Much arable land in the Raft River basin of Idaho lacks water for irrigation, and the potentially irrigable acreage far exceeds the amount that could be irrigated with the estimated total supply of water. Therefore, the amount of uncommitted water that could be intercepted and used within the basin is the limiting factor in further development of its native water supply. Water for additional irrigation might be obtained by constructing surface-storage works, by pumping ground water, or by importing surface water. Additional groundwater development is feasible. As an aid to orderly development and use of the water supplies, the report summarizes available geologic and hydrologic data and, by analysis and interpretation, derives an estimate of the recoverable water yield of the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1587","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1961, Water resources of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1587, Report: vi, 138 p.; 6 Plates: 29.00 x 60.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1587.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 138 p.; 6 Plates: 29.00 x 60.00 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"144","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410736,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24773.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28323,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Provisional water-yield map of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah"},{"id":28322,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Provisional isohyetal map of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah"},{"id":28321,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Generalized geologic map of Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah"},{"id":28327,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28326,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Pumping rates, in cubic feet per second, of irrigation wells in the Raft River valley, Idaho"},{"id":28325,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Water table contours in the Raft River valley and northern plains section, October-November 1952"},{"id":28324,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Location of wells and stream-measuring stations in the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Raft River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113,\n 42.683\n ],\n [\n -113.844,\n 42.683\n ],\n [\n -113.844,\n 41.76\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 41.76\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 42.683\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2528,"text":"wsp1594A - 1961 - Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55770,"text":"ofr5751 - 1957 - Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington","indexId":"ofr5751","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2528,"text":"wsp1594A - 1961 - Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington","indexId":"wsp1594A","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-27T21:07:09.628312","indexId":"wsp1594A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1594","chapter":"A","title":"Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1594A","usgsCitation":"Price, C.E., and Hubbell, D.W., 1961, Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1594, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1594A.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395016,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24778.htm"},{"id":28749,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1594a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1594a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Walla Walla","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.31039428710939,\n 46.044642082970135\n ],\n [\n -118.20053100585936,\n 46.044642082970135\n ],\n [\n -118.20053100585936,\n 46.116085686143805\n ],\n [\n -118.31039428710939,\n 46.116085686143805\n ],\n [\n -118.31039428710939,\n 46.044642082970135\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672bf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, Charles E.","contributorId":38523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbell, D. W.","contributorId":15997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2367,"text":"wsp1330E - 1961 - Water requirements of the copper industry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2367,"text":"wsp1330E - 1961 - Water requirements of the copper industry","indexId":"wsp1330E","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Water requirements of the copper industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T14:14:06","indexId":"wsp1330E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1330","chapter":"E","title":"Water requirements of the copper industry","docAbstract":"The copper industry in 1955 used about 330 million gallons of water per day in the mining and manufacturing of primary copper. This amount is about 0.3 percent of the total estimated withdrawals of industrial water in the United States in 1955. These facts were determined by a survey, in 1956, of the amount and chemical quality of the water used by the copper industry.
A large part of this water was used in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah, where about five-sixths of the domestic copper is mined. Much of the remaining water use was near New York City where most of the electrolytic refineries are located, and the rest of the water was used in widely scattered places.
A little more than 100,000 gallons of water per ton of copper was used in the production of copper from domestic ores. Of this amount about 70,000 gallons per ton was used in mining and concentrating the ore, and about 30,000 gallons per ton was used to reduce the concentrate to refined copper. In areas where water was scarce or expensive, the unit water use was a little more than half the average. About 60 mgd (million gallons per day) or 18 percent of the water was used consumptively, and nearly all of the consumptive use occurred in the water-short areas of the West.
Of the water used in mining and manufacturing primary copper 75 percent was surface water and 25 percent was ground water, 89 percent of this water was self-supplied by the copper companies and 11 percent came from public supplies.
Much of the water used in producing primary copper was of comparatively poor quality; about 46 percent was saline containing 1,000 ppm (parts per million) or more of dissolved solids and 54 percent was fresh. Water that is used for concentration of copper ores by flotation or even any water that comes in contact with the ore at any time before it reaches the flotation plant must be free of petroleum products because they interfere with the flotation process. The water used in mining and ore concentration was higher in dissolved solids and was harder than the water used in smelting and refining. Water used in mining and ore concentration had a median dissolved solids content of about 400 ppm and a median hardness (as CaCO3) of about 200 ppm. The median values for water used in smelting and refining were only half these amounts.
