Juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) emigrating from natal tributaries of the Sacramento River may use a number of migration routes to negotiate the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (hereafter, \"the Delta\"), each of which may influence their probability of surviving. We applied a mark-recapture model to data from acoustically tagged juvenile late-fall Chinook salmon that migrated through the Delta during the winter of 2009-10 (hereafter, 2010). This report presents findings from our fourth year of research. We estimated route-specific survival for four release groups: two release groups that migrated through the Delta in December 2009 and January 2010, and two release groups that migrated during February 2010. Population-level survival through the Delta (SDelta) ranged from 0.374 (SE = 0.040) to 0.524 (SE = 0.034) among releases. Although river flows for the February release groups were substantially higher (20,000-40,000 ft3/s at Freeport) than for the December release groups (about 10,000 ft3/s), SDelta did not differ considerably between release groups. Among migration routes, fish migrating through the Sacramento River exhibited the highest survival, and fish entering the interior Delta exhibited the lowest survival. Fish entering Sutter and Steamboat Sloughs had lower survival than fish entering the Sacramento River during December, but similar survival during February. These patterns were consistent among release groups, and strikingly similar to patterns observed in previous years. Migration routing varied among release groups partly because of differences in river discharge between releases. For the two December release groups, 26.5 and 28.9 percent of fish entered the interior Delta; for the two February release groups, 10.4 and 17.9 percent of fish entered the interior Delta. Differences in routing probabilities between December and February are partly related to the inverse relationship between flow and the fraction of discharge entering the interior Delta. The proportion of fish diverted into the interior Delta also can be affected by the status of the Delta Cross Channel's gates. The fraction of fish entering Sutter and Steamboat Sloughs also varied considerably among release groups from 22.1 to 44.7 percent, and did not appear correlated to river discharge. For example, the lowest and highest proportion of fish entering Sutter and Steamboat Sloughs occurred during February. Because fish entering Sutter and Steamboat Sloughs bypass the entrance to the interior Delta, a high proportion of fish migrating into this route reduces the proportion of fish entering the interior Delta.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Other contributors: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and University of California at Davis","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Romine, J.G., Brewer, S.J., LaCivita, P.E., Brostoff, W.N., and Chapman, E.D., 2012, Survival and migration route probabilities of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta during the winter of 2009-10: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1200, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121200.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1200.jpg"},{"id":261691,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":261692,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1200/pdf/ofr20121200.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sacramento","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.25,37.75 ], [ -122.25,38.583333333333336 ], [ -121.36666666666666,38.583333333333336 ], [ -121.36666666666666,37.75 ], [ -122.25,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2b3e4b08c986b31f8c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619 rperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":2820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","email":"rperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romine, Jason G. 0000-0002-6938-1185 jromine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6938-1185","contributorId":2823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romine","given":"Jason","email":"jromine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brewer, Scott J. sbrewer@usgs.gov","contributorId":4407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Scott","email":"sbrewer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":467008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaCivita, Peter E.","contributorId":101507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaCivita","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brostoff, William N.","contributorId":52828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brostoff","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chapman, Eric D.","contributorId":34377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70039814,"text":"sir20125161 - 2012 - Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70038861,"text":"ofr20121132 - 2012 - Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida","indexId":"ofr20121132","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70039814,"text":"sir20125161 - 2012 - Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida","indexId":"sir20125161","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:33:30","indexId":"sir20125161","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5161","title":"Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida","docAbstract":"A numerical transient model of the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida was developed to (1) increase the understanding of water exchanges between the surficial and the Floridan aquifer systems, (2) assess the recharge rates to the surficial aquifer system from infiltration through the unsaturated zone and (3) obtain a simulation tool that could be used by water-resource managers to assess the impact of changes in groundwater withdrawals on spring flows and on the potentiometric surfaces of the hydrogeologic units composing the Floridan aquifer system. The hydrogeology of east-central Florida was evaluated and used to develop and calibrate the groundwater flow model, which simulates the regional fresh groundwater flow system. The U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional groundwater flow model, MODFLOW-2005, was used to simulate transient groundwater flow in the surficial, intermediate, and Floridan aquifer systems from 1995 to 2006. The East-Central Florida Transient model encompasses an actively simulated area of about 9,000 square miles. Although the model includes surficial processes-rainfall, irrigation, evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, infiltration, lake water levels, and stream water levels and flows-its primary purpose is to characterize and refine the understanding of groundwater flow in the Floridan aquifer system. Model-independent estimates of the partitioning of rainfall into ET, streamflow, and aquifer recharge are provided from a water-budget analysis of the surficial aquifer system. The interaction of the groundwater flow system with the surface environment was simulated using the Green-Ampt infiltration method and the MODFLOW-2005 Unsaturated-Zone Flow, Lake, and Streamflow-Routing Packages. The model is intended to simulate the part of the groundwater system that contains freshwater. The bottom and lateral boundaries of the model were established at the estimated depths where the chloride concentration is 5,000 milligrams per liter in the Floridan aquifer system. Potential flow across the interface represented by this chloride concentration is simulated by the General Head Boundary Package. During 1995 through 2006, there were no major groundwater withdrawals near the freshwater and saline-water interface, making the general head boundary a suitable feature to estimate flow through the interface. The east-central Florida transient model was calibrated using the inverse parameter estimation code, PEST. Steady-state models for 1999 and 2003 were developed to estimate hydraulic conductivity (K) using average annual heads and spring flows as observations. The spatial variation of K was represented using zones of constant values in some layers, and pilot points in other layers. Estimated K values were within one order of magnitude of aquifer performance test data. A simulation of the final two years (2005-2006) of the 12-year model, with the K estimates from the steady-state calibration, was used to guide the estimation of specific yield and specific storage values. The final model yielded head and spring-flow residuals that met the calibration criteria for the 12-year transient simulation. The overall mean residual for heads, defining residual as simulated minus measured value, was -0.04 foot. The overall root-mean square residual for heads was less than 3.6 feet for each year in the 1995 to 2006 simulation period. The overall mean residual for spring flows was -0.3 cubic foot per second. The spatial distribution of head residuals was generally random, with some minor indications of bias. Simulated average ET over the 1995 to 2006 period was 34.47 inches per year, compared to the calculated average ET rate of 36.39 inches per year from the model-independent water-budget analysis. Simulated average net recharge to the surficial aquifer system was 3.58 inches per year, compared with the calculated average of 3.39 inches per year from the model-independent water-budget analysis. Groundwater withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system averaged about 920 million gallons per day, which is equivalent to about 2 inches per year over the model area and slightly more than half of the simulated average net recharge to the surficial aquifer system over the same period. Annual net simulated recharge rates to the surficial aquifer system were less than the total groundwater withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system only during the below-average rainfall years of 2000 and 2006.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District, South Florida Water Management District, and Southwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, N., Tiedeman, C.R., O’Reilly, A.M., Davis, J.B., and Burger, P., 2012, Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5161, xiii, 214 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125161.","productDescription":"xiii, 214 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5161.jpg"},{"id":260176,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5161/pdf/2012-5161.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260177,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5161/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 17","country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Lake;Osceola;Orange;Polk;Seminole","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,27.5 ], [ -82,29 ], [ -80.5,29 ], [ -80.5,27.5 ], [ -82,27.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da0e4b0c8380cd5bf67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Nicasio 0000-0002-6333-1865 nsepul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1865","contributorId":1454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nicasio","email":"nsepul@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tiedeman, Claire R. 0000-0002-0128-3685 tiedeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685","contributorId":196777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"Claire","email":"tiedeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Reilly, Andrew M. 0000-0003-3220-1248 aoreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-1248","contributorId":2184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"Andrew","email":"aoreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":50168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burger, Patrick","contributorId":90976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70039809,"text":"ofr20121102 - 2012 - Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona - 2010-2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-06T01:02:24","indexId":"ofr20121102","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1102","title":"Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona - 2010-2011","docAbstract":"The Navajo (N) aquifer is an extensive aquifer and the primary source of groundwater in the 5,400-square-mile Black Mesa area in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in northeastern Arizona because of continued water requirements for industrial and municipal use by a growing population and because of low precipitation in the arid climate of the Black Mesa area. Precipitation in the area is typically between 6 to 14 inches per year. The U.S. Geological Survey water-monitoring program in the Black Mesa area began in 1971 and provides information about the long-term effects of groundwater withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. This report presents results of data collected as part of the monitoring program in the Black Mesa area from January 2010 to September 2011. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) groundwater withdrawals, (2) groundwater levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, and (5) groundwater chemistry. In 2010, total groundwater withdrawals were 4,040 acre-ft, industrial withdrawals were 1,170 acre-ft, and municipal withdrawals were 2,870 acre-ft. Total withdrawals during 2010 were about 42 percent less than total withdrawals in 2005 because of Peabody Western Coal Company's discontinued use of water to transport coal in a slurry. From 2009 to 2010 total withdrawals decreased by 5 percent; industrial withdrawals decreased by approximately 16 percent, and total municipal withdrawals increased by 1 percent. From 2010 to 2011, annually measured water levels in the Black Mesa area declined in 7 of 15 wells that were available for comparison in the unconfined areas of the N aquifer, and the median change was 0.0 foot. Water levels declined in 11 of 18 wells measured in the confined area of the aquifer. The median change for the confined area of the aquifer was -0.7 foot. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2011, the median water-level change for 33 wells in both the confined and unconfined areas was -15.0 feet. Also, from the prestress period to 2011, the median water-level changes were -1.2 foot for 15 wells measured in the unconfined areas and -41.2 feet for 18 wells measured in the confined area. Spring flow was measured at three springs in 2011. Flow fluctuated during the period of record, but a decreasing trend was apparent at Moenkopi School Spring and Pasture Canyon Spring. Discharge at Burro Spring has remained relatively constant since it was first measured in the 1980s. Continuous records of surface-water discharge in the Black Mesa area were collected from streamflow-gaging stations at the following sites: Moenkopi Wash at Moenkopi 09401260 (1976 to 2010), Dinnebito Wash near Sand Springs 09401110 (1993 to 2010), Polacca Wash near Second Mesa 09400568 (1994 to 2010), and Pasture Canyon Springs 09401265 (2004 to 2010). Median winter flows (November through February) of each water year were used as an index of the amount of groundwater discharge at the above-named sites. For the period of record of each streamflow-gaging station, the median winter flows have generally remained constant, which suggests no change in groundwater discharge. In 2011, water samples collected from 11 wells and 4 springs in the Black Mesa area were analyzed for selected chemical constituents, and the results were compared with previous analyses. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate have varied at all 11 wells for the period of record, but neither increasing nor decreasing trends over time were found. Dissolved-solids, chloride, and sulfate concentrations increased at Moenkopi School Spring during the more than 12 years of record at that site. