{"pageNumber":"68","pageRowStart":"1675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":2263,"records":[{"id":24526,"text":"ofr80739 - 1980 - Hydrology and water quality of the copper-nickel study region, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:37:14","indexId":"ofr80739","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-739","title":"Hydrology and water quality of the copper-nickel study region, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Data were collected on the hydrology of the Copper-Nickel study region to identify the location and nature of groundwater resources, determine the flow characteristics and general quality of the major streams, and determine the potential effects of mining copper and nickel on the hydrologic stream. Groundwater generally occurs in local flow systems within surficial deposits and in fractures in the upper few hundred feet of bedrock. Yields commonly range from 1 to 5 gallons per minute from wells in surficial materials and bedrock, but can be as much as 1,000 gallons per minute from wells in the sand and gravel aquifer underlying the Embarrass River valley. Groundwater generally is calcium-magnesium bicarbonate types. Over a mineralized zone, groundwater has concentrations of copper and nickel greater than 5 micrograms per liter. The average annual runoff from streams in the study area is about 10 inches. About 60% of the annual runoff occurs during snowmelt in spring. Flood peaks are reduced in streams that have surface storage available in on-channel lakes and wetlands. Specific conductance in streams can exceed 250 micromhos per centimeter at 25 Celsius where mine dewatering supplements natural discharge. Estimated groundwater discharge to projected copper-nickel mines ranges from less than 25 to about 2,000 gallons per minute. The introduction of trace metals from future mining activities to the groundwater system can be reduced if tailings basins and stockpiles are located on material which has low permeability, such as till, peat, or bedrock. (USGS)</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr80739","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Environmental Quality Board and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Siegel, D., and Ericson, D.W., 1980, Hydrology and water quality of the copper-nickel study region, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-739, Document: vi, 87 p.; 2 Plates: 10.14 x 12.42 inches and 9.87 x 12.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80739.","productDescription":"Document: vi, 87 p.; 2 Plates: 10.14 x 12.42 inches and 9.87 x 12.38 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0739/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53577,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0739/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53578,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0739/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53579,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0739/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Copper-Nickel Study Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92,\n              48\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.5,\n              48\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.5,\n              47.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.75,\n              47.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.75,\n              47.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.25,\n              47.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.25,\n              47.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -92,\n              47.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -92,\n              48\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegel, Donald I.","contributorId":97499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"Donald I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ericson, Donald W.","contributorId":59837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24296,"text":"ofr80833 - 1980 - Data on some stratabound Precambrian deposits containing zinc, copper, lead, silver, and gold in the Royal Gorge 15-minute quadrangle, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr80833","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-833","title":"Data on some stratabound Precambrian deposits containing zinc, copper, lead, silver, and gold in the Royal Gorge 15-minute quadrangle, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr80833","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Raymond, W.H., and Sheridan, D.M., 1980, Data on some stratabound Precambrian deposits containing zinc, copper, lead, silver, and gold in the Royal Gorge 15-minute quadrangle, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-833, 9 p.  :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80833.","productDescription":"9 p.  :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0833/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53412,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0833/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raymond, William H.","contributorId":48555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheridan, Douglas M.","contributorId":13966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23061,"text":"ofr80917 - 1980 - Helicopter airborne electromagnetic survey (using the Dighem II system) of parts of the Lake City caldera, Hinsdale County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-20T21:11:17.47653","indexId":"ofr80917","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-917","title":"Helicopter airborne electromagnetic survey (using the Dighem II system) of parts of the Lake City caldera, Hinsdale County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The data presented herein is from an airborne electromagnetic-resistivity-survey conducted by Dighem Limited of Toronto Canada for the U.S. Geological Survey. The area surveyed is located in the western San Juan Mountains near Lake City, Colorado. The general area covered is between 37°45' and 38° latitude north and 107°15' and 107°35' longitude west. The survey flying was confined to nine valleys which surround the Lake City caldera. Four blocks were surveyed from October 22 to October 27, 1979 for a total of 535 line - kilometers. The survey was flown as part of a mineral appraisal study conducted in cooperation with Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The survey was done to detect massive mineralization, mainly copper, and to locate conductive faults that may be suitable sites for uranium mineralization.</p><p>To be useful, airborne electromagnetic measurements must be made within a few hundred feet of the surface. The area that was flown is so rugged that a helicopter rather than a fixed-wing aircraft was used.</p><p>Fraser and Dvorak summarize the data of the survey areas as follows: in the east and south, the ground resistivities varied over a broad range—, from 20 to 1000 ohm-m. The western and northern parts of the area were characterized by resistivities mostly in the 300 to 1000 ohm-m range. Several weak to moderate EM anomalies were located that may warrant ground follow-up work.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr80917","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Fraser, D., and Dvorak, Z., 1980, Helicopter airborne electromagnetic survey (using the Dighem II system) of parts of the Lake City caldera, Hinsdale County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-917, Report: 31 p.; 8 Plates: 24.19 x 42.36 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80917.","productDescription":"Report: 31 p.; 8 Plates: 24.19 x 42.36 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":364330,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":364329,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":364328,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390708,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11825.htm"},{"id":364331,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":364332,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52432,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":364334,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":364333,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":364327,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0917/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Hinsdale County","otherGeospatial":"Lake City caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.507,\n              37.874\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.25,\n              37.874\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.25,\n              38.078\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.507,\n              38.078\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.507,\n              37.874\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635dec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fraser, D.C.","contributorId":35732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraser","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dvorak, Z.","contributorId":57487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":46529,"text":"ofr80315 - 1980 - Map showing silver, copper, lead, and zinc stream-sediment geochemical anomalies in Misheguk Mountain quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-17T20:36:11.064577","indexId":"ofr80315","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-315","title":"Map showing silver, copper, lead, and zinc stream-sediment geochemical anomalies in Misheguk Mountain quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80315","usgsCitation":"Curtis, S., Ellersieck, I.F., Mayfield, C., and Tailleur, I., 1980, Map showing silver, copper, lead, and zinc stream-sediment geochemical anomalies in Misheguk Mountain quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-315, 1 Plate: 40.00 × 27.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80315.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 40.00 × 27.99 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389451,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11604.htm"},{"id":83473,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0315/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":172606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Misheguk Mountain quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              69\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              69\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              68\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, S.M.","contributorId":16823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellersieck, I. F.","contributorId":60281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellersieck","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayfield, C.F.","contributorId":95467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayfield","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tailleur, I.L.","contributorId":59027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tailleur","given":"I.