29.8983],[-100.011,29.8941],[-100.0169,29.89],[-100.021,29.8868],[-100.0226,29.8836],[-100.0237,29.8795],[-100.0232,29.874],[-100.021,29.868],[-100.0205,29.8639],[-100.0226,29.8589],[-100.0242,29.8534],[-100.0263,29.8493],[-100.0295,29.8479],[-100.0331,29.847],[-100.0347,29.8438],[-100.0326,29.8396],[-100.0295,29.8369],[-100.0279,29.8337],[-100.0274,29.8305],[-100.0279,29.8277],[-100.0274,29.8232],[-100.0268,29.82],[-100.0226,29.8163],[-100.0205,29.8131],[-100.0216,29.8103],[-100.0205,29.8062],[-100.0173,29.8007],[-100.0147,29.7984],[-100.0137,29.7957],[-100.0152,29.7938],[-100.0237,29.7902],[-100.0279,29.7879],[-100.0289,29.7851],[-100.0289,29.7824],[-100.03,29.7801],[-100.0331,29.7787],[-100.0352,29.7764],[-100.0336,29.7709],[-100.0268,29.7535],[-100.0226,29.7439],[-100.0231,29.7421],[-100.0252,29.7407],[-100.0289,29.7393],[-100.0305,29.7348],[-100.0284,29.7325],[-100.0263,29.7283],[-100.0252,29.7251],[-100.0257,29.7233],[-100.0624,29.7113],[-100.0521,29.7096],[-100.0462,29.7079],[-100.0443,29.6944],[-100.0408,29.6931],[-100.0384,29.6896],[-100.0315,29.6883],[-100.0275,29.6835],[-100.0172,29.6788],[-100.0192,29.6722],[-100.0261,29.667],[-100.0285,29.6657],[-100.0197,29.6492],[-100.0123,29.6396],[-100.0084,29.6375],[-100.0079,29.6318],[-100.0145,29.6237],[-100.111,29.6236],[-100.6992,29.6236],[-100.6999,30.2899]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Edwards\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66db81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Archie T.","contributorId":65059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Archie","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2044,"text":"wsp1606 - 1963 - Geology and ground-water resources of Montgomery County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-02T15:02:35.456462","indexId":"wsp1606","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1606","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Montgomery County, Alabama","docAbstract":"<p>Montgomery County includes an area of 790 square miles in east-central Alabama. The economy of Montgomery County is related primarily to the growing and processing of agricultural products.</p><p>The county is in the northern part of the Coastal Plain. It consists of parts of four divisions of the Coastal Plain: the terraces, the Black Prairie, the Chunnennuggee Hills, and the flood plains. The county drains north and northwest into the Alabama and Tallapoosa Rivers, except for a small area in the southern part of the county that is drained by tributaries of the Conecuh River.</p><p>Sedimentary rocks of Late Cretaceous age underlie Montgomery County. They are divided, in ascending order, into the following: Coker and Gordo formations of the Tuscaloosa group; Eutaw formation; and Mooreville and Demopolis chalks, Ripley formation, Prairie Bluff chalk, and Providence sand of the Selma group. The Clayton formation of Tertiary age crops out in a small area in the southern part of the county. Pleistocene terrace deposits of the ancestral Alabama River overlie the older rocks in the northern part of the county. Recent alluvium underlies the flood plains of the larger streams. The Cretaceous and younger rocks consist chiefly of clay, chalk, sandstone, sand, and gravel, and a few thin beds of limestone. These deposits are underlain by a basement complex of pre-Cretaceous crystalline rocks.</p><p>Large-scale withdrawals of water began in the Montgomery area about 1885. Pumpage by the city of Montgomery in 1958 averaged about 15 million gallons per day. It is estimated that an additional 10 to 15 million gallons per day was pumped in the county for industrial, irrigation, domestic, and stock use.</p><p>The principal aquifer in the country is the Eutaw formation. It supplies water to the city of Montgomery municipal wells, to industrial wells in the Montgomery area, and to most domestic and stock wells in the northern two-thirds of the county. Irrigation wells also tap the Eutaw. Yields from wells range from 350 to 600 gallons per minute.</p><p>The Gordo formation, the upper part of the Coker formation, and the Pleistocene terrace deposits in the Montgomery area also yield moderate to large quantities of water to municipal and industrial wells. The lower part of the Coker formation is not developed as a source of water supply, but information obtained during the investigation rthat led to this report indicates that it may be a potential source of water to wells of large capacity. Sand beds in the Ripley formation, Providence sand, and Recent alluvium in -the southern part of the county yield adequate amounts of water to domestic and stock wells.</p><p>Most of the ground water used in Montgomery County occurs under artesian conditions, although water-table conditions occur in the Pleistocene terrace deposits and Recent alluvium, and in the outcrop areas of the Eutaw and Eipley formations and the Providence sand.</p><p>Most of the water recharging the Ooker, Gordo, and Eutaw formations in their areas of outcrop also is discharged in these areas; only a small quantity of water moves downdip beneath the overlying chalk beds. The natural discharge, and hence the natural recharge, is estimated to be 0.2 to 0.3 million gallons per day per square mile of outcrop.</p><p>All ground water in the county is of chemical quality that is satisfactory for most uses, although locally it is high in iron or chloride content and is hard. Water from the Eutaw formation a few miles southwest of Montgomery's West well field is very high in chloride content. This water moves toward the cone of depression in the piezometric surface produced by pumping in the West well field.