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,{"id":32791,"text":"pp349A - 1961 - Geology of the Richardson Cove and Jones Cove quadrangles, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-30T18:19:12.030228","indexId":"pp349A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"349","chapter":"A","title":"Geology of the Richardson Cove and Jones Cove quadrangles, Tennessee","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp349A","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, W., 1961, Geology of the Richardson Cove and Jones Cove quadrangles, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 349, Report: iv, 55 p.; 1 Plate: 54.50 × 38.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp349A.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 55 p.; 1 Plate: 54.50 × 38.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397886,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4344.htm"},{"id":122222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0349a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60770,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0349a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60771,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0349a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Richardson Cove and Jones Cove quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.5,\n              35.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.25,\n              35.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.25,\n              35.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5,\n              35.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5,\n              35.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e784","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Warren","contributorId":14819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Warren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":59364,"text":"mf79 - 1961 - Geologic map of the Bouquet Reservoir quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:24","indexId":"mf79","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79","title":"Geologic map of the Bouquet Reservoir quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf79","usgsCitation":"Dibblee, T.W., 1961, Geologic map of the Bouquet Reservoir quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 79, 1 map ;45 x 37 cm., on sheet 80 x 81 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf79.","productDescription":"1 map ;45 x 37 cm., on sheet 80 x 81 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104120,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2984.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"2984"},{"id":182840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.5,34.5 ], [ -118.5,34.75 ], [ -118.25,34.75 ], [ -118.25,34.5 ], [ -118.5,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69d991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dibblee, T. W. Jr.","contributorId":95445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dibblee","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3498,"text":"cir444 - 1961 - Availability of ground water in Lyon County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:09:17","indexId":"cir444","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"444","title":"Availability of ground water in Lyon County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Lyon County is in southwestern Minnesota, about 150 miles southwest of Minneapolis and St. Paul The basement rocks in the area consist of granite and quartzite of Precambrian age. These materials are in turn overlain by shale and sandstone of Cretaceous age, glacial drift of Pleistocene age, and alluvium of Recent age. Ground water is available primarily from aquifers in Pleistocene and Cretaceous strata from depths ranging from 15 to 500 feet below the land surface.</p>\n<p>The county is divided into areas of ground-water availability based on the quality and quantity of ground water available from the different geologic units. The glacial drift which covers all of the area, yields very hard water from sands and gravels occurring in melt-water channel deposits or as small, isolated melt-water bodies. Wells in the drift commonly yield from 2 to 30 gpm (gallons per minute), but sustained yields of as much as 500 gpm are obtained in areas where thick melt-water channel deposits occur. Cretaceous strata underlie about two-thirds of the county and yield water from poorly consolidated sandstone, The water ranges in hardness from soft to very hard and is sometimes high in chloride content. Wells in Cretaceous strata commonly yield from 2 to 7 gpm; however, in areas where the sandstone is in contact with the underlying weathered granite, sustained yields of as much as 75 gpm are obtained. The geographic and stratigraphic distribution of the geologic units suggests that additional water supplies may be available from Pleistocene and Cretaceous strata in areas not yet fully explored.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir444","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Waters, Minnesota Department of Conservation and the Marshall Municipal Utilities, Marshall, Minn.","usgsCitation":"Rodis, H.G., 1961, Availability of ground water in Lyon County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 444, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir444.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30508,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0444/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0444/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Lyon County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.0914,44.631],[-95.6023,44.6309],[-95.6028,44.5433],[-95.5938,44.5434],[-95.5921,44.1964],[-96.0628,44.1987],[-96.0788,44.1993],[-96.0747,44.5455],[-96.0932,44.5456],[-96.0914,44.631]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Lyon\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dcb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":35357,"text":"b1133A - 1961 - Geology and hydrology of the Piqua area, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:48","indexId":"b1133A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1133","chapter":"A","title":"Geology and hydrology of the Piqua area, Ohio","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1133A","usgsCitation":"Norris, S.E., and Spieker, A.M., 1961, Geology and hydrology of the Piqua area, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1133, p. A1-A33, ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1133A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A33, ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1133a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63220,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1133a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685247","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, Stanley Eugene","contributorId":24772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spieker, Andrew M.","contributorId":41492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spieker","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":37109,"text":"rr55 - 1961 - Mortality studies on cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:52","indexId":"rr55","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":74,"text":"Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"55","title":"Mortality studies on cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Ball, O., and Cope, O.B., 1961, Mortality studies on cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake: Research Report 55, 62 p.","productDescription":"62 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94596,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822008820177?urlappend=%3Bseq=11"},{"id":164892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, O.P.","contributorId":63270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"O.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cope, Oliver B.","contributorId":13290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"Oliver","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":61262,"text":"mf160 - 1961 - Reconnaissance geologic map of part of the southern Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T11:20:21","indexId":"mf160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"160","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of part of the southern Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf160","usgsCitation":"Wrucke, C., and Bromfield, C.S., 1961, Reconnaissance geologic map of part of the southern Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 160, 32.55 x 34.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf160.","productDescription":"32.55 x 34.62 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":360311,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0160/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0160/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Hidalgo County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,31.5 ], [ -109,31.75 ], [ -108.83333333333333,31.75 ], [ -108.83333333333333,31.5 ], [ -109,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a73e4b07f02db6437cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wrucke, C. T.","contributorId":8067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wrucke","given":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bromfield, C. S.","contributorId":97917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromfield","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":60574,"text":"mf81 - 1961 - Preliminary geologic map of the Pinal Ranch quadrangle, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:20","indexId":"mf81","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Pinal Ranch quadrangle, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf81","usgsCitation":"Peterson, N.P., 1961, Preliminary geologic map of the Pinal Ranch quadrangle, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 81, 1 map ;58 x 49 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf81.","productDescription":"1 map ;58 x 49 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104122,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2987.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"2987"},{"id":182904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111,33.25 ], [ -111,33.3675 ], [ -110.86749999999999,33.3675 ], [ -110.86749999999999,33.25 ], [ -111,33.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67adf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, N. P.","contributorId":29827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":36326,"text":"b1032F - 1961 - Petrography and origin of xenotime and monazite concentrations, Central City district, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T21:15:50.640769","indexId":"b1032F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1032","chapter":"F","title":"Petrography and origin of xenotime and monazite concentrations, Central City district, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1032F","usgsCitation":"Young, E.J., and Sims, P., 1961, Petrography and origin of xenotime and monazite concentrations, Central City district, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1032, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1032F.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"299","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":64274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":406564,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20625.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":166253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Central City district","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.544,\n              39.767\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.467,\n              39.767\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.467,\n              39.817\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.544,\n              39.817\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.544,\n              39.767\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68817e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Edward J.","contributorId":28251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12448,"text":"U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":216139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sims, P.K.","contributorId":30191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sims","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":68664,"text":"ha11 - 1961 - Precipitation, water loss, and runoff in the Delaware River basin and New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:41","indexId":"ha11","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Precipitation, water loss, and runoff in the Delaware River basin and New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha11","usgsCitation":"Hely, A.G., Nordenson, T.J., and and others, 1961, Precipitation, water loss, and runoff in the Delaware River basin and New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 11, 1 map :illus., maps (part col.) ;69 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha11.","productDescription":"1 map :illus., maps (part col.) ;69 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db6808b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hely, Allen