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":11453,"text":"ofr80416 - 1980 - Some chemical characteristics of mine drainage in Illinois","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11453,"text":"ofr80416 - 1980 - Some chemical characteristics of mine drainage in Illinois","indexId":"ofr80416","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Some chemical characteristics of mine drainage in Illinois"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2828,"text":"wsp2078 - 1982 - Some chemical characteristics of mine drainage in Illinois","indexId":"wsp2078","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Some chemical characteristics of mine drainage in Illinois"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2828,"text":"wsp2078 - 1982 - Some chemical characteristics of mine drainage in Illinois","indexId":"wsp2078","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Some chemical characteristics of mine drainage in Illinois"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-01T19:16:58.190368","indexId":"ofr80416","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-416","title":"Some chemical characteristics of mine drainage in Illinois","docAbstract":"Surface mining for coal in Illinois has affected runoff from the mined areas and altered water quality in the streams. Average annual sulfate loads in streams are 3,000 to 4,000 tons per square mile of mined land in the Big Muddy and Saline River basins in southern Illinois. Relative high concentrations of dissolved aluminum, arsenic, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc are commonly associated with concentrations of sulfate greater than about 2,000 milligrams per liter.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80416","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Toler, L., 1980, Some chemical characteristics of mine drainage in Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-416, v, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80416.","productDescription":"v, 47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0416/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":404589,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0416/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":42582,"text":"ofr79576D - 1980 - Preliminary map of copper provinces in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:04","indexId":"ofr79576D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-576","chapter":"D","title":"Preliminary map of copper provinces in the conterminous United States","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr79576D","usgsCitation":"Tooker, E.W., 1980, Preliminary map of copper provinces in the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-576, 1 map ;64 x 98 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79576D.","productDescription":"1 map ;64 x 98 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":98907,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0576d/plate-1.pdf","size":"8765","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d8c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tooker, Edwin Wilson","contributorId":33295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tooker","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"Wilson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":40125,"text":"ofr80795 - 1980 - Copper, lead, and zinc in stream-sediment samples from the De Long Mountains quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T21:29:15.812025","indexId":"ofr80795","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-795","title":"Copper, lead, and zinc in stream-sediment samples from the De Long Mountains quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80795","usgsCitation":"Ellersieck, I.F., Curtis, S., Gruzensky, A., Mayfield, C., and Tailleur, I., 1980, Copper, lead, and zinc in stream-sediment samples from the De Long Mountains quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-795, 3 Plates: 25.00 × 46.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80795.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 25.00 × 46.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405432,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11767.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":20026,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0795/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":20025,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0795/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":20024,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0795/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"DeLong Mountains quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -164,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              68.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -164,\n              68.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -164,\n              68\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellersieck, Inyo F.","contributorId":20710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellersieck","given":"Inyo","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtis, S.M.","contributorId":16823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gruzensky, A.L.","contributorId":98303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gruzensky","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mayfield, C.F.","contributorId":95467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayfield","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tailleur, I.L.","contributorId":59027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tailleur","given":"I.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5957,"text":"pp1116 - 1980 - Geochemical-exploration studies in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9192,"text":"ofr77216 - 1977 - Geochemical exploration studies in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho","indexId":"ofr77216","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical exploration studies in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5957,"text":"pp1116 - 1980 - Geochemical-exploration studies in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana","indexId":"pp1116","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical-exploration studies in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T21:12:31.338469","indexId":"pp1116","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1116","title":"Geochemical-exploration studies in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana","docAbstract":"The principal ore deposits in the Coeur d'Alene district are lead-zinc-silver replacement veins in Precambrian rocks of the Belt Supergroup. The main ore minerals are galena, tetrahedrite, and sphalerite. The host rocks are mainly quartzite, siltite, and argillite. Cretaceous quartz monzonite locally intrudes the Beltrocks. \r\n\r\nThe geochemical investigations reported here were carried out to determine if geochemical methods would be useful in the search for concealed ore deposits. About 8,700 soil samples and 4,000 rock samples were collected from a 300-square-mile (780 square kilometer) area for this study. The samples were analyzed for 35 elements. \r\n\r\nAntimony, silver, lead, manganese, and copper form dispersion patterns and halos that are related to many of the ore deposits within the district, and these same elements were found to be most useful in delineating the known mineral belts that contain most of the orebodies. The dispersion patterns are probably primary, having only minor modifications due to secondary redistribution of the ore-forming elements. \r\n\r\nThe mineral belts and geochemical-dispersion patterns have been laterally offset, perhaps as much as 16 miles (26 km), by postore faulting. Prefault dispersion patterns can be restored by adjusting the geochemical maps along the postore faults to match the dispersion patterns across the fault trace. The reconstructed dispersion patterns of antimony, arsenic, lead, sulfur, and the ratio of cadmium to zinc form concentric halos around the restored position of the Gem stocks. Most of the Coeur d'Alene ore has been mined from this halo. It appears that the geochemical exploration methods reported here successfully delineate the major mineral belts and indicate unexplored areas in which to search for new deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1116","usgsCitation":"Gott, G.B., and Cathrall, J.B., 1980, Geochemical-exploration studies in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1116, Report: iv, 63 p.; 9 Plates: 41.00 × 39.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1116.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 63 p.; 9 Plates: 41.00 × 39.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":32852,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/plate-9.pdf","text":"Plate 7-3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32851,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/plate-8.pdf","text":"Plate 7-2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32850,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/plate-7.pdf","text":"Plate 7-1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32845,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104554,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4723.