</p><p>Much additional ground water could be pumped from the Eutaw formation, especially south of Montgomery's West well field. Additional water also is available from the upper part of the Coker formation. Before large groundwater developments are planned, however, the problems of well spacing and pumping rates should be studied in order to determine the maximum development permitted by the supply. Observation wells should be installed in the Eutaw formation southwest of Montgomery's West well field to detect encroachment of water of high chloride content from adjacent Lowndes County.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1606","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Water Works and Sanitary Sewer Board of the City of Montgomery and the Geological Survey of Alabama","usgsCitation":"Knowles, D.B., Reade, H., and Scott, J.C., 1963, Geology and ground-water resources of Montgomery County, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1606, Report: v, 76 p.; 15 Plates: 45.58 x 25.01 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1606.","productDescription":"Report: v, 76 p.; 15 Plates: 45.58 x 25.01 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27553,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1606/plate-15.pdf","text":"Plate 15","size":"544.75 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L.","contributorId":80244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reade","given":"H. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, J. C.","contributorId":75901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2042,"text":"wsp1669O - 1963 - Ground-water conditions at Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, 1948-60","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp1669O","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1669","chapter":"O","title":"Ground-water conditions at Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, 1948-60","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1669O","usgsCitation":"Knowles, D., Drescher, W., and LeRoux, E.F., 1963, Ground-water conditions at Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, 1948-60: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1669, iv, 40 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1669O.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669o/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27531,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669o/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d2e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Doyle B.","contributorId":85566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Doyle B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drescher, W.J.","contributorId":35713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drescher","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeRoux, E. F.","contributorId":29795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeRoux","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":32796,"text":"pp372D - 1963 - Effects of drought in the Rio Grande basin: Chapter D in <i>Drought in the Southwest, 1942-56</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T16:01:54","indexId":"pp372D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"372","chapter":"D","title":"Effects of drought in the Rio Grande basin: Chapter D in <i>Drought in the Southwest, 1942-56</i>","docAbstract":"<p>In headwater areas of the Rio Grande and its principal tributaries, variations in streamflow and in ground-water storage and discharge depend upon fluctuations in precipitation, with modifications by geologic factors and by the pattern of water development and use. In downstream areas the surfaceand ground-water resources are replenished not only by local precipitation but also by outflow from the headwaters areas; thus the effects of drought upon those water resources are complex and may be vague and indeterminate.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Drought in the Southwest, 1942-56 (Professional Paper 372)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp372D","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1963, Effects of drought in the Rio Grande basin: Chapter D in <i>Drought in the Southwest, 1942-56</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 372, iii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp372D.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p.","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":336022,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related 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,{"id":71099,"text":"wdrMN631 - 1963 - Surface water records of Minnesota, 1963","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"wdrMN631","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MN-63-1","title":"Surface water records of Minnesota, 1963","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMN631","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1963, Surface water records of Minnesota, 1963: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MN-63-1, vii, 164 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMN631.","productDescription":"vii, 164 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":101517,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1963/mn-63-1/report.pdf","size":"12161","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":192887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1963/mn-63-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32798,"text":"pp372F - 1963 - Effects of drought in the Colorado River basin: Chapter F in <i>Drought in