Increased demand for corn (Zea mays L.) stover as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol raises concerns about agricultural sustainability. Excessive corn stover harvesting could have long-term impacts on soil quality. We estimated current and future stover production and evaluated the potential harvestable stover amount (HSA) that could be used for biofuel feedstock in the United States by defining the minimum stover requirement (MSR) associated with the current soil organic carbon (SOC) content, tillage practices, and crop rotation systems. Here we show that the magnitude of the current HSA is limited (31 Tg y−1, dry matter) due to the high MSR for maintaining the current SOC content levels of soils that have a high carbon content. An alternative definition of MSR for soils with a moderate level of SOC content could significantly elevate the annual HSA to 68.7 Tg, or even to 132.2 Tg if the amount of currently applied manure is counted to partially offset the MSR. In the future, a greater potential for stover feedstock could come from an increase in stover yield, areal harvest index, and/or the total planted area. These results suggest that further field experiments on MSR should be designed to identify differences in MSR magnitude between maintaining SOC content and preventing soil erosion, and to understand the role of current SOC content level in determining MSR from soils with a wide range of carbon contents and climatic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.022","usgsCitation":"Tan, Z., Liu, S., Tieszen, L.L., and Bliss, N., 2012, Current and potential sustainable corn stover feedstock for biofuel production in the United States: Biomass and Bioenergy, v. 47, p. 372-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.022.","startPage":"372","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-032976","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269028,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.022"},{"id":269029,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51404e75e4b089809dbf4446","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tan, Zhengxi 0000-0002-4136-0921 ztan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4136-0921","contributorId":2945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tan","given":"Zhengxi","email":"ztan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Shu-Guang sliu@usgs.gov","contributorId":984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shu-Guang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tieszen, Larry L. tieszen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"Larry","email":"tieszen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":473694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bliss, Norman 0000-0003-2409-5211","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":32485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"Norman","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042783,"text":"sir20125279 - 2012 - Quality of streams in Johnson County, Kansas, 2002--10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-23T14:46:07","indexId":"sir20125279","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5279","title":"Quality of streams in Johnson County, Kansas, 2002--10","docAbstract":"Stream quality in Johnson County, northeastern Kansas, was assessed on the basis of land use, hydrology, stream-water and streambed-sediment chemistry, riparian and in-stream habitat, and periphyton and macroinvertebrate community data collected from 22 sites during 2002 through 2010. Stream conditions at the end of the study period are evaluated and compared to previous years, stream biological communities and physical and chemical conditions are characterized, streams are described relative to Kansas Department of Health and Environment impairment categories and water-quality standards, and environmental factors that most strongly correlate with biological stream quality are evaluated. The information is useful for improving water-quality management programs, documenting changing conditions with time, and evaluating compliance with water-quality standards, total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit conditions, and other established guidelines and goals. Constituent concentrations in water during base flow varied across the study area and 2010 conditions were not markedly different from those measured in 2003, 2004, and 2007. Generally the highest specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved solids and major ions in water occurred at urban sites except the upstream Cedar Creek site, which is rural and has a large area of commercial and industrial land less than 1 mile upstream on both sides of the creek. The highest base-flow nutrient concentrations in water occurred downstream from wastewater treatment facilities. Water chemistry data represent base-flow conditions only, and do not show the variability in concentrations that occurs during stormwater runoff. Constituent concentrations in streambed sediment also varied across the study area and some notable changes occurred from previously collected data. High organic carbon and nutrient concentrations at the rural Big Bull Creek site in 2003 decreased to at least one-fourth of those concentrations in 2007 and 2010 likely because of the reduction in upstream wastewater discharge contributions. The highest concentrations of trace metals in 2010 occurred at urban sites on Mill and Indian Creeks. Zinc was the only metal to exceed the probable effects concentration in 2010, which occurred at a site on Indian Creek. In 2007, chromium and nickel at the