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4723"},{"id":32853,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32849,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32844,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32848,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32847,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32846,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1116/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene district","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.2792,\n              47.35\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.5,\n              47.35\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.5,\n              47.5833\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.2792,\n              47.5833\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.2792,\n              47.35\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab7f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gott, Garland Bayard","contributorId":6420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gott","given":"Garland","email":"","middleInitial":"Bayard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cathrall, John B.","contributorId":26668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathrall","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":10770,"text":"ofr80771 - 1980 - A preliminary appraisal of the effects of agriculture on stream quality in southwest Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-09T15:25:13.503649","indexId":"ofr80771","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-771","title":"A preliminary appraisal of the effects of agriculture on stream quality in southwest Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>Water—quality and suspended—sediment samples were collected in two basins in southwest Georgia to determine whether water—quality problems have resulted from agricultural practices. Samples were collected monthly and during periods of storm runoff from December 1976 through July 1978. Concentrations of chemical constituents relevant to agricultural practices were found to be low, even during periods of storm runoff. Concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus ranged from 0.30 to 1.60 and 0.01 to 0.42 milligrams per liter, respectively. Copper, arsenic, lead, mercury, and zinc concentrations were low and did not exceed Georgia Department of Natural Resources (1977) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1977) standards for safe drinking water. Concentrations of suspended sediment and total nitrogen were found to remain relatively constant over a wide range of water discharge. Concentrations of total phosphorus showed a better relation to water discharge at Little River near Lenox than at Spring Creek near Iron City. Dissolved—solids concentrations in both streams generally decreased with an increase in water discharge. Average annual yields of selected constituents were low. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus yields were 0.60 to 0.63 and 0.04 to 0.06 tons per year per square mile in Little River and Spring Creek basins. Atrazine, butylate, and ethroprop pesticides were detected in concentrations up to 0.91 micrograms per liter in storm— runoff samples collected during the active farming season.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80771","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Radtke, D.B., McConnell, J.B., and Carey, W.P., 1980, A preliminary appraisal of the effects of agriculture on stream quality in southwest Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-771, v, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80771.","productDescription":"v, 40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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,{"id":5878,"text":"pp1090 - 1980 - Ordovician and Silurian Phi Kappa and Trail Creek formations, Pioneer Mountains, central Idaho: Stratigraphic and structural revisions, and new data on graptolite faunas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-29T20:47:29.939707","indexId":"pp1090","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1090","title":"Ordovician and Silurian Phi Kappa and Trail Creek formations, Pioneer Mountains, central Idaho: Stratigraphic and structural revisions, and new data on graptolite faunas","docAbstract":"Recent geologic mapping in the northern Pioneer Mountains combined with the identification of graptolites from 116 new collections indicate that the Ordovician and Silurian Phi Kappa and Trail Creek Formations occur in a series of thrust-bounded slices within a broad zone of imbricate thrust faulting. Though confirming a deformational style first reported in a 1963 study by Michael Churkin, our data suggest that the complexity and regional extent of the thrust zone were not previously recognized. Most previously published sections of the Phi Kappa and Trail Creek Formations were measured across unrecognized thrust faults and therefore include not only structural repetitions of graptolitic Ordovician and Silurian rocks but also other tectonically juxtaposed lithostratigraphic units of diverse ages as well. Because of this discovery, the need to reconsider the stratigraphic validity of these formations and their lithology, nomenclature, structural distribution, facies relations, and graptolite faunas has arisen. \r\n\r\nThe Phi Kappa Formation in most thrust slices has internal stratigraphic continuity despite the intensity of deformation to which it was subjected. As revised herein, the Phi Kappa Formation is restricted to a structurally repeated succession of predominantly black, carbonaceous, graptolitic argillite and shale. Some limy, light-gray-weathering shale occurs in the middle part of the section, and fine-grained locally pebbly quartzite is present at the base. The basal quartzite is here named the Basin Gulch Quartzite Member of the Phi Kappa. The Phi Kappa redefined on a lithologic basis represents the span of Ordovician time from W. B. N. Berry's graptolite zones 2-4 through 15 and also includes approximately 17 m of lithologically identical shale of Early and Middle Silurian age at the top. The lower contact of the formation as revised is tectonic. The Phi Kappa is gradationally overlain by the Trail Creek Formation as restricted herein. Most of the coarser clastic rocks reported in previously measured sections of the Phi Kappa, as well as the sequence along Phi Kappa Creek from which the name originates, are excluded from the Phi Kappa as revised and are reassigned to two structural plates of Mississippian Copper Basin Formation; other strata now excluded from the formation are reassigned to the Trail Creek Formation and to an unnamed Silurian and Devonian unit. As redefined, the Phi Kappa Formation is only about 240 m thick, compared with the 3,860 m originally estimated, and it occupies only about 25 percent of the outcrop area previously mapped in 1930 by H. G. Westgate and C. P. Ross. Despite this drastic reduction in thickness and the exclusion of the rocks along Phi Kappa Creek, the name Phi Kappa is retained because of widely accepted prior usage to denote the Ordovician graptolitic shale facies of central Idaho, and because the Phi Kappa Formation as revised is present in thrust slices on Phi Kappa Mountain, at the head of Phi Kappa Creek. The lithic and faunal consistency of this unit throughout the area precludes the necessity for major facies telescoping along individual faults within the outcrop belt. However, tens of kilometers of tectonic shortening seems required to juxtapose the imbricated Phi Kappa shale facies with the Middle Ordovician part of the carbonate and quartzite shale sequence of east central Idaho. The shelf rocks are exposed in the Wildhorse structural window of the northeastern Pioneer Mountains, and attain a thickness of at least 1,500 m throughout the region north and east of the Pioneer Mountains. The Phi Kappa is in direct thrust contact on intensely deformed medium- to high-grade metamorphic equivalents of the same shelf sequence in the Pioneer window at the south end of the Phi Kappa-Trail Creek outcrop belt. Along East Pass, Big Lake, and Pine Creeks, north of the Pioneer Mountains, some rocks previously mapped as Ramshorn Slate are lithologically and faunally equivalent to the P","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1090","usgsCitation":"Dover, J.H., Berry, W.B., and Ross, R.J., 1980, Ordovician and Silurian Phi Kappa and Trail Creek formations, Pioneer Mountains, central Idaho: Stratigraphic and structural revisions, and new data on graptolite faunas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1090, Report: vi, 54 p.; 1 Plate: 29.00 x 39.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1090.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 54 p.; 1 Plate: 29.00 x 39.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104549,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4718.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4718"},{"id":32698,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1090/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32699,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121437,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1090/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Pioneer Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.3333,\n              43.9297\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3333,\n              43.7728\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.1667,\n              43.7728\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.1667,\n              43.9297\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3333,\n              43.9297\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635245","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dover, James H.","contributorId":43382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dover","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, William B. N.","contributorId":76372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ross, Reuben James Jr.","contributorId":36911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Reuben","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":35351,"text":"b1447 - 1980 - Geology and mineral resources of the North Absaroka Wilderness and vicinity, Park County, Wyoming, with sections on mineralization of the Sunlight mining region and geology and mineralization of the Cooke City mining district, and a section on aeromagnetic interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T21:03:19.525953","indexId":"b1447","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1447","title":"Geology and mineral resources of the North Absaroka Wilderness and vicinity, Park County, Wyoming, with sections on mineralization of the Sunlight mining region and geology and mineralization of the Cooke City mining district, and a section on aeromagnetic interpretation","docAbstract":"SUMMARY\r\n\r\nThe North Absaroka Wilderness is approximately 560 square miles (1,450 km 2 ) of rugged scenic mountainous terrain that adjoins the eastern boundary of Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. The area was studied during 1970, 1971, and 1972 by personnel of the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Bureau of Mines to evaluate its mineral-resource potential as required by the Wilderness Act of 1964. This evaluation is based on a search of the literature courthouse and production records, geologic field mapping, field inspection of claims and prospects, analyses of bedrock and stream-sediment samples, and an aeromagnetic survey.