{"pageNumber":"68","pageRowStart":"1675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":1766,"records":[{"id":27826,"text":"wri8153 - 1981 - Hydrologic and chemical evaluation of the ground-water resources of northwest Elkhart County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T18:05:32.65912","indexId":"wri8153","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-53","title":"Hydrologic and chemical evaluation of the ground-water resources of northwest Elkhart County, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 3-year study in northwest Elkhart County, Indiana, was done to (1) de-</span><span>fine the general flow and quality of water in the outwash aquifer system, (2) </span><span>determine if a well field proposed for a site at the Elkhart Municipal </span><span>Airport would draw leachate from the Himco landfill, and (3) define the areal </span><span>extent of the ground water affected by the landfill and an east-side indus</span><span>trial-park area.</span></p><p><span>The outwash aquifers are mainly composed of sand and gravel and are separated by a silt and clay bed. The saturated thickness of these deposits averages 175 feet and ranges from 85 to 500 feet. Where present, the silt and clay bed confines the underlying aquifer. The confining bed is absent in the area underlying the landfill and part of the airport. Average hydraulic conductivities of the sand, and the sand and gravel, are 80 and 400 feet per day, respectively. Regional ground-water flow is toward the St. Joseph River.</span></p><p><span>A quasi-three-dimensional ground-water flow model, calibrated to match measured water levels and river seepages, was used to simulate proposed pumpings in the airport area. Drawdowns for simulated pumpings of 7.5-, 10-, and 20-million gallons per day were small percentages of the saturated thick-nesses of the unconfined aquifer underlying the airport area. Model-simulated streamflow reductions in Christiana Creek for these pumpings were 9, 12, and 23 percent of base flow, respectively. The model-simulated, steady-state water-level maps for the 7.5- and 10-million-gallons-per-day pumping experiments indicated that these pumpings would not draw water from the land-fill area to the pumping center at the airport. The simulated map for the 20-million-gallons-per-day pumping indicated that only a small part of the flow into the pumping center could come from the landfill area.</span></p><p><span>The general quality of ground water in the study area, defined by analy</span><span>ses of 68 water samples from 35 observation wells, included slightly basic pH </span><span>(7-8), average hardness greater than 200 milligrams per liter as calcium car</span><span>bonate, average alkalinity greater than 150 milligrams per liter as calcium </span><span>carbonate, and, in more than 90 percent of the analyses, a calcium bicarbon</span><span>ate water type.</span></p><p><span>Eight volatile organic compounds were detected in water from 8 of 19 wells sampled in the industrial-park area. The health-effects advisory limit for chronic exposure to trichloroethylene was exceeded in samples from six of these wells. Areally, the results did not define a plume or a source of the volatile organic compounds. </span></p><p><span>Concentrations of dissolved solids, bicarbonate, bromide, chloride, sulfate, ammonia, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, and dis-solved organic carbon in the leachate were at least five times their back-ground concentrations. Concentrations of bromide and dissolved solids were the best indicators of leachate. Bromide concentrations plotted areally indicated that the landfill was the source of the leachate, the leachate plume extended between 3,100 and 5,600 feet downgradient from the landfill, and the plume had not spread laterally much farther than the original width of the landfill. Bromide and dissolved-solids concentrations plotted in cross section indicated that the leachate plume was sinking as it spread downgradient in the shallow unconfined aquifer and the leachate was present in deep wells under and immediately downgradient from the landfill. All chemical constituents were attenuated within approximately 1 mile downgradient from the landfill. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri8153","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources and the Elkhart Water Works","usgsCitation":"Imbrigiotta, T., and Martin, A., 1981, Hydrologic and chemical evaluation of the ground-water resources of northwest Elkhart County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-53, ix, 140 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8153.","productDescription":"ix, 140 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0053/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Elkhart County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.7874,41.7615],[-85.7591,41.7613],[-85.6606,41.7608],[-85.6589,41.699],[-85.6575,41.6122],[-85.6554,41.5251],[-85.6542,41.4733],[-85.6552,41.4384],[-85.7704,41.4377],[-85.8874,41.4379],[-86.0008,41.4375],[-86.059,41.4367],[-86.0594,41.4644],[-86.0593,41.474],[-86.0593,41.479],[-86.0592,41.4935],[-86.0598,41.4999],[-86.0624,41.7619],[-85.932,41.7623],[-85.7874,41.7615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Elkhart\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Imbrigiotta, Thomas E. 0000-0003-1716-4768 timbrig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":2466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"Thomas E.","email":"timbrig@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":198744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Angel Jr.","contributorId":42571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Angel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25741,"text":"wri8142 - 1981 - Reconnaissance samplings and characterization of aquatic humic substances at the Yuma Desalting Test Facility, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-01T12:18:09","indexId":"wri8142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-42","title":"Reconnaissance samplings and characterization of aquatic humic substances at the Yuma Desalting Test Facility, Arizona","docAbstract":"Smectite clay minerals were found to be the principal compound on the surface of the cellulose-acetate, reverse-osmosis membranes at the Yuma Desalting Test Facility. These clay minerals were not present in the pumped ground water, but were blown into the conveyance canal from adjacent soils. Humic substances from the water and suspended sediments were associated with the clay films on the membrane, but no definitive results concerning their role in fouling were achieved. Microbial fouling is believed to be only a minor aspect of membrane fouling. Chemical and physical changes in humic substances were extensively studied at four points in the water-treatment process. Humic substances accounted for the largest component (over 25 percent) of organic constituents. Humic substances in the canal source water were similar to other aquatic humic substances present in natural waters. During the treatment process, these substances are brominated and decolorized. The effect of these halogenated humic substances on membrane fouling is unclear, but their presence in the reverse-osmosis product water and reverse-osmosis reject brine, along with volatile trihalomethanes, has led to environmental concerns. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri8142","usgsCitation":"Malcolm, R., Wershaw, R., Thurman, E., Aiken, G., Pinckney, D., and Kaakinen, J., 1981, Reconnaissance samplings and characterization of aquatic humic substances at the Yuma Desalting Test Facility, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-42, vii, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8142.","productDescription":"vii, 79 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368899,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0042/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Yuma Desalting Test 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R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pinckney, D.J.","contributorId":23175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinckney","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kaakinen, J.","contributorId":52611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaakinen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":31045,"text":"ofr81149 - 1981 - Preliminary data from a series of artificial recharge experiments at Stanton, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T15:45:59","indexId":"ofr81149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-149","title":"Preliminary data from a series of artificial recharge experiments at Stanton, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>A series of artificial recharge experiments was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey at an experimental site located in Stanton, Texas. Five tests were performed from March 1977 through December 1978 to: (1) Evaluate the hydraulic properties of the aquifer; (2) test sampling and monitoring equipment; (3) compare tracers for future use in hydrologic investigations; and (4) determine the radial and vertical distribution of hydraulic properties at the site. Suites of inorganic, and both volatile and nonvolatile organic tracers were used in the tests, and comparative data were obtained from sampling points at several radial distances and depths from the injection well. Hydraulic data from aquifer tests and geologic data from core material also were obtained during the investigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr81149","usgsCitation":"Bassett, R., Weeks, E., Ceazan, M., Perkins, S., Signor, D., Redinger, D., Malcolm, R., Aiken, G., Thurman, E., Avery, P., Wood, W., Thompson, G., and Stiles, G., 1981, Preliminary data from a series of artificial recharge experiments at Stanton, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-149, ix, 235 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81149.","productDescription":"ix, 235 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Stanton","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a244","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bassett, R.L.","contributorId":13233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weeks, E.P.","contributorId":38514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ceazan, M.L.","contributorId":80015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ceazan","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Perkins, S.G.","contributorId":93483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Signor, D. C.","contributorId":95100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signor","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Redinger, D.L.","contributorId":103139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redinger","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Malcolm, Ronald L.","contributorId":46075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"Ronald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Avery, P.A.","contributorId":52450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avery","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thompson, G.M.","contributorId":57246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Stiles, G.K.","contributorId":91629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiles","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":8941,"text":"ofr81814 - 1981 - Water-quality data for the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Trenton to Pennsville, New Jersey, 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T22:30:42.172529","indexId":"ofr81814","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-814","title":"Water-quality data for the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Trenton to Pennsville, New Jersey, 1980","docAbstract":"<p>Samples for chemical analysis were collected from June to December 1980 from 262 wells tapping the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system. The samples were analyzed for common ions, dissolved metals, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, volatile organic compounds, pH, temperature, and specific conductance. This report contains the results of the analyses, well construction data for the wells sampled, and simple statistical summaries for each parameter. Most parameters showed wide variations in concentration. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon ranged from 0 to 108 mg/L (milligrams per liter), with a median of 1.7 mg/L. Chloride concentration ranged from 0.8 to 810 mg/L, with a median of 15 mg/L. Iron concentration ranged from 3 micrograms per liter to 79,000 micrograms per liter, with a median of 1,400 micrograms per liter. Detectable concentrations of volatile organic compounds were found in 46 wells, approximately 19 percent of the 246 wells sampled for such compounds. Trichloroethylene and benzene, the most common compounds, were detected in 24 and 18 wells, respectively. The maximum concentrations of several compounds detected include: benzene, 1,960 micrograms per liter; 1,1-dichloroethylene, 670 micrograms per liter; trichloroethylene, 472 micrograms per liter; and tetrachloroethylene, 335 micrograms per liter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81814","usgsCitation":"Fusillo, T.V., and Voronin, L.M., 1981, Water-quality data for the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Trenton to Pennsville, New Jersey, 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-814, Report: v, 38 p.; 2 Plates: 22.66 x 17.10 inches and 40.55 x 13.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81814.","productDescription":"Report: v, 38 p.; 2 Plates: 22.66 x 17.10 inches and 40.55 x 13.43 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411679,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12175.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":36553,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0814/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36552,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0814/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36551,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0814/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0814/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.58027042549186,\n              40.26873200211358\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.55817443755349,\n              40.26873200211358\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.55817443755349,\n              39.42534798251225\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.58027042549186,\n              39.42534798251225\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.58027042549186,\n              40.26873200211358\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af2e4b07f02db6918ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fusillo, Thomas V.","contributorId":106097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fusillo","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voronin, Lois M. 0000-0002-1064-1675 lvoronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-1675","contributorId":1475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voronin","given":"Lois","email":"lvoronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":158596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32600,"text":"pp1184 - 1981 - Bimodal Silurian and Lower Devonian volcanic rock assemblages in the Machias-Eastport area, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"pp1184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1184","title":"Bimodal Silurian and Lower Devonian volcanic rock assemblages in the Machias-Eastport area, Maine","docAbstract":"Exposed in the Machias-Eastport area of southeastern Maine is the thickest (at least 8,000 m), best exposed, best dated, and most nearly complete succession of Silurian and Lower Devonian volcanic strata in the coastal volcanic belt, remnants of which crop out along the coasts of southern New Brunswick, Canada, and southeastern New England in the United States. The volcanics were erupted through the 600-700-million-year-old Avalonian sialic basement. To test the possibility that this volcanic belt was a magmatic arc above a subduction zone prior to presumed Acadian continental collision, samples representing the entire section in the Machias-Eastport area of Maine were chemically analyzed. \r\n\r\nThree strongly bimodal assemblages of volcanic rocks and associated intrusives are recognized, herein called the Silurian, older Devonian, and younger Devonian assemblages. The Silurian assemblage contains typically nonporphyritic high-alumina tholeiitic basalts, basaltic andesites, and diabase of continental characterand calc-alkalic rhyolites, silicic dacites, and one known dike of andesite. These rocks are associated with fossiliferous, predominantly marine strata of the Quoddy, Dennys, and Edmunds Formations, and the Leighton Formation of the Pembroke Group (the stratigraphic rank of both is revised herein for the Machias-Eastport area), all of Silurian age. The shallow marine Hersey Formation (stratigraphic rank also revised herein) of the Pembroke Group, of latest Silurian age (and possibly earliest Devonian, as suggested by an ostracode fauna), contains no known volcanics; and it evidently was deposited during a volcanic hiatus that immediately preceded emergence of the coastal volcanic belt and the eruption of the older Devonian assemblage. The older Devonian assemblage, in the lagoonal to subaerial Lower Devonian Eastport Formation, contains tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites, typically with abundant plagioclase phenocrysts and typically richer in iron and titanium and poorer in magnesium and nickel than the Silurian basalts; and the Eastport Formation has rhyolites and silicic dacites that have higher average SiO2 and K2O contents and higher ratios of FeO* to MgO than the Silurian ones. The younger Devonian assemblage is represented by one sample of basalt from a flow in red beds of the post-Acadian Upper Devonian Perry Formation, and by three samples from pre-Acadian diabases that intrude the Leighton and Hersey Formations. These rocks are even richer in titanium and iron and poorer in magnesium and nickel than the older Devonian basalts. Post-Acadian granitic plutons exposed along the coastal belt for which analyses are available are tentatively included in the younger Devonian assemblage. The most conspicuous features of the coastal volcanics and associated intrusives are the preponderance of rocks of basaltic composition ( < 52 percent SiO2 ) in the Silurian assemblage, and the near absence in all assemblages of intermediate rocks having 57-67 percent SiO2 (calculated without volatiles). \r\n\r\nAll the rocks are variably altered spilites and keratophyres. The basaltic types are adequately defined, however, by eight samples of least altered basalts having calcic plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and 0.5 percent or less CO2 , The more altered basalts are variably enriched or depleted in Na2O, K2O, and CaO relative to the least altered ones. In the silicic rocks no primary ferromagnesian minerals are preserved. The Na2O and K2O contents of the silicic rocks are erratic; they are approximately reciprocal, possibly owing to alkali exchange while the rocks were still glassy. \r\n\r\nWe propose that the coastal volcanic belt extended along an axis of thermal swelling in the Earth's mantle and upward intrusion of partially melted mantle into the sialic Avalonian crust. These processes were accompanied by shoaling and emergence of the belt, and they produced the bimodal volcanism. Tholeiitic basaltic melts segregated from mantle material ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1184","usgsCitation":"Gates, O., and Moench, R.H., 1981, Bimodal Silurian and Lower Devonian volcanic rock assemblages in the Machias-Eastport area, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1184, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1184.