upstream urban Cedar Creek site exceeded the probable effects concentrations, and in 2003, no metals exceeded the probable effects concentrations. Of 72 organic compounds analyzed in streambed sediment, 26 were detected including pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fuel products, fragrances, preservatives, plasticizers, manufacturing byproducts, flame retardants, and disinfectants. All 6 PAH compounds analyzed were detected, and the probable effects concentrations for 4 of the 6 PAH compounds analyzed were exceeded in 2010. Only five pesticide compounds were detected in streambed sediment, including carbazole and four pyrethroid compounds. Chronic toxicity guidelines for pyrethroid compounds were exceeded at five sites. Biological conditions reflected a gradient in urban land use, with the less disturbed streams located in rural areas of Johnson County. About 19 percent of sites in 2010 (four sites) were fully supporting of aquatic life on the basis of the four metrics used by Kansas Department of Health and Environment to categorize sites. This is a notable difference compared to previous years when no sites (in 2003 and 2004) or just one site (in 2007) was fully supporting of aquatic life. Multimetric macroinvertebrate scores improved at the Big Bull Creek site where wastewater discharges were reduced in 2007. Environmental variables that consistently were highly negatively correlated with biological conditions were percent impervious surface and percent urban land use. In addition, density of stormwater outfall points adjacent to streams was significantly negatively correlated with biological conditions. Specific conductance of water and sum of PAH concentrations in streambed sediment also were significantly negatively correlated with biological conditions. Total nitrogen in water and total phosphorus in streambed sediment were correlated with most of the invertebrate variables, which is a notable difference from previous analyses using smaller datasets, in which nutrient relations were weak or not detected. The most important habitat variables were sinuosity, length and continuity of natural buffers, riffle substrate embeddedness, and substrate cover diversity, each of which was correlated with all invertebrate metrics including a 10-metric combined score. Correlation analysis indicated that if riparian and in-stream habitat conditions improve then so might invertebrate communities and stream biological quality. Sixty-two percent of the variance in macroinvertebrate community metrics was explained by the single environmental factor, percent impervious surface. Invertebrate responses to urbanization in Johnson County indicated linearity rather than identifiable thresholds. Multiple linear regression models developed for each of the four macroinvertebrate metrics used to determine aquatic-life-support status indicated that percent impervious surface, as a measure of urban land use, explained 34 to 67 percent of the variability in biological communities. Results indicate that although multiple factors are correlated with stream quality degradation, general urbanization, as indicated by impervious surface area or urban land use, consistently is determined to be the fundamental factor causing change in stream quality. Effects of urbanization on Johnson County streams are similar to effects described in national studies that assess effects of urbanization on stream health. Individually important environmental factors such as specific conductance of water, PAHs in streambed sediment, and stream buffer conditions, are affected by urbanization and, collectively, all contribute to stream impairments. Policies and management practices that may be most important in protecting the health of streams in Johnson County are those minimizing the effects of impervious surface, protecting stream corridors, and decreasing the loads of sediment, nutrients, and toxic chemicals that directly enter streams through stormwater runoff and discharges.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125279","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, T.J., Stone, M.S., Poulton, B.C., and Graham, J.L., 2012, Quality of streams in Johnson County, Kansas, 2002--10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5279, vii, 103 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125279.","productDescription":"vii, 103 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266322,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5279/sir12_5279.pdf"},{"id":266320,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5279/"},{"id":266323,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/SIR_2012_5279.GIF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Johnson County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.0565,38.7376 ], [ -95.0565,39.0616 ], [ -94.6074,39.0616 ], [ -94.6074,38.7376 ], [ -95.0565,38.7376 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5101147be4b033b1feeb2c08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, Teresa J. 0000-0002-7023-3868 rasmuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-3868","contributorId":3336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Teresa","email":"rasmuss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Mandy S.","contributorId":97791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Mandy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poulton, Barry C. 0000-0002-7219-4911 bpoulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-4911","contributorId":2421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulton","given":"Barry","email":"bpoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6420-9335 jlgraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335","contributorId":1769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70043498,"text":"70043498 - 2012 - A half-million-year record of paleoclimate from the Lake Manix Core, Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-26T19:08:39","indexId":"70043498","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A half-million-year record of paleoclimate from the Lake Manix Core, Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"Pluvial lakes in the southwestern U.S. responded sensitively to past climate through effects on rainfall, runoff, and evaporation. Although most studies agree that pluvial lakes in the southwestern U.S. reached their highest levels coeval with glacial stages, the specific timing of increased effective moisture and lake-level rise is debated, particularly for the southwesternmost lakes. We obtained a 45-m core of lacustrine sediment from Lake Manix, the former terminus of the Mojave River prior to about 25 ka, and supplemented data from the core with outcrop studies. These sediments provide a robust record of Mojave River discharge over the last half-million years. Lake Manix persisted from OIS 12 through early OIS 2, including during interstadial OIS 3 and interglacials OIS 5, 7, and 9. The ostracode faunal record displays a shift from an unexpectedly warm, summer-dominated lake hydrology during OIS 12 to predominantly colder, winter-dominated conditions afterwards. The ostracode-based stable isotope record displays a large degree of intra-sample variability and does not mimic other well-known isotopic records of climate change. Evaporation likely buffered the Manix δ18O record from most of the expected isotopic differences between interglacial and glacial-interval discharge. Isotopically depleted and stable lakes occurred only four to six times, most notably during OIS 7 and OIS 9. Internal drainage-basin changes also affected the isotopic record. Persistence of lakes in the Manix basin during interglacials requires atmospheric or oceanic circulation controls on the mean position of the Pacific storm track other than large ice sheets. We propose that the relative strength and sign of the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) and its influence on atmospheric river-derived precipitation is a potential explanation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.09.002","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M., Bright, J., Lund, S.P., Miller, D., Skipp, G., and Fleck, R.J., 2012, A half-million-year record of paleoclimate from the Lake Manix Core, Mojave Desert, California: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 365-366, p. 11-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.09.002.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"37","ipdsId":"IP-035363","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267357,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.09.002"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.98,34.16 ], [ -117.98,37.52 ], [ -114.73,37.52 ], [ -114.73,34.16 ], [ -117.98,34.16 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"365-366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd49ece4b0b290850ef770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, Marith C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":101244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"Marith C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bright, Jordon","contributorId":76010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bright","given":"Jordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lund, Steve P.","contributorId":103944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":1707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skipp, Gary","contributorId":6458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fleck, Robert J. 0000-0002-3149-8249 fleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-8249","contributorId":1048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Robert","email":"fleck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70043511,"text":"70043511 - 2012 - Evolution of the chemistry of Fe bearing waters during CO2 degassing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-14T12:14:28","indexId":"70043511","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the chemistry of Fe bearing waters during CO2 degassing","docAbstract":"The rates of Fe(II) oxidation and precipitation from groundwater are highly pH dependent. Elevated levels of dissolved CO2 can depress pH and cause difficulty in removing dissolved Fe and associated metals during treatment of ferruginous water. This paper demonstrates interdependent changes in pH, dissolved inorganic C species, and Fe(II) oxidation rates that occur as a result of the removal (degassing) of CO2 during aeration of waters discharged from abandoned coal mines. The results of field monitoring of aeration cascades at a treatment facility as well as batchwise aeration experiments conducted using net alkaline and net acidic waters in the UK are combined with geochemical modelling to demonstrate the spatial and temporal evolution of the discharge water chemistry. The aeration cascades removed approximately 67% of the dissolved CO2 initially present but varying the design did not affect the concentration of Fe(II) leaving the treatment ponds. Continued removal of the residual CO2 by mechanical aeration increased pH by as much as 2 units and resulted in large increases in the rates of Fe(II) oxidation and precipitation. Effective exsolution of CO2 led to a reduction in the required lime dose for removal of remaining Fe(II), a very important factor with regard to increasing the sustainability of treatment practices. An important ancillary finding for passive treatment is that varying the design of the cascades had little impact on the rate of CO2 removal at the flow rates measured.