\r\n\r\nThe North Absaroka Wilderness is underlain almost entirely by andesitic and basaltic volcanic rocks of Eocene age. These volcanics rest on deformed sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic and, locally, of Mesozoic age that are exposed at places along the northern and eastern edges of the wilderness. Dikes and other igneous intrusive bodies cut both the volcanic and sedimentary rocks. A nearly flat detachment fault, the Heart Mountain fault, and a related steep break-away fault have displaced middle and upper Paleozoic rocks and some of the older part of the volcanic sequence to the southeast. A much greater thickness of volcanic rocks was found to be involved in Heart Mountain faulting than had previously been recognized; however, most of the volcanic rocks and many of the intrusives were emplaced after Heart Mountain faulting. Local folding and high-angle faulting in mid-Eocene time have deformed all but the youngest part of the volcanic sequence in the southeastern part of the wilderness. This deformation is interpreted as the last pulse of Laramide orogeny.\r\n\r\nThe results of this study indicate that the mineral-resource potential of the wilderness is minimal. Bentonite, petroleum, low-quality coal, and localized deposits of uranium and chromite have been produced in the surrounding region from rocks that underlie the volcanic rocks; but such deposits, if present in the wilderness, would be too deeply buried, too small, or too sporadically distributed to be profitably located and exploited. Copper and gold mines and prospects are present on the fringes of the wilderness, but otherwise the area seems to be devoid of economically valuable concentrations of metallic minerals. No surface evidence of geothermal-energy potential was found.\r\n\r\nKnown mineral deposits in the vicinity of the North Absaroka Wilderness are associated with intrusive rocks. From the Cooke City mining district, just north of the wilderness, replacement deposits in Upper Cambrian carbonate rocks may extend a short distance into the north edge of the wilderness, In the Sunlight mining region, an enclave nearly surrounded by the wilderness, mineralization occurs in veins and is disseminated in volcanic and plutonic rocks. Richer concentrations of metallic minerals may occur in carbonate rocks adjacent to intrusive bodies at depth beneath the volcanic rocks in the Sunlight region. A few small intrusive bodies occur in the wilderness, but no significant associated mineralization was detected. Aeromagnetic data indicate that other intrusives not exposed by erosion may occur in the wilderness; however, no significant metamorphism or alteration is evident at the surface to indicate their presence.\r\n\r\nAlthough most of the rocks of the wilderness are of igneous origin, they are all so old (Eocene) that it is unlikely that they retain any original heat. The Pleistocene rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs in the southwestern part of the wilderness were erupted from sources in Yellowstone National Park just to the west; however, in the wilderness these tuffs are too thin to contain any residual heat.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1447","usgsCitation":"Nelson, W.H., Prostka, H.J., Williams, F.E., Elliott, J., and Peterson, D.L., 1980, Geology and mineral resources of the North Absaroka Wilderness and vicinity, Park County, Wyoming, with sections on mineralization of the Sunlight mining region and geology and mineralization of the Cooke City mining district, and a section on aeromagnetic interpretation: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1447, Report: vii, 101 p.; 2 Plates: 32.50 × 23.50 inches and 28.00 × 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1447.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 101 p.; 2 Plates: 32.50 × 23.50 inches and 28.00 × 24.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":109036,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19319.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"19319"},{"id":165505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1447/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1447/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":63211,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1447/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":63210,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1447/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Park County","otherGeospatial":"North Absaroka Wilderness and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.2,\n              44.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.267,\n              44.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.267,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.2,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.2,\n              44.45\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68648a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Willis H.","contributorId":84777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Willis","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prostka, Harold J.","contributorId":52185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prostka","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Frank E.","contributorId":72383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elliott, James E.","contributorId":15595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterson, Donald L.","contributorId":28597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012170,"text":"70012170 - 1980 - Seabed minerals and the law of the sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-12T16:57:34.913398","indexId":"70012170","displayToPublicDate":"1980-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seabed minerals and the law of the sea","docAbstract":"<p>If, as seems likely, a comprehensive law-of-the-sea treaty is successfully concluded, minerals of the continental margins would be almost entirely controlled by coastal nations, and the right to produce minerals of the deep ocean floor would be licensed by an International Seabed Authority. Mineral production from the continental margins is likely to increase and diversify with time. The only minerals from the deep ocean floor for which there are reasonably good prospects of production within the next decade are the metalliferous muds from some of the deeps in the Red Sea (which lie within what is likely to be the jurisdiction of Saudi Arabia and Sudan) and nodules in the northeastern equatorial Pacific that contain recoverable metals, namely nickel, copper, cobalt, and possibly manganese, molybdenum, and vanadium.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.209.4455.464","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., 1980, Seabed minerals and the law of the sea: Science, v. 209, no. 4455, p. 464-472, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4455.464.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"464","endPage":"472","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","issue":"4455","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8822e4b08c986b3167f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, V.E.","contributorId":85161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012203,"text":"70012203 - 1980 - Platinum metals in magmatic sulfide ores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-13T16:36:07.982442","indexId":"70012203","displayToPublicDate":"1980-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Platinum metals in magmatic sulfide ores","docAbstract":"<p>Platinum-group elements (PGE) are mined predominantly from deposits that have formed by the segregation of molten iron-nickel-copper sulfides from silicate magmas. The absolute concentrations of PGE in sulfides from different deposits vary over a range of five orders of magnitude, whereas those of other chalcophile elements vary by factors of only 2 to 100. However, the relative proportions of the different PGE in a given deposit are systematically related to the nature of the parent magma. The absolute and relative concentrations of PGE in magmatic sulfides are explained in terms of the degree of partial melting of mantle peridotite required to produce the parent magma and the processes of batch equilibration and fractional segregation of sulfides. The Republic of South Africa and the U.S.S.R. together possess more than 97 percent of the world PGE reserves, but significant undeveloped resources occur in North America. The Stillwater complex in Montana is perhaps the most important example.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.208.4451.1417","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Naldrett, A., and Duke, J., 1980, Platinum metals in magmatic sulfide ores: Science, v. 208, no. 4451, p. 1417-1424, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.208.4451.1417.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1417","endPage":"1424","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222294,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"208","issue":"4451","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c2be4b0c8380cd79832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naldrett, A.J.","contributorId":88490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naldrett","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duke, J.M.","contributorId":10158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duke","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030385,"text":"70030385 - 1980 - The nature of fracturing and stress distribution in quartzite around the 1128-M (3700-FT) level of the crescent mine, Coeur d'Alene mining district, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030385","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nature of fracturing and stress distribution in quartzite around the 1128-M (3700-FT) level of the crescent mine, Coeur d'Alene mining district, Idaho","docAbstract":"Silver and copper are the principal ores mined from the quartzite at the Crescent mine. Both the main ore-bearing veins and foliation in the quartzite are parallel to the nearly vertical formational contacts. Anisotropy of the quartzite is indicated by both dynamic and static tests. Disking and breakage of core from holes perpendicular to the foliation are about twice what they are in core from holes parallel to foliation. Natural cleavage as well as slabbing and blasting fractures around the tunnels are also controlled by the foliation. Extensive overcore deformation measurements indicate that most of the influence of the tunnels on the \"free\" stress field is between the rib and a depth of 2.7 m (1 tunnel diameter). The maximum principal stress axis in the free field is nearly horizontal; its magnitude is not much greater than the vertical component and calculations indicate a nearly hydrostatic free stress field. Stress considerably greater than the free field was measured between about 0.3-2.7 m behind the rib and is caused by a transfer of load from above the tunnel opening. Peak stress is in the vertical direction and about 1.7 m behind the rib. An air-injection survey shows that high permeabilities are confined to the highly fractured annulus around a tunnel to a depth of at least 0.6 m. Air-injection measurements could be taken in the interval of about 0.6-1.8 m, but more fractures with high permeabilities may also be present in the annulus from about 0.6-1.2 m. Permeabilities measured deeper than about 1.8 m by the air-injection technique are either very low or nonexistent. The absence of open and noncontinuous fractures beyond about 1.8 m is also indicated by very low porosities and permeabilities of core, very high stresses (which presumably would close fractures), the lack of stains or secondary fillings in disking fractures, a conspicuous lack of ground water in the tunnels, and the fact that fractures encountered in an experimental 0.9-m tunnel did not extend into the 1.8-m tunnel that was mined over it. Air-injection techniques exceed the accuracy of any field deformation measurement now in use, and they are sensitive to permeabilities as small as one microdarcy and to fracture widths as small as 250 nanometers. This technique was applied for future reference in mining design and, perhaps, to be used later to detect microfracturing prior to rockbursts. ?? 