Olmsted Air Force Base is underlain by the Gettysburg shale of Triassic age. The Gettysburg shale at the Air Force Base consists of interbedded red sandstone, siltstone, and shale. The average strike of the strata is N. 43° E., and the strata dip to the northwest at an average angle of 26°. The transmissibility of known aquifers in the warehouse area of the Air Force Base is low. Therefore, wells in the warehouse area have low specific capacities and yield only small supplies of water. Wells on the main base, however, yield relatively large supplies of water because the transmissibilities of the aquifers are relatively high. Pumping tests in the warehouse area and the eastern area of the main base indicated the presence of impermeable boundaries in both areas. Pumping tests in the central and western parts of the main base revealed that the Susquehanna River probably is acting as a source of recharge (forms a recharge boundary) for wells in those areas. Data obtained during this investigation indicate that additional supplies of ground water for Olmsted Air Force Base could best be obtained from the western part of the main base.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1539H","usgsCitation":"Meisler, H., and Longwill, S.M., 1961, Ground-water resources of Olmsted Air Force Base, Middletown, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1539, iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1539H.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28088,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meisler, Harold","contributorId":34103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meisler","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longwill, Stanley Miller","contributorId":85565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longwill","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Miller","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45134,"text":"pp354JK - 1961 - Lituyapecten (new subgenus of Patinopecten) from Alaska and California; stratigraphic occurrence of Lituyapecten in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"pp354JK","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"354","chapter":"J,K","title":"Lituyapecten (new subgenus of Patinopecten) from Alaska and California; stratigraphic occurrence of Lituyapecten in Alaska","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1959","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp354JK","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Lituyapecten (new subgenus of Patinopecten) from Alaska and California; stratigraphic occurrence of Lituyapecten in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 354, 249 p., 43 leaves of plates : ill., map ; 29 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/pp354JK.","productDescription":"249 p., 43 leaves of plates : ill., map ; 29 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0354j-k/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0354j-k/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12650,"text":"ofr6121 - 1961 - Utilization of gamma-ray logs by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1949-1953","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:32","indexId":"ofr6121","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-21","title":"Utilization of gamma-ray logs by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1949-1953","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr6121","usgsCitation":"Bell, K.G., Rhoden, V., McDonald, R., and Bunker, C.M., 1961, Utilization of gamma-ray logs by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1949-1953: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-21, 89 p. :ill., maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6121.","productDescription":"89 p. :ill., maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41051,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0021/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41052,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0021/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41053,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0021/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602d57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, Kenneth Granville","contributorId":61431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"Granville","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhoden, V.C.","contributorId":73608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhoden","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, R.L.","contributorId":99147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bunker, C. M.","contributorId":75138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":52197,"text":"ofr61107 - 1961 - Relation of the deep and shallow artesian aquifers near Lynndyl, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52197,"text":"ofr61107 - 1961 - Relation of the deep and shallow artesian aquifers near Lynndyl, Utah","indexId":"ofr61107","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Relation of the deep and shallow artesian aquifers near Lynndyl, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4922,"text":"pp424C - 1961 - Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 147-292","indexId":"pp424C","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 147-292"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4922,"text":"pp424C - 1961 - Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 147-292","indexId":"pp424C","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 147-292"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T15:39:33","indexId":"ofr61107","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-107","title":"Relation of the deep and shallow artesian aquifers near Lynndyl, Utah","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr61107","usgsCitation":"Mower, R.W., 1961, Relation of the deep and shallow artesian aquifers near Lynndyl, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-107, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr61107.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634b61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, R. W.","contributorId":34898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3282,"text":"cir448 - 1961 - Reports and maps of the Geological Survey released only in the open files, 1960","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"cir448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"448","title":"Reports and maps of the Geological Survey released only in the open files, 1960","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir448","usgsCitation":"Weld, B., Asselstine, E.S., and Johnson, A., 1961, Reports and maps of the Geological Survey released only in the open files, 1960: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 448, 15 p. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir448.","productDescription":"15 p. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0448/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0448/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f42f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weld, Betsy A.","contributorId":68714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weld","given":"Betsy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asselstine, Erwin S.","contributorId":104034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asselstine","given":"Erwin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Arthur","contributorId":76720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38969,"text":"pp424A - 1961 - Synopsis of geologic and hydrologic results: Chapter A in Geological Survey research 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-07T10:37:44","indexId":"pp424A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"424","chapter":"A","title":"Synopsis of geologic and hydrologic results: Chapter A in Geological Survey research 1961","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey is engaged in many different kinds of investigations in the fields of geology and hydrology. These investigations may be grouped into several broad, inter-related categories as follows:
(a) Economic geology, including engineering geology
(b) Regional geologic mapping, including detailed mapping and stratigraphic studies
(c) Resource and topical studies
(d) Ground-water studies
(e) Surface-water studies
(f) Quality-of-water studies
(g) Field and laboratory research on geologic and hydrologic processes and principles.
