During the Gary and Mankato substages of Wisconsin glaciation the Des Moines lobe advanced southeastward through the broad lowland of the Minnesota River valley of southwestern Minnesota, and thence southward to central Iowa.
\nAmong the most prominent topographic features in Lyon County, Minn., are five southeastward-trending end moraines, two of which are associated with and parallel to belts of surficial outwash that are approximately half a mile to a mile wide. Test drilling indicated that one of the belts of outwash is underlain by a complex system of buried melt-water channels. The other is the upper part of a series of deposits in an incised channel. The channels are filled with till, glaciolacustrine deposits, and outwash, which includes permeable deposits of water-bearing sand and gravel.
\nAssociated with the surficial melt-water channels is a pronounced southeastward-trending linear drainage pattern. By studying the lineation of streams and lakes, analyzing the available water-well data, and drilling test holes, several elongate deposits of buried outwash having little or no topographic expression were located. The long axes of the deposits are generally parallel to the lineation of the drainage and the end moraines.
\nThe melt-water channels in Lyon County trend southeastward because the flank of the ice sheet was confined by a landmass that sloped to the northeast. Similar buried channels may be present elsewhere along the southwest flank of the Des Moines lobe. If so, they probably can be located by the methods described.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1539F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Waters, Minnesota Department of Conservation, and the Marshall Municipal Utilities, Marshall, Minnesota","usgsCitation":"Schneider, R., and Rodis, H.G., 1961, Aquifers in melt-water channels along the southwest flank of the Des Moines Lobe, Lyon County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1539, iii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1539F.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28994,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Des Moines Lobe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 44.18417357325395\n ],\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 44.67255939212045\n ],\n [\n -95.57968139648438,\n 44.67255939212045\n ],\n [\n -95.57968139648438,\n 44.18417357325395\n ],\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 44.18417357325395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679f5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1705,"text":"wsp1475F - 1961 - Ground Water at Grant Village Site, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"wsp1475F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1475","chapter":"F","title":"Ground Water at Grant Village Site, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"On behalf of the National Park Service, the U.S. Geological Survey during the summer of 1959 made a study of ground-water conditions in the area of the Grant Village site, along the shore of the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake, 1 to 2 miles south of the present facilities at West Thumb. The water supply for the present development at West Thumb is obtained from Duck Lake, but the quantity of water available from this source probably will be inadequate for the planned development at Grant Village.\r\n\r\nDuring the investigation, 11 auger holes were bored and 6 test wells were drilled. Aquifer tests by pumping and bailing methods were made at two of the test wells. All material penetrated in the auger holes and test wells is of Quaternary age except the welded tuff of possible Pliocene age that was penetrated in the lower part of test well 4.\r\n\r\nSmall to moderate quantities of water were obtained from the test wells in the area. Test well 2 yielded 35 gpm (gallons per minute) at a temperature of nearly 100 deg F. Test well 6 yielded about 15 gpm at a temperature of 48 deg F. The yield of this well might be increased by perforation of additional sections of casing, followed by further development of the well. Water from the other four test wells was of inadequate quantity, too highly mineralized, or too warm to be effectively utilized.\r\n\r\nMost of the ground water sampled had high concentrations of silica and iron, and part of the water was excessively high in fluoride content. Otherwise, the ground water was of generally suitable quality for most uses.\r\n\r\nThe most favorable area for obtaining water supplies from wells is near the lakeshore, where a large part of the water pumped would be ground-water flow diverted from its normal discharge into the lake. Moderate quantities of relatively cool water of fairly good quality may be available near the lakeshore between test wells 5 and 6 and immediately east of test well 6.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of the Public Domain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1475F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Gordon, E.D., McCullough, R.A., and Weeks, E.P., 1961, Ground Water at Grant Village Site, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1475, 173-200 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1475F.","productDescription":"173-200 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12519,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/wsp/1475-F/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26783,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.66666666666667,44.25 ], [ -110.66666666666667,44.5 ], [ -110.33333333333333,44.5 ], [ -110.33333333333333,44.25 ], [ -110.66666666666667,44.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Ellis D.","contributorId":12451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCullough, Richard A.","contributorId":78712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weeks, Edwin P. epweeks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Edwin","email":"epweeks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":143994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2662,"text":"wsp1602 - 1961 - Effect of reforestation on streamflow in central New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1602","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1602","title":"Effect of reforestation on streamflow in central New York","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data have been collected since 1932 in central New York State to determine the effect of reforestation on streamflow. Data are available for three small partly reforested areas and for one nonreforested control area. From 35 to 58 percent of the 3 areas were reforested, mostly with species of pine and spruce. The trees were allowed