1980 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(80)90021-6","issn":"00137","usgsCitation":"Miller, C., and Skinner, E., 1980, The nature of fracturing and stress distribution in quartzite around the 1128-M (3700-FT) level of the crescent mine, Coeur d'Alene mining district, Idaho: Engineering Geology, v. 16, no. 3-4, p. 321-338, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(80)90021-6.","startPage":"321","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211921,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(80)90021-6"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae04e4b08c986b323eb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, C.H.","contributorId":19148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, E.H.","contributorId":31978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012401,"text":"70012401 - 1980 - An econometric model of the U.S. secondary copper industry: Recycling versus disposal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:53:39.082162","indexId":"70012401","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2254,"text":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An econometric model of the U.S. secondary copper industry: Recycling versus disposal","docAbstract":"<p><span>In this paper, a theoretical model of secondary recovery is developed that integrates microeconomic theories of production and cost with a dynamic model of scrap generation and accumulation. The model equations are estimated for the U.S. secondary copper industry and used to assess the impacts that various policies and future events have on copper recycling rates. The alternatives considered are: subsidies for secondary production, differing energy costs, and varying ore quality in primary production.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0095-0696(80)90014-5","issn":"00950696","usgsCitation":"Slade, M., 1980, An econometric model of the U.S. secondary copper industry: Recycling versus disposal: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, v. 7, no. 2, p. 123-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-0696(80)90014-5.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222593,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea2be4b0c8380cd4869c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slade, M.E.","contributorId":67659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012576,"text":"70012576 - 1979 - Clay mineralogy, fine-grained sediment dispersal, and inferred current patterns, lower Cook Inlet and Kodiak shelf, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T16:02:00.818041","indexId":"70012576","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clay mineralogy, fine-grained sediment dispersal, and inferred current patterns, lower Cook Inlet and Kodiak shelf, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Because lower Cook Inlet and Kodiak shelf are being explored and developed for their petroleum resources, it is essential for environmental reasons to understand the sediment dispersal routes and current patterns. The Susitna River flows into upper Cook Inlet and is the source of clay minerals in Holocene deposits found in western lower Cook Inlet. The Copper River, in the northern Gulf of Alaska, provides clay minerals to the Kodiak shelf and southeastern lower Cook Inlet. In addition, crosion of local bedrock outcrops on the shelf produces some clays that are deposited on the Kodiak shelf. Current patterns can be inferred from the clay-mineral distribution pattern. This is true even if the clay-size fraction is a minor sediment component, and in areas where coarse-grained relict deposits occur.</span></p><p><span>Some potential dangers from offshore petroleum development include: (1) rapid and complete mixing of Cook Inlet waters, (2) adsorption of pollutants by clay deposited in quiet bays, and (3) ion-exchange and adsorption of chemical pollutants on clays that are part of the suspended sediment load in lower Cook Inlet.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(79)90075-7","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., Bouma, A.H., Hampton, M.A., and Robin, R.C., 1979, Clay mineralogy, fine-grained sediment dispersal, and inferred current patterns, lower Cook Inlet and Kodiak shelf, Alaska: Sedimentary Geology, v. 24, no. 3-4, p. 291-306, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(79)90075-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"306","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222729,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"lower Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.41834310500496,\n              60.279545092594475\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.41834310500496,\n              58.82314084145514\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.4070450266395,\n              58.82314084145514\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.4070450266395,\n              60.279545092594475\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.41834310500496,\n              60.279545092594475\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f63ae4b0c8380cd4c620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":2828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bouma, Arnold H.","contributorId":48172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouma","given":"Arnold","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hampton, Monty A. mhampton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"Monty","email":"mhampton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":363954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robin, Ross C.","contributorId":63535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robin","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":10043,"text":"ofr791076 - 1979 - Preliminary report on Tertiary volcanism and uranium mineralization in the Thomas Range and northern Drum Mountains, Juab County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T19:19:50.716151","indexId":"ofr791076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1076","title":"Preliminary report on Tertiary volcanism and uranium mineralization in the Thomas Range and northern Drum Mountains, Juab County, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>The Thomas Range and northern Drum Mountains have a history of volcanism, faulting, and mineralization that began about 42 m.y. ago. Volcanic activity and mineralization in the area can be divided into three stages according to the time-related occurrence of rock types, trace element associations, and chemical nature of mineralization. Volcanic activity switched abruptly from rhyodacite-quartz latite (42-39 m.y. ago) to rhyolite (38-32 m.y. ago) to alkali rhyolite stages (21 and 6-7 m.y. ago); these stages correspond to periods of chalcophile and siderophile metal mineralization, no mineralization, and lithophile metal mineralization, respectively. Angular unconformities record episodes of cauldron collapse and block faulting between the stages of volcanic activity and mineralization. The youngest angular unconformity formed between 21 and 7 m.y. ago during basin-and-range faulting.</p><p>Early rhyodacite-quartz latite volcanism from composite volcanoes and fissures produced flows, breccias, and ash-flow tuff of the Drum Mountains Rhyodacite and Mt. Laird Tuff. Eruption of the Mt. Laird Tuff about 39 m.y. ago from an area north of Joy townsite was accompanied by collapse of the Thomas caldera. Part of the roof of the magma chamber did not collapse, or the magma was resurgent, as is indicated by porphyry dikes and plugs in the Drum Mountains. Chalcophile and siderophile metal mineralization, including copper, gold, and manganese, accompanied early volcanism.</p><p>The middle stage of volcanic activity was characterized by explosive eruption of rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs and collapse of the Dugway Valley cauldron. Eruption of the Joy Tuff 38 m.y. ago was accompanied by subsidence of this cauldron and followed by collapse and sliding of Paleozoic rocks from the west wall of the cauldron. Landslides in The Dell were covered by the Dell Tuff, erupted 32 m.y. ago from an unknown source to the east. An ash-flow of the Needles Range Formation was erupted 30-31 m.y. ago, probably from a distant source outside the volcanic field. The rhyolitic stage of volcanism was barren of mineralization.</p><p>The last stage of volcanism was contemporaneous with basin-and-range faulting and was characterized by explosive eruption of ash and pumice, forming stratified tuff, and by quiet eruption of alkali rhyolite as viscous flows and domes. The first episode of alkali rhyolite volcanism deposited the beryllium tuff and porphyritic rhyolite members of the Spor Mountain Formation 21 m.y. ago. After a period of block faulting, the stratified tuff and alkali rhyolite of the Topaz Mountain Rhyolite were erupted 6-7 m.y. ago along faults and fault intersections. Erosion of Spor Mountain may have provided abundant dolomite detritus to the beryllium tuff member. The alkali rhyolite of both formations is fluorine-rich, as is evident from abundant topaz, and contains anomalous amounts of lithophile metals. Alkali rhyolite volcanism was accompanied by lithophile metal mineralization which deposited fluorite, beryllium, and uranium.</p><p>The structure of the area is dominated by the Thomas caldera, and the younger Dugway Valley cauldron, which is nested within the Thomas caldera; the Thomas caldera is surrounded by a rim of Paleozoic rocks at Spor Mountain and Paleozoic to Precambrian rocks in the Drum Mountains. The Joy fault and Dell fault system mark the ring fracture zone of the Thomas caldera. These structural features began to form about 39 m.y. ago during eruption of the Mt. Laird Tuff and cauldon subsidence. The Dugway Valley cauldron sank along a series of step-like normal faults southeast of Topaz Mountain in response to collapse of the magma chamber of the Joy Tuff. The caldera structure was modified by block faulting between 21 and 7 m.y. ago, the time of widespread extensional faulting in the basin-and-range province. Vents erupted alkali rhyolite 6-7 m.y. ago along basin-and-range faults.