","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330E","usgsCitation":"Mussey, O.D., 1961, Water requirements of the copper industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, iv,39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330E.","productDescription":"iv,39 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"219","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28306,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330e/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.07 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mussey, Orville Durey","contributorId":45688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mussey","given":"Orville","email":"","middleInitial":"Durey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2685,"text":"wsp1540B - 1961 - Concentration method for the spectrochemical determination of minor elements in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"wsp1540B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1540","chapter":"B","title":"Concentration method for the spectrochemical determination of minor elements in water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. GPO,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1540B","usgsCitation":"Silvery, W.D., 1961, Concentration method for the spectrochemical determination of minor elements in water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1540, iii, [12] p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1540B.","productDescription":"iii, [12] p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1540b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29042,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1540b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silvery, William D.","contributorId":104474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silvery","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2550,"text":"wsp1536C - 1961 - A Simple Method for Determining Specific Yield from Pumping Tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp1536C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1536","chapter":"C","title":"A Simple Method for Determining Specific Yield from Pumping Tests","docAbstract":"A simpler solution which greatly reduces the time necessary to compute the specific yield by the pumping-test method of Remson and Lang (1955) is presented. The method consists of computing the volume of dewatered material in the cone of depression and comparing it with the total volume of discharged water. The original method entails the use of a slowly converging series to compute the volume of dewatered material. The solution given herein is derived directly from Darcy's law.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wsp1536C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development","usgsCitation":"Ramsahoye, L., and Lang, S.M., 1961, A Simple Method for Determining Specific Yield from Pumping Tests: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1536, iii, 41-46 p. (9 pages total), https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1536C.","productDescription":"iii, 41-46 p. (9 pages total)","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1536c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28795,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1536c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4968e4b0b290850ef241","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsahoye, L.E.","contributorId":17474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsahoye","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lang, Solomon Max","contributorId":17471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"Solomon","email":"","middleInitial":"Max","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1705,"text":"wsp1475F - 1961 - Ground Water at Grant Village Site, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"wsp1475F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1475","chapter":"F","title":"Ground Water at Grant Village Site, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"On behalf of the National Park Service, the U.S. Geological Survey during the summer of 1959 made a study of ground-water conditions in the area of the Grant Village site, along the shore of the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake, 1 to 2 miles south of the present facilities at West Thumb. The water supply for the present development at West Thumb is obtained from Duck Lake, but the quantity of water available from this source probably will be inadequate for the planned development at Grant Village.\r\n\r\nDuring the investigation, 11 auger holes were bored and 6 test wells were drilled. Aquifer tests by pumping and bailing methods were made at two of the test wells. All material penetrated in the auger holes and test wells is of Quaternary age except the welded tuff of possible Pliocene age that was penetrated in the lower part of test well 4.\r\n\r\nSmall to moderate quantities of water were obtained from the test wells in the area. Test well 2 yielded 35 gpm (gallons per minute) at a temperature of nearly 100 deg F. Test well 6 yielded about 15 gpm at a temperature of 48 deg F. The yield of this well might be increased by perforation of additional sections of casing, followed by further development of the well. Water from the other four test wells was of inadequate quantity, too highly mineralized, or too warm to be effectively utilized.\r\n\r\nMost of the ground water sampled had high concentrations of silica and iron, and part of the water was excessively high in fluoride content. Otherwise, the ground water was of generally suitable quality for most uses.\r\n\r\nThe most favorable area for obtaining water supplies from wells is near the lakeshore, where a large part of the water pumped would be ground-water flow diverted from its normal discharge into the lake. Moderate quantities of relatively cool water of fairly good quality may be available near the lakeshore between test wells 5 and 6 and immediately east of test well 6.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of the Public Domain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1475F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Gordon, E.D., McCullough, R.A., and Weeks, E.P., 1961, Ground Water at Grant Village Site, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1475, 173-200 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1475F.","productDescription":"173-200 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12519,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/wsp/1475-F/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26783,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.66666666666667,44.25 ], [ -110.66666666666667,44.5 ], [ -110.33333333333333,44.5 ], [ -110.33333333333333,44.25 ], [ -110.66666666666667,44.