Grant","contributorId":41902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hely","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"Grant","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordenson, T. J.","contributorId":95116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordenson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"and others","contributorId":127886,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"and others","id":534512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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,{"id":39145,"text":"pp282G - 1961 - Factors controlling the size and shape of stream channels in coarse noncohesive sands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T10:40:00","indexId":"pp282G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"G","title":"Factors controlling the size and shape of stream channels in coarse noncohesive sands","docAbstract":"<p>The size and shape of equilibrium channels in uniform, noncohesive sands, 0.67 mm and 2.0 mm in diameter, were studied experimentally in a laboratory flume 52 feet long in which discharge, slope, sediment load, and bed and bank material could be varied independently. For each run a straight trapezoidal channel was molded in the sand and the flume set at a predetermined slope. Introduction of the discharge was accompanied by widening and aggradation until a stable channel was established. By definition a stable equilibrium existed when channel width, water surface slope, and rate of transport became constant. The duration of individual runs ranged from 2 to 52 hours depending upon the time required for establishing equilibrium. </p><p>Stability of the banks determined channel shape. In the 2.0 mm sand at a given slope and discharge, only one depth was stable. At this depth the flow was just competent to move particles along the bed of the channel. An increase in discharge produced a wider channel of the same depth and thus transport per unit width remained at a minimum. Channels in the 0.67 mm sand were somewhat more stable and permitted a 1.5 fold increase in depth above that required to start movement of the bed material. An increased transport was associated with the increase in depth. The rate of transport is adequately described in terms of the total shear or in terms of the difference between the total shear and the critical shear required to begin movement. </p><p>In these experiments the finer, or 0.67 mm, sand, began to move along the bed of the channel at a constant shear stress. Incipient movement of the coarser, or 2.0 mm, sand, varied with the shear stress as well as the mean velocity. At the initiation of movement a lower shear was associated with a higher velocity and vice versa. </p><p>Anabranches of braided rivers and some natural river channels formed in relatively noncohesive materials resemble the essential characteristics of the flume channels. For a given slope and size of bed material the discharge per unit width in the laboratory channels was similar to that computed for anabranches and river channels measured in the field. Unlike most natural channels, despite impressive bank erosion, the channels in the laboratory only meandered at supercritical flows associated with very steep slopes. These conditions involving shallow depths, high velocity, and steep slopes are uncommon in most natural rivers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp282G","usgsCitation":"Wolman, M.G., and Brush, L.M., 1961, Factors controlling the size and shape of stream channels in coarse noncohesive sands: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282G.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"210","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330811,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f840b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brush, Lucien M. Jr.","contributorId":107343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brush","given":"Lucien","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19553,"text":"ofr6178 - 1961 - Glacier observations, Glacier National Park, Montana, 1960","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr6178","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-78","title":"Glacier observations, Glacier National Park, Montana, 1960","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr6178","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., 1961, Glacier observations, Glacier National Park, Montana, 1960: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-78, iii, 15 p., [1] leaf of plates :ill. ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6178.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p., [1] leaf of plates :ill. ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a54b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Arthur","contributorId":76720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45734,"text":"b1117A - 1961 - Geochemistry of minor elements in coals of the Northern Great Plains coal province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:14","indexId":"b1117A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1117","chapter":"A","title":"Geochemistry of minor elements in coals of the Northern Great Plains coal province","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b1117A","usgsCitation":"Zubovic, P., Stadnichenko, T.M., and Sheffey, N.B., 1961, Geochemistry of minor elements in coals of the Northern Great Plains coal province: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1117, iv, 58 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1117A.","productDescription":"iv, 58 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1117a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82353,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1117a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82354,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1117a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aab5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zubovic, Peter","contributorId":6072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zubovic","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stadnichenko, Taisia Maximovna","contributorId":57129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stadnichenko","given":"Taisia","email":"","middleInitial":"Maximovna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheffey, Nola B.","contributorId":56286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheffey","given":"Nola","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44199,"text":"ofr6115 - 1961 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Old Forge quadrangle and part of the West Canada Lakes quadrangle, New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44199,"text":"ofr6115 - 1961 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Old Forge