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1184/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60457,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1184/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625ee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gates, Olcott","contributorId":42638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Olcott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moench, R. H.","contributorId":8853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221642,"text":"5221642 - 1981 - Uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons by crayfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T17:57:57.802153","indexId":"5221642","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T12:19:18","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons by crayfish","docAbstract":"<p><span>No differences were noted in the amount of naphthalene uptake (approximately 125</span><i>μ</i><span>g) by individual crayfish exposed for 1, 2, or 4 hr at 25°C in open, non-aerated glass jars containing </span><sup>14</sup><span>C-naphthalene-5% of a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil. The cephalothorax, containing the hepatopancreas (a food absorption organ), showed greater uptake of naphthalene than the tail flesh or tail skeleton of individual crayfish exposed to the oil for 3 hr at 25°C. Crayfish exposed to the oil for 1, 2, or 4 hr and then placed in open, non-aerated containers of oil-free water lost most of the carbon-14 activity during the first 24 hr, with smaller losses occurring at 24 hr intervals up to and including 96 hr. Carbon-14 naphthalene in a 5% WSF of No. 2 fuel oil held in 12 open, non-aerated, oil-free, glass jars for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr at 25°C showed little volatilization (P &gt; 0.4).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01057577","usgsCitation":"Tarshis, I., 1981, Uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons by crayfish: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 79-86, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01057577.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606467","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tarshis, I. Barry","contributorId":82378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarshis","given":"I. Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012120,"text":"70012120 - 1981 - Back-extraction of trace elements from organometallic-halide extracts for determination by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:28:55.91529","indexId":"70012120","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Back-extraction of trace elements from organometallic-halide extracts for determination by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"<p>The <i>M</i>ethyl isobutyl ketone-<i>A</i>mine syner<i>G</i>istic <i>I</i>odkte <i>C</i>omplex (MAGIC) extraction system offers the advantage that a large number of trace elements can be rapidly determined with a single sample preparation procedure. However, many of the elements extracted by the MAGIC system form volatile organometallic halide salts when the organic extract is heated in the graphite furnace. High concentrations of some elements such as Cu and Zn extracted by the system from anomalous geological samples produce serious interferences when certain other elements are determined by flameless atomic absorption. Stripping systems have been developed using solutions of HNO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and CH<sub>3</sub>COOH individually or combined with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in order to circumvent these problems. With these systems most of the elements in the organic extract can be sequentially stripped into an aqueous phase. Organometallic volatilization and the most serious interelement interferences, therefore, can be eliminated by stripping with various combinations of reagents in a series of steps.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00224a018","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.R., and Viets, J.G., 1981, Back-extraction of trace elements from organometallic-halide extracts for determination by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 53, no. 1, p. 65-70, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00224a018.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef8ce4b0c8380cd4a2ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. Robert","contributorId":90879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Viets, John G.","contributorId":84510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011742,"text":"70011742 - 1981 - Reduction of matrix interferences in furnace atomic absorption with the L'vov Platform","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:00:56.484058","indexId":"70011742","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3464,"text":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of matrix interferences in furnace atomic absorption with the L'vov Platform","docAbstract":"<p><span>Use of a modified L'vov Platform and ammonium phosphate as a matrix modifier greatly reduced matrix interferences in a commercial Massmann-type atomic absorption furnace. Platforms were readily fabricated from furnace tubes and, once positioned in the furnace, caused no inconvenience in operation. Two volatile elements (Pb, Cd), two of intermediate volatility (Co, Cr) and two which form stable oxides (Al, Sn) were tested in natural water and selected synthetic matrices. In every case for which there was a significant matrix effect during atomization from the tube wall, the platform and platform plus modifier gave improved performance. With lead, for example, an average ratio of 0.48 ± 0.11 was found when the slope of the standard additions plot for six different natural water samples was compared to the slope of the standard working curve in dilute acid. The average slope ratio between the natural water matrices and the dilute acid matrix was 0.94 ± 0.03 with the L'vov Platform and 0.96 ± 0.03 with the platform and matrix modifier. In none of the cases studied did the use of the platform or platform plus modifier cause an interference problem where none existed while atomizing from the tube wall. An additional benefit of the platform was a factor of about two improvement in peak height precision.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0584-8547(81)80060-2","issn":"05848547","usgsCitation":"Kaiser, M.L., Koirtyohann, S.R., Hinderberger, E.J., and Taylor, H.E., 1981, Reduction of matrix interferences in furnace atomic absorption with the L'vov Platform: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, v. 36, no. 8, p. 773-783, https://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8547(81)80060-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"783","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e0e4b0e8fec6cdb9f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaiser, M. L.","contributorId":68456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"M.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koirtyohann, S. R.","contributorId":44287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koirtyohann","given":"S.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinderberger, E. J.","contributorId":22489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinderberger","given":"E.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":361855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011932,"text":"70011932 - 1981 - Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:01:57.636035","indexId":"70011932","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity","docAbstract":"<p><span>A wide range of rock types (abyssal tholeiite, Fe-Ti-rich basalt, andesite, and rhyodacite) were dredged from near 95°W and 85°W on the Galapagos spreading center. Computer modeling of major element compositions has shown that these rocks could be derived from common parental magmas by successive degrees of fractional crystallization. However, the P</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>5</sub><span>/K</span><sub>2</sub><span>O ratio averages 0.83 at 95°W and 1.66 at 85°W and implies distinct mantle source compositions for the two areas. These source regions also have different rare earth element (REE) abundance patterns, with [La/Sm]</span><sub>EF</sub><span>&nbsp;= 0.67 at 95°W and 0.46 at 85°W. The sequence of fractionated lavas differs for the two areas and indicates earlier fractionation of apatite and titanomagnetite in the lavas from 95°W. The mantle source regions for these two areas are interpreted to be depleted in incompatible (and volatile?) elements, although the source region beneath 95°W is less severely depleted in La and K. Incompatible trace element abundances in 26 samples are used to infer that the range of Fe-Ti-rich basalt from 85°W represents 19 to 35% residual liquid following crystal fractionation of a mineral assemblage of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and lesser olivine. The most highly differentiated samples have also had less than 1% titanomagnetite removed. Most samples from 85°W can be related to a common parental magma that contained approximately 9 wt % FeO*, 1 wt % TiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, and had an Mg number (Mg# = 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe</span><sup>2+</sup><span>)) of about 65. Although the samples from 95°W cannot all be derived from a common parental magma, the inferred parental magmas may have been derived by varying degrees of partial melting of a common source. The fractionation sequence consists of two parts: an initial iron enrichment trend followed by a silica enrichment trend. We interpret the trace element data to indicate that the most iron rich lavas represent about 32% residual liquid derived by crystal fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and lesser olivine from a parental magma with an Mg number of about 66. The silica enrichment trend results from crystallization of titanomagnetite and some apatite. Fractionation of pigeonite, which is a minor phase in the major element models, cannot be distinguished from clinopyroxene fractionation by using trace elements.