Lake Kronotskoe is situated in the Kronotskii State Nature Reserve and is a unique natural heritage of Kamchatka. The lake–river system of the reserve includes numerous springs and small streams and three large inflowing rivers, Listvennichnaya, Unana, and Uzon, which form the main bays of Lake Kro\uDBFF\uDC00notskoe; one river (Kronotskaya) flows from the lake. This river is characterized by several rapids, which are assumed to be unsurmountable barriers for fish migration. The ichthyofauna of the lake has been isolated for a long time, and some endemic fishes appeared, including char of the genus Salvelinus and the residen\uDBFF\uDC00tial form of red salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (the local name is kokanee). These species are perfect model objects to study microevolution processes. Char of Lake Kronotskoe are characterized by significant polymorphism and plasticity [1–3]; therefore, they are extremely valuable for studying the processes of speciation and form development. That is why the populations of char in Lake Kronotskoe are unique and attract special attention of researchers.
\nEconomic models predict behavior of animals based on the presumption that natural selection has shaped behaviors important to an animal's fitness to maximize benefits over costs. Economic analyses have shown that territories of animals are structured by trade-offs between benefits gained from resources and costs of defending them. Intuitively, home ranges should be similarly structured, but trade-offs are difficult to assess because there are no costs of defense, thus economic models of home-range behavior are rare. We present economic models that predict how home ranges can be efficient with respect to spatially distributed resources, discounted for travel costs, under 2 strategies of optimization, resource maximization and area minimization. We show how constraints such as competitors can influence structure of homes ranges through resource depression, ultimately structuring density of animals within a population and their distribution on a landscape. We present simulations based on these models to show how they can be generally predictive of home-range behavior and the mechanisms that structure the spatial distribution of animals. We also show how contiguous home ranges estimated statistically from location data can be misleading for animals that optimize home ranges on landscapes with patchily distributed resources. We conclude with a summary of how we applied our models to nonterritorial black bears (Ursus americanus) living in the mountains of North Carolina, where we found their home ranges were best predicted by an area-minimization strategy constrained by intraspecific competition within a social hierarchy. Economic models can provide strong inference about home-range behavior and the resources that structure home ranges by offering falsifiable, a priori hypotheses that can be tested with field observations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/11-MAMM-S-157.1","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, M.S., and Powell, R.A., 2012, Foraging optimally for home ranges: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 93, no. 4, p. 917-928, https://doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-S-157.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"917","endPage":"928","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035484","costCenters":[{"id":399,"text":"Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274078,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-S-157.1"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c59e34e4b0c89b8f120e3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitchell, Michael S. 0000-0002-0773-6905 mmitchel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-6905","contributorId":3716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Michael","email":"mmitchel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Roger A.","contributorId":9163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004117,"text":"70004117 - 2012 - Estimating the benefits of land imagery in environmental applications: a case study in nonpoint source pollution of groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-18T17:11:43","indexId":"70004117","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Estimating the benefits of land imagery in environmental applications: a case study in nonpoint source pollution of groundwater","docAbstract":"Moderate-resolution land imagery (MRLI) is crucial to a more complete assessment of the cumulative, landscape-level effect of agricultural land use and land cover on environmental quality. If this improved assessment yields a net social benefit, then that benefit reflects the value of information (VOI) from MRLI. Environmental quality and the capacity to provide ecosystem services evolve because of human actions, changing natural conditions, and their interaction with natural physical processes. The human actions, in turn, are constrained and redirected by many institutions and regulations such as agricultural, energy, and environmental policies. We present a general framework for bringing together sociologic, biologic, physical, hydrologic, and geologic processes at meaningful scales to interpret environmental implications of MRLI applications. We set out a specific application using MRLI observations to identify crop planting patterns and thus estimate surface management activities that influence groundwater resources over a regional landscape. We tailor the application to the characteristics of nonpoint source groundwater pollution hazards in Iowa to illustrate a general framework in a land use-hydrologic-economic system. In the example, MRLI VOI derives from reducing the risk of both losses to agricultural production and damage to human health and other consequences of contaminated groundwater.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The value of information","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/978-94-007-4839-2_10","collaboration":"This is Chapter 10","usgsCitation":"Bernknopf, R.L., Forney, W.M., Raunikar, R.P., and Mishra, S.K., 2012, Estimating the benefits of land imagery in environmental applications: a case study in nonpoint source pollution of groundwater, chap. of The value of information, p. 257-299, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4839-2_10.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"299","ipdsId":"IP-024922","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269683,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4839-2_10"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51483788e4b022dd171afe59","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Laxminarayan, Ramanan","contributorId":112226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laxminarayan","given":"Ramanan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508223,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maccauley, Molly K.","contributorId":112432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maccauley","given":"Molly","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508224,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard L.","contributorId":97061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forney, William M.","contributorId":43490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raunikar, Ronald P.","contributorId":101535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raunikar","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mishra, Shruti K.","contributorId":21432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mishra","given":"Shruti","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}