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Ellis D.","contributorId":12451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCullough, Richard A.","contributorId":78712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weeks, Edwin P. epweeks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Edwin","email":"epweeks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":143994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2662,"text":"wsp1602 - 1961 - Effect of reforestation on streamflow in central New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1602","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1602","title":"Effect of reforestation on streamflow in central New York","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data have been collected since 1932 in central New York State to determine the effect of reforestation on streamflow. Data are available for three small partly reforested areas and for one nonreforested control area. From 35 to 58 percent of the 3 areas were reforested, mostly with species of pine and spruce. The trees were allowed to grow without thinning or cutting, and by 1958 these reforested areas had developed into dense coniferous woodlots. \r\n\r\nIntensive statistical analyses of the data from the four study areas were made in 1958. Analyses were made for three hydrologic periods: the dormant season represented by the 6-month period ending April 30, the growing season represented by the 6-month period ending October 31, and the year represented by the 12-month period ending April 30. Analyses of the hydrologic data using multiple correlation with time as a variable and analyses of covariance between early and late periods of record indicated that several significant changes had occurred in the streamflow from the partly reforested study areas. Based on correlation with precipitation, total runoff for the dormant season from the 3 study areas was reduced by annual rates of 0.17 to 0.29 inches per year. Based on correlations with streamflow from a control area, total runoff from the partly reforested Shackham Brook area was reduced by average rates of 0.14 inches per growing season, 0.23 inches per dormant season, and 0.36 inches per hydrologic year. Peak discharges on Shackham Brook during the dormant season were reduced by 1958 by an average of 41 percent for the season, with reductions ranging from an average of 66 percent for November to an average of 16 percent for April. No significant changes were found in the peak discharges for the growing season, rates of base-flow recession, volumes of direct runoff, or annual low flows of streams in the three partly reforested areas. \r\n\r\nThe significant reductions in total runoff are attributed to increases in interception and transpiration in the reforested areas. The reductions in peak discharges during the dormant period are attributed largely to increased interception and sublimation of snowfall, and a gradual desynchronization of snowmelt runoff from the wooded and open areas of partly reforested watersheds. The changes in streamflow occurred gradually over the years; it could not be determined from the data whether changes in streamflow were still occurring in 1958, or whether they had reached a maximum.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1602","usgsCitation":"Schneider, W.J., and Ayer, G.R., 1961, Effect of reforestation on streamflow in central New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1602, v, 61 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1602.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1602/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28999,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1602/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f8680","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, William Joseph","contributorId":104466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayer, Gordon Roundy","contributorId":52950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayer","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"Roundy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3204,"text":"wsp1591A - 1961 - Urban growth and the water regimen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1591A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1591","chapter":"A","title":"Urban growth and the water regimen","docAbstract":"The continuing growth and concentration of population and industry in urban and suburban areas in recent decades has caused a complex merging of social, economic, and physical problems, The interrelationships of man and his use and development of the land and water resources is a particularly significant aspect of urbanization, but there has been relatively little study to date of the effect of urban man upon natural hydrologic conditions. \r\n\r\nAs urban man changes an area from one of field and forest to one of buildings and streets, he covers land where water once entered the soil, and thus creates or aggravates problems of drainage, including storm-water runoff. As he requires increasing amounts of water for home and factory, he drills deeper wells, and builds longer aqueducts and larger dams and reservoirs. As he disposes of un- wanted waste materials, he either treats them by using water or pollutes the receiving body of water. As he dredges and deepens coastal streams carrying salt water, and he pumps greater quantities of water from wells in coastal areas, he increases the likelihood of salt-water contamination. These and many other urban effects upon hydrology deserve increasing study if we are to provide for the best use of the water and land resources available to the Nation's urban centers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1591A","usgsCitation":"Savini, J., and Kammerer, J., 1961, Urban growth and the water regimen: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1591, 1 v. (issued as seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;43 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1591A.","productDescription":"1 v. (issued as seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;43 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1591a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30191,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1591a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30192,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1591a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f238b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savini, John","contributorId":67491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savini","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kammerer, J.C.","contributorId":24762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerer","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3147,"text":"wsp1640 - 1961 - Quantity and quality of surface waters of Alaska, 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:27","indexId":"wsp1640","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1640","title":"Quantity and quality of surface