to grow without thinning or cutting, and by 1958 these reforested areas had developed into dense coniferous woodlots. \r\n\r\nIntensive statistical analyses of the data from the four study areas were made in 1958. Analyses were made for three hydrologic periods: the dormant season represented by the 6-month period ending April 30, the growing season represented by the 6-month period ending October 31, and the year represented by the 12-month period ending April 30. Analyses of the hydrologic data using multiple correlation with time as a variable and analyses of covariance between early and late periods of record indicated that several significant changes had occurred in the streamflow from the partly reforested study areas. Based on correlation with precipitation, total runoff for the dormant season from the 3 study areas was reduced by annual rates of 0.17 to 0.29 inches per year. Based on correlations with streamflow from a control area, total runoff from the partly reforested Shackham Brook area was reduced by average rates of 0.14 inches per growing season, 0.23 inches per dormant season, and 0.36 inches per hydrologic year. Peak discharges on Shackham Brook during the dormant season were reduced by 1958 by an average of 41 percent for the season, with reductions ranging from an average of 66 percent for November to an average of 16 percent for April. No significant changes were found in the peak discharges for the growing season, rates of base-flow recession, volumes of direct runoff, or annual low flows of streams in the three partly reforested areas. \r\n\r\nThe significant reductions in total runoff are attributed to increases in interception and transpiration in the reforested areas. The reductions in peak discharges during the dormant period are attributed largely to increased interception and sublimation of snowfall, and a gradual desynchronization of snowmelt runoff from the wooded and open areas of partly reforested watersheds. The changes in streamflow occurred gradually over the years; it could not be determined from the data whether changes in streamflow were still occurring in 1958, or whether they had reached a maximum.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1602","usgsCitation":"Schneider, W.J., and Ayer, G.R., 1961, Effect of reforestation on streamflow in central New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1602, v, 61 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1602.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1602/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28999,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1602/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f8680","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, William Joseph","contributorId":104466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayer, Gordon Roundy","contributorId":52950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayer","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"Roundy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":61262,"text":"mf160 - 1961 - Reconnaissance geologic map of part of the southern Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T11:20:21","indexId":"mf160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"160","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of part of the southern Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf160","usgsCitation":"Wrucke, C., and Bromfield, C.S., 1961, Reconnaissance geologic map of part of the southern Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 160, 32.55 x 34.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf160.","productDescription":"32.55 x 34.62 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":360311,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0160/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0160/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Hidalgo County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,31.5 ], [ -109,31.75 ], [ -108.83333333333333,31.75 ], [ -108.83333333333333,31.5 ], [ -109,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a73e4b07f02db6437cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wrucke, C. T.","contributorId":8067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wrucke","given":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bromfield, C. S.","contributorId":97917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromfield","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2685,"text":"wsp1540B - 1961 - Concentration method for the spectrochemical determination of minor elements in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"wsp1540B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1540","chapter":"B","title":"Concentration method for the spectrochemical determination of minor elements in water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. GPO,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1540B","usgsCitation":"Silvery, W.D., 1961, Concentration method for the spectrochemical determination of minor elements in water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1540, iii, [12] p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1540B.","productDescription":"iii, [12] p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1540b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29042,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1540b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silvery, William D.","contributorId":104474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silvery","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3046,"text":"wsp1581 - 1961 - Ground-water potentialities in the Crescent Valley, Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"wsp1581","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1581","title":"Ground-water potentialities in the Crescent Valley, Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Crescent Valley is an intermontane basin in Eureka and Lander Counties, just south of the Humboldt River in north-central Nevada. The valley floor, with an area of about 150 square miles, has a shape that more nearly resembles a Y than a crescent, although the valley apparently was named after the arc described by its southern part and northeastern arm. The northwestern arm of the Y extends northward to the small railroad town of Beowawe on the Humboldt River; the northeastern arm lies east of the low Dry Hills. The leg of the Y extends southwestward toward a narrow gap which separates the Crescent Valley from the Carico Lake Valley. The total drainage area of the Crescent Valley-about 700 square miles--includes also the slopes of the bordering mountain ranges: the Shoshone Range to the west, the Cortez Mountains to the