The Geological Survey also carries on investigations in its fields of competence for other Federal agencies that do not have the required specialized staffs or scientific facilities.
Nearly all the Geological Survey's activities yield new data and principles of value in the development or application of the geologic and hydrologic sciences. The purpose of this report, which consists of 4 chapters, is to present as promptly as possible findings that have come to the fore during the fiscal year 1961 the 12 months ending June 30, 1961.
The present volume, chapter A, is a synopsis of the highlights of recent findings of scientific and economic interest. Some of these findings have been published or placed on open file during the year; some are presented in chapters B, C, and D; still others have not been published previously. Only part of the scientific and economic results developed during the year can be presented in this synopsis. Readers who wish more complete or more detailed information should consult the bibliography of reports beginning on page A-156 of this volume, and the collection of short articles presented in the companion chapters as follows:
Prof. Paper 424-B Articles 1 to 146
Prof. Paper 424-C Articles 147 to 292
Prof. Paper 424-D Articles 293 to 435
A list of investigations in progress in the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions with the names and addresses of the project leaders is given on pages A-110 to A-155 for those interested in work in progress in various areas or on special topics.
During the fiscal year 1961, the services of the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions were utilized, or supported financially in part, by the many Federal and State agencies listed on pages A-106 to A-109. The Geological Survey has also cooperated from time to time with other agencies, and some of the work described in these chapters stems from work of previous years in cooperation with agencies not shown on the list. All cooperating agencies are identified where appropriate in the individual short articles in chapters B, C, and D, and they are mentioned in connection with some of the larger programs summarized in chapter A; because of space limitations, however, their contributions are mentioned in many of the short summary paragraphs contained in chapter A.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Survey research 1961 (Professional Paper 424)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp424A","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Synopsis of geologic and hydrologic results: Chapter A in Geological Survey research 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424, xii, 194 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp424A.","productDescription":"xii, 194 p.","numberOfPages":"209","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":336127,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp424D","text":"Chapter D","linkHelpText":"Articles 293-435"},{"id":336125,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp424B","text":"Chapter B","linkHelpText":"Articles 1-146"},{"id":336126,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp424C","text":"Chapter C","linkHelpText":"Articles 147-292"},{"id":120394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0424a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66036,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0424a/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"publicComments":"A summary of recent scientific and economic results, accompanied by a list of reports released in fiscal 1961 and a list of investigations in progress.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6876de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47417,"text":"b1146B - 1961 - Geophysical abstracts 185, April-June 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:24","indexId":"b1146B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1146","chapter":"B","title":"Geophysical abstracts 185, April-June 1961","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b1146B","usgsCitation":"Clarke, J., Vitaliano, D., Neuschel, V., and and others, 1961, Geophysical abstracts 185, April-June 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1146, p. 171-350, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1146B.","productDescription":"p. 171-350","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1146b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84339,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1146b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, J. W.","contributorId":34123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vitaliano, D.B.","contributorId":44161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vitaliano","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neuschel, V.S.","contributorId":106947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuschel","given":"V.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"and others","contributorId":127886,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"and others","id":531742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":52201,"text":"ofr61116 - 1961 - Ground-water conditions during 1959 at the Naval Air Missile Test Center, Point Mugu, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-28T13:52:29","indexId":"ofr61116","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-116","title":"Ground-water conditions during 1959 at the Naval Air Missile Test Center, Point Mugu, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr61116","usgsCitation":"Page, R.W., 1961, Ground-water conditions during 1959 at the Naval Air Missile Test Center, Point Mugu, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-116, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr61116.