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,{"id":62861,"text":"gq245 - 1963 - Geology of the London quadrangle, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:00","indexId":"gq245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"245","title":"Geology of the London quadrangle, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq245","usgsCitation":"Hatch, N., 1963, Geology of the London quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 245, 1 map :col. ;58 x 46 cm., on sheet 75 x 85 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq245.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 46 cm., on sheet 75 x 85 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102250,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_699.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"699"},{"id":249008,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0245/report.pdf","size":"35","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0245/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.11749999999999,37.1175 ], [ -84.11749999999999,37.25 ], [ -84,37.25 ], [ -84,37.1175 ], [ -84.11749999999999,37.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eaf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Norman L.","contributorId":11624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Norman L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":62965,"text":"gq278 - 1963 - Geology of the Clarkson quadrangle, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:45","indexId":"gq278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"278","title":"Geology of the Clarkson quadrangle, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq278","usgsCitation":"Glick, E.E., 1963, Geology of the Clarkson quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 278, 1 map :col. ;79 x 85 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq278.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;79 x 85 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102285,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_734.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"734"},{"id":249103,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0278/report.pdf","size":"35","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0278/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.25,37.3675 ], [ -86.25,37.5 ], [ -86.11749999999999,37.5 ], [ -86.11749999999999,37.3675 ], [ -86.25,37.3675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glick, Ernest Earwood","contributorId":108096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glick","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"Earwood","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":35155,"text":"b1141F - 1963 - Geology of the Fort Laramie area, Platte and Goshen Counties, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:46","indexId":"b1141F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1141","chapter":"F","title":"Geology of the Fort Laramie area, Platte and Goshen Counties, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b1141F","usgsCitation":"McGrew, L.W., 1963, Geology of the Fort Laramie area, Platte and Goshen Counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1141, p. F1-F39, :plates, fig., table (part fold. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1141F.","productDescription":"p. F1-F39, :plates, fig., table (part fold. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109395,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20865.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20865"},{"id":96776,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141f/report.pdf","size":"3725","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96777,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141f/plate-1.pdf","size":"12489","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96778,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141f/plate-2.pdf","size":"210","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96779,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141f/plate-3.pdf","size":"445","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68041a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGrew, Laura W.","contributorId":102893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrew","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":35067,"text":"b1141N - 1963 - Geology of the Newcastle area, Weston County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:45","indexId":"b1141N","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1141","chapter":"N","title":"Geology of the Newcastle area, Weston County, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1141N","usgsCitation":"Mapel, W.J., and Pillmore, C.L., 1963, Geology of the Newcastle area, Weston County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1141, p. N1-N85, ill., map (1 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1141N.","productDescription":"p. N1-N85, ill., map (1 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109401,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20872.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20872"},{"id":96769,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141n/report.pdf","size":"6589","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96770,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141n/plate-1.pdf","size":"5983","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141n/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63013,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141n/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":63014,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1141n/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e906","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mapel, W. J.","contributorId":92225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mapel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pillmore, C. L.","contributorId":46093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pillmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33830,"text":"b1063I - 1963 - Geology of the Fanny Peak quadrangle, Wyoming-South Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13527,"text":"ofr5835 - 1958 - Geology of part of the Fanny Peak quadrangle, Wyoming-South Dakota","indexId":"ofr5835","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of part of the Fanny Peak quadrangle, Wyoming-South Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33830,"text":"b1063I - 1963 - Geology of the Fanny Peak quadrangle, Wyoming-South Dakota","indexId":"b1063I","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Geology of the Fanny Peak quadrangle, Wyoming-South Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:52:23.00716","indexId":"b1063I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1063","chapter":"I","title":"Geology of the Fanny Peak quadrangle, Wyoming-South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1063I","usgsCitation":"Brobst, D.A., and Epstein, J., 1963, Geology of the Fanny Peak quadrangle, Wyoming-South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1063, Report: iv, 55 p.; 2 Plates: 25.53 x 36.11 inches and 19.53 x 15.24 inches; 1 Table, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1063I.