east, and the Toiyabe Range to the south. \r\n\r\nThe early history of the Crescent Valley was dominated by mining of silver and gold, centered at Lander in the Shoshone Range and at Cortez and Mill Canyon in the Cortez Mountains, but in recent years the only major mining activity has been at Gold Acres; there open-pit mining of low-grade gold ore has supported a community of about 200. For many years the only agricultural enterprises in the valley were two cattle ranches, but recently addition lands have been developed for the raising of crops in the west-central part of the valley. The average annual precipitation upon the floor of the Crescent Valley is probably less than 7 inches, of which only a little more than 1 inch formally falls during the growing season (from June through September). This is far less than the requirement of any plants of economic value, and irrigation is essential to agricultural development. Small perennial streams rising in the mountains have long been utilized for domestic supply, mining and milling activities of the past, and irrigation, and recently some large wells have been developed for irrigation. In 1956 the total pumpage from wells in the valley was 2,300 acre-feet. \r\n\r\nThe Crescent Valley is a basin in which has accumulated a large volume of sediments that had been eroded and transported by streams from the surrounding mountains. The deepest wells have penetrated only the upper 350 feet of these sediments, which on the basis of the known thickness of sediments in other intermontane basins in central Nevada may be as much as several thousand feet thick. Because this valley fill is saturated practically to the level of the valley floor, the total volume of ground water in storage amounts to millions of acre-feet. In practically all wells drilled to date, the water has been of a quality satisfactory for irrigation and domestic use. \r\n\r\nThe amount of water that can be developed and used perennially is far smaller than the total in storage and is dependent upon the average annual recharge to the ground-water reservoir. This recharge comes principally from streams, fed largely by snowmelt, that drain the higher mountains. The average annum recharge to the valley fill is estimated to be about 13,000 acre-feet. This natural supply, which is largely consumed by native vegetation on the valley floor, constitutes a perennial supply for beneficial use only to the extent that the natural discharge can be reduced. In time, much of the natural discharge, can probably be salvaged, if it is economically feasible to pump ground water after water levels have been lowered as much as 100 feet in the areas that now appear to be favorable for the development of irrigation supplies. \r\nIn 5 wells in the phreatophyte area, where the water table is within 3-8 feet \r\nof the land surface, the trends in water level have paralleled those, in precipitation-downward during the dry years 1952-55, upward in wetter 1956 and 1957, \r\nand as high in 1957 as at any time since 1948. In most wells there is also a \r\nseasonal fluctuation of 1-3 feet, from a high in the spring to a low in the fall. \r\nThere is no evi","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1581","usgsCitation":"Zones, C.P., 1961, Ground-water potentialities in the Crescent Valley, Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1581, iv, 50 p. :maps (1 fold. in pocket) diagrs., tables. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1581.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p. :maps (1 fold. in pocket) diagrs., tables. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1581/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29899,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1581/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29900,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1581/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667410","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zones, Christie Paul","contributorId":25550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zones","given":"Christie","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3056,"text":"wsp1713 - 1961 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 9, Colorado River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1713","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1713","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 9, Colorado River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1713","usgsCitation":"Hendricks, E.L., 1961, Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 9, Colorado River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1713, xii, 520 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1713.","productDescription":"xii, 520 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1713/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29910,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1713/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db694297","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hendricks, E. L.","contributorId":50126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2082,"text":"wsp1545B - 1961 - Methods for determining the proper spacing of wells in artesian aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp1545B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1545","chapter":"B","title":"Methods for determining the proper spacing of wells in artesian aquifers","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1545B","usgsCitation":"Lang, S., 1961, Methods for determining the proper spacing of wells in artesian aquifers: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1545, 16 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1545B.","productDescription":"16 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1545b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1545b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a1dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lang, S.M.","contributorId":34108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52153,"text":"ofr6122 - 1961 - Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah, October 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:24","indexId":"ofr6122","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-22","title":"Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah, October 1961","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6122","usgsCitation":"Bjorklund, L., 1961, Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah, October 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-22, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6122.