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09469","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Frey, F., Thompson, G., and Rindge, S., 1981, Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9469-9482, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09469.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"9469","endPage":"9482","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b1fe4b0c8380cd6f340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, F.A.","contributorId":12618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, G.","contributorId":55958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rindge, S.","contributorId":55959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rindge","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70012152,"text":"70012152 - 1981 - Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:42:02","indexId":"70012152","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography","docAbstract":"A modified method is described for a 1-mg sample multi-element semiquantitative spectrographic analysis. This method uses a direct-current arc source, carbon instead of graphite electrodes, and an 80% argon-20% oxygen atmosphere instead of air. Although this is a destructive method, an analysis can be made for 68 elements in all mineral and geochemical samples. Carbon electrodes have been an aid in improving the detection limits of many elements. The carbon has a greater resistance to heat conductance and develops a better tip, facilitating sample volatilization and counter balancing the cooling effect of a flow of the argon-oxygen mixture around the anode. Where such an argon-oxygen atmosphere is used instead of air, the cyanogen band lines are greatly diminished in intensity, and thus more spectral lines of analysis elements are available for use; the spectral background is also lower. The main advantage of using the carbon electrode and the 80% argon-20% oxygen atmosphere is the improved detection limits of 36 out of 68 elements. The detection limits remain the same for 23 elements, and are not as good for only nine elements. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(81)90152-2","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rait, N., 1981, Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography: Chemical Geology, v. 32, no. 1-4, p. 317-333, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90152-2.","startPage":"317","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266125,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90152-2"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6089e4b0c8380cd71514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rait, N.","contributorId":95521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rait","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012096,"text":"70012096 - 1981 - Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize organic matter and its relationship to uranium content of Appalachian Devonian black shales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T10:56:02.915724","indexId":"70012096","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize organic matter and its relationship to uranium content of Appalachian Devonian black shales","docAbstract":"<p><span>Gas Chromatographic analysis of volatile products formed by stepwise pyrolysis of black shales can be used to characterize the kerogen by relating it to separated, identified precursors such as land-derived vitrinite and marine-source&nbsp;</span><i>Tasmanites</i><span>. Analysis of a&nbsp;</span><i>Tasmanites</i><span>&nbsp;sample shows exclusively&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>n-</mtext><mtext>alkane</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">n-alkane</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and -alkene pyrolysis products, whereas a vitrinite sample shows a predominance of one- and two-ring substituted aromatics. For core samples from northern Tennessee and for a suite of outcrop samples from eastern Kentucky, the organic matter type and the U content (&lt;10−120ppm) show variations that are related to precursor organic materials. The samples that show a high vitrinite component in their pyrolysis products are also those samples with high contents of U.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90116-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Leventhal, J., 1981, Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize organic matter and its relationship to uranium content of Appalachian Devonian black shales: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 6, p. 883-889, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90116-2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"889","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222765,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a905fe4b0c8380cd7fccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leventhal, J.S.","contributorId":60640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leventhal","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011739,"text":"70011739 - 1981 - Thermal modeling of cometary nuclei","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-20T13:21:04.145178","indexId":"70011739","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal modeling of cometary nuclei","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id6\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><p>A new model of the sublimation of volatile ices from a cometary nucleus has been developed which includes the effects of diurnal heating and cooling, rotation period and pole orientation, and thermal properties of the ice and subsurface layers. The model also includes the contribution from coma opacity, scattering, and thermal emission, where the properties of the coma are derived from the integrated rate of volatile production by the nucleus. The model is applied to the specific case of the 1986 apparition of Halley's comet. It is found that the generation of a cometary dust coma actually increases the total energy reaching the Halley nucleus. This results because of the significantly greater geometrical cross section of the coma as compared with the bare nucleus, and because the coma provides an essentially isotropic source of multiply scattered sunlight and thermal emission over the entire nucleus surface. For Halley, the calculated coma opacity is approximately 0.2 at 1 AU from the Sun, and 1.2 at perihelion (0.587 AU). At 1 AU this has little effect on dayside temperatures (maximum ≈200°K) but raises nightside temperatures (minimum ≈150°K) by about 40°K. At perihelion the higher opacity results in a nearly isothermal nucleus with only small diurnal and latitudinal temperature variations. The general surface temperature is 205°K with a maximum of 209°K at local noon on the equator. Some possible consequences of the results with respect to the generation of nongravitational forces, observed volatile production rates for comets, and cometary lifetimes against sublimation are discussed.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(81)90177-9","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Weissman, P., and Kieffer, H.H., 1981, Thermal modeling of cometary nuclei: Icarus, v. 47, no. 3, p. 302-311, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(81)90177-9.