quadrangle and part of the West Canada Lakes quadrangle, New York","indexId":"ofr6115","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Old Forge quadrangle and part of the West Canada Lakes quadrangle, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":64238,"text":"gp501 - 1965 - Aeromagnetic map of the Old Forge quadrangle and part of the West Canada Lakes quadrangle, Herkimer and Hamilton Counties, New York","indexId":"gp501","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Old Forge quadrangle and part of the West Canada Lakes quadrangle, Herkimer and Hamilton Counties, New York"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":64238,"text":"gp501 - 1965 - Aeromagnetic map of the Old Forge quadrangle and part of the West Canada Lakes quadrangle, Herkimer and Hamilton Counties, New York","indexId":"gp501","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Old Forge quadrangle and part of the West Canada Lakes quadrangle, Herkimer and Hamilton Counties, New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:11","indexId":"ofr6115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-15","title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Old Forge quadrangle and part of the West Canada Lakes quadrangle, New York","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6115","issn":"ma","usgsCitation":"Balsley, J.R., and Meuschke, J.L., 1961, Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Old Forge quadrangle and part of the West Canada Lakes quadrangle, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-15, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6115.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db6299e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balsley, James R.","contributorId":10010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meuschke, J. L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44084,"text":"ofr6137 - 1961 - Surficial geology of the Wilkeson quadrangle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"ofr6137","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-37","title":"Surficial geology of the Wilkeson quadrangle, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6137","usgsCitation":"Crandell, D.R., 1961, Surficial geology of the Wilkeson quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-37, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6137.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106319,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8004.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8004"},{"id":172896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6888c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandell, Dwight Raymond","contributorId":6440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandell","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44232,"text":"ofr6114 - 1961 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Number Four quadrangle, New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44232,"text":"ofr6114 - 1961 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Number Four quadrangle, New York","indexId":"ofr6114","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Number Four quadrangle, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":64237,"text":"gp502 - 1965 - Aeromagnetic map of the Number Four quadrangle, Herkimer and Lewis Counties, New York","indexId":"gp502","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Number Four quadrangle, Herkimer and Lewis Counties, New York"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":64237,"text":"gp502 - 1965 - Aeromagnetic map of the Number Four quadrangle, Herkimer and Lewis Counties, New York","indexId":"gp502","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Number Four quadrangle, Herkimer and Lewis Counties, New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"ofr6114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-14","title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Number Four quadrangle, New York","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6114","issn":"ma","usgsCitation":"Balsley, J.R., and Meuschke, J.L., 1961, Total intensity aeromagnetic map of the Number Four quadrangle, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-14, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6114.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db6299e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balsley, James R.","contributorId":10010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meuschke, J. L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44225,"text":"ofr6112 - 1961 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map of part of the Lowville quadrangle, New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44225,"text":"ofr6112 - 1961 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map of part of the Lowville quadrangle, New York","indexId":"ofr6112","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map of part of the Lowville quadrangle, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":64240,"text":"gp508 - 1965 - Aeromagnetic map of part of the Lowville quadrangle, Lewis County, New York","indexId":"gp508","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of the Lowville quadrangle, Lewis County, New York"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":64240,"text":"gp508 - 1965 - Aeromagnetic map of part of the Lowville quadrangle, Lewis County, New York","indexId":"gp508","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of the Lowville quadrangle, Lewis County, New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:52","indexId":"ofr6112","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-12","title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map of part of the Lowville quadrangle, New York","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6112","issn":"ma","usgsCitation":"Balsley, J.R., and Meuschke, J.L., 1961, Total intensity aeromagnetic map of part of the Lowville quadrangle, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-12, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6112.