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7a77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjorklund, L.J.","contributorId":14035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjorklund","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71740,"text":"tei782 - 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1961 - Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits, 1942-1960 : a bibliography of U.S. Geological Survey publications on the geology of radioactive deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:45","indexId":"tei777","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"777","title":"Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits, 1942-1960 : a bibliography of U.S. Geological Survey publications on the geology of radioactive deposits","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei777","usgsCitation":"Brown, A., 1961, Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits, 1942-1960 : a bibliography of U.S. Geological Survey publications on the geology of radioactive deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 777, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei777.","productDescription":"86 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/777/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90975,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/777/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4fa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Andrew","contributorId":64233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33124,"text":"b1145 - 1961 - Bibliography of North American geology, 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:10","indexId":"b1145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1145","title":"Bibliography of North American geology, 1959","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b1145","usgsCitation":"King, R.R., Jussen, V., Loud, E., Mead, M., de Chadenedes, E.H., and Oftdahl, F., 1961, Bibliography of North American geology, 1959: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1145, 605 p. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1145.","productDescription":"605 p. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1145/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60940,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db6298a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Ruth Reece","contributorId":45358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"Reece","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jussen, V.M.","contributorId":37785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jussen","given":"V.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loud, E.S.","contributorId":51806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loud","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mead, M.C.","contributorId":46997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mead","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"de Chadenedes, E. 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1961 - Geology and ground-water resources of northern Lea County, New Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52151,"text":"ofr612 - 1961 - Geology and ground-water resources of northern Lea County, New Mexico","indexId":"ofr612","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of northern Lea County, New Mexico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68589,"text":"ha62 - 1963 - Ground-water conditions in northern Lea County, New Mexico","indexId":"ha62","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water conditions in northern Lea County, New Mexico"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":68589,"text":"ha62 - 1963 - Ground-water conditions in northern Lea County, New Mexico","indexId":"ha62","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water conditions in northern Lea County, New Mexico"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:24","indexId":"ofr612","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-2","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of northern Lea County, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr612","usgsCitation":"Ash, S., 1961, Geology and ground-water resources of northern Lea County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-2, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr612.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ash, S.R.","contributorId":100925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ash","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52152,"text":"ofr6118 - 1961 - Ground-water levels in Long Island, New York, 1958-1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:24","indexId":"ofr6118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-18","title":"Ground-water levels in Long Island, New York, 1958-1959","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6118","usgsCitation":"Barnell, R., and DeLuca, F., 1961, Ground-water levels in Long Island, New York, 1958-1959: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-18, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6118.","productDescription":"66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66766c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnell, R.L.","contributorId":50216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnell","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeLuca, F.A.","contributorId":76817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLuca","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3055,"text":"wsp1706 - 1961 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 3-B, Cumberland and Tennessee River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1706","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1706","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 3-B, Cumberland and Tennessee River basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1706","usgsCitation":"Hendricks, E.L., 1961, Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 3-B, Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1706, vii, 234 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1706.","productDescription":"vii, 234 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1706/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29909,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1706/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db694318","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hendricks, E. L.","contributorId":50126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64400,"text":"gp280 - 1961 - Aeromagnetic map of the Hampton quadrangle, Adams and York Counties, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-01T21:03:21.934933","indexId":"gp280","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"280","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Hampton quadrangle, Adams and York Counties, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp280","usgsCitation":"Bromery, R.W., and Zandle, G.L., 1961, Aeromagnetic map of the Hampton quadrangle, Adams and York Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 280, 1 Plate: 23.03 x 26.97 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp280.