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"311","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220788,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb24be4b08c986b3256e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weissman, P.R.","contributorId":7838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weissman","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011685,"text":"70011685 - 1981 - Pleistocene high-silica rhyolites of the Coso volcanic field, Inyo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T06:50:51","indexId":"70011685","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene high-silica rhyolites of the Coso volcanic field, Inyo County, California","docAbstract":"<p>The high-silica rhyolite domes and lava flows of the bimodal Pleistocene part of the Coso volcanic field provide an example of the early stages of evolution of a silicic magmatic system of substantial size and longevity. Major and trace element compositions are consistent with derivation from somewhat less silicic parental material by liquid state differentiation processes in compositionally and thermally zoned magmatic systems. Seven chemically homogeneous eruptive groups can be distinguished on the basis of trace element and K/Ar data. The oldest two groups are volumetrically minor and geochemically distinct from the younger groups, all five of which appear to have evolved from the same magmatic system. Erupted volume-time relations suggest that small amounts of magma were bled from the top of a silicic reservoir at a nearly constant long-term rate over the last 0.24Ma. The interval of repose between eruptions appears to be proportional to the volume of the preceding eruptive group. This relationship suggests that eruptions take place when some parameter which increases at a constant rate reaches a critical value; this parameter may be extensional strain accumulated in roof rocks. Extension of the lithosphere favors intrusion of basalt into the crust, attendant partial melting, and maintenance of a long-lived silicic magmatic system. The Coso silicic system may contain a few hundred cubic kilometers of magma. The Coso magmatic system may eventually have the potential for producing voluminous pyroclastic eruptions if the safety valve provided by rapid crustal extension becomes inadequate to 1) defuse the system through episodic removal of volatile-rich magma from its top and 2) prohibit migration of the reservoir to a shallow crustal level.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10223","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Macdonald, R., Smith, R.L., and Baedecker, P.A., 1981, Pleistocene high-silica rhyolites of the Coso volcanic field, Inyo County, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10223-10241, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10223.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"10223","endPage":"10241","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Inyo","otherGeospatial":"Coso Volcanic 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,{"id":61000,"text":"mf1250 - 1980 - Maps showing coal resources of the Crumpler quadrangle, Mercer, McDowell, and Wyoming Counties, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T21:13:25.508938","indexId":"mf1250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1250","title":"Maps showing coal resources of the Crumpler quadrangle, Mercer, McDowell, and Wyoming Counties, West Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Coal Geology</p><p>The Crumpler quadrangle lies in the Appalachian Plateaus province, with the coal bearing Pocahontas and New River Formations of Pennsylvanian age having a gentle dip toward the northwest. Coal bed maps were prepared (figures 1-7) and resources were estimated (table 1) for seven of the many coal beds in the Crumpler quadrangle (Stricker, 1980, lists the names of the various coal beds in the quadrangle) following methods established by U.S. Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey, 1976. All of these coal beds crop out at the surface in the quadrangle, have a maximum thickness thickness of over-burden of less than 300 meters, and have been mined at the surface, or under-ground, or both. Resource estimates were not calculated for other coal beds in the Pocahontas and New River Formations, either because of insufficient data of because of the beds are too thin. Figure 8 is a generalized stratigraphic column of the coal-bearing sequence in the Crumpler quadrangle showing thickness and relative positions of the various coal beds. The Crumpler quadrangle originally contained about 498 million metric tons of coal. Approximately 326 million metric tons have been mined, or lost in mining, leaving remaining resources of 172 million metric tons.</p><p>Analyses of the mined coal beds in the Crumpler and adjacent quadrangle show the coal is medium - to low volatile bituminous (most are low volatile bituminous), containing 14-27 percent volatile matter (with an arithmetic mean of 18 percent), 2.1-22.4 percent ash (with an arithmetic mean of 7 percent), and 0.5-1.8 percent total sulfur (with an arithmetic mean of 0.8 percent). Heating values range from 6,380 to 8,610 Kcal/kg on an as-received basis. Trace element and major and minor oxide composition, of both whole coal and laboratory ash, for 59 samples within or near the quadrangle were obtained from USCHEM (Geochemical Data File or National Coal Resources Data System), (Kozey and others, 1980.) Neither elements of environmental concern such as arsenic, lead, mercury, and selenium nor potentially valuable elements such as germanium, uranium and thorium were found in significant amounts in the coal.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1250","usgsCitation":"Stricker, G.D., 1980, Maps showing coal resources of the Crumpler quadrangle, Mercer, McDowell, and Wyoming Counties, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1250, 1 Plate: 33.84 x 31.87 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1250.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 33.84 x 31.87 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1250.jpg"},{"id":389851,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6860.htm"},{"id":284425,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1250/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","county":"Mcdowell County, Mercer County, Wyoming County","otherGeospatial":"Crumpler quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.375,37.375 ], [ -81.375,37.5 ], [ -81.25,37.5 ], [ -81.25,37.375 ], [ -81.375,37.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6623e4b0b290851008bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stricker, Gary D. gstricker@usgs.gov","contributorId":87163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Gary","email":"gstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":264807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":61358,"text":"mf1211 - 1980 - Maps showing coal resources of the Jewell Bridge Quadrangle, Buchanan and Tazewell counties, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T10:28:19","indexId":"mf1211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1211","title":"Maps showing coal resources of the Jewell Bridge Quadrangle, Buchanan and Tazewell counties, Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Coal of low-volatile to high-volatile A bituminous rank is the principal developed mineral resource in the Jewell Ridge quadrangle. &nbsp;The coal beds in the Jewell Ridge quadrangle contain total estimated original resources of 1,519 million tons. &nbsp;Of this total, 108 million tons have been mined or lost in mining, leaving 1,411 million tons of remaining resources. &nbsp;Table 1 lists coal resource estimates for all coal beds in the quadrangle.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1211","usgsCitation":"Englund, K., and Teaford, N.K., 1980, Maps showing coal resources of the Jewell Bridge Quadrangle, Buchanan and Tazewell counties, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1211, 42.95 x 31.16 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1211.","productDescription":"42.95 x 31.16 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1211.PNG"},{"id":327588,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1211/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Buchanan County, Tazewell County","otherGeospatial":"Jewell Ridge Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.86749999999999,37.1175 ], [ -81.86749999999999,37.25 ], [ -81.75,37.25 ], [ -81.75,37.1175 ], [ -81.86749999999999,37.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604af3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Englund, Kenneth J.","contributorId":105371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Englund","given":"Kenneth J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teaford, Nancy K.","contributorId":73919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teaford","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207626,"text":"70207626 - 1980 - Uranium contents of glassy and devitrified andesites and dacites, Mount Mazama, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:07:28.888527","indexId":"70207626","displayToPublicDate":"1980-12-31T10:37:04","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium contents of glassy and devitrified andesites and dacites, Mount Mazama, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>By direct comparison of devitrified and granophyrically crystallized specimens with nonhydrated glassy materials from the same units, Rosholt and coworkers (Rosholt and Noble, 1969; Rosholt et al., 1971) showed that specimens of primarily crystallized but otherwise unaltered peralkaline and subalkaline rhyolite from the western United States had lost from 30 to 80 percent of the uranium that they originally possessed. They suggested that uranium was lost both during crystallization, perhaps as the volatile hexafluoride, and/or later through the action of ground water. Similar results have been obtained by Shatkov et al. (1970) and Kovalev and Maylasova (1973).</p><p> Zielinski (1978) compared the uranium contents of paired nonhydrated glassy and primarily devitrified phases of a number of subalkaline rhyolitic lavas and tuffs from various localities in the western United States. He found a generally smaller degree of uranium loss than had been observed by Rosholt et al. (1971) for peralkaline materials. In addition, Zielinski noted that older specimens had, as a group, lost a greater percentage of their original uranium than had younger rocks and suggested that uranium is generally lost progressively over periods of many millions of years. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.75.1.127","usgsCitation":"Noble, D.C., Rose, W., and Zielinski, R.A., 1980, Uranium contents of glassy and devitrified andesites and dacites, Mount Mazama, Oregon: Economic Geology, v. 75, no. 1, p. 127-129, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.75.1.127.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370896,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Mount Mazama","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.32040405273438,\n              42.70665956351041\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81228637695312,\n              42.70665956351041\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81228637695312,\n              43.08995208151042\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.32040405273438,\n              43.08995208151042\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.32040405273438,\n              42.70665956351041\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1980-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, D. C.","contributorId":60627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, W.I.","contributorId":121334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rose","given":"W.I.","affiliations":[{"id":33237,"text":"Michigan Technological University, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208030,"text":"70208030 - 1980 - Organic composition of some Upper Cretaceous shale, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-25T14:14:59.675177","indexId":"70208030","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-24T13:17:22","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic composition of some Upper Cretaceous shale, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p><span>The lower Upper Cretaceous strata in northeastern Wyoming, which have yielded major quantities of oil and gas, were sampled at boreholes in Converse, Johnson, and Weston Counties. Cores of noncalcareous shale of largely nearshore-marine origin were obtained from the Frontier Formation and the overlying Cody Shale at depths of 3,780.6 to 3,879.9 m in Converse County, near the axis of the Powder River basin, and at depths of less than 320 m in Johnson County, on the western flank of the basin. Cores of calcareous and noncalcareous shale representing offshore-marine and nearshore-marine environments were acquired from the Belle Fourche Shale, Greenhorn Formation, and Carlile Shale at depths of less than 270 m in Weston County, on the eastern flank of the Powder River basin. Analyses of the shale for organic carbon content, total pyrolytic hydrocarbon yield, volatile hydrocarbon content, temperature of maximum pyrolytic yield, and vitrinite reflectance indicate that the amount and character of the organic matter in the sampled rocks is related to the content of calcium carbonate, the depositional environment, and the burial depth of the strata. On the east flank of the Powder River basin, calcareous shale of offshore-marine origin contains abundant hydrogen-rich organic matter derived mainly from aquatic plants. Noncalcareous shale of largely nearshore-marine origin, on the west flank of the basin, locally contains significant hydrogen-poor organic matter derived mostly from land plants. The noncalcareous, nearshore-marine shale in the middle of the basin probably contained similar amounts of hydrogendeficient organic matter prior to deep burial and thermal alteration. The calcareous shale in Weston County is a potentially rich source of oil and gas, but it is thermally immature and is in a very early stage of the hydrocarbon-generation process. The noncalcareous shale in Johnson County is a potential source rock for gas, but also is in an early stage of thermal alteration. In Converse County, the sampled beds are thermally mature and have generated hydrocarbons. The extent of this contribution of hydrocarbons to the commercial petroleum occurrences of the area can be inferred from the composition of the original organic matter in the beds. Furthermore, the degree of thermal alteration of the organic matter at these localities indicates that the depth of the sampled strata was never as great on the flanks of the Powder River basin as in the basin center.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/2F918A68-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Merewether, E.A., and Claypool, G., 1980, Organic composition of some Upper Cretaceous shale, Powder River Basin, Wyoming: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, no. 4, p. 488-500, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F918A68-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"488","endPage":"500","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371522,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.490234375,\n              45.02695045318546\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.07275390625,\n              44.33956524809713\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.6387939453125,\n              44.08363928284644\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.28173828125,\n              43.57243174740972\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.116943359375,\n              43.27320591705845\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.116943359375,\n              43.000629854450004\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3201904296875,\n              43.04480541304369\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.2322998046875,\n              42.92827401776912\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.9686279296875,\n              42.82360980730198\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.58984375,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.2767333984375,\n              43.79092385423618\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.38110351562499,\n              43.87017822557581\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.5733642578125,\n              44.11125397357155\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.172119140625,\n              44.351350365612326\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.3094482421875,\n              44.59829048984011\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.47973632812499,\n              44.78573392716592\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.3204345703125,\n              44.90646871709883\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.194091796875,\n              44.98034238084973\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.490234375,\n              45.02695045318546\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merewether, E. Allen merewether@usgs.gov","contributorId":3586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"E.","email":"merewether@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012182,"text":"70012182 - 1980 - The role of volatiles and lithology in the impact cratering process.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T14:20:41","indexId":"70012182","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3284,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of volatiles and lithology in the impact cratering process.","docAbstract":"A survey of published descriptions of 32 of the largest, least eroded terrestrial impact structures reveals that the amount of melt at craters in crystalline rocks is approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than at craters in sedimentary rocks. In this paper we present a model for the impact process; calculations show that the volume of material shocked to pressures sufficient for melting should not be significantly different in sedimentary and crystalline rocks. We conclude that shock melt is formed in the early stages of the cratering process by impacts into rocks rich in volatiles but is destroyed by the cratering process. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG018i001p00143","issn":"00346853","usgsCitation":"Werner, K.S., and Simonds, C., 1980, The role of volatiles and lithology in the impact cratering process.: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 18, no. 1, p. 143-181, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG018i001p00143.","startPage":"143","endPage":"181","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268044,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RG018i001p00143"},{"id":221995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafa1e4b08c986b324936","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Werner, Kieffer S.","contributorId":7418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Kieffer","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simonds, C.H.","contributorId":80420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonds","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012555,"text":"70012555 - 1980 - Mount St. Helens eruptive behavior during the past 1500 yr","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-01T12:12:29.686569","indexId":"70012555","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mount St. Helens eruptive behavior during the past 1500 yr","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15739390\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>During the past 1,500 yr Mount St. Helens, Washington, has repeatedly erupted dacite domes, tephra, and pyroclastic flows as well as andesite lava flows and tephra. Two periods of activity prior to 1980, each many decades long, were both initiated by eruptions of volatile-rich dacite which were followed by andesite, then by dacite. A third eruptive period was characterized by the eruption of volatile-poor dacite that formed a dome and minor pyroclastic flows. The prolonged duration of some previous eruptive periods suggests that the current activity could continue for many years. The volatile-rich dacite that has been erupted to date probably will be followed by gas-poor magma, but it cannot yet be predicted whether a more mafic magma will be extruded during the current eruptive period.