</p><p>Uranium mineralization was associated with the stage of alkali rhyolite volcanism, extensional basin-and-range faulting, and lithophile metal mineralization; it occurred at least 11 m.y. after the end of the caldera cycle. Uranium, derived from alkali rhyolite magma, was concentrated in trace amounts by magmatic fluids and in potentially economic amounts by hydrothermal fluids and ground water. Hydrothermal fluids deposited uraniferous fluorite as pipes in carbonate rocks of Paleozoic age on Spor Mountain and uranium-bearing disseminated deposits of fluorite and beryllium in the beryllium tuff member of the Spor Mountain Formation. Uranium of hydrothermal origin is dispersed in fluorite and opal. Uranium in fluorite may be tetravalent(?) but that in opal is probably hexavalent; no primary minerals of tetravalent uranium are known to occur. Ground waters have concentrated significant ores of hexavalent uranium minerals in the beryllium tuff member of the Spor Mountain Formation at the Yellow Chief Mine, and are probably also responsible for widespread low concentrations (0.0X percent) of uranium that occur separately from beryllium ore in the beryllium tuff member. More deposits of the Yellow Chief type may occur in down-faulted sections of beryllium tuff beneath the Thomas Range. The ground water ores show no evidence of a reducing environment; instead, precipitation of hexavalent uranium minerals occurred by evaporation, decline in concentration of complexing ions such as carbonate, or some other mechanism. Reducing environments for hydrothermal deposits must be sought around rhyolite vents and in a hypothesized pluton of alkali rhyolite composition beneath Spor Mountain; for ground-water deposits, reducing environments may occur in basin fill such as that of the Dugway Valley cauldron.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791076","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D., 1979, Preliminary report on Tertiary volcanism and uranium mineralization in the Thomas Range and northern Drum Mountains, Juab County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1076, iii, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791076.","productDescription":"iii, 101 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422914,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1076/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1076/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Juab County","otherGeospatial":"Drum Mountains, Thomas Range","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.34409375798417,\n              39.76215545120101\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.34409375798417,\n              39.453214061180944\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.84421582829695,\n              39.453214061180944\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.84421582829695,\n              39.76215545120101\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.34409375798417,\n              39.76215545120101\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cb75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David Allen","contributorId":25155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":9883,"text":"ofr79844 - 1979 - Geology and porphyry copper-type alteration-mineralization of igneous rocks at the Christmas Mine, Gila County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:10","indexId":"ofr79844","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-844","title":"Geology and porphyry copper-type alteration-mineralization of igneous rocks at the Christmas Mine, Gila County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The Christmas copper deposit, located in southern Gila County, Arizona, is part of the major porphyry copper province of southwestern North America. Although Christmas is known for skarn deposits in Paleozoic carbonate rocks, ore-grade porphyry-type copper mineralization also occurs in a composite granodioritic intrusive complex and adjacent mafic volcanic country rocks. This study considers the nature, distribution, and genesis of alteration-mineralization in the igneous rock environment at Christmas. \r\n\r\nAt the southeast end of the Dripping Spring Mountains, the Pennsylvanian Naco Limestone is unconformably overlain by the Cretaceous Williamson Canyon Volcanics, a westward-thinning sequence of basaltic volcanic breccia and lava flows, and subordinate clastic sedimentary rocks. Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata are intruded by Laramide-age dikes, sills, and small stocks of hornblende andesite porphyry and hornblende rhyodacite porphyry, and the mineralized Christmas intrusive complex. \r\n\r\nRocks of the elongate Christmas stock, intruded along an east-northeast-trending fracture zone, are grouped into early, veined quartz diorite (Dark Phase), biotite granodiorite porphyry (Light Phase), and granodiorite; and late, unveined dacite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry. Biotite rhyodacite porphyry dikes extending east and west from the vicinity of the stock are probably coeval with biotite granodiorite porphyry. Accumulated normal displacement of approximately 1 km along the northwest-trending Christmas-Joker fault system has juxtaposed contrasting levels (lower, intrusive-carbonate rock environment and upper, intrusive-volcanic rock environment) within the porphyry copper system. \r\n\r\nK-Ar age determinations and whole-rock chemical analyses of the major intrusive rock types indicate that Laramide calc-alkaline magmatism and ore deposition at Christmas evolved over an extended period from within the Late Cretaceous (~75-80 m.y. ago) to early Paleocene (~63-61 m.y. ago). The sequence of igneous rocks is progressively more alkaline and silicic from basalt to granodiorite. Early (Stage I) chalcopyrite-bornite (-molybdenite) mineralization and genetically related K-silicate alteration are centered on the Christmas stock. K-silicate alteration is manifested by pervasive hornblende-destructive biotitization in the stock, biotitization of basaltic volcanic wall rocks, and a continuous stockwork of K-feldspar veinlets and quartz-K-feldspar veins in the stock and quartz-sulfide veins in volcanic rocks. Younger (Stage II) pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralization and quartz-sericite-chlorite alteration occur in a zone overlapping with but largely peripheral to the zone of Stage I stockwork veins. Within the Christmas intrusive complex, K-silicate-altered rocks in the central stock are flanked east and west by zones of fracture-controlled quartz-sericite alteration and strong pyritization. In volcanic rocks quartz-chlorite-pyrite-chalcopyrite veins are superimposed on earlier biotitization and crosscut Stage I quartz-sulfide veins. Beyond the zones of quartz-sericite alteration, biotite rhyodacite porphyry dikes contain the propylitic alteration assemblage epidote-chlorite-albite-sphene.\r\n\r\nChemical analyses indicate the following changes during pervasive alteration of igneous rocks: (1) addition of Si, K, H, S, and Cu, and loss of Fe 3+ and Ca during intense biotitization of basalt; (2) loss of Na and Ca, increase of Fe3+/Fe2+, and strong H-metasomatism during sericitization of quartz diorite; and (3) increase in Ca, Na, and Fe3+/Fe2+, and loss of K during intense propylitization of biotite rhyodacite porphyry dikes. Thorough biotitization of biotite granodiorite porphyry in the Christmas stock was largely an isochemical process. \r\n\r\nFluid-inclusion petrography reveals that Stage I veins are characterized by low to moderate populations of moderate-salinity and gas-rich inclusions, and sparse but ubiquitous halite-bearing inclusions. Moderate-salinity an","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79844","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., 1979, Geology and porphyry copper-type alteration-mineralization of igneous rocks at the Christmas Mine, Gila County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-844, xiii, 196 p. :ill., maps (6 fold. in pocket) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79844.","productDescription":"xiii, 196 p. :ill., maps (6 fold. in pocket) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37671,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37672,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37673,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37674,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37675,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37676,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":160452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3819,"text":"cir808 - 1979 - Background information to accompany folio of geologic, mineral resource, geochemical, aeromagnetic, and gravity maps of the Hillsboro and San Lorenzo quadrangles, Sierra and Grant Counties, New Mexico, with sections on geochemistry and geophysics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T19:49:37.837055","indexId":"cir808","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"808","title":"Background information to accompany folio of geologic, mineral resource, geochemical, aeromagnetic, and gravity maps of the Hillsboro and San Lorenzo quadrangles, Sierra and Grant Counties, New Mexico, with sections on geochemistry and geophysics","docAbstract":"The Hillsboro and San Lorenzo 15-minute quadrangles of southwestern New Mexico have been mapped at a 1:48,000 scale and selected mineralized areas within these quadrangles have been mapped in greater detail. This area of about 550 mi2 (1,424 km2) is within the southern part of the Black Range and includes much of the Mimbres Mountains and parts of the adjoining Black Range Primitive area. The region is highly mineralized with Laramide (75.1 ? 