waters of Alaska, 1959","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1640","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., and Love, S.K., 1961, Quantity and quality of surface waters of Alaska, 1959: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1640, vi, 114 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1640.","productDescription":"vi, 114 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1640/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30095,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1640/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2082,"text":"wsp1545B - 1961 - Methods for determining the proper spacing of wells in artesian aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp1545B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1545","chapter":"B","title":"Methods for determining the proper spacing of wells in artesian aquifers","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1545B","usgsCitation":"Lang, S., 1961, Methods for determining the proper spacing of wells in artesian aquifers: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1545, 16 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1545B.","productDescription":"16 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1545b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1545b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a1dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lang, S.M.","contributorId":34108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2658,"text":"wsp1539F - 1961 - Aquifers in melt-water channels along the southwest flank of the Des Moines Lobe, Lyon County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:18:18","indexId":"wsp1539F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1539","chapter":"F","title":"Aquifers in melt-water channels along the southwest flank of the Des Moines Lobe, Lyon County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"During the Gary and Mankato substages of Wisconsin glaciation the Des Moines lobe advanced southeastward through the broad lowland of the Minnesota River valley of southwestern Minnesota, and thence southward to central Iowa.
\nAmong the most prominent topographic features in Lyon County, Minn., are five southeastward-trending end moraines, two of which are associated with and parallel to belts of surficial outwash that are approximately half a mile to a mile wide. Test drilling indicated that one of the belts of outwash is underlain by a complex system of buried melt-water channels. The other is the upper part of a series of deposits in an incised channel. The channels are filled with till, glaciolacustrine deposits, and outwash, which includes permeable deposits of water-bearing sand and gravel.
\nAssociated with the surficial melt-water channels is a pronounced southeastward-trending linear drainage pattern. By studying the lineation of streams and lakes, analyzing the available water-well data, and drilling test holes, several elongate deposits of buried outwash having little or no topographic expression were located. The long axes of the deposits are generally parallel to the lineation of the drainage and the end moraines.
\nThe melt-water channels in Lyon County trend southeastward because the flank of the ice sheet was confined by a landmass that sloped to the northeast. Similar buried channels may be present elsewhere along the southwest flank of the Des Moines lobe. If so, they probably can be located by the methods described.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1539F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Waters, Minnesota Department of Conservation, and the Marshall Municipal Utilities, Marshall, Minnesota","usgsCitation":"Schneider, R., and Rodis, H.G., 1961, Aquifers in melt-water channels along the southwest flank of the Des Moines Lobe, Lyon County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1539, iii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1539F.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28994,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Des Moines Lobe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 44.18417357325395\n ],\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 44.67255939212045\n ],\n [\n -95.57968139648438,\n 44.67255939212045\n ],\n [\n -95.57968139648438,\n 44.18417357325395\n ],\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 44.18417357325395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679f5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3145,"text":"wsp1539C - 1961 - Ground-water reconnaissance of Winnemucca Lake Valley, Pershing and Washoe Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:27","indexId":"wsp1539C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1539","chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water reconnaissance of Winnemucca Lake Valley, Pershing and Washoe Counties, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Government Printing Office,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1539C","usgsCitation":"Zones, C.P., 1961, Ground-water reconnaissance of Winnemucca Lake Valley, Pershing and Washoe Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1539, 18 p. :maps ;24 cm. & 1 map in pocket., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1539C.","productDescription":"18 p. :maps ;24 cm. & 1 map in pocket.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109974,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24727.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24727"},{"id":138877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30092,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667165","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zones, Christie Paul","contributorId":25550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zones","given":"Christie","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3056,"text":"wsp1713 - 1961 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 9, Colorado River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1713","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1713","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 9, Colorado River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1713","usgsCitation":"Hendricks, E.L., 1961, Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 9, Colorado River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1713, xii, 520 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1713.","productDescription":"xii, 520 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1713/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29910,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1713/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db694297","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hendricks, E. L.","contributorId":50126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3057,"text":"wsp1716 - 1961 