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Pasture Canyon Spring have not varied much since the early 1980s, and there is no increasing or decreasing trend in those data. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Burro Spring and Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso have varied for the period of record, but there is no increasing or decreasing trend in the data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121102","usgsCitation":"Macy, J.P., Brown, C.R., and Anderson, J., 2012, Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona - 2010-2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1102, viii, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121102.","productDescription":"viii, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1102.gif"},{"id":260165,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1102/of2012-1102.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260163,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,37 ], [ -109.5,37 ], [ -109.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dc6e4b0c8380cd5c009","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macy, Jamie P. 0000-0003-3443-0079 jpmacy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3443-0079","contributorId":2173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macy","given":"Jamie","email":"jpmacy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Christopher R. crbrown@usgs.gov","contributorId":4751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Christopher","email":"crbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Jessica R.","contributorId":58132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Jessica R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039759,"text":"sir20125126 - 2012 - Origin and characteristics of discharge at San Marcos Springs based on hydrologic and geochemical data (2008-10), Bexar, Comal, and Hays Counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-08T08:43:00","indexId":"sir20125126","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5126","title":"Origin and characteristics of discharge at San Marcos Springs based on hydrologic and geochemical data (2008-10), Bexar, Comal, and Hays Counties, Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas is a productive and important water resource. Several large springs issuing from the aquifer are major discharge points, popular locations for recreational activities, and habitat for threatened and endangered species. Discharges from Comal and San Marcos Springs, the first and second largest spring complexes in Texas, are used as thresholds in groundwater management strategies for the Edwards aquifer. Comal Springs is generally understood to be supplied by predominantly regional groundwater flow paths; the hydrologic connection of San Marcos Springs with the regional flow system, however, is less understood. During November 2008–December 2010, a hydrologic and geochemical investigation of San Marcos Springs was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System. The primary objective of this study was to define and characterize sources of discharge from San Marcos Springs. During this study, hydrologic conditions transitioned from exceptional drought (the dry period, November 1, 2008 to September 8, 2009) to wetter than normal (the wet period, September 9, 2009 to December 31, 2010), which provided the opportunity to investigate the hydrogeology of San Marcos Springs under a wide range of hydrologic conditions. Water samples were collected from streams, groundwater wells, and springs at and in the vicinity of San Marcos Springs, including periodic (routine) sampling (every 3–7 weeks) and sampling in response to storms. Samples were analyzed for major ions, trace elements, nutrients, and selected stable and radiogenic isotopes (deuterium, oxygen, carbon, strontium). Additionally, selected physicochemical properties were measured continuously at several sites, and hydrologic data were compiled from other USGS efforts (stream and spring discharge). Potential aquifer recharge was evaluated from local streams, and daily recharge or gain/loss estimates were computed for several local streams. Local rainfall and recharge events were compared with physicochemical properties and geochemical variability at San Marcos Springs, with little evidence for dilution by local recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Musgrove, M., and Crow, C.L., 2012, Origin and characteristics of discharge at San Marcos Springs based on hydrologic and geochemical data (2008-10), Bexar, Comal, and Hays Counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5126, vii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125126.","productDescription":"vii, 94 p.","numberOfPages":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20125126.JPG"},{"id":260018,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5126/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":260019,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5126/SIR2012-5126.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar County, Comal County, Hays County","otherGeospatial":"San Marcos Springs","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a709be4b0c8380cd7611b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn","contributorId":34878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crow, Cassi L. 0000-0002-1279-2485 ccrow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1279-2485","contributorId":1666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crow","given":"Cassi","email":"ccrow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039752,"text":"ofr20121188 - 2012 - Estimated probability of postwildfire debris flows in the 2012 Whitewater-Baldy Fire burn area, southwestern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-30T01:02:05","indexId":"ofr20121188","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1188","title":"Estimated probability of postwildfire debris flows in the 2012 Whitewater-Baldy Fire burn area, southwestern New Mexico","docAbstract":"In May and June 2012, the Whitewater-Baldy Fire burned approximately 1,200 square kilometers (300,000 acres) of the Gila National Forest, in southwestern New Mexico. The burned landscape is now at risk of damage from postwildfire erosion, such as that caused by debris flows and flash floods. This report presents a preliminary hazard assessment of the debris-flow potential from 128 basins burned by the Whitewater-Baldy Fire. A pair of empirical hazard-assessment models developed by using data from recently burned basins throughout the intermountain Western United States was used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence and volume of debris flows along the burned area drainage network and for selected drainage basins within the burned area. The models incorporate measures of areal burned extent and severity, topography, soils, and storm rainfall intensity to estimate the probability and volume of debris flows following the fire. In response to the 2-year-recurrence, 30-minute-duration rainfall, modeling indicated that four basins have high probabilities of debris-flow occurrence (greater than or equal to 80 percent). For the 10-year-recurrence, 30-minute-duration rainfall, an additional 14 basins are included, and for the 25-year-recurrence, 30-minute-duration rainfall, an additional eight basins, 20 percent of the total, have high probabilities of debris-flow occurrence. In addition, probability analysis along the stream segments can identify specific reaches of greatest concern for debris flows within a basin. Basins with a high probability of debris-flow occurrence were concentrated in the west and central parts of the burned area, including tributaries to Whitewater Creek, Mineral Creek, and Willow Creek. Estimated debris-flow volumes ranged from about 3,000-4,000 cubic meters (m3) to greater than 500,000 m3 for all design storms modeled. Drainage basins with estimated volumes greater than 500,000 m3 included tributaries to Whitewater Creek, Willow Creek, Iron Creek, and West Fork Mogollon Creek. Drainage basins with estimated debris-flow volumes greater than 100,000 m3 for the 25-year-recurrence event, 24 percent of the basins modeled, also include tributaries to Deep Creek, Mineral Creek, Gilita Creek, West Fork Gila River, Mogollon Creek, and Turkey Creek, among others. Basins with the highest combined probability and volume relative hazard rankings for the 25-year-recurrence rainfall include tributaries to Whitewater Creek, Mineral Creek, Willow Creek, West Fork Gila River, West Fork Mogollon Creek, and Turkey Creek. Debris flows from Whitewater, Mineral, and Willow Creeks could affect the southwestern New Mexico communities of Glenwood, Alma, and Willow Creek. The maps presented herein may be used to prioritize areas where emergency erosion mitigation or other protective measures may be necessary within a 2- to 3-year period of vulnerability following the Whitewater-Baldy Fire. This work is preliminary and is subject to revision. It is being provided because of the need for timely \"best science\" information. The assessment herein is provided on the condition that neither the U.S. Geological Survey nor the U.S. Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the assessment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121188","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Gila National Forest","usgsCitation":"Tillery, A.C., Matherne, A.M., and Verdin, K.L., 2012, Estimated probability of postwildfire debris flows in the 2012 Whitewater-Baldy Fire burn area, southwestern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1188, Report: iv, 11 p.; Plate 1: 32.92 inches x 21.34 inches, Plate 2: 32.89 inches x 21.31 inches, Plate 3: 32.89 inches x 21.31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121188.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 11 p.; Plate 1: 32.92 inches x 21.34 inches, Plate 2: 32.89 inches x 21.31 inches, Plate 3: 32.89 inches x 21.31 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1188.gif"},{"id":259975,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1188/ofr2012-1188_pl2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259972,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1188/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259973,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1188/ofr2012-1188_pl1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259974,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1188/ofr2012-1188_pl3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259971,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1188/ofr2012-1188.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system Zone 12 North","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Catron;Grant","otherGeospatial":"Gila National Forest;Mogollon Mountains;Whitewater Baldy","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.08333333333333,33.083333333333336 ], [ -109.08333333333333,33.583333333333336 ], [ -108.16666666666667,33.583333333333336 ], [ -108.16666666666667,33.083333333333336 ], [ -109.08333333333333,33.083333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a9fe4b0c8380cd523f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillery, Anne C. 0000-0002-9508-7908 atillery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-7908","contributorId":2549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillery","given":"Anne","email":"atillery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matherne, Anne Marie 0000-0002-5873-2226 matherne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5873-2226","contributorId":303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matherne","given":"Anne","email":"matherne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Marie","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039726,"text":"fs20123085 - 2012 - Streamflow of 2011 - Water Year Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-29T01:01:53","indexId":"fs20123085","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3085","title":"Streamflow of 2011 - Water Year Summary","docAbstract":"The maps and graph in this summary describe streamflow conditions for water year 2011 (October 1, 2010, to September 30, 2011) in the context of the 82-year period from 1930 through 2011, unless otherwise noted. The illustrations are based on observed data from the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Streamflow Information Program (http://water.usgs.gov/nsip/). The period 1930-2010 was used because, prior to 1930, the number of streamgages was too small to provide representative data for computing statistics for most regions of the country. In the summary, reference is made to the term \"runoff,\" which is the depth to which a river basin, State, or other geographic area would be covered with water if all the streamflow within the area during a single year was uniformly distributed upon it. Runoff quantifies the magnitude of water flowing through the Nation's rivers and streams in measurement units that can be compared from one area to another. Each of the maps and graphs can be expanded to a larger view by clicking on the image. In all of the graphics, a rank of 1 indicates the highest flow of all years analyzed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123085","usgsCitation":"Jian, X., Wolock, D.M., Lins, H.F., and Brady, S., 2012, Streamflow of 2011 - Water Year Summary: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3085, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123085.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3085.gif"},{"id":259936,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3085/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259937,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3085/fs2012-3085.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.58333333333334,13.216666666666667 ], [ 144.58333333333334,71.83333333333333 ], [ -64.25,71.83333333333333 ], [ -64.25,13.216666666666667 ], [ 144.58333333333334,13.216666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b13e4b08c986b31cc7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jian, Xiaodong 0000-0002-9173-3482 xjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9173-3482","contributorId":1282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jian","given":"Xiaodong","email":"xjian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brady, Steve","contributorId":108351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70039727,"text":"sir20125127 - 2012 - Hydrogeology of the stratified-drift aquifers in the Cayuta Creek and Catatonk Creek valleys in parts of Tompkins, Schuyler, Chemung, and Tioga Counties, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-28T15:37:51","indexId":"sir20125127","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5127","title":"Hydrogeology of the stratified-drift aquifers in the Cayuta Creek and Catatonk Creek valleys in parts of Tompkins, Schuyler, Chemung, and Tioga Counties, New York","docAbstract":"The surficial deposits, areal extent of aquifers, and the water-table configurations of the stratified-drift aquifer systems in the Cayuta Creek and Catatonk Creek valleys and their large tributary valleys in Tompkins, Schuyler, Chemung, and Tioga Counties, New York were mapped in 2009, in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Well and test-boring records, surficial deposit maps, Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data, soils maps, and horizontal-to-vertical ambient-noise seismic surveys were used to map the extent of the aquifers, construct geologic sections, and determine the depth to bedrock (thickness of valley-fill deposits) at selected locations. Geologic materials in the study area include sedimentary bedrock, unstratified drift (till), stratified drift (glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits), and recent alluvium. Stratified drift consisting of glaciofluvial sand and gravel is the major component of the valley fill in this study area. The deposits are present in sufficient amounts in most places to form extensive unconfined aquifers throughout the study area and, in some places, confined aquifers. Stratified drift consisting of glaciolacustrine fine sand, silt, and clay are present locally in valleys underlying the surficial sand and gravel deposits in the southern part of the Catatonk Creek valley. These unconfined and confined aquifers are the source of water for most residents, farms, and businesses in the valleys. A generalized depiction of the water table in the unconfined aquifer was constructed using water-level measurements made from the 1950s through 2010, as well as LIDAR data that were used to determine the altitudes of perennial streams at 10-foot contour intervals and water surfaces of ponds and wetlands that are hydraulically connected to the unconfined aquifer. The configuration of the water-table contours indicate that the general direction of groundwater flow within Cayuta Creek and Catatonk Creek stratified-drift aquifers is predominantly from the valley walls toward the main streams in the valleys. The groundwater discharges from the aquifer system to the main-stem streams in the valleys. Locally, the direction of groundwater flow is radially away from groundwater mounds that have formed beneath upland tributaries that typically lose water where they flow on alluvial fans in the valleys. In some places, groundwater that would normally flow toward streams is intercepted by pumping wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.S., and Pitman, L.M., 2012, Hydrogeology of the stratified-drift aquifers in the Cayuta Creek and Catatonk Creek valleys in parts of Tompkins, Schuyler, Chemung, and Tioga Counties, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5127, vi, 44 p.; 3 Plates; Plate 1: 27 x 31 inches, Plate 2: 32 x 31 inches, Plate 3: 28 x 31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125127.