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365166,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d306","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, R. W.","contributorId":17215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39144,"text":"pp282F - 1961 - Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-16T19:56:16.98169","indexId":"pp282F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"F","title":"Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The hydraulic, basin, and geologic characteristics of 16 selected streams in central Pennsylvania were measured for the purpose of studying the relations among these general characteristics and their process of development. The basic parameters which were measured include bankfull width and depth, channel slope, bed material size and shape, length of stream from drainage divide, and size of drainage area. The kinds of bedrock over which the streams flow were noted. In these streams the bankfull channel is filled by flows approximating the 2.3-year flood. By measuring the breadth and mean depth of the channel, it was possible to compute the bankfull mean velocity for each of the 119 sampling stations. These data were then used to compute the downstream changes in hydraulic geometry of the streams studied. This method has been called an indirect computation of the hydraulic geometry. The results obtained by the indirect method are similar to those of the direct method of other workers. The basins were studied by examining the relations of drainage area, discharge, and length of stream from drainage divide. For the streams investigated, excellent correlations were found to exist between drainage area and the 2.3-year flood, as well as between length of stream from the basin divide and drainage area. From these correlations it is possible to predict the discharge for the 2.3-year flood at any arbitrary point along the length of the stream. The long, intermediate, and short axes of pebbles sampled from the bed of the stream were recorded to study both size and sphericity changes along individual streams and among the streams studied. No systematic downstream changes in sphericity were found. Particle size changes are erratic and show no consistent relation to channel slope. Particle size decreases downstream in many streams but remains constant or increases in others. Addition of material by tributaries is one factor affecting particle size and another is the parent material. Wear does not appear to account for some of the changes noted in particle size in a downstream direction. Comparison with laboratory studies indicates that at least in some streams the downstream decrease in size is much greater than would be expected from wear alone. The type of bedrock underlying the channels included in this study appears to affect both channel slope and particle size. For a given length of stream, a stream channel underlain by sandstone tends to have a steeper slope and larger bed material than channels underlain by shale or limestone. Hence, a stream which heads in sandstone and ends in limestone tends to have a more rapid decrease in slope and particle size than a stream heading in limestone and ending in sandstone. The association of steep slopes and small particles for limestone channels implies that slope and particle size may show a vague correlation between lithologic groups although no correlation may exist within a given lithologic type. In addition to the effect of bedrock on slope and particle size, there is some evidence that channels in limestone or dolomite have a slightly smaller cross section at bankfull stage than channels in shale or sandstone. Near the headwaters of many of these streams, a deposit of periglacial rubble affects the slope and bed material size. Some of the debris contains residual boulders which are too large to be moved by ordinary floods and, therefore, impose larger particle sizes in the bed of the stream. The addition of this very coarse debris to the bed material is another example of the influence of geologic factors on stream channels even though the channel consists of unconsolidated debris instead of bedrock. The influence of geologic factors noted in selected streams in central Pennsylvania may not be directly applicable to areas other than the Appalachian Mountains, but the general process is no doubt similar in most areas. In large alluvial valleys bedrock cannot be much of an influencing factor; yet large, thick alluvial deposits and terraces are in a sense \"bedrock\" materials upon which the stream works to form the landscape.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp282F","usgsCitation":"Brush, L.M., 1961, Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, Report: 37 p.; 3 Plates: 10.00 x 24.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282F.","productDescription":"Report: 37 p.; 3 Plates: 10.00 x 24.00 inches or smaller","startPage":"145","endPage":"181","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":66643,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66644,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66645,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66646,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":486127,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4258.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.5,\n 41.2139\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -77.1372,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -77.1372,\n 41.2139\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 41.2139\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635dfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brush, Lucien M. 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H.","contributorId":39025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Chadenedes","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":42648,"text":"ofr61109 - 1961 - Preliminary geologic map of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42648,"text":"ofr61109 - 1961 - Preliminary geologic map of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah","indexId":"ofr61109","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":62402,"text":"gq185 - 1963 - Geology of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah","indexId":"gq185","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":62402,"text":"gq185 - 1963 - Geology of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah","indexId":"gq185","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-21T15:30:18","indexId":"ofr61109","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-109","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr61109","usgsCitation":"Mullens, T.E., and Izett, G.A., 1961, Preliminary geologic map of the Paradise quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-109, 1 Plate: 29.69 x 32.