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 23.03 x 26.97 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":485253,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3207.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":251784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0280/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":251106,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0280/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251105,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Adams County, York County","otherGeospatial":"Hampton quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.125,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -77.125,\n 39.875\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 39.875\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -77.125,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6960cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bromery, Randolph Wilson","contributorId":22746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromery","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"Wilson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zandle, G. L.","contributorId":39863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zandle","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3179,"text":"wsp1369C - 1961 - Surges in natural stream channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"wsp1369C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1369","chapter":"C","title":"Surges in natural stream channels","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1369C","usgsCitation":"Rantz, S., 1961, Surges in natural stream channels: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1369, 154 p. :illus., maps. ;24 cm. :77-90 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1369C.","productDescription":"154 p. :illus., maps. ;24 cm. :77-90 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1369c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30137,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1369c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68882f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rantz, S. E.","contributorId":34106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rantz","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1297,"text":"wsp1586A - 1961 - Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51905,"text":"ofr5640 - 1956 - Investigation of water-quality hydrology in the Ft. Belvoir, Virginia area, 1954-1955","indexId":"ofr5640","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Investigation of water-quality hydrology in the Ft. Belvoir, Virginia area, 1954-1955"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1297,"text":"wsp1586A - 1961 - Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55","indexId":"wsp1586A","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":52977,"text":"ofr5096 - 1950 - Additional water wells at Fort Belvoir, Virginia","indexId":"ofr5096","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"title":"Additional water wells at Fort Belvoir, Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1297,"text":"wsp1586A - 1961 - Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55","indexId":"wsp1586A","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp1586A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1586","chapter":"A","title":"Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the results of an investigation of water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir, Va., area for the period August 1954 to September 1955. It summarizes and evaluates information about the water resources of this area that are pertinent to the choice of location and operation of an Army nuclear power reactor. The quantity, quality, nature, and use of the local water that might be affected by the location and operation of a reactor in the area were subjects of investigation. Variations in the quality of the water caused by variation in streamflow, tidal effects, and pollution were important facets of the investigation. \r\n\r\nDuring extended periods of low streamflow in the Potomac River (usually in the late summer months), salty water moves upstream from Chesapeake Bay and increases the dissolved solids content of the surface waters adjacent to Fort Belvoir. When the streamflow is low the concentration of dissolved solids in the water near the river bottom exceeds that near the surface. \r\n\r\nThe waters in Gunston Cove usually contain more dissolved oxygen than those in the Potomac River. During the summer, the content of dissolved oxygen in the cove waters frequently exceeds 100 percent of saturation. \r\n\r\nSurface floats that were released on a flood tide in Gunston Cove moved toward the inner portion of the cove in the same direction as the wind and the tide. The maximum average velocity of these floats was 0.65 feet per second. On an ebb tide, many surface floats that were released in Gunston Cove moved toward the inner portion of the cove in the direction of the wind, in opposition to the direction of the tidal movement. Floats released near the mouth of the cove on the same tide, moved with the tide out of the cove through a narrow pass at the end of a submerged sandbar extending from the Fort Belvoir shoreline. The maximum average velocity of the floats in the pass on this ebb tide was 0.85 feet per second. Measurements of subsurface flow direction indicate that the water in the deeper part of Gunston Cove tended to move toward Accotink Bay on the flood tide and out of the cove into the Potomac River on the ebb tide. The water 150-500 feet offshore from the reactor site tended to move toward Accotink Bay on the flood tide and toward Pohick Bay on the ebb tide, whereas waters 30 feet from the Fort Belvoir shoreline tended to move counterclockwise during part of the time. In Gunston Cove the maximum measured flood velocity was 0.48 feet-per second, and the maximum ebb velocity was 0.71 per second. \r\n\r\nDuring periods of low streamflow, pollutants that enter the Potomac River at Fort Belvoir may move as much as 5.5 miles upstream on a flood tide and as much as 5 miles downstream on an ebb tide. At higher flow rates movement of pollutants is less upstream and greater downstream. 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