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.; 3 Plates; Plate 1: 27 x 31 inches, Plate 2: 32 x 31 inches, Plate 3: 28 x 31 inches","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5127.gif"},{"id":259941,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5127/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259942,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5127/pdf/sir2012-5127_miller_cayuta_508.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259943,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5127/plates_final_pdfs/reduced_file_size/sir2012-5127_miller_plate01_webviewingonly.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259944,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5127/plates_final_pdfs/reduced_file_size/sir2012-5127_miller_plate02_webviewingonly.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259945,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5127/plates_final_pdfs/reduced_file_size/sir2012-5127_miller_plate03_webviewingonly.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18 North","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Chemung;Schuyler;Tioga;Tompkins","otherGeospatial":"Catatonk Creek;Cayuga Creek;Owego Creek Basin;St. Lawrence River Basin;Susquehanna River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.75,41.916666666666664 ], [ -76.75,42.416666666666664 ], [ -76.25,42.416666666666664 ], [ -76.25,41.916666666666664 ], [ -76.75,41.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a34c6e4b0c8380cd5fa11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Todd S. tsmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"tsmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitman, Lacey M.","contributorId":60899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Lacey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039676,"text":"sir20125160 - 2012 - A science plan for a comprehensive assessment of water supply in the region underlain by fractured rock in Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:18:33.990287","indexId":"sir20125160","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5160","title":"A science plan for a comprehensive assessment of water supply in the region underlain by fractured rock in Maryland","docAbstract":"The fractured rock region of Maryland, which includes land areas north and west of the Interstate 95 corridor, is the source of water supply for approximately 4.4 million Marylanders, or approximately 76 percent of the State's population. Whereas hundreds of thousands of residents rely on wells (both domestic and community), millions rely on surface-water sources. In this region, land use, geology, topography, water withdrawals, impoundments, and other factors affect water-flow characteristics. The unconfined groundwater systems are closely interconnected with rivers and streams, and are affected by seasonal and climatic variations. During droughts, groundwater levels drop, thereby decreasing well yields, and in some cases, wells have gone dry. Low ground-water levels contribute to reduced streamflows, which in turn, can lead to reduced habitat for aquatic life. Increased demand, over-allocation, population growth, and climate change can affect the future sustainability of water supplies in the region of Maryland underlain by fractured rock. In response to recommendations of the 2008 Advisory Committee on the Management and Protection of the State's Water Resources report, the Maryland Department of the Environment's Water Supply Program, the Maryland Geological Survey, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Monitoring and Non-Tidal Assessment (MANTA) Division, and the U.S. Geological Survey have developed a science plan for a comprehensive assessment that will provide new scientific information, new data analysis, and new tools for the State to better manage water resources in the fractured rock region of Maryland. The science plan lays out five goals for the comprehensive assessment: (1) develop tools for the improved management and investigation of groundwater and surface-water resources; (2) characterize factors affecting reliable yields of individual groundwater and surface-water supplies; (3) investigate impacts on nearby water withdrawal users caused by groundwater and surface-water withdrawals; (4) assess the role of streamflow and water withdrawals on the ecological integrity of streams; and (5) improve understanding of the distribution of water-quality conditions in fractured rock aquifers. To accomplish these goals, accurate data collection, review, and analysis are needed, including the study of \"Research Watersheds\" that can provide detailed information about the potential effects that climate change and water withdrawals may have on groundwater, streamflow, and aquatic life. The assessment planning started in 2009 and is being conducted with close interagency coordination. A Fractured Rock Aquifer Information System is currently (2012) undergoing initial development. Other major tasks that will be performed include the development of work plans for each science goal, the estimation of daily streamflow at ungaged streams, and the design and implementation of Research Watersheds. Finally, scenarios will be modeled to evaluate current water allocation permitting methodologies, investigate effects on nearby water withdrawal users caused by groundwater and surface-water withdrawals, and assess the potential impacts of climate change on water resources. Desktop and Web-based tools will be developed in order to meet the diverse research needs of the assessment. These tools, including the Fractured Rock Aquifer Information System will be continuously improved during the assessment to store relevant groundwater and surface-water data in spatially referenced databases, estimate streamflows, locate higher-yielding wells, estimate the impacts of withdrawals on nearby users, and assess the cumulative impacts of withdrawals on the aquatic resource. Tools will be developed to serve the needs of many audiences, including water resource managers, water suppliers, planners, policymakers, and other scientific investigators.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Department of the Environment and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Fleming, B.J., Hammond, P.A., Stranko, S.A., Duigon, M.T., and Kasraei, S., 2012, A science plan for a comprehensive assessment of water supply in the region underlain by fractured rock in Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5160, vi, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125160.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259770,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5160/pdf/sir2012-5160-508.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259771,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5160/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259775,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5160.gif"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Maryland State Plane Lambert Conformal Conic","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Maryl","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.55,39 ], [ -79.55,39.71666666666667 ], [ -75.75,39.71666666666667 ], [ -75.75,39 ], [ -79.55,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e57ae4b0c8380cd46d62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, Brandon J. 0000-0001-9649-7485 bjflemin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9649-7485","contributorId":4115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Brandon","email":"bjflemin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, Patrick A.","contributorId":32390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stranko, Scott A.","contributorId":100675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stranko","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duigon, Mark T.","contributorId":79947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duigon","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kasraei, Saeid","contributorId":44252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasraei","given":"Saeid","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70039646,"text":"sir20125170 - 2012 - Variability in stream chemistry in relation to urban development and biological condition in seven metropolitan areas of the United States, 1999-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-21T01:02:01","indexId":"sir20125170","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5170","title":"Variability in stream chemistry in relation to urban development and biological condition in seven metropolitan areas of the United States, 1999-2004","docAbstract":"Beginning in 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program investigated the effects of urban development on stream ecosystems in nine metropolitan study areas across the United States. In seven of these study areas, stream-chemistry samples were collected every other month for 1 year at 6 to 10 sites. Within a study area, the sites collectively represented a gradient of urban development from minimally to highly developed watersheds, based on the percentage of urban land cover; depending on study area, the land cover before urban development was either forested or agricultural. The stream-chemistry factors measured in the samples were total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chloride, and pesticide toxicity. These data were used to characterize the stream-chemistry factors in four ways (hereafter referred to as characterizations)—seasonal high-flow value, seasonal low-flow value, the median value (representing a single integrated value of the factor over the year), and the standard deviation of values (representing the variation of the factor over the year). Aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were sampled at each site to infer the biological condition of the stream based on the relative sensitivity of the community to environmental stressors. A Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate relations between (1) urban development and each characterization of the stream-chemistry factors and (2) the biological condition of a stream and the different characterizations of chloride and pesticide toxicity. Overall, the study areas where the land cover before urban development was primarily forested had a greater number of moderate and strong relations compared with the study areas where the land cover before urban development was primarily agriculture; this was true when urban development was correlated with the stream-chemistry factors (except chloride) and when chloride and pesticide toxicity was correlated with the biological condition. Except for primarily phosphorus in two study areas, stream-chemistry factors generally increased with urban development, and among the different characterizations, the median value typically indicated the strongest relations. The variation in stream-chemistry factors throughout the year generally increased with urban development, indicating that water quality became less consistent as watersheds were developed. In study areas with high annual snow fall, the variation in chloride concentrations throughout the year was particularly strongly related to urban development, likely a result of road salt applications during the winter. The relations of the biological condition to chloride and pesticide toxicity were calculated irrespective of urban development, but the overall results indicated that the relations were still stronger in the study areas that had been forested before urban development. The weaker relations in the study areas that had been agricultural before urban development were likely the results of biological communities having been degraded from agricultural practices in the watersheds. Collectively, these results indicated that, compared with sampling a stream at a single point in time, sampling at regular intervals during a year may provide a more representative measure of water quality, especially in the areas of high urban development where water quality fluctuated more widely between samples. Furthermore, the use of \"integrated\" values of stream chemistry factors may be more appropriate when assessing relations to the biological condition of a stream because the taxa composition of a biological community typically reflects the water-quality conditions over time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125170","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Beaulieu, K., Bell, A.H., and Coles, J.F., 2012, Variability in stream chemistry in relation to urban development and biological condition in seven metropolitan areas of the United States, 1999-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5170, vi, 27 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.); Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125170.","productDescription":"vi, 27 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.); Appendix","startPage":"i","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5170.gif"},{"id":259730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5170/pdf/sir2012-5170_beaulieu_508.