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr61109.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 29.69 x 32.95 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":364928,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0109/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0109/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69832d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullens, Thomas E.","contributorId":14817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullens","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izett, Glen Arthur","contributorId":90303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izett","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":64055,"text":"gp252 - 1961 - Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the Falls City SW quadrangle, Atascosa, Karnes, and Live Oak Counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:54","indexId":"gp252","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"252","title":"Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the Falls City SW quadrangle, Atascosa, Karnes, and Live Oak Counties, Texas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gp252","usgsCitation":"Eargle, D., Brown, R., and Moxham, R., 1961, Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the Falls City SW quadrangle, Atascosa, Karnes, and Live Oak Counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 252, 1 map :col. ;46 x 41 cm. folded to 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gp252.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;46 x 41 cm. folded to 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104146,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3176.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"3176"},{"id":187273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"680","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.25,28.75 ], [ -98.25,28.8675 ], [ -98.11749999999999,28.8675 ], [ -98.11749999999999,28.75 ], [ -98.25,28.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acbe4b07f02db67e37c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eargle, Dolan","contributorId":106568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eargle","given":"Dolan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R.D.","contributorId":73221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moxham, Robert","contributorId":16501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moxham","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":64054,"text":"gp253 - 1961 - Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the Falls City SE quadrangle, Atascosa, Karnes, and Live Oak Counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:54","indexId":"gp253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"253","title":"Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the Falls City SE quadrangle, Atascosa, Karnes, and Live Oak Counties, Texas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gp253","usgsCitation":"Eargle, D.H., and Moxham, R.M., 1961, Preliminary aeroradioactivity and geologic map of the Falls City SE quadrangle, Atascosa, Karnes, and Live Oak Counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 253, 1 map ;46 x 40 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gp253.","productDescription":"1 map ;46 x 40 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104147,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3177.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"3177"},{"id":187272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"680","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.11749999999999,28.75 ], [ -98.11749999999999,28.8675 ], [ -98,28.8675 ], [ -98,28.75 ], [ -98.11749999999999,28.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acbe4b07f02db67e373","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eargle, Dolan H.","contributorId":104514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eargle","given":"Dolan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moxham, Robert M.","contributorId":56210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moxham","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39012,"text":"pp366 - 1961 - Ash-flow tuffs: Their origin, geologic relations, and identification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-07T10:52:43","indexId":"pp366","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"366","title":"Ash-flow tuffs: Their origin, geologic relations, and identification","docAbstract":"Pyroclastic materials, which are interpreted as having been deposited by flowage as a suspension of ash in volcanic gas, are becoming widely recognized as major geologic episodes. These may be unconsolidated, indurated by partial welding, or welded into a compact rock. Many students are working on these materials and the interest in them is so widespread that need for a coordinated treatise on them has developed. This report deals with the history of the concept of their origin; gives detailed descriptions of their character and mode of occurrence; gives criteria for their recognition; and considers their distribution and consolidation.","language":"English","publisher":"United States Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp366","usgsCitation":"Ross, C., and Smith, R.L., 1961, Ash-flow tuffs: Their origin, geologic relations, and identification: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 366, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp366.