the Southwest, 1942-56</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T16:05:54","indexId":"pp372F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"372","chapter":"F","title":"Effects of drought in the Colorado River basin: Chapter F in <i>Drought in the Southwest, 1942-56</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The prolonged drought of 1942-56 affected chiefly the lower part of the Colorado River basin and did not extend into the upper basin (the chief water-producing area) until 1953. Areas served by the Colorado River had adequate water supplies in spite of the local deficiency of precipitation. In the Gila River basin, there was a deficiency of streamflow during the drought years, and the water requirements of the present population exceed the yield of the basin even during years of average precipitation; the deficiency is overcome by mining of ground water.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Drought in the Southwest, 1942-56 (Professional Paper 372)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp372F","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1963, Effects of drought in the Colorado River basin: Chapter F in <i>Drought in the Southwest, 1942-56</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 372, iii, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp372F.","productDescription":"iii, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336036,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp372H","text":"Chapter H: General summary of effects of the drought in the Southwest"},{"id":336035,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp372G","text":"Chapter G: Effects of drought along Pacific Coast in California"},{"id":336034,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp372E","text":"Chapter E: Effects of drought in basins of interior drainage"},{"id":336033,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp372D","text":"Chapter D: Effects of drought in the Rio Grande basin"},{"id":336032,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp372C","text":"Chapter C: Effects of drought in central and south Texas"},{"id":336031,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp372B","text":"Chapter B: General effects of drought on water resources of the Southwest"},{"id":336030,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp372A","text":"Chapter A: The meteorologic phenomenon of drought in the Southwest"},{"id":120083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0372f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60781,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0372f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        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,{"id":1295,"text":"wsp1619W - 1963 - Chemical quality of surface waters in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T09:16:55","indexId":"wsp1619W","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1619","chapter":"W","title":"Chemical quality of surface waters in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>Pennsylvania has an abundant supply of surface water of good quality. The average rainfall over the 45,300 square miles in the State is about 42 inches per year. Of this amount, about 50 percent appears in the streams as runoff. The combined mean annual runoff of the Delaware, Ohio, and Susquehanna Rivers, at their farthest downstream measuring points in the State, is in excess of 81,000 cubic feet per second. Variations in the chemical quality of the surface waters in Pennsylvania are caused by areal differences in geology, urban and industrial development, mining, quarrying, land use, and runoff. Waters having the least dissolved solids are found in the glaciated northeastern and northwestern parts of the State; waters having higher values of hardness are found in the limestone terranes in the southeastern and south-central parts. In the anthracite coal fields in the northeast and in the bituminous coal fields in the southwest, many streams receive acid mine drainage, which lowers the alkalinity and increases the sulfate content of the waters. The chemical quality of surface waters in Pennsylvania is discussed in general terms. Introductory sections of the report cover the main causative factors which influence chemical quality. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1619W","usgsCitation":"Durfor, C.N., and Anderson, P.W., 1963, Chemical quality of surface waters in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1619, iv, 50 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1619W.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26289,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619w/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619w/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durfor, Charles N.","contributorId":50881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durfor","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Peter W.","contributorId":10400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":979,"text":"wsp1696A - 1963 - Determination of beta activity in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1696A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1696","chapter":"A","title":"Determination of beta activity in water","docAbstract":"Many elements have one or more naturally radioactive isotopes, and several hundred other radionuclides have been produced artificially. Radioactive substances may be present in natural water as a result of geochemical processes or the release of radioactive waste and other nuclear debris to the environment. The Geological Survey has