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259729,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5170/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc12fe4b08c986b32a48f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaulieu, Karen M. kmbeauli@usgs.gov","contributorId":2241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaulieu","given":"Karen M.","email":"kmbeauli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, Amanda H. 0000-0002-7199-2145 ahbell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-2145","contributorId":1752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Amanda","email":"ahbell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coles, James F. 0000-0002-1953-012X jcoles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1953-012X","contributorId":2239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coles","given":"James","email":"jcoles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039650,"text":"sir20125110 - 2012 - Estimating basin lagtime and hydrograph-timing indexes used to characterize stormflows for runoff-quality analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-21T01:02:01","indexId":"sir20125110","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5110","title":"Estimating basin lagtime and hydrograph-timing indexes used to characterize stormflows for runoff-quality analysis","docAbstract":"A nationwide study to better define triangular-hydrograph statistics for use with runoff-quality and flood-flow studies was done by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration. Although the triangular hydrograph is a simple linear approximation, the cumulative distribution of stormflow with a triangular hydrograph is a curvilinear S-curve that closely approximates the cumulative distribution of stormflows from measured data. The temporal distribution of flow within a runoff event can be estimated using the basin lagtime, (which is the time from the centroid of rainfall excess to the centroid of the corresponding runoff hydrograph) and the hydrograph recession ratio (which is the ratio of the duration of the falling limb to the rising limb of the hydrograph). This report documents results of the study, methods used to estimate the variables, and electronic files that facilitate calculation of variables. Ten viable multiple-linear regression equations were developed to estimate basin lagtimes from readily determined drainage basin properties using data published in 37 stormflow studies. Regression equations using the basin lag factor (BLF, which is a variable calculated as the main-channel length, in miles, divided by the square root of the main-channel slope in feet per mile) and two variables describing development in the drainage basin were selected as the best candidates, because each equation explains about 70 percent of the variability in the data. The variables describing development are the USGS basin development factor (BDF, which is a function of the amount of channel modifications, storm sewers, and curb-and-gutter streets in a basin) and the total impervious area variable (IMPERV) in the basin. Two datasets were used to develop regression equations. The primary dataset included data from 493 sites that have values for the BLF, BDF, and IMPERV variables. This dataset was used to develop the best-fit regression equation using the BLF and BDF variables. The secondary dataset included data from 896 sites that have values for the BLF and IMPERV variables. This dataset was used to develop the best-fit regression equation using the BLF and IMPERV variables. Analysis of hydrograph recession ratios and basin characteristics for 41 sites indicated that recession ratios are random variables. Thus, recession ratios cannot be estimated quantitatively using multiple linear regression equations developed using the data available for these sites. The minimums of recession ratios for different streamgages are well characterized by a value of one. The most probable values and maximum values of recession ratios for different streamgages are, however, more variable than the minimums. The most probable values of recession ratios for the 41 streamgages analyzed ranged from 1.0 to 3.52 and had a median of 1.85. The maximum values ranged from 2.66 to 11.3 and had a median of 4.36.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Granato, G., 2012, Estimating basin lagtime and hydrograph-timing indexes used to characterize stormflows for runoff-quality analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5110, vi, 47 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Digital Media Directory; ISO Download of CD-ROM; GI Download of CD-ROM; PDF Download of Disk-Face Label; PDF Download of Door Card, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125110.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Digital Media Directory; ISO Download of CD-ROM; GI Download of CD-ROM; PDF Download of Disk-Face Label; PDF Download of Door Card","startPage":"i","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5110.gif"},{"id":259736,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5110/pdf/sir2012-5110_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259737,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b0de4b0c8380cd5253d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":1692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory E.","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":466670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039641,"text":"sir20125135 - 2012 - Estimation of natural historical flows for the Manitowish River near Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:26:43","indexId":"sir20125135","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5135","title":"Estimation of natural historical flows for the Manitowish River near Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources is charged with oversight of dam operations throughout Wisconsin and is considering modifications to the operating orders for the Rest Lake Dam in Vilas County, Wisconsin. State law requires that the operation orders be tied to natural low flows at the dam. Because the presence of the dam confounds measurement of natural flows, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, installed streamflow-gaging stations and developed two statistical methods to improve estimates of natural flows at the Rest Lake Dam. Two independent methods were used to estimate daily natural flow for the Manitowish River approximately 1 mile downstream of the Rest Lake Dam. The first method was an adjusted drainage-area ratio method, which used a regression analysis that related measured water yield (flow divided by watershed area) from short-term (2009–11) gaging stations upstream of the Manitowish Chain of Lakes to the water yield from two nearby long-term gaging stations in order to extend the flow record (1991–2011). In this approach, the computed flows into the Chain of Lakes at the upstream gaging stations were multiplied by a coefficient to account for the monthly hydrologic contributions (precipitation, evaporation, groundwater, and runoff) associated with the additional watershed area between the upstream gaging stations and the dam at the outlet of the Chain of Lakes (Rest Lake Dam). The second method used to estimate daily natural flow at the Rest Lake Dam was a water-budget approach, which used lake stage and dam outflow data provided by the dam operator. A water-budget model was constructed and then calibrated with an automated parameter-estimation program by matching simulated flow-duration statistics with measured flow-duration statistics at the upstream gaging stations. After calibration of the water-budget model, the model was used to compute natural flow at the dam from 1973 to 2011. Daily natural flows at the dam, as computed by the adjusted drainage-area ratio method and the water-budget method, were used to compute monthly flow-duration values for the period of historical data available for each method. Monthly flow-durations provide a means for evaluating the frequency and range in flows that have been observed for each month over the course of many years. Both methods described the pattern and timing of measured high-flow and low-flow events at the upstream gaging stations. The adjusted drainage-area ratio method generally had smaller residual errors across the full range of observed flows and had smaller monthly biases than the water-budget method. Although it is not possible to evaluate which method may be more \"correct\" for estimating monthly natural flows at the dam, comparisons between the results of each method indicate that the adjusted drainage-area ratio method may be susceptible to biases at high flows due to isolated storms outside of the Manitowish River watershed. Conversely, it appears that the water-budget method may be susceptible to biases at low flows because of its sensitivity to the accuracy of reported lake stage and outflows, as well as effects of upstream diversions that could not be fully compensated for with this method. Results from both methods are useful for understanding the natural flow patterns at the dam. Flows for both methods have similar patterns, with high median flows in spring and low median flows in late summer. Similarly, the range from monthly high-flow durations to low-flow durations increases during spring, decreases during summer, and increases again during fall. These seasonal patterns illustrate a challenge with interpreting a single value of natural low flow. That is, a natural low flow computed for September is not representative of a natural low flow in April. Moreover, alteration of natural flows caused by storing water in the Chain of Lakes during spring and releasing it in fall causes a change in the timing of high and low flows compared with natural conditions. That is, the lowest reported dam outflows occurred in spring and highest reported outflows occurred in fall, which is opposite the natural patterns.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Juckem, P.F., Reneau, P.C., and Robertson, D.M., 2012, Estimation of natural historical flows for the Manitowish River near Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5135, vi, 32 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125135.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Appendix","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5135.jpg"},{"id":259716,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5135/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259717,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5135/pdf/sir2012-5135_web.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Manitowish River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b99e4b0c8380cd527c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juckem, Paul F. 0000-0002-3613-1761 pfjuckem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3613-1761","contributorId":1905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"Paul","email":"pfjuckem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reneau, Paul C. 0000-0002-1335-7573 pcreneau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1335-7573","contributorId":4385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reneau","given":"Paul","email":"pcreneau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039529,"text":"sir20125111 - 2012 - Sediment loads in the Red River of the North and selected tributaries near Fargo, North Dakota, 2010--2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T11:26:46","indexId":"sir20125111","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5111","title":"Sediment loads in the Red River of the North and selected tributaries near Fargo, North Dakota, 2010--2011","docAbstract":"Natural-resource agencies are concerned about possible geomorphic effects of a proposed diversion project to reduce the flood risk in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area. The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers collected data in the spring of 2010 and 2011, and from June to November 2011, during rainfall-runoff events and base-flow conditions to provide information on sediment transport. The data were used to examine sediment concentrations, loads, and particle-size distributions at nine selected sites in the Red River and its tributaries near the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area. Suspended-sediment concentration varied among sites in 2010 and 2011. The least suspended-sediment concentrations were measured at the Red River (site 1) and the Buffalo River (site 9), and the greatest concentrations were measured at the two Sheyenne River sites (sites 3 and 4). Estimated daily suspended-sediment loads were highly variable in 2010 and 2011 in the Red River and its tributaries, with the greatest loads occurring in the spring and the smallest loads occurring in the winter. For the Red River, daily suspended-sediment loads ranged from 26 to 3,500 tons per day at site 1 and from 30 to 9,010 tons per day at site 2. For the Sheyenne River, daily loads ranged from less than 10 to 10,200 tons per day at site 3 and from less than 10 to 4,530 tons per day at site 4. The mean daily load was 191 tons per day in 2010 and 377 tons per day in 2011 for the Maple River, and 610 tons per day in 2011 for the Wild Rice River (annual loads were not computed for 2010). For the three sites that were only sampled in 2011 (sites 7, 8 and 9), the mean daily suspended-sediment loads ranged from 40 tons per day at the Lower Branch Rush River (site 8) to 118 tons per day at the Buffalo River (site 9). For sites that had estimated loads in 2010 and 2011 (sites 1–5), estimated annual (March–November) suspended-sediment loads were greater in 2011 compared to 2010. In 2010, annual loads ranged from 68,650 tons per year at the Maple River (site 5) to 249,040 tons per year at the Sheyenne River (site 3). In 2011, when all nine sites were sampled, annual loads ranged from 8,716 tons per year at the Lower Branch Rush River (site 8) to 552,832 tons per year at the Sheyenne River (site 3). With the exception of the Sheyenne River (site 4), the greatest monthly loads occurred in March for 2010, with as little as 27 percent (site 1) and as much as 42 percent (site 3) of the annual load occurring in March. For 2011, the greatest monthly loads occurred in April, ranging from 33 percent (site 1) to 63 percent (site 7) of the 2011 annual load. A relatively small amount of sediment was transported past the nine sites as bedload in 2010 and 2011. For most of the samples collected at the nine sites, the bedload composed less than 1 percent of the calculated daily total sediment load.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125111","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., and Nustad, R.A., 2012, Sediment loads in the Red River of the North and selected tributaries near Fargo, North Dakota, 2010--2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5111, iv, 46 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125111.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.; col. ill.; map (col.); Appendix","startPage":"i","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5111.gif"},{"id":259535,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259536,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5111/sir12-5111.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","city":"Fargo","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8991e4b08c986b316e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nustad, Rochelle A. 0000-0002-4713-5944 ranustad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-5944","contributorId":1811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nustad","given":"Rochelle","email":"ranustad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039482,"text":"sim3220 - 2012 - Flood-inundation maps for Sweetwater Creek from above the confluence of Powder Springs Creek to the Interstate 20 bridge, Cobb and Douglas Counties, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T08:37:59","indexId":"sim3220","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3220","title":"Flood-inundation maps for Sweetwater Creek from above the confluence of Powder Springs Creek to the Interstate 20 bridge, Cobb and Douglas Counties, Georgia","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for a 10.5-mile reach of Sweetwater Creek, from about 1,800 feet above the confluence of Powder Springs Creek to about 160 feet below the Interstate 20 bridge, were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with Cobb County, Georgia. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage at Sweetwater Creek near Austell, Georgia (02337000). Current stage at this USGS streamgage may be obtained at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ and can be used in conjunction with these maps to estimate near real-time areas of inundation. The National Weather Service (NWS) is incorporating results from this study into the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood-warning system (http://water.weather.gov/ahps/). The NWS forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that commonly are collocated at USGS streamgages. The forecasted peak-stage information for the USGS streamgage at Sweetwater Creek near Austell (02337000), which is available through the AHPS Web site, may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation. A one-dimensional step-backwater model was developed using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC–RAS) software for Sweetwater Creek and was used to compute flood profiles for a 10.5-mile reach of the creek. The model was calibrated using the most current stage-discharge relations at the Sweetwater Creek near Austell streamgage (02337000), as well as high-water marks collected during annual peak-flow events in 1982 and 2009. The hydraulic model was then used to determine 21 water-surface profiles for flood stages at the Sweetwater Creek streamgage at 1-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from just above bankfull stage (12.0 feet) to approximately 1.2 feet above the highest recorded water level at the streamgage (32.0 feet). The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model—derived from contour data (8-foot horizontal resolution), in Cobb County, and USGS National Elevation Dataset (31-foot horizontal resolution), in Douglas County—to delineate the area flooded for each 1-foot increment of stream stage. The availability of these maps, when combined with real-time information regarding current stage from USGS streamgages and forecasted stream stages from the NWS, provides emergency management personnel and residents with critical information during flood-response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3220","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Cobb County, Georgia","usgsCitation":"Musser, J.W., 2012, Flood-inundation maps for Sweetwater Creek from above the confluence of Powder Springs Creek to the Interstate 20 bridge, Cobb and Douglas Counties, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3220, v, 10 p.; maps (col.); PDF and JPG Downloads of Sheets 1-21: 27 x 36 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3220.","productDescription":"v, 10 p.; maps (col.); PDF and JPG Downloads of 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Jonathan W. 0000-0002-3543-0807 jwmusser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3543-0807","contributorId":2266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musser","given":"Jonathan","email":"jwmusser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039473,"text":"ofr20121065 - 2012 - A multiple-point geostatistical method for characterizing uncertainty of subsurface alluvial units and its effects on flow and transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-08T01:02:14","indexId":"ofr20121065","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1065","title":"A multiple-point geostatistical method for characterizing uncertainty of subsurface alluvial units and its effects on flow and transport","docAbstract":"This report provides a proof-of-concept to demonstrate the potential application of multiple-point geostatistics for characterizing geologic heterogeneity and its effect on flow and transport simulation. The study presented in this report is the result of collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Stanford University. This collaboration focused on improving the characterization of alluvial deposits by incorporating prior knowledge of geologic structure and estimating the uncertainty of the modeled geologic units. In this study, geologic heterogeneity of alluvial units is characterized as a set of stochastic realizations, and uncertainty is indicated by variability in the results of flow and transport simulations for this set of realizations. This approach is tested on a hypothetical geologic scenario developed using data from the alluvial deposits in Yucca Flat, Nevada. Yucca Flat was chosen as a data source for this test case because it includes both complex geologic and hydrologic characteristics and also contains a substantial amount of both surface and subsurface geologic data. Multiple-point geostatistics is used to model geologic heterogeneity in the subsurface. A three-dimensional (3D) model of spatial variability is developed by integrating alluvial units mapped at the surface with vertical drill-hole data. The SNESIM (Single Normal Equation Simulation) algorithm is used to represent geologic heterogeneity stochastically by generating 20 realizations, each of which represents an equally probable geologic scenario. A 3D numerical model is used to simulate groundwater flow and contaminant transport for each realization, producing a distribution of flow and transport responses to the geologic heterogeneity. From this distribution of flow and transport responses, the frequency of exceeding a given contaminant concentration threshold can be used as an indicator of uncertainty about the location of the contaminant plume boundary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121065","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management, National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Site Office, under Interagency Agreement Department of Energy Agreement DOE DE-AI52-07NA28100","usgsCitation":"Cronkite-Ratcliff, C., Phelps, G.A., and Boucher, A., 2012, A multiple-point geostatistical method for characterizing uncertainty of subsurface alluvial units and its effects on flow and transport: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1065, iii, 24 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121065.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":671,"text":"Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1065.gif"},{"id":259458,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1065/of2012-1065.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259457,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1065/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48fe4b0c8380cd46711","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronkite-Ratcliff, C.","contributorId":87408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronkite-Ratcliff","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phelps, G. A.","contributorId":67107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boucher, A.","contributorId":107974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boucher","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039424,"text":"sir20125141 - 2012 - Estimates of tracer-based piston-flow ages of groundwater from selected sites: National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 2006-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:12:18","indexId":"sir20125141","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5141","title":"Estimates of tracer-based piston-flow ages of groundwater from selected sites: National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 2006-2010","docAbstract":"Piston-flow age dates were interpreted from measured concentrations of environmental tracers from 812 National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program groundwater sites from 27 Study Units across the United States. The tracers of interest include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He). Tracer data compiled for this analysis were collected from 2006 to 2010 from groundwater wells in NAWQA studies, including: * Land-Use Studies (LUS, shallow wells, usually monitoring wells, located in recharge areas under dominant land-use settings), * Major-Aquifer Studies (MAS, wells, usually domestic supply wells, located in principal aquifers and representing the shallow drinking water supply), * Flow System Studies (FSS, networks of clustered wells located along a flowpath extending from a recharge zone to a discharge zone, preferably a shallow stream) associated with Land-Use Studies, and * Reference wells (wells representing groundwater minimally impacted by anthropogenic activities) also associated with Land-Use Studies. Tracer data were evaluated using documented methods and are presented as aqueous concentrations, equivalent atmospheric concentrations (for CFCs and SF6), and tracer-based piston-flow ages. Selected ancillary data, such as redox data, well-construction data, and major dissolved-gas (N2, O2, Ar, CH4, and CO2) data, also are presented. Recharge temperature was inferred using climate data (approximated by mean annual air temperature plus 1°C [MAAT +1°C]) as well as major dissolved-gas data (N2-Ar-based) where available. The N2-Ar-based temperatures showed significantly more variation than the climate-based data, as well as the effects of denitrification and degassing resulting from reducing conditions. The N2-Ar-based temperatures were colder than the climate-based temperatures in networks where recharge was limited to the winter months when evapotranspiration was reduced. The tracer-based piston-flow ages compiled in this report are provided as a consistent means of reporting the tracer data. The tracer-based piston-flow ages may provide an initial interpretation of age in cases in which mixing is minimal and may aid in developing a basic conceptualization of groundwater age in an aquifer. These interpretations are based on the assumption that tracer transport is by advection only and that no mixing occurs. In addition, it is assumed that other uncertainties are minimized, including tracer degradation, sorption, contamination, or fractionation, and that terrigenic (natural) sources of tracers, and spatially variable atmospheric tracer concentrations are constrained.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125141","collaboration":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, S., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Widman, P.K., Casile, G.C., Wayland, J.E., and Runkle, D.L., 2012, Estimates of tracer-based piston-flow ages of groundwater from selected sites: National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 2006-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5141, Title Page; Table of Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; PDF: viii, 100 p.; Table 1 XLS; Table A1 XLS; Appendix B PDF; Appendix B Tables XLS ZIP, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125141.","productDescription":"Title Page; Table of Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; PDF: viii, 100 p.; Table 1 XLS; Table A1 XLS; Appendix B PDF; Appendix B Tables XLS ZIP","numberOfPages":"112","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5141.jpg"},{"id":259434,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5141/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259435,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5141/pdf/sir20125141.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.38333333333333 ], [ -66.95,49.38333333333333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0af5e4b0c8380cd524db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Stephanie D.","contributorId":29350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Stephanie D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Widman, Peggy K. pkwidman@usgs.gov","contributorId":4009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widman","given":"Peggy","email":"pkwidman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casile, Gerolamo C. jcasile@usgs.gov","contributorId":4007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casile","given":"Gerolamo","email":"jcasile@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wayland, Julian E. jwayland@usgs.gov","contributorId":4008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayland","given":"Julian","email":"jwayland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Runkle, Donna L. dlrunkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":2556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"Donna","email":"dlrunkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":466217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70039274,"text":"sir20125133 - 2012 - Topographic change detection at select archeological sites in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 2007-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T16:14:44.710649","indexId":"sir20125133","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5133","title":"Topographic change detection at select archeological sites in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 2007-2010","docAbstract":"Human occupation in Grand Canyon, Arizona, dates from at least 11,000 years before present to the modern era. For most of this period, the only evidence of human occupation in this iconic landscape is provided by archeological sites. Because of the dynamic nature of this environment, many archeological sites are subject to relatively rapid topographic change. Quantifying the extent, magnitude, and cause of such change is important for monitoring and managing these archeological sites. Such quantification is necessary to help inform the continuing debate on whether and how controlled releases from Glen Canyon Dam, located immediately upstream of Grand Canyon National Park, are affecting site erosion rates, artifact transport, and archeological resource preservation along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. Although long-term topographic change resulting from a variety of natural processes is inherent in the Grand Canyon region, continued erosion of archeological sites threatens both the archeological resources and our future ability to study evidence of past cultural habitation. Thus, this subject is of considerable interest to National Park Service managers and other stakeholders in the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program. Understanding the causes and effects of archeological site erosion requires a knowledge of several factors, including the location, timing, and magnitude of the changes occurring in relation to archeological resources, the rates of change, and the relative contribution of potential causes. These potential causes include sediment depletion associated with managed flows from Glen Canyon Dam, site-specific weather and overland flow patterns, visitor impacts, and long-term regional climate change. To obtain this information, highly accurate, spatially specific data are needed from sites undergoing change. Using terrestrial lidar techniques, and building upon three previous surveys of archeological sites performed in 2006 and 2007, we collected two new datasets in April and September 2010 and processed and improved upon existing methods to generate high-accuracy (3 to 5 cm vertical change threshold) topographic change-detection maps for 10 survey areas encompassing 9 archeological sites along the Colorado River corridor. We also used terrestrial lidar techniques to investigate several other metrics for studying archeological site stability, including monitoring cultural structures and artifacts and remotely measuring cryptobiotic soil crust areas. Our topographic change results indicate that 9 of 10 survey areas showed signs of either erosion, deposition, or both during the 2007–2010 time interval and that these changes can be linked to a variety of geomorphic processes, primarily overland flow gullying and aeolian sand transport. In several cases, large (>50 cm) vertical change occurred, and in one case, more than 100 m3 of sediment was eroded. Further, for all sites monitored throughout the river corridor during this time period, the overall signal was related to erosion rather than deposition. These results highlight the potential for rapid archeological site change in Grand Canyon. Whereas the topographic change results presented herein provide the highest level of change detection yet performed on entire archeological sites in Grand Canyon, additional work in combining these results with site-specific weather, hydrology, and geomorphology data is needed to provide a more thorough understanding of the causes of the documented topographic changes. Linking lidar-derived measurements of topographic changes with these other data sources should provide land managers with a scientific basis for making management decisions regarding archeological resources in Grand Canyon National Park and assist in answering open questions regarding the influence that sediment-depleted flows from Glen Canyon Dam have on archeological site stability.