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 55 p.; 2 Plates: 25.53 x 36.11 inches and 19.53 x 15.24 inches; 1 Table","startPage":"323","endPage":"377","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109265,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20701.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20701"},{"id":96120,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063i/plate-table_1.pdf","text":"Table 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96119,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063i/plate-26.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96118,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063i/plate-25.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96117,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166302,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063i/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Fanny Peak quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.125,\n              43.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.125,\n              43.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -104,\n              43.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -104,\n              43.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.125,\n              43.875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6804bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brobst, Donald Albert","contributorId":36117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brobst","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Epstein, Jack Burton","contributorId":64625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack Burton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33821,"text":"b1063G - 1963 - Geology of the Jewel Cave SW Quadrangle, Custer County, South Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12752,"text":"ofr5910 - 1959 - The geology of the Jewel Cave SW quadrangle, South Dakota, and its bearing on the origin of the uranium deposits in the southern Black Hills","indexId":"ofr5910","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"The geology of the Jewel Cave SW quadrangle, South Dakota, and its bearing on the origin of the uranium deposits in the southern Black Hills"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33821,"text":"b1063G - 1963 - Geology of the Jewel Cave SW Quadrangle, Custer County, South Dakota","indexId":"b1063G","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Geology of the Jewel Cave SW Quadrangle, Custer County, South Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T14:23:16","indexId":"b1063G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1063","chapter":"G","title":"Geology of the Jewel Cave SW Quadrangle, Custer County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Jewel Cave SW quadrangle is in the southwestern part of the Black Hills in Custer County, S. Dak., about midway between Edgemont, S. Dak., and Newcastle, Wyo. All the rocks that crop out within the quadrangle are of sedimentary origin and range in age from Pennsylvanian to Early Cretaceous.\r\n\r\nThe Minnesota Formation of Pennsylvania and Permian age, which is about 1,000 feet thick, was studied in outcrop and from two diamond-drill cores. In the subsurface the upper part of the formation consists of gray sandstone, very fine grained dolomite, and anhydrite. The anhydrite has been leached from the formation near the outcrop, perhaps in the early part of the Cenozoic Era, and the resulting subsidence has produced collapse breccias in the Minnelusa and milder deformation in the overlying units. In the collapse breccias the rocks have been oxidized and are red, whereas in the subsurface they are gray. The anhydrite cement of the subsurface sandstone has been replaced by calcite, and the dolomite beds have been partially converted to limestone.\r\n\r\nThe Opeche Formation of Permian age consists of 75 to 115 feet of red siltstone and shale and two thin gypsum beds. The Minnekahta Limestone of Permian age is about 40 feet thick.\r\n\r\nThe Spearfish Formation of Permian and Triassic age is about 550 feet thick and consists of red siltstone red sandstone, dolomite, and gypsum. The dolomite and gypsum beds are restricted to the lower half of the formation. In the northeast corner of the quadrangle the gypsum beds have been dissolved by ground water. The Sundance Formation of Late Jurassic age is divided into five members that have a total thickness of about 360 feet. The Morrison Formation of Late Jurassic age ranges in thickness from 60 to 120 feet. It consists of blocky weathering noncarbonaceous mudstone and subordinate beds of limestone and sandstone.\r\n\r\nThe Inyan Kara Group of Early Cretaceous age has been subdivided into the Lakota Formation and the Fall River Formation. The Lakota Formation consists of 200 to 300 feet of carbonaceous siltstone blocky-weathering claystone, and fine-grained to conglomeratic sandstone. These rocks were deposited in stream channels, flood plains, and ponds. The Fall River Formation is about 110 to 130 feet thick. Along the northeast side of the outcrop the formation consists of fine- to medium-grained sandstone, which forms an elongate body at least 1-1/2 miles wide and more than 25 miles long. To the southwest the formation consists of thinly stratified interbedded sandstone, carbonaceous siltstone, and varicolored mudstone. The Skull Creek and Mowry Shales of Early Cretaceous age consist of black fissile shale. The Mowry contains abundant fish scales and weathers to a silver gray.\r\n\r\nAlluvium fills the bottom of many intermittent streams, and small gravel-covered terraces mark the former high levels of these streams. Gravel, which caps hills at altitudes of 4,460 to 4,620 feet, is believed to have been deposited by a Pleistocene stream that drained southeastward toward the town of Minnekahta. Many landslides are present along the northward- and eastward-facing scarp of the Inyan Kara hogback.