2.5 m.y.) and middle Tertiary (about 32 to 35 m.y.) intrusions providing the source for much of the base- and precious-metal mineralization. The porphyry copper deposit at Copper Flat is a subvolcanic Laramide quartz monzonite stock that was intruded into a thick section (>2,700 ft or >823 m) of Upper Cretaceous andesite. Numerous gold-bearing veins radiate from the central quartz monzonite stock, and locally offset a radial system of quartz latite dikes. Gold-bearing veins, chiefly along the south and east periphery of the stock, have provided the source for both gold lode and placer deposits. The middle Tertiary rhyolitic plugs, stocks, and dikes have intruded a dominantly carbonate section of Paleozoic sediments and bedding replacement deposits of zinc, lead, and copper are closely associated with tactite in the Carpenter (Swartz) mining district. The rich oxidized silver deposits of the Kingston district are largely fault controlled and a metallizing pluton is not present at the surface outcrop. Some of the silver-bearing base-metal veins in the Kingston district contain rhodochrosite, rhodonite, and alabandite and the highly oxidized parts of these veins have been mined for manganese ore. Very minor amounts of tungsten, as scheelite, occur in thin tactite zones along Tank Canyon, at the Silver Queen claims near Kingston, and at the Silver Tail group of mines along Pierce Canyon.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir808","usgsCitation":"Hedlund, D.C., Watts, K.C., Alminas, H.V., and Wynn, J.C., 1979, Background information to accompany folio of geologic, mineral resource, geochemical, aeromagnetic, and gravity maps of the Hillsboro and San Lorenzo quadrangles, Sierra and Grant Counties, New Mexico, with sections on geochemistry and geophysics: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 808, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir808.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403222,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23580.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30889,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0808/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0808/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Grant County, Sierra Couny","otherGeospatial":"Hillsboro and San Lorenzo quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108,\n              32.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.5,\n              32.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.5,\n              33\n            ],\n            [\n              -108,\n              33\n            ],\n            [\n              -108,\n              32.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ad9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedlund, David Carl","contributorId":53762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedlund","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Carl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, K. C.","contributorId":49344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"K.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alminas, Henry V.","contributorId":59783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alminas","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wynn, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":81081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":9229,"text":"ofr791353 - 1979 - Reconnaissance geology of the Wadi Shuqub Quadrangle, sheet 20/41 A, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr791353","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1353","title":"Reconnaissance geology of the Wadi Shuqub Quadrangle, sheet 20/41 A, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Wadi Shuqub quadrangle (sheet 20/41 A) lies in the high mountainous part of the Hijaz plateau in west-central Saudi Arabia. The quadrangle is underlain chiefly by Precambrian layered metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks that are intruded by plutons ranging in composition from gabbroic to granitic. The metasedimentary rocks include quartzite, phyllitic quartzite, phyllite, slate, argillite, granulite, schist, and marble. The metavolcanic rocks are mostly greenstone and greenstone tuff but include meta-andesite and metadacite. The rocks are in the greenschist and greenschist-amphibolite transition facies. \r\n\r\nThe major plutonic rocks are tonalite and quartz diorite, which form a large batholith in the western part of the quadrangle. Smaller bodies of diorite and gabbro, granite, and complexes of mixed rocks are also present. \r\n\r\nThe layered rocks are divided into sixunits that have been described in outcrop order, from east to west: 1) nearly all greenstone, 2) mixed metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks, 3) nearly all metasedimentary rocks, 4) greenstone in eastern part, metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks in western part, 5) nearly all metasedimentary rocks, and 6) metavolcanic rocks containing subordinate amounts of metasedimentary rocks. \r\n\r\nThe layered rocks have a northerly strike throughout the quadrangle except near the southwest corner where they strike northwest. The rocks are steeply dipping to vertical. Major deformation has produced isoclinal folds and shears, strike faults, and subordinate cross faults. A second stage of deformation resulted in local open folds. \r\n\r\nBasalt of Quaternary age covers the Precambrian rocks near the eastern margin of the quadrangle, and alluvium underlies major wadis and flats. \r\n\r\nThe main part of the Wadi Bidah mining district, including at least four ancient mining sites, is in the southeast part of the quadrangle. The district has produced gold from gold-quartz veins, and has some potential for producing, gold, silver, copper, zinc, and lead from massive sulfide deposits.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791353","usgsCitation":"Greene, R.C., and Gonzalez, L., 1979, Reconnaissance geology of the Wadi Shuqub Quadrangle, sheet 20/41 A, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1353, ii, 34 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791353.","productDescription":"ii, 34 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1353/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36867,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1353/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36868,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1353/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36869,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1353/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a18b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, Robert C.","contributorId":36108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, Louis","contributorId":36936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Louis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":9046,"text":"ofr791472 - 1979 - Mineral resources of the Minarets Wilderness and adjacent areas, Madera and Mono counties, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9046,"text":"ofr791472 - 1979 - Mineral resources of the Minarets Wilderness and adjacent areas, Madera and Mono counties, California","indexId":"ofr791472","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of the Minarets Wilderness and adjacent areas, Madera and Mono counties, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33427,"text":"b1516AD - 1982 - Mineral resources of the Minarets Wilderness and adjacent areas, Madera and Mono counties, California","indexId":"b1516AD","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"chapter":"A-D","title":"Mineral resources of the Minarets Wilderness and adjacent areas, Madera and Mono counties, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":33427,"text":"b1516AD - 1982 - Mineral resources of the Minarets Wilderness and adjacent areas, Madera and Mono counties, California","indexId":"b1516AD","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of the Minarets Wilderness and adjacent areas, Madera and Mono counties, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-12T19:28:44.291129","indexId":"ofr791472","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1472","title":"Mineral resources of the Minarets Wilderness and adjacent areas, Madera and Mono counties, California","docAbstract":"<p>A mineral survey of the Minarets Wilderness area and adjacent areas in the central Sierra Nevada, Calif., was conducted during 1973 through 1975. The total area covers about 620 km<sup>2</sup> (237 sq mi) in the Sierra and Inyo National Forests, of which about 440 km<sup>2</sup> (170 sq mi) are within the officially designated Minarets Wilderness.</p><p>The mineral resource potential was evaluated by geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies by the U.S. Geological Survey, and by examination of mineralized rocks, prospects, and mining claims by the U.S. Bureau of Mines.</p><p>The results of the survey indicate that the study area has small to moderate submarginal to paramarginal resources of copper, silver, zinc, lead, iron, and tungsten and an unevaluated potential for molybdenum resources. Limestone is present, but not of commercial quantity or quality. No other industrial minerals have been recognized in quantity. Granitic rocks have potential use as decorative stone and sand and gravel could be produced from either alluvial deposits or glacial drift. However, these commodities are more accessible elsewhere at localities closer to markets. The study area has no potential for fossil fuels, and, because of the general geologic environment, the potential for nuclear fuel minerals is considered to be low. The study area has low geothermal potential, even though it is on the western edge of the Mono-Long Valley \"Known Geothermal Resource Area\" (KGRA).</p><p>The area is underlain by metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks that have been intruded by granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada batholith. Pliocene volcanic rocks are present locally. With few exceptions, the known occurrences of mineralized rock are confined to the metamorphic rocks, and the exceptions appear to be confined to plutonic rocks that are older than the Late Cretaceous granitic rocks that make up the bulk of the batholithic rocks in the study area.</p><p>Although no mineral production has been recorded from prospects within the study area, mines adjacent to it have produced significant amounts of gold and tungsten. Production figures are incomplete, but mines in the Mammoth mining district (fig. 1) may have produced as much as $1 million worth of gold, silver, and other metals at the then-existing prices. The Monte Cristo mine in the Mammoth district was in production during 1978.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791472","usgsCitation":"Huber, N.K., Oliver, H.W., Bailey, R.A., and U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1979, Mineral resources of the Minarets Wilderness and adjacent areas, Madera and Mono counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1472, Report: xi, 183 p.; 3 Plates: 30.35 x 52.68 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791472.