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125133","usgsCitation":"Collins, B., Corbett, S., Fairley, H., Minasian, D.L., Kayen, R., Dealy, T.P., and Bedford, D., 2012, Topographic change detection at select archeological sites in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 2007-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5133, v, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125133.","productDescription":"v, 77 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259305,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259289,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259290,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5133/sir2012-5133.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.39524352909292,\n 37.00360340661588\n ],\n [\n -114.02292843711835,\n 37.00360340661588\n ],\n [\n -114.02292843711835,\n 35.681448620745286\n ],\n [\n -111.39524352909292,\n 35.681448620745286\n ],\n [\n -111.39524352909292,\n 37.00360340661588\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb477e4b08c986b3263a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Brian D.","contributorId":71641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corbett, Skye C.","contributorId":54844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corbett","given":"Skye C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairley, Helen C.","contributorId":10506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairley","given":"Helen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Minasian, Diane L. dminasian@usgs.gov","contributorId":3232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minasian","given":"Diane","email":"dminasian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kayen, Robert","contributorId":12030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dealy, Timothy P.","contributorId":19263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dealy","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bedford, David R.","contributorId":26352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedford","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70039286,"text":"sir20125154 - 2012 - Hydrogeology and simulation of groundwater flow and land-surface subsidence in the northern part of the Gulf Coast aquifer system, Texas, 1891-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-29T15:49:25.221798","indexId":"sir20125154","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5154","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of groundwater flow and land-surface subsidence in the northern part of the Gulf Coast aquifer system, Texas, 1891-2009","docAbstract":"In cooperation with the Harris–Galveston Subsidence District, Fort Bend Subsidence District, and Lone Star Groundwater Conservation District, the U.S. Geological Survey developed and calibrated the Houston Area Groundwater Model (HAGM), which simulates groundwater flow and land-surface subsidence in the northern part of the Gulf Coast aquifer system in Texas from predevelopment (before 1891) through 2009. Withdrawal of groundwater since development of the aquifer system has resulted in potentiometric surface (hydraulic head, or head) declines in the Gulf Coast aquifer system and land-surface subsidence (primarily in the Houston area) from depressurization and compaction of clay layers interbedded in the aquifer sediments.
\nThe MODFLOW-2000 groundwater flow model described in this report comprises four layers, one for each of the hydrogeologic units of the aquifer system except the Catahoula confining system, the assumed no-flow base of the system. The HAGM is composed of 137 rows and 245 columns of 1-square-mile grid cells with lateral no-flow boundaries at the extent of each hydrogeologic unit to the northwest, at groundwater divides associated with large rivers to the southwest and northeast, and at the downdip limit of freshwater to the southeast. The model was calibrated within the specified criteria by using trial-and-error adjustment of selected model-input data in a series of transient simulations until the model output (potentiometric surfaces, land-surface subsidence, and selected water-budget components) acceptably reproduced field measured (or estimated) aquifer responses including water level and subsidence. The HAGM-simulated subsidence generally compared well to 26 Predictions Relating Effective Stress to Subsidence (PRESS) models in Harris, Galveston, and Fort Bend Counties. Simulated HAGM results indicate that as much as 10 feet (ft) of subsidence has occurred in southeastern Harris County. Measured subsidence and model results indicate that a larger geographic area encompassing this area of maximum subsidence and much of central to southeastern Harris County has subsided at least 6 ft. For the western part of the study area, the HAGM simulated as much as 3 ft of subsidence in Wharton, Jackson, and Matagorda Counties. For the eastern part of the study area, the HAGM simulated as much as 3 ft of subsidence at the boundary of Hardin and Jasper Counties. Additionally, in the southeastern part of the study area in Orange County, the HAGM simulated as much as 3 ft of subsidence. Measured subsidence for these areas in the western and eastern parts of the HAGM has not been documented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Harris–Galveston Subsidence District, the Fort Bend Subsidence District, and the Lone Star Groundwater Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Kasmarek, M.C., 2012, Hydrogeology and simulation of groundwater flow and land-surface subsidence in the northern part of the Gulf Coast aquifer system, Texas, 1891-2009 (Originally posted July 31, 2012; Revised December 2, 2013): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5154, ix, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125154.","productDescription":"ix, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"69","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404562,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5154/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5154.gif"},{"id":259324,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5154/pdf/sir2012-5154.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Coast Aquifer System","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.38,29.03 ], [ -96.38,31.18 ], [ -93.51,31.18 ], [ -93.51,29.03 ], [ -96.38,29.03 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted July 31, 2012; Revised December 2, 2013","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a345ce4b0c8380cd5f6ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kasmarek, Mark C. 0000-0003-2808-2506 mckasmar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2808-2506","contributorId":1968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasmarek","given":"Mark","email":"mckasmar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039267,"text":"pp1789 - 2012 - Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-31T01:01:47","indexId":"pp1789","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","title":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Humid tropical regions occupy about a quarter of Earth's land surface, yet they contribute a substantially higher fraction of the water, solutes, and sediment discharged to the world's oceans. Nearly half of Earth's population lives in the tropics, and development stresses can potentially harm soil resources, water quality, and water supply and in addition increase landslide and flood hazards. Owing to Puerto Rico's steep topography, low water storage capacity, and dependence on trade-wind precipitation, the island's people, ecosystems, and water supply are vulnerable to extreme weather such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. Eastern Puerto Rico offers a natural laboratory for separating geologic and land-cover influences from regional- and global-scale influences because of its various bedrock types and the changing land cover surrounding intact, mature forest of the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Accordingly, a multiyear assessment of hydrological and biogeochemical processes was designed to develop an understanding of the effects of these differences on local climate, streamflow, water quality, and ecosystems, and to form the basis for a long-term and event-based program of climate and hydrologic monitoring. Because infrequent, large storms play a major role in this landscape, we focused on high-runoff events, sampling 263 storms, including all major hurricanes from 1991 through 2005. The largest storms have profound geomorphic consequences, such as landslides, debris flows, deep gullying on deforested lands, excavation and suspension of sediment in stream channels, and delivery of a substantial fraction of annual stream sediment load. Large storms sometimes entrain ocean foam and spray causing high concentrations of seasalt-derived constituents in stream waters during the storm. Past deforestation and agricultural activities in the Cayaguás and Canóvanas watersheds accelerated erosion and soil loss, and this material continues to be remobilized during large storms. Nearly 5,000 routine and event samples were analyzed for parameters that allow determination of denudation rates based on suspended and dissolved loads; 860 of these samples were analyzed for a comprehensive suite of chemical constituents. The rivers studied are generally similar in water-quality characteristics, and windward or leeward aspect appears to exert a stronger influence on water quality than geology or land cover. Of samples analyzed for comprehensive chemistry and for sediment, 543 were collected at runoff rates greater than 1 millimeter per hour, 256 at rates exceeding 10 millimeters per hour, and 3 at rates exceeding 90 millimeters per hour. Streams have rarely been sampled during events with such high runoff rates. Rates of physical and chemical weathering are especially high, and physical denudation rates, forested watersheds included, are considerably greater than is expected for a steady-state system. The elevated physical erosion drives an increased particulate organic carbon flux, one that is large, important to the carbon cycle, and sustainable, because soil-carbon regeneration is rapid. The 15-year Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budget dataset, which includes discharge, field parameters, suspended sediment, major cations and anions, and nutrients, is available from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis). The dataset provides a baseline for characterizing future environmental change and will improve our understanding of the interdependencies of land, water, and biological resources and their responses to changes in climate and land use. Because eastern Puerto Rico resembles many tropical regions in terms of geology and patterns of development, implications from this study are transferable to other tropical regions facing deforestation, rapid land-use change, and climate change.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., Stallard, R.F., Contributions by Buss, H.L., Gould, W.A., Larsen, M.C., Liu, Z., Martinuzzi, S., Pares-Ramos, I., White, A.F., and Zou, X., 2012, Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, viii, 292 p.; Appendices; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789.","productDescription":"viii, 292 p.; Appendices; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"304","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":434,"text":"National Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259252,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/PP1789.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789.gif"},{"id":259251,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Puerto Rico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc87ce4b08c986b32c95f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Contributions by Buss, Heather L.","contributorId":21830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Contributions by Buss","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gould, William A.","contributorId":103535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, Zhigang","contributorId":89015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Zhigang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Martinuzzi, Sebastian","contributorId":17491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinuzzi","given":"Sebastian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pares-Ramos, Isabel K.","contributorId":98184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pares-Ramos","given":"Isabel K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"White, Arthur F. afwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":3718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Arthur","email":"afwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Zou, Xiaoming","contributorId":56521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zou","given":"Xiaoming","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70039266,"text":"ofr20121158 - 2012 - Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2012 Waldo Canyon Burn Area near Colorado Springs, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-31T01:01:47","indexId":"ofr20121158","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1158","title":"Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2012 Waldo Canyon Burn Area near Colorado Springs, Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents a preliminary emergency assessment of the debris-flow hazards from drainage basins burned by the 2012 Waldo Canyon fire near Colorado Springs in El Paso County, Colorado. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned basins throughout the intermountain western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence and potential volume of debris flows along the drainage network of the burned area and to estimate the same for 22 selected drainage basins along U.S. Highway 24 and the perimeter of the burned area. Input data for the models included topographic parameters, soil characteristics, burn severity, and rainfall totals and intensities for a (1) 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 2-year storm (29 millimeters); (2) 10-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 10-year storm (42 millimeters); and (3) 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 25-year storm (48 millimeters). Estimated debris-flow probabilities at the pour points of the the drainage basins of interest ranged from less than 1 to 54 percent in response to the 2-year storm; from less than 1 to 74 percent in response to the 10-year storm; and from less than 1 to 82 percent in response to the 25-year storm. Basins and drainage networks with the highest probabilities tended to be those on the southern and southeastern edge of the burn area where soils have relatively high clay contents and gradients are steep. Nine of the 22 drainage basins of interest have greater than a 40-percent probability of producing a debris flow in response to the 10-year storm. Estimated debris-flow volumes for all rainfalls modeled range from a low of 1,500 cubic meters to a high of greater than 100,000 cubic meters. Estimated debris-flow volumes increase with basin size and distance along the drainage network, but some smaller drainages were also predicted to produce substantial volumes of material. The predicted probabilities and some of the volumes predicted for the modeled storms indicate a potential for substantial debris-flow impacts on structures, reservoirs, roads, bridges, and culverts located both within and immediately downstream from the burned area. U.S. Highway 24, on the southern edge of the burn area, is also susceptible to impacts from debris flows.