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629a6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balsley, James R.","contributorId":10010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meuschke, J. L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44227,"text":"ofr6110 - 1961 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map of parts of Bolton, Whitehall, Glens Falls, and Fort Ann quadrangles, New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44227,"text":"ofr6110 - 1961 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map of parts of Bolton, Whitehall, Glens Falls, and Fort Ann quadrangles, New York","indexId":"ofr6110","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map of parts of Bolton, Whitehall, Glens Falls, and Fort Ann quadrangles, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":64241,"text":"gp509 - 1965 - Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Bolton Landing, Glens Falls, and Whitehall quadrangles, Warren and Washington Counties, New York and Rutland County, Vermont","indexId":"gp509","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Bolton Landing, Glens Falls, and Whitehall quadrangles, Warren and Washington Counties, New York and Rutland County, Vermont"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":64241,"text":"gp509 - 1965 - Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Bolton Landing, Glens Falls, and Whitehall quadrangles, Warren and Washington Counties, New York and Rutland County, Vermont","indexId":"gp509","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Bolton Landing, Glens Falls, and Whitehall quadrangles, Warren and Washington Counties, New York and Rutland County, Vermont"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:52","indexId":"ofr6110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-10","title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map of parts of Bolton, Whitehall, Glens Falls, and Fort Ann quadrangles, New York","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6110","issn":"ma","usgsCitation":"Balsley, J.R., and Meuschke, J.L., 1961, Total intensity aeromagnetic map of parts of Bolton, Whitehall, Glens Falls, and Fort Ann quadrangles, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-10, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6110.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balsley, James R.","contributorId":10010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meuschke, J. L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44088,"text":"ofr6132 - 1961 - Talc and soapstone in the United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44088,"text":"ofr6132 - 1961 - Talc and soapstone in the United States","indexId":"ofr6132","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Talc and soapstone in the United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":61980,"text":"mr31 - 1962 - Talc and soapstone in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii","indexId":"mr31","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Talc and soapstone in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":61980,"text":"mr31 - 1962 - Talc and soapstone in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii","indexId":"mr31","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Talc and soapstone in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"ofr6132","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-32","title":"Talc and soapstone in the United States","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6132","usgsCitation":"Chidester, A., and Worthington, H.W., 1961, Talc and soapstone in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-32, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6132.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686e3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chidester, A.H.","contributorId":42940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chidester","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Worthington, Henry Wilson","contributorId":28299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worthington","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"Wilson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":39780,"text":"pp387A - 1961 - Botanical Evidence of the Modern History of Nisqually Glacier, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:09","indexId":"pp387A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"387","chapter":"A","title":"Botanical Evidence of the Modern History of Nisqually Glacier, Washington","docAbstract":"A knowledge of the areas once occupied by mountain glaciers reveals at least part of the past behavior of these glaciers. From this behavior, inferences of past climate can be drawn. The maximum advance of Nisqually Glacier in the last thousand years was located, and retreat from this point is believed to have started about 1840. The maximum downvalley position of the glacier is marked by either a prominent moraine or by a line of difference between stands of trees of strikingly different size and significantly different age. The thousand-year age of the forest beyond the moraine or line between abutting stands represents the minimum time since the surface was glaciated. This age is based on the age of the oldest trees, plus an estimated interval required for the formation of humus, plus evidence of an ancient fire, plus an interval of deposition of pyroclastics. The estimate of the date when Nisqually Glacier began to retreat from its maximum advance is based upon the ages of the oldest trees plus an interval of 5 years estimated as the time required for the establishment of trees on stable moraines. This interval was derived from a study of the ages of trees growing at locations of known past positions of the glacier.\r\n\r\nReconnaissance studies were made on moraines formed by Emmons and Tahoma Glaciers. Preliminary analyses of these data suggest that Emmons Glacier started to recede from its maximum advance in about 1745. Two other upvalley moraines mark positions from which recession started about 1849 and 1896. Ages of trees near Tahoma Glacier indicate that it started to recede from its position of maximum advance in about 1635. About 1835 Tahoma Glacier started to recede again from another moraine formed by a readvance that ter minated near the 1635 position.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp387A","usgsCitation":"Sigafoos, R.S., and Hendricks, E.L., 1961, Botanical Evidence of the Modern History of Nisqually Glacier, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 387, p. A1-A20, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp387A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A20","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0387a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":12475,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/387-a/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":67649,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0387a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,46.666666666666664 ], [ -122,47 ], [ -121.25,47 ], [ -121.25,46.666666666666664 ], [ -122,46.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sigafoos, Robert S.","contributorId":82379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sigafoos","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendricks, E. L.","contributorId":50126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}