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1980)8<555:MSHEBD>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Hoblitt, R., Crandell, D.R., and Mullineaux, D.R., 1980, Mount St. Helens eruptive behavior during the past 1500 yr: Geology, v. 8, no. 11, p. 555-559, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1980)8<555:MSHEBD>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"555","endPage":"559","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222149,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ea7e4b0c8380cd70bae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crandell, D. R.","contributorId":78385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mullineaux, D. R.","contributorId":64248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullineaux","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012329,"text":"70012329 - 1980 - Rate of mercury loss from contaminated estuarine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T16:35:31","indexId":"70012329","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rate of mercury loss from contaminated estuarine sediments","docAbstract":"<p>The concentration of mercury in contaminated estuarine sediments of Bellingham Bay, Washington was found to decrease with a half-time of about 1.3 yr after the primary anthropogenic source of mercury was removed. <i>In situ</i> measurements of the mercury flux from sediments, in both dissolved and volatile forms, could not account for this decrease. This result suggests that the removal of mercury is associated with sediment particles transported out of the study area. This decrease was modeled using a steady-state mixing model.</p><p>Mercury concentrations in anoxic interstitial waters reached 3.5 μg/l, 126 times higher than observed in the overlying seawater. Mercury fluxes from these sediments ranged from 1.2 to 2.8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> ng/cm<sup>2</sup>/sec, all in a soluble form. In general, higher Hg fluxes were associated with low oxygen or reducing conditions in the overlying seawater. In contrast, no flux was measurable from oxidizing interstitial water having mercury concentrations of 0.01-0.06 μ/l.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(80)90137-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Jahnke, R., Peterson, M.L., and Carpenter, R., 1980, Rate of mercury loss from contaminated estuarine sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 44, no. 2, p. 273-285, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90137-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"285","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9537e4b0c8380cd81892","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jahnke, R.A.","contributorId":33060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahnke","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, M. L.","contributorId":49930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carpenter, R.","contributorId":94793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70012289,"text":"70012289 - 1980 - The morphology of the Martian surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:03","indexId":"70012289","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3454,"text":"Space Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The morphology of the Martian surface","docAbstract":"Most of the southern hemisphere of Mars is densely cratered and stands 1-3 km above the topographic datum. The northern hemisphere is more sparsely cratered and elevations are generally below the datum. A broad rise, the Tharsis bulge, centered at 14?? S, 101?? W, is 8000 km across and 10 km above the datum at its summit. The densely cratered terrain has two main components; very ancient crust, nearly saturated with large craters, and younger intercrater plains. In many areas the older unit is fractured and extensively dissected by small channels. The younger intercrater plains are distinctly layered in places and less dissected, less fractured, and less cratered. Both units probably date from very early in the planet's history. Cratered plains cover much of the northern hemisphere and are highly variegated. Those around the large volcanoes are covered with numerous volcanic flows whereas in other areas the plains are featureless except for craters and lunar mare-like ridges. Between 40?? N and 60?? N the plains are complex with various kinds of striped and patterned ground, low escarpments, and isolated irregularly shaped mesas. Their peculiar morphology has been attributed, in part, to the repeated deposition and removal of volatile-rich debris layers. Along the boundary between the northern plains and the densely cratered terrain to the south, the plains and cratered terrain complexly inter-finger. The old terrain forms the high ground and appears to have undergone mass wasting on a large scale. In several areas, particularly south of Chryse Planitia, the old, cratered surface has collapsed to form chaotic terrain. Large channels, tens of kilometers wide and hundreds of kilometers long, with numerous characteristics suggestive of catastrophic flooding, commonly emerge from the chaotic areas. Much of the area between 50?? W and 180?? W and 50?? N and 50?? S is cut by fractures radial to the center of the Tharsis bulge. The equatorial canyon system, Valles Marineris, is radial to the bulge and appears to have formed largely by faulting along the radial fractures, although it has also been extensively modified by various mass wasting and fluvial processes. Most but not all volcanoes are in the Tharsis and Elysium regions. The largest resemble terrestrial shield volcanoes except for scale; the edifices, flow features and calderas are all far larger than their terrestrial counterparts. Most impact craters on Mars are surrounded by layers of ejecta, each with a distil ridge. This unique morphology coupled with other surface characteristics suggests large amounts of ground ice. Layered deposits at both poles appear to be relatively young, volatile-rich, aeolian deposits. The north pole is also surrounded by a continuous belt of dunes several tens of kilometers across. In most other places, aeolian modification of the surface at a scale of several tens of meters appears slight despite annual global dust storms. ?? 1980 D. Reidel Publishing Co.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Space Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00221929","issn":"00386308","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., 1980, The morphology of the Martian surface: Space Science Reviews, v. 25, no. 3, p. 231-284, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221929.","startPage":"231","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205254,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221929"},{"id":222530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badeee4b08c986b323e74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":11358,"text":"ofr791237 - 1979 - A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) with examples of petrologic problem solving","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr791237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1237","title":"A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) with examples of petrologic problem solving","docAbstract":"A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) has been developed to allow maximum flexibility in the evaluation of chemical data by the occasional computer user. GNAP calculates ClPW norms, Thornton and Tuttle's differentiation index, Barth's cations, Niggli values and values for variables defined by the user. Calculated values can be displayed graphically in X-Y plots or ternary diagrams. Plotting can be done on a line printer or Calcomp plotter with either weight percent or mole percent data. Modifications in the original program give the user some control over normative calculations for each sample. The number of user-defined variables that can be created from the data has been increased from ten to fifteen. Plotting and calculations can be based on the original data, data adjusted to sum to 100 percent, or data adjusted to sum to 100 percent without water. Analyses for which norms were previously not computable are now computed with footnotes that show excesses or deficiencies in oxides (or volatiles) not accounted for by the norm. This report contains a listing of the computer program, an explanation of the use of the program, and the two sample problems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791237","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and VanTrump, G., 1979, A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) with examples of petrologic problem solving: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1237, 115 p. :ill. ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791237.","productDescription":"115 p. :ill. ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39185,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab87b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanTrump, G.","contributorId":95869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanTrump","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":11036,"text":"ofr791090 - 1979 - Geology, coal resources, and chemical analyses of coal from the Fruitland Formation, Kimbeto EMRIA study site, San Juan County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T13:54:36.059752","indexId":"ofr791090","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1090","title":"Geology, coal resources, and chemical analyses of coal from the Fruitland Formation, Kimbeto EMRIA study site, San Juan County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>The Kimbeto EMRIA study site, an area of about 20 square miles (52 km2), is located on the south margin of the San Juan Basin on the gently northward-dipping strata of the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation and the Kirtland Shale. The coal beds are mainly in the lower 150 feet (45 m) of the Fruitland Formation. Coal resources--measured, indicated, and inferred--with less than 400 feet (120 m) of overburden in the site are 69,085,000 short tons (62,660,100 metric tons), 369,078,000 short tons (334,754,000 metric tons), and 177,803,000 short tons (161,267,000 metric tons) respectively. About 68 percent of these resources are overlain by 200 feet (60 m) or less of overburden. The apparent rank of the coal ranges from subbituminous B to subbituminous A. The average Btu/lb value of 14 core samples from the site on the as-received basis is 8,240 (4580 Kcal/kg), average ash content is 23.4 percent, and average sulfur content is 0.5 percent. Analyses of coal from the Kimbeto EMRIA study site show significantly higher ash content and significantly lower contents of volatile matter, fixed carbon, carbon, and a significantly lower heat of combustion when compared with other coal analyses from the Rocky Mountain province.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791090","usgsCitation":"Schneider, G.B., Hildebrand, R.T., and Affolter, R.H., 1979, Geology, coal resources, and chemical analyses of coal from the Fruitland Formation, Kimbeto EMRIA study site, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1090, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791090.","productDescription":"37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":38800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1090/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":406616,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75049.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"San Juan County","otherGeospatial":"Fruitland Formation, Kimbeto EMIRA site","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.9639,\n              36.1031\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.8211,\n              36.1031\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.8211,\n              36.175\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.9639,\n              36.175\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.9639,\n              36.1031\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Gary B.","contributorId":64253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildebrand, Rick T.","contributorId":44153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildebrand","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Affolter, Ronald H. affolter@usgs.gov","contributorId":659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Affolter","given":"Ronald","email":"affolter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":162417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":66237,"text":"i1145 - 1979 - Geologic map of the Phaethontis Quadrangle of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-06T11:00:20.008627","indexId":"i1145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1145","title":"Geologic map of the Phaethontis Quadrangle of Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\">The </span><span class=\"SpellingError SCXW255705338 BCX8\">Phaethontis</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\"> quadrangle of Mars is dominated by densely cratered uplands and </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\">plateaus which form some of the oldest surfaces on the planet. Extensive low-lying areas within the cratered terrains, including the floors of the large craters</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\">, are covered to different </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\">degrees by plains-forming material. The youngest plains unit surround </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\">Tharsis</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\"> Montes to the north. Various </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\">erosional processes, including eolian scour and possibly scarp retreat through volatile-release sapping</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255705338 BCX8\"> and mass wasting, producing several distinctive physiographic features: knob and mesa terrains, plains and small knobs, and plateaus dissected by furrows, steep walled gorges, and pits.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1145","usgsCitation":"Howard, J.H., 1979, Geologic map of the Phaethontis Quadrangle of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1145, 1 Plate: 57.33 × 37.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1145.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 57.33 × 37.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438985,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HJTP0J","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Phaethontis Quadrangle of Mars"},{"id":187660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1145/plate-1.pdf","size":"8505","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"5000000","otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, J. H. III","contributorId":49462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":9152,"text":"ofr79589 - 1979 - Coal resource and coal quality of Pumpkin Creek EMRIA site, Powder River County, Montana: With a section on chemical analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T17:28:22.170434","indexId":"ofr79589","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-589","title":"Coal resource and coal quality of Pumpkin Creek EMRIA site, Powder River County, Montana: With a section on chemical analysis","docAbstract":"<p>The Pumpkin Creek EMRIA site, an area of about 94 square miles, is located mainly in the southwestern part of the Coalwood coal field on the slightly westward dipping beds of the Tongue River Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in Powder River County, Montana.</p><p>Three coal beds, A, Sawyer, and Mackin-Walker, were evaluated by 32 drill holes. Coal resources--measured, indicated, and inferred--within the site and in beds more than 5 feet thick are 191,660,000 short tons, 1,356,950,000 short tons, and 34,400,000 short tons, respectively.<br></p><p>The coal has an apparent rank of lignite A as shown by the analyses of 17 core samples. The average Btu value of 15 core samples of the Sawyer from the site on the as-received basis is 6,970, average ash content is 6.8 percent, and average sulfur content is 0.4 percent.</p><p>A comparison of the analyses of samples from the Sawyer coal bed with other analyses of Powder River region coal samples shows that moisture, hydrogen, and oxygen contents are significantly higher, and volatile matter, fixed carbon, carbon, nitrogen, and total sulfur contents and heat of combustion are significantly lower in the Sawyer bed samples. A statistical comparison of the elemental compositions of the two sample groups shows that the Sawyer bed has significantly higher contents of B, Ba, Mn, Nb, U, Y, and Yb and significantly lower contents of Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Se, and Th.</p><p>The sample of the lower split of the Sawyer bed (bed A) in drill hole PWW8 has a relatively high sulfur content of 1.7 percent, and presumably would not be mined with the rest of the Sawyer.<br></p><p>The Mackin-Walker has a Btu value of 7,220, an ash content of 6.9 percent, and a sulfur content of 1.0 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79589","usgsCitation":"Glenn, M., Hatch, J., and Affolter, R.H., 1979, Coal resource and coal quality of Pumpkin Creek EMRIA site, Powder River County, Montana: With a section on chemical analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-589, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79589.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0589/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":402606,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Powder River County","otherGeospatial":"Pumpkin Creek EMRIA site","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.91666666666667,45 ], [ -105.91666666666667,45.6175 ], [ -105.25,45.6175 ], [ -105.25,45 ], [ -105.91666666666667,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c6b46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, Marguerite","contributorId":6427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Marguerite","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Joseph R.","contributorId":36203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatch","given":"Joseph R.","affiliations":[{"id":138,"text":"Black Warrior Basin Province Assessment Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":159189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Affolter, Ronald H. affolter@usgs.gov","contributorId":659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Affolter","given":"Ronald","email":"affolter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":159190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}