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121158","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Colorado Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Verdin, K.L., Dupree, J.A., and Elliott, J.G., 2012, Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2012 Waldo Canyon Burn Area near Colorado Springs, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1158, vi, 8 p.; maps (col.); 2 Plates: 34 x 22 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121158.","productDescription":"vi, 8 p.; maps (col.); 2 Plates: 34 x 22 inches","startPage":"i","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2012-06-23","temporalEnd":"2012-07-30","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1158.gif"},{"id":259244,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1158/OF12-1158.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259243,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1158/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"El Paso County","city":"Colorado Springs","otherGeospatial":"Waldo Canyon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ca9e4b0c8380cd7e7fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dupree, Jean A. dupree@usgs.gov","contributorId":2563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupree","given":"Jean","email":"dupree@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039212,"text":"ds695 - 2012 - Concentrations of selected metals in Quaternary-age fluvial deposits along the lower Cheyenne and middle Belle Fourche Rivers, western South Dakota, 2009-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-08T19:11:34.250622","indexId":"ds695","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"695","title":"Concentrations of selected metals in Quaternary-age fluvial deposits along the lower Cheyenne and middle Belle Fourche Rivers, western South Dakota, 2009-10","docAbstract":"The headwaters of the Cheyenne and Belle Fourche Rivers drain the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, an area that has been affected by mining and ore-milling operations since the discovery of gold in 1875. A tributary to the Belle Fourche River is Whitewood Creek, which drains the area of the Homestake Mine, a gold mine that operated from 1876 to 2001. Tailings discharged into Whitewood Creek contained arsenopyrite, an arsenic-rich variety of pyrite associated with gold ore, and mercury used as an amalgam during the gold-extraction process. Approximately 18 percent of the tailings that were discharged remain in fluvial deposits on the flood plain along Whitewood Creek, and approximately 25 percent remain in fluvial deposits on the flood plain along the Belle Fourche River, downstream from Whitewood Creek. In 1983, a 29-kilometer (18-mile) reach of Whitewood Creek and the adjacent flood plain was included in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Priority List of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, commonly referred to as a \"Superfund site.\" Listing of this reach of Whitewood Creek was primarily in response to arsenic toxicity of fluvial deposits on the flood plain. Lands along the lower Cheyenne River were transferred to adjoining States and Tribes in response to the Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) of 1999. An amendment in 2000 to WRDA required a study of sediment contamination of the Cheyenne River. In response to the WRDA amendment, the U.S. Geological Survey completed field sampling of reference sites (not affected by mine-tailing disposal) along the lower Belle Fourche and lower Cheyenne Rivers. Reference sites were located on stream terraces that were elevated well above historical stream stages to ensure no contamination from historical mining activity. Sampling of potentially contaminated sites was performed on transects of the active flood plain and adjacent terraces that could potentially be inundated during high-flow events. Sampling began in 2009 and was completed in 2010. A total of 74 geochemical samples were collected from fluvial deposits at reference sites, and 473 samples were collected from potentially contaminated sites. Sediment samples collected were analyzed for 23 metals, including arsenic and mercury. Sequential replicate, split duplicate, and field quality-control samples were analyzed for quality assurance of data-collection methods. The metal concentrations in sediment samples and location information are presented in this report in electronic format (Microsoft Excel), along with non-parametric summary statistics of those data. Cross-sectional topography is graphed with arsenic and mercury concentrations on transects at the potentially contaminated sites. The mean arsenic concentration in reference sediment samples was 8 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), compared to 250, 650, and 76 mg/kg for potentially contaminated sediment samples at the surface of the middle Belle Fourche River site, the subsurface of the middle Belle Fourche River site, and the surface of the lower Cheyenne River site, respectively. The mean mercury concentration in reference sediment samples was 16 micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg), compared to 130, 370, and 71 μg/kg for potentially contaminated sediment samples at the surface of the middle Belle Fourche River site, the subsurface of the middle Belle Fourche River site, and the surface of the lower Cheyenne River site, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds695","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe","usgsCitation":"Stamm, J., and Hoogestraat, G., 2012, Concentrations of selected metals in Quaternary-age fluvial deposits along the lower Cheyenne and middle Belle Fourche Rivers, western South Dakota, 2009-10: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 695, Report: vi, 29 p.; Table 1: Excel file; Table 2: Excel file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds695.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 29 p.; Table 1: Excel file; Table 2: Excel file","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259158,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/695/ds695.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_695.JPG"},{"id":259157,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/695/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 13","country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Belle Fourche River;Cheyenne River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.11749999999999,44.06666666666667 ], [ -103.11749999999999,44.56666666666667 ], [ -100,44.56666666666667 ], [ -100,44.06666666666667 ], [ -103.11749999999999,44.06666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f99ae4b0c8380cd4d6bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamm, John F. 0000-0002-3404-2933 jstamm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-2933","contributorId":2859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamm","given":"John F.","email":"jstamm@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoogestraat, Galen K.","contributorId":22442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoogestraat","given":"Galen K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039197,"text":"sim3216 - 2012 - Flood-inundation maps for the West Branch Delaware River, Delhi, New York, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-26T01:02:11","indexId":"sim3216","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3216","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the West Branch Delaware River, Delhi, New York, 2012","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for a 5-mile reach of the West Branch Delaware River through the Village and part of the Town of Delhi, New York, were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Village of Delhi, the Delaware County Soil and Water Conservation District, and the Delaware County Planning Department. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/ and the Federal Flood Inundation Mapper Web site at http://wim.usgs.gov/FIMI/FloodInundationMapper.html, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) referenced to the USGS streamgage at West Branch Delaware River upstream from Delhi, N.Y. (station number 01421900).\r\nIn this study, flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model that had been used to produce the flood insurance rate maps for the most recent flood insurance study for the Town and Village of Delhi. This hydraulic model was used to compute 10 water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot (ft) intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from 7 ft or near bankfull to 16 ft, which exceeds the stages that correspond to both the estimated 0.2-percent annual-exceedance-probability flood (500-year recurrence interval flood) and the maximum recorded peak flow. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system (GIS) digital elevation model, which was derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data with a 1.2-ft (0.61-ft root mean squared error) vertical accuracy and 3.3-ft (1-meter) horizontal resolution, to delineate the area flooded at each water level. A map that was produced using this method to delineate the inundated area for the flood that occurred on August 28, 2011, agreed well with highwater marks that had been located in the field using a global positioning system. The availability of the 10 flood-inundation maps on the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site, along with Internet information regarding current stage from the USGS streamgage, will provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood-response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3216","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., and Breaker, B.K., 2012, Flood-inundation maps for the West Branch Delaware River, Delhi, New York, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3216, Pamphlet: vi, 9 p.; 10 Sheets; Sheet 1: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 2: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 3: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 4: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 5: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 6: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 7: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 8: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 9: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 10: 17 inches x 22 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3216.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: vi, 9 p.; 10 Sheets; Sheet 1: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 2: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 3: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 4: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 5: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 6: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 7: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 8: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 9: 17 inches x 22 inches, Sheet 10: 17 inches x 22 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science 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York","county":"Delaware;Schoharie","city":"Delhi","otherGeospatial":"Catskill Mountain;Elk Creek;Falls Creek;Steele Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.930086,42.258028 ], [ -74.930086,42.303232 ], [ -74.872077,42.303232 ], [ -74.872077,42.258028 ], [ -74.930086,42.258028 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1169e4b0c8380cd53fb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, William F. 0000-0002-7007-7797 wcoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-7797","contributorId":1765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"William","email":"wcoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breaker, Brian K. 0000-0002-1985-4992 bbreaker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1985-4992","contributorId":4331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breaker","given":"Brian","email":"bbreaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039185,"text":"sir20125130 - 2012 - Development of regional skews for selected flood durations for the Central Valley Region, California, based on data through water year 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-25T01:02:05","indexId":"sir20125130","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5130","title":"Development of regional skews for selected flood durations for the Central Valley Region, California, based on data through water year 2008","docAbstract":"Flood-frequency information is important in the Central Valley region of California because of the high risk of catastrophic flooding. Most traditional flood-frequency studies focus on peak flows, but for the assessment of the adequacy of reservoirs, levees, other flood control structures, sustained flood flow (flood duration) frequency data are needed. This study focuses on rainfall or rain-on-snow floods, rather than the annual maximum, because rain events produce the largest floods in the region. A key to estimating flood-duration frequency is determining the regional skew for such data. Of the 50 sites used in this study to determine regional skew, 28 sites were considered to have little to no significant regulated flows, and for the 22 sites considered significantly regulated, unregulated daily flow data were synthesized by using reservoir storage changes and diversion records. The unregulated, annual maximum rainfall flood flows for selected durations (1-day, 3-day, 7-day, 15-day, and 30-day) for all 50 sites were furnished by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Station skew was determined by using the expected moments algorithm program for fitting the Pearson Type 3 flood-frequency distribution to the logarithms of annual flood-duration data.\r\nBayesian generalized least squares regression procedures used in earlier studies were modified to address problems caused by large cross correlations among concurrent rainfall floods in California and to address the extensive censoring of low outliers at some sites, by using the new expected moments algorithm for fitting the LP3 distribution to rainfall flood-duration data. To properly account for these problems and to develop suitable regional-skew regression models and regression diagnostics, a combination of ordinary least squares, weighted least squares, and Bayesian generalized least squares regressions were adopted. This new methodology determined that a nonlinear model relating regional skew to mean basin elevation was the best model for each flood duration. The regional-skew values ranged from -0.74 for a flood duration of 1-day and a mean basin elevation less than 2,500 feet to values near 0 for a flood duration of 7-days and a mean basin elevation greater than 4,500 feet. This relation between skew and elevation reflects the interaction of snow and rain, which increases with increased elevation. The regional skews are more accurate, and the mean squared errors are less than in the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data's National skew map of Bulletin 17B.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125130","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Lamontagne, J.R., Stedinger, J.R., Berenbrock, C., Veilleux, A.G., Ferris, J.C., and Knifong, D.L., 2012, Development of regional skews for selected flood durations for the Central Valley Region, California, based on data through water year 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5130, viii, 35 p. Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125130.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p. Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5130.gif"},{"id":259123,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259124,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5130/pdf/sir20125130.