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 183 p.; 3 Plates: 30.35 x 52.68 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":431032,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1472/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":431031,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1472/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":431029,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1472/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142864,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":431030,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1472/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Madera County, Mono County","otherGeospatial":"Minarets Wilderness","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.35182738671992,\n              37.80567055700155\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.35182738671992,\n              37.620776977513216\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.09698827321262,\n              37.620776977513216\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.09698827321262,\n              37.80567055700155\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.35182738671992,\n              37.80567055700155\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a1f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huber, N. King","contributorId":76016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huber","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"King","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":906402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oliver, Howard W.","contributorId":12071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":906403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, Roy A.","contributorId":42576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":906404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"U.S. Bureau of Mines","contributorId":128223,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Bureau of Mines","id":528890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":65998,"text":"i1093E - 1979 - General distribution of copper and lead in rocks and soils in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-01T19:31:51.613843","indexId":"i1093E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1093","chapter":"E","title":"General distribution of copper and lead in rocks and soils in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1093E","usgsCitation":"Gott, G., and Cathrall, J.B., 1979, General distribution of copper and lead in rocks and soils in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1093, 1 Plate: 40.00 x 36.47 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1093E.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 40.00 x 36.47 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493376,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8955.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":255561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1093e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":255560,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1093e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255559,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1093e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene district","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.3,\n              47.583\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3,\n              47.35\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.5,\n              47.35\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.5,\n              47.583\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3,\n              47.583\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gott, G. Bayard","contributorId":106205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gott","given":"G. Bayard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cathrall, J. B.","contributorId":29400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathrall","given":"J.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":8842,"text":"ofr79672 - 1979 - Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry survey of the Jabal Sayid area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T19:07:57.008534","indexId":"ofr79672","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-672","title":"Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry survey of the Jabal Sayid area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>An airborne gamma-ray spectrometer survey covering 2750 km<sup>2</sup> in the Jabal Sayid area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, was flown to measure anomalous concentrations of potassium in a known mineral belt. No anomalies were detected over the Jabal Sayid copper prospect, although part of the prospect is within a radioactive, high-dispersion halo associated with the Jabal Sayid granitic pluton. Anomalous potassium concentrations were detected in several areas north of the mine at Mand adh Dhahab and over the rhyolitic rocks of the mine itself. Count-rate ratios of the potassium (K<sup>40</sup>), uranium (Bi<sup>214) </sup>and thorium (Tl<sup>208</sup> ), reached a high of 24:1 for K:Th, and 11.6:1 for K:U. Count-rate ratios over granitic rocks are generally much lower. Areas of anomalous potassium correlate with rhyolitic rocks in some places. Other potassium anomalies have no known explanation, but may reflect unmapped potassium-rich rocks and(or) zones of hydrothermal alteration. These anomalies are considered as potential targets for further exploration, but ground follow-up investigations will be necessary to ascertain the exact cause of the anomalies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79672","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Directorate General of Mineral Resources, Ministry of Petroleum, and Mineral Resources of Jiddah, Saudi Arabia","usgsCitation":"Flanigan, V.J., and Pitkin, J.A., 1979, Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry survey of the Jabal Sayid area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-672, ii, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79672.","productDescription":"ii, 34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0672/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0672/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Jabal Sayid area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              40.0341796875,\n              23.473323877771172\n            ],\n            [\n              41.6217041015625,\n              23.473323877771172\n            ],\n            [\n              41.6217041015625,\n              24.37712083961039\n            ],\n            [\n              40.0341796875,\n              24.37712083961039\n            ],\n            [\n              40.0341796875,\n              23.473323877771172\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689020","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flanigan, Vincent J.","contributorId":37735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanigan","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitkin, James A.","contributorId":96651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitkin","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":8492,"text":"ofr79710 - 1979 - The concentration and mobility of elements in subalpine forest soils in Colorado and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T17:09:59.547432","indexId":"ofr79710","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-710","title":"The concentration and mobility of elements in subalpine forest soils in Colorado and Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Leaching studies of subalpine forest soils collected at seven sites in Colorado and Idaho show that copper, cobalt, chromium, magnesium, barium, tin, strontium, and yttrium are highly mobile elements in these soils; that zirconium, lanthanum, nickel, and scandium are moderately mobile; and that titanium is rather immobile. Furthermore, the results of the studies indicate that elements are most highly concentrated in the ash of the mull (02) horizon. In these soils, the mull horizon is a more favorable zone for the accumulation of metals and other elements than are the mineral (A,B,C) soil horizons.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79710","usgsCitation":"Curtin, G.C., King, H.D., and Nishi, J.M., 1979, The concentration and mobility of elements in subalpine forest soils in Colorado and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-710, ii, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79710.","productDescription":"ii, 26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143422,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0710/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":408548,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0710/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.68554687499999,\n              36.73888412439431\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.953125,\n              36.73888412439431\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.953125,\n              48.980216985374994\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.68554687499999,\n              48.980216985374994\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.68554687499999,\n              36.73888412439431\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtin, Gary C.","contributorId":89109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":157810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nishi, J. M.","contributorId":89886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishi","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":8412,"text":"ofr791440 - 1979 - Geochemical analyses of copper-silver bearing rocks in the Spokane Formation (Belt Supergroup), Lewis and Clark County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:12","indexId":"ofr791440","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1440","title":"Geochemical analyses of copper-silver bearing rocks in the Spokane Formation (Belt Supergroup), Lewis and Clark County, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791440","usgsCitation":"Connor, J.J., McNeal, J., and Crock, J., 1979, Geochemical analyses of copper-silver bearing rocks in the Spokane Formation (Belt Supergroup), Lewis and Clark County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1440, 8 p., 19 over-size sheets:maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791440.","productDescription":"8 p., 19 over-size sheets:maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1440/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35979,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1440/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae922","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, Jon J.","contributorId":21948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNeal, J.M.","contributorId":61817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNeal","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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