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1716","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1716","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1716","usgsCitation":"Hendricks, E.L., 1961, Surface water supply of the United States, 1960, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1716, x, 394 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1716.","productDescription":"x, 394 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1716/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1716/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db694337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hendricks, E. L.","contributorId":50126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3051,"text":"wsp1628 - 1961 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 5, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1628","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1628","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 5, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River Basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1628","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1961, Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 5, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1628, xii, 562 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1628.","productDescription":"xii, 562 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1628/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29905,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1628/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69618b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3046,"text":"wsp1581 - 1961 - Ground-water potentialities in the Crescent Valley, Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"wsp1581","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1581","title":"Ground-water potentialities in the Crescent Valley, Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Crescent Valley is an intermontane basin in Eureka and Lander Counties, just south of the Humboldt River in north-central Nevada. The valley floor, with an area of about 150 square miles, has a shape that more nearly resembles a Y than a crescent, although the valley apparently was named after the arc described by its southern part and northeastern arm. The northwestern arm of the Y extends northward to the small railroad town of Beowawe on the Humboldt River; the northeastern arm lies east of the low Dry Hills. The leg of the Y extends southwestward toward a narrow gap which separates the Crescent Valley from the Carico Lake Valley. The total drainage area of the Crescent Valley-about 700 square miles--includes also the slopes of the bordering mountain ranges: the Shoshone Range to the west, the Cortez Mountains to the east, and the Toiyabe Range to the south. \r\n\r\nThe early history of the Crescent Valley was dominated by mining of silver and gold, centered at Lander in the Shoshone Range and at Cortez and Mill Canyon in the Cortez Mountains, but in recent years the only major mining activity has been at Gold Acres; there open-pit mining of low-grade gold ore has supported a community of about 200. For many years the only agricultural enterprises in the valley were two cattle ranches, but recently addition lands have been developed for the raising of crops in the west-central part of the valley. The average annual precipitation upon the floor of the Crescent Valley is probably less than 7 inches, of which only a little more than 1 inch formally falls during the growing season (from June through September). This is far less than the requirement of any plants of economic value, and irrigation is essential to agricultural development. Small perennial streams rising in the mountains have long been utilized for domestic supply, mining and milling activities of the past, and irrigation, and recently some large wells have been developed for irrigation. In 1956 the total pumpage from wells in the valley was 2,300 acre-feet. \r\n\r\nThe Crescent Valley is a basin in which has accumulated a large volume of sediments that had been eroded and transported by streams from the surrounding mountains. The deepest wells have penetrated only the upper 350 feet of these sediments, which on the basis of the known thickness of sediments in other intermontane basins in central Nevada may be as much as several thousand feet thick. Because this valley fill is saturated practically to the level of the valley floor, the total volume of ground water in storage amounts to millions of acre-feet. In practically all wells drilled to date, the water has been of a quality satisfactory for irrigation and domestic use. \r\n\r\nThe amount of water that can be developed and used perennially is far smaller than the total in storage and is dependent upon the average annual recharge to the ground-water reservoir. This recharge comes principally from streams, fed largely by snowmelt, that drain the higher mountains. The average annum recharge to the valley fill is estimated to be about 13,000 acre-feet. This natural supply, which is largely consumed by native vegetation on the valley floor, constitutes a perennial supply for beneficial use only to the extent that the natural discharge can be reduced. In time, much of the natural discharge, can probably be salvaged, if it is economically feasible to pump ground water after water levels have been lowered as much as 100 feet in the areas that now appear to be favorable for the development of irrigation supplies. \r\nIn 5 wells in the phreatophyte area, where the water table is within 3-8 feet \r\nof the land surface, the trends in water level have paralleled those, in precipitation-downward during the dry years 1952-55, upward in wetter 1956 and 1957, \r\nand as high in 1957 as at any time since 1948. In most wells there is also a \r\nseasonal fluctuation of 1-3 feet, from a high in the spring to a low in the fall. \r\nThere is no evi","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1581","usgsCitation":"Zones, C.P., 1961, Ground-water potentialities in the Crescent Valley, Eureka and Lander Counties, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1581, iv, 50 p. :maps (1 fold. in pocket) diagrs., tables. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1581.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p. :maps (1 fold. in pocket) diagrs., tables. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1581/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29899,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1581/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29900,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1581/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667410","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zones, Christie Paul","contributorId":25550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zones","given":"Christie","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}