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley;Sierra Nevada Basins;North Coast Ranges Basins;South Coast Ranges Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.54,34.28 ], [ -124.54,42.01 ], [ -116.33,42.01 ], [ -116.33,34.28 ], [ -124.54,34.28 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0061e4b0c8380cd4f725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamontagne, Jonathan R. 0000-0003-3976-1678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3976-1678","contributorId":31640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamontagne","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stedinger, Jery R.","contributorId":76198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stedinger","given":"Jery","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Veilleux, Andrea G. aveilleux@usgs.gov","contributorId":4404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veilleux","given":"Andrea","email":"aveilleux@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ferris, Justin C. jcferris@usgs.gov","contributorId":4186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferris","given":"Justin","email":"jcferris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Knifong, Donna L. dknifong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knifong","given":"Donna","email":"dknifong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70039170,"text":"ofr20121148 - 2012 - Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2012 High Park Burn Area near Fort Collins, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-24T01:01:47","indexId":"ofr20121148","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1148","title":"Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2012 High Park Burn Area near Fort Collins, Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents a preliminary emergency assessment of the debris-flow hazards from drainage basins burned by the 2012 High Park fire near Fort Collins in Larimer County, Colorado. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned basins throughout the intermountain western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence and volume of debris flows along the burned area drainage network and to estimate the same for 44 selected drainage basins along State Highway 14 and the perimeter of the burned area. Input data for the models included topographic parameters, soil characteristics, burn severity, and rainfall totals and intensities for a (1) 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall (25 millimeters); (2) 10-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall (43 millimeters); and (3) 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall (51 millimeters). Estimated debris-flow probabilities along the drainage network and throughout the drainage basins of interest ranged from 1 to 84 percent in response to the 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall; from 2 to 95 percent in response to the 10-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall; and from 3 to 97 in response to the 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall. Basins and drainage networks with the highest probabilities tended to be those on the eastern edge of the burn area where soils have relatively high clay contents and gradients are steep. Estimated debris-flow volumes range from a low of 1,600 cubic meters to a high of greater than 100,000 cubic meters. Estimated debris-flow volumes increase with basin size and distance along the drainage network, but some smaller drainages were also predicted to produce substantial volumes of material. The predicted probabilities and some of the volumes predicted for the modeled storms indicate a potential for substantial debris-flow impacts on structures, roads, bridges, and culverts located both within and immediately downstream from the burned area. Colorado State Highway 14 is also susceptible to impacts from debris flows.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121148","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Colorado Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Verdin, K.L., Dupree, J.A., and Elliott, J.G., 2012, Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2012 High Park Burn Area near Fort Collins, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1148, vi, 9 p.; 2 Plates: 87 x 56 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121148.","productDescription":"vi, 9 p.; 2 Plates: 87 x 56 cm.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1148.gif"},{"id":259106,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1148/Plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259104,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1148/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259105,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1148/OF12-1148.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259107,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1148/Plate2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 13 North","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Larimer","city":"Fort Collins","otherGeospatial":"High Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.53333333333333,40.55 ], [ -105.53333333333333,40.75 ], [ -105.18333333333334,40.75 ], [ -105.18333333333334,40.55 ], [ -105.53333333333333,40.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ca8e4b0c8380cd7e7f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dupree, Jean A. dupree@usgs.gov","contributorId":2563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupree","given":"Jean","email":"dupree@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039166,"text":"sir20125113 - 2012 - Methods for determining magnitude and frequency of floods in California, based on data through water year 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-24T01:01:47","indexId":"sir20125113","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5113","title":"Methods for determining magnitude and frequency of floods in California, based on data through water year 2006","docAbstract":"Methods for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods in California that are not substantially affected by regulation or diversions have been updated. Annual peak-flow data through water year 2006 were analyzed for 771 streamflow-gaging stations (streamgages) in California having 10 or more years of data. Flood-frequency estimates were computed for the streamgages by using the expected moments algorithm to fit a Pearson Type III distribution to logarithms of annual peak flows for each streamgage. Low-outlier and historic information were incorporated into the flood-frequency analysis, and a generalized Grubbs-Beck test was used to detect multiple potentially influential low outliers. Special methods for fitting the distribution were developed for streamgages in the desert region in southeastern California. Additionally, basin characteristics for the streamgages were computed by using a geographical information system.\r\nRegional regression analysis, using generalized least squares regression, was used to develop a set of equations for estimating flows with 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities for ungaged basins in California that are outside of the southeastern desert region. Flood-frequency estimates and basin characteristics for 630 streamgages were combined to form the final database used in the regional regression analysis. Five hydrologic regions were developed for the area of California outside of the desert region. The final regional regression equations are functions of drainage area and mean annual precipitation for four of the five regions. In one region, the Sierra Nevada region, the final equations are functions of drainage area, mean basin elevation, and mean annual precipitation. Average standard errors of prediction for the regression equations in all five regions range from 42.7 to 161.9 percent.\r\nFor the desert region of California, an analysis of 33 streamgages was used to develop regional estimates of all three parameters (mean, standard deviation, and skew) of the log-Pearson Type III distribution. The regional estimates were then used to develop a set of equations for estimating flows with 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities for ungaged basins. The final regional regression equations are functions of drainage area. Average standard errors of prediction for these regression equations range from 214.2 to 856.2 percent.\r\nAnnual peak-flow data through water year 2006 were analyzed for eight streamgages in California having 10 or more years of data considered to be affected by urbanization. Flood-frequency estimates were computed for the urban streamgages by fitting a Pearson Type III distribution to logarithms of annual peak flows for each streamgage. Regression analysis could not be used to develop flood-frequency estimation equations for urban streams because of the limited number of sites. Flood-frequency estimates for the eight urban sites were graphically compared to flood-frequency estimates for 630 non-urban sites.\r\nThe regression equations developed from this study will be incorporated into the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) StreamStats program. The StreamStats program is a Web-based application that provides streamflow statistics and basin characteristics for USGS streamgages and ungaged sites of interest. StreamStats can also compute basin characteristics and provide estimates of streamflow statistics for ungaged sites when users select the location of a site along any stream in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Gotvald, A.J., Barth, N.A., Veilleux, A.G., and Parrett, C., 2012, Methods for determining magnitude and frequency of floods in California, based on data through water year 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5113, vi, 30 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125113.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5113.jpg"},{"id":259098,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259099,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5113/pdf/sir2012-5113.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55aee4b0c8380cd6d269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gotvald, Anthony J. 0000-0002-9019-750X agotvald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-750X","contributorId":1970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotvald","given":"Anthony","email":"agotvald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barth, Nancy A. nabarth@usgs.gov","contributorId":3276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"Nancy","email":"nabarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Veilleux, Andrea G. aveilleux@usgs.gov","contributorId":4404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veilleux","given":"Andrea","email":"aveilleux@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70039135,"text":"tm4F3 - 2012 - TracerLPM (Version 1): An Excel® workbook for interpreting groundwater age distributions from environmental tracer data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-17T19:04:09.341631","indexId":"tm4F3","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"4-F3","title":"TracerLPM (Version 1): An Excel® workbook for interpreting groundwater age distributions from environmental tracer data","docAbstract":"TracerLPM is an interactive Excel® (2007 or later) workbook program for evaluating groundwater age distributions from environmental tracer data by using lumped parameter models (LPMs). Lumped parameter models are mathematical models of transport based on simplified aquifer geometry and flow configurations that account for effects of hydrodynamic dispersion or mixing within the aquifer, well bore, or discharge area. Five primary LPMs are included in the workbook: piston-flow model (PFM), exponential mixing model (EMM), exponential piston-flow model (EPM), partial exponential model (PEM), and dispersion model (DM). Binary mixing models (BMM) can be created by combining primary LPMs in various combinations. Travel time through the unsaturated zone can be included as an additional parameter. TracerLPM also allows users to enter age distributions determined from other methods, such as particle tracking results from numerical groundwater-flow models or from other LPMs not included in this program. Tracers of both young groundwater (anthropogenic atmospheric gases and isotopic substances indicating post-1940s recharge) and much older groundwater (carbon-14 and helium-4) can be interpreted simultaneously so that estimates of the groundwater age distribution for samples with a wide range of ages can be constrained. TracerLPM is organized to permit a comprehensive interpretive approach consisting of hydrogeologic conceptualization, visual examination of data and models, and best-fit parameter estimation. Groundwater age distributions can be evaluated by comparing measured and modeled tracer concentrations in two ways: (1) multiple tracers analyzed simultaneously can be evaluated against each other for concordance with modeled concentrations (tracer-tracer application) or (2) tracer time-series data can be evaluated for concordance with modeled trends (tracer-time application). Groundwater-age estimates can also be obtained for samples with a single tracer measurement at one point in time; however, prior knowledge of an appropriate LPM is required because the mean age is often non-unique. LPM output concentrations depend on model parameters and sample date. All of the LPMs have a parameter for mean age. The EPM, PEM, and DM have an additional parameter that characterizes the degree of age mixing in the sample. BMMs have a parameter for the fraction of the first component in the mixture. An LPM, together with its parameter values, provides a description of the age distribution or the fractional contribution of water for every age of recharge contained within a sample. For the PFM, the age distribution is a unit pulse at one distinct age. For the other LPMs, the age distribution can be much broader and span decades, centuries, millennia, or more. For a sample with a mixture of groundwater ages, the reported interpretation of tracer data includes the LPM name, the mean age, and the values of any other independent model parameters. TracerLPM also can be used for simulating the responses of wells, springs, streams, or other groundwater discharge receptors to nonpoint-source contaminants that are introduced in recharge, such as nitrate. This is done by combining an LPM or user-defined age distribution with information on contaminant loading at the water table. Information on historic contaminant loading can be used to help evaluate a model's ability to match real world conditions and understand observed contaminant trends, while information on future contaminant loading scenarios can be used to forecast potential contaminant trends.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm4F3","collaboration":"National Research Program; National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Jurgens, B., Böhlke, J., and Eberts, S., 2012, TracerLPM (Version 1): An Excel® workbook for interpreting groundwater age distributions from environmental tracer data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-F3, viii, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4F3.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259039,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/4-f3/pdf/tm4-F3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_4_f3.jpg"},{"id":259038,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/4-f3/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb68be4b08c986b326d21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":22454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberts, Sandra M. smeberts@usgs.gov","contributorId":2264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"Sandra M.","email":"smeberts@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}