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"87","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0366/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":268972,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0366/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672ba8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Clarence S.","contributorId":7251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Clarence S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Robert L.","contributorId":90803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38993,"text":"pp352C - 1961 - Effect of sediment characteristics on erosion and deposition in ephemeral-stream channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:14","indexId":"pp352C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"352","chapter":"C","title":"Effect of sediment characteristics on erosion and deposition in ephemeral-stream channels","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Erosion and sedimentation in a semiarid environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp352C","usgsCitation":"Schumm, S.A., 1961, Effect of sediment characteristics on erosion and deposition in ephemeral-stream channels: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 352, p. 31-70, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp352C.","productDescription":"p. 31-70","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0352c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0352c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumm, S. A.","contributorId":71957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumm","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38970,"text":"pp424B - 1961 - Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences; Articles 1-146","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T21:08:19.50785","indexId":"pp424B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"424","chapter":"B","title":"Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences; Articles 1-146","docAbstract":"The scientific and economic results of work by the United States Geological Survey during the fiscal year 1961, the 12 months ending June 30, 1961, will be summarized in four volumes of which this is the first. This volume includes 146 short papers on a variety of subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, and related sciences, prepared by members of the Geologic, Water Resources, and Conservation Divisions of the Survey. These papers are of two kinds. Some are announcements of new discoveries or observations on problems of limited scope, which may or may not be described in greater detail subsequently. Others summarize conclusions drawn from more extensive or continuing investigations, which in large part will be described in greater detail in reports to be published at a· later date.
Professional Papers 424-C and -D include additional short papers of the same character as those in the present volume. Professional Paper 424-A provides a synopsis of the more important new findings resulting from work during the fiscal year.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Survey research 1961 (Professional Paper 424)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp424B","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences; Articles 1-146: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424, viii, 344 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp424B.","productDescription":"viii, 344 p.","numberOfPages":"352","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336128,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp424A","text":"Chapter A","linkHelpText":"Synopsis of geologic and hydrologic results"},{"id":113313,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0424b/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0424b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":336129,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp424C","text":"Chapter C","linkHelpText":"Articles 147-292"},{"id":336130,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp424D","text":"Chapter D","linkHelpText":"Articles 293-435"},{"id":421142,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_28432.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"publicComments":"Scientific notes and summaries of investigations prepared by me1nbers of the Geologic, Water Resources, and Conservation Divisions in the fields of geology, hydrology, and allied sciences.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24284,"text":"ofr61123 - 1961 - Flow of springs and small streams in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T13:13:06","indexId":"ofr61123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-123","title":"Flow of springs and small streams in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of an investigation to determine the effect of the construction of Tecolote Tunnel in southern Santa Barbara County, California, on the flow of springs and spring-fed streams in the tunnel area. A program of monthly measurement of discharge for this purpose began in late 1948 at 125 springs and streams; tunnel construction started in March 1950 and was completed in January 1956. By late 1951 appreciable seepage was entering the tunnel.
Incidental to the primary objective of this study, but a necessary part of the investigation, were a study of the discharge pattern of the springs and streams of the region, and an evaluation of the effect on flow of both the Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake of July 21, 1952 and the Refugio brush fire of early September 1955. The most striking characteristic of the regimen of flow in the area is the rapid response of discharge to precipitation. An interesting effect was observed in July 1952 when the Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake abruptly increased the flow at 18 measuring sites. At 15 of these sites this effect was felt for only several months, but at three of the sites the effect remained for several years. As for the Refugio fire, there is some reason to believe that the summer flow of many springs and streams may have increased in the years that followed as a result of decreased evapotranspiration losses, but the evidence is inconclusive.
The many complex and interrelated factors that influence the discharge of springs and spring-fed streams make it exceedingly difficult to isolate the effect of Tecolote Tunnel on the flow Another major difficulty in evaluating the effect of the tunnel stems from the fact that the calibration period for this study was only three years long, lasting from late 1948 to late 1951, and was uniformly deficient in precipitation, Furthermore, these inadequacies of the calibration period in regard to short length of record and limited range in precipitation, cannot be overcome by the collection of additional discharge information in the years to come. From the data available, however, the following conclusions were reached concerning the effect of Tecolote Tunnel:
No abstract available.
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