\r\n\r\nThe Dewey fault, trending N. 75 deg E., crosses the quadrangle. It is probably a vertical dip-slip fault, and has an apparent displacement of 250 to 440 feet. Two northwest-trending anticlines are in the quadrangle - one extends from the Edgemont NE quadrangle to near the center of the Jewel Cave SW quadrangle, and the other is limited to the center of the Jewel Cave SW quadrangle.\r\n\r\nCollapse structures, which were produced by the solution of anhydrite, are (a) breccias in the Minnelusa Formation, (b) limestone-dolomite breccias in the Spearfish Formation, (c) undulations and normal faults in the formations overlying the Minnelusa and (d) breccia pipes that extend upward from the Minnelusa to at least as high as the Lakota Formation. The leaching probably occurred in early Cenozoic time.\r\n\r\nMinor deformationa","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1063G","collaboration":"Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Braddock, W.A., 1963, Geology of the Jewel Cave SW Quadrangle, Custer County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1063, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1063G.","productDescription":"52 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"268","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":109263,"rank":699,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20699.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20699"},{"id":96110,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063g/plate-21.pdf","size":"252","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96109,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063g/plate-20.pdf","size":"7111","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96111,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063g/plate-22.pdf","size":"401","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96108,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063g/report.pdf","size":"5115","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1063g/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braddock, William A.","contributorId":61010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braddock","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":34065,"text":"b1181A - 1963 - Fluvial sediments a summary of source, transportation, deposition, and measurement of sediment discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:27","indexId":"b1181A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1181","chapter":"A","title":"Fluvial sediments a summary of source, transportation, deposition, and measurement of sediment discharge","docAbstract":"This paper presents a broad but undetailed picture of fluvial sediments in streams, reservoirs, and lakes and includes a discussion of the processes involved in the movement of sediment by flowing water. \r\n\r\nSediment is fragmental material that originates from the chemical or physical disintegration of rocks. The disintegration products may have many different shapes and may range in size from large boulders to colloidal particles. In general, they retain about the same mineral composition as the parent rocks. Rock fragments become fluvial sediment when they are entrained in a stream of water. The entrainment may occur as sheet erosion from land surfaces, particularly for the fine particles, or as channel erosion after the surface runoff has accumulated in streams. \r\n\r\nFluvial sediments move in streams as bedload (particles moving within a few particle diameters of the streambed) or as suspended sediment in the turbulent flow. The discharge of bedload varies with several factors, which may include particle size and a type of effective shear on the surface of the streambed. The discharge of suspended sediment depends partly on concentration of moving sediment near the streambed and hence on discharge of bedload. However, the concentration of fine sediment near the streambed varies widely, even for equal flows, and, therefore, the discharge of fine sediment normally cannot be computed theoretically. The discharge of suspended sediment also depends on velocity, turbulence, depth of flow, and fall velocity of the particles. \r\n\r\nIn general, the coarse sediment transported by a stream moves intermittently and is discharged at a rate that depends on properties of the flow and of the sediment. If an ample supply of coarse sediment is available at the surface of the streambed, the discharge of the coarse sediment, such as sand, can be roughly computed from properties of the available sediment and of the flow. On the other hand, much of the fine sediment in a stream usually moves nearly continuously at about the velocity of the flow, and even low flows can transport large amounts of fine sediment. Hence, the discharge of fine sediments, being largely dependent on the availability of fine sediment upstream rather than on the properties of the sediment and of the flow at a cross section, can seldom be computed from properties, other than concentrations based directly on samples, that can be observed at the cross section. Sediment particles continually change their positions in the flow; some fall to the streambed, and others are removed from the bed. Sediment deposits form locally or over large areas if the volume rate at which particles settle to the bed exceeds the volume rate at which particles are removed from the bed. In general, large particles are deposited more readily than small particles, whether the point of deposition is behind a rock, on a flood plain, within a stream channel, or at the entrance to a reservoir, a lake, or the ocean. \r\n\r\nMost samplers used for sediment observations collect a water-sediment mixture from the water surface to within a few tenths of a foot of the streambed. They thus sample most of the suspended sediment, especially if the flow is deep or if the sediment is mostly fine; but they exclude the bedload and some of the suspended sediment in a layer near the streambed where the suspended-sediment concentrations are highest. \r\n\r\nMeasured sediment discharges are usually based on concentrations that are averages of several individual sediment samples for a cross section. If enough average concentrations for a cross section have been determined, the measured sediment discharge can be computed by interpolating sediment concentrations between sampling times. 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