developed methods for measuring certain of these .radioactive substances in water. \r\n\r\nRadioactive substances often are present in water samples in microgram quantities or less. Therefore, precautions must be taken to prevent loss of material and to assure that the sample truly represents its source at the time of collection. Addition of acids, complexing agents, or stable isotopes often aids in preventing loss of radioactivity on container walls, on sediment, or on other solid materials in contact with the sample. \r\n\r\nThe disintegration of radioactive atoms is a random process subject to established methods of statistical analysis. Because many water samples contain small amounts of radioactivity, low-level counting techniques must be used. The usual assumption that counting data follow a Gaussian distribution is invalid under these conditions, and statistical analyses must be based on the Poisson distribution. \r\n\r\nThe gross beta activity in water samples is determined from the residue left after evaporation of the sample to dryness. Evaporation is accomplished first in a teflon dish, then the residue is transferred with distilled water to a counting planchet and again is reduced to dryness. The radioactivity on the planchet is measured with an anticoincidence-shielded, low-background, beta counter and is compared with measurements of a strontium-90-yttrium-90 standard prepared and measured in the same manner. Control charts are used to assure consistent operation of the counting instrument.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1696A","usgsCitation":"Barker, F.B., and Robinson, B., 1963, Determination of beta activity in water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1696, iii, 32 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1696A.","productDescription":"iii, 32 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1696a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1696a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F. B.","contributorId":88709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.P.","contributorId":7685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1275,"text":"wsp1691 - 1963 - Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52078,"text":"ofr6036 - 1960 - Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan","indexId":"ofr6036","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1275,"text":"wsp1691 - 1963 - Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan","indexId":"wsp1691","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-22T13:46:38","indexId":"wsp1691","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1691","title":"Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>The great importance of the fresh ground-water resources of Michigan is evident because 90 percent of the rural and about 70 percent of the total population of the State exclusive of the Detroit metropolitan area are supplied from underground sources. The water-supply and public-health problems that have been caused by some cases of ground-water contamination in the State illustrate the necessity of protecting this vital resource.</p><p>Manmade and natural contaminants, including many types of chemical and organic matter, have entered many of the numerous aquifers of the State. Aquifers have been contaminated by waste-laden liquids percolating from the surface or from the zone of aeration and by direct injection to the aquifer itself. Industrial and domestic wastes, septic tanks, leaking sewers, flood waters or other poor quality surface waters, mine waters, solids stored or spread at the surface, and even airborne wastes all have been sources of ground-water contamination in Michigan. In addition, naturally occurring saline waters have been induced into other aquifers by overpumping or unrestricted flow from artesian wells, possibly by dewatering operations, and by the deepening of surface stream channels. Vertical migration of saline waters through open holes from formations underlying various important aquifers also has spoiled some of the fresh ground waters in the State. In spite of the contamination that has occurred, however, the total amount of ground water that has been spoiled is only a small part of the total resource. Neither is the contamination so widespread as that of the surface streams of Michigan.</p><p>Overall legal authority to control most types of ground-water contamination in the State has been assigned by the Michigan Legislature to the Water Resources Commission, although the Department of Conservation and the Health Department also exercise important water-pollution control functions. The Michigan Supreme Court, in an important case upholding the power of the Water Resources Commission to control pollution of ground water, in effect has introduced the doctrine of reasonable use into the law of the State. Excluding controls administered by the Department of Conservation on activities of the oil and gas industry, however, legal controls have not been used abate intrusion of natural saline waters into fresh-water aquifers in response to pumping and other manmade changes in the hydrologic regimen.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1691","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, M., 1963, Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1691, v, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1691.","productDescription":"v, 79 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1691/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1691/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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