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.07.017","usgsCitation":"Geroni, J., Cravotta, C., and Sapsford, D., 2012, Evolution of the chemistry of Fe bearing waters during CO2 degassing: Applied Geochemistry, v. 27, no. 12, p. 2335-2347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.07.017.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2335","endPage":"2347","ipdsId":"IP-036541","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272238,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.07.017"}],"volume":"27","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd58abe4b0b290850f83e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geroni, J.N.","contributorId":21054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geroni","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sapsford, D.J.","contributorId":85490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sapsford","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70043544,"text":"70043544 - 2012 - Assessment of modal-pushover-based scaling procedure for nonlinear response history analysis of ordinary standard bridges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-09T14:02:06","indexId":"70043544","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2199,"text":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of modal-pushover-based scaling procedure for nonlinear response history analysis of ordinary standard bridges","docAbstract":"The earthquake engineering profession is increasingly utilizing nonlinear response history analyses (RHA) to evaluate seismic performance of existing structures and proposed designs of new structures. One of the main ingredients of nonlinear RHA is a set of ground motion records representing the expected hazard environment for the structure. When recorded motions do not exist (as is the case in the central United States) or when high-intensity records are needed (as is the case in San Francisco and Los Angeles), ground motions from other tectonically similar regions need to be selected and scaled. The modal-pushover-based scaling (MPS) procedure was recently developed to determine scale factors for a small number of records such that the scaled records provide accurate and efficient estimates of “true” median structural responses. The adjective “accurate” refers to the discrepancy between the benchmark responses and those computed from the MPS procedure. The adjective “efficient” refers to the record-to-record variability of responses. In this paper, the accuracy and efficiency of the MPS procedure are evaluated by applying it to four types of existing Ordinary Standard bridges typical of reinforced concrete bridge construction in California. These bridges are the single-bent overpass, multi-span bridge, curved bridge, and skew bridge. As compared with benchmark analyses of unscaled records using a larger catalog of ground motions, it is demonstrated that the MPS procedure provided an accurate estimate of the engineering demand parameters (EDPs) accompanied by significantly reduced record-to-record variability of the EDPs. Thus, it is a useful tool for scaling ground motions as input to nonlinear RHAs of Ordinary Standard bridges.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000259","usgsCitation":"Kalkan, E., and Kwong, N., 2012, Assessment of modal-pushover-based scaling procedure for nonlinear response history analysis of ordinary standard bridges: Journal of Bridge Engineering, v. 17, no. 2, p. 1223-1242, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000259.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1223","endPage":"1242","ipdsId":"IP-026102","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270703,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000259"},{"id":270704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653865e4b077fa94dadf7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkan, E. 0000-0002-9138-9407","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9138-9407","contributorId":8212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkan","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwong, N.","contributorId":52062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwong","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042757,"text":"70042757 - 2012 - Why the 2002 Denali fault rupture propagated onto the Totschunda fault: implications for fault branching and seismic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-26T16:17:42","indexId":"70042757","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why the 2002 Denali fault rupture propagated onto the Totschunda fault: implications for fault branching and seismic hazards","docAbstract":"The propagation of the rupture of the Mw7.9 Denali fault earthquake from the central Denali fault onto the Totschunda fault has provided a basis for dynamic models of fault branching in which the angle of the regional or local prestress relative to the orientation of the main fault and branch plays a principal role in determining which fault branch is taken. GeoEarthScope LiDAR and paleoseismic data allow us to map the structure of the Denali-Totschunda fault intersection and evaluate controls of fault branching from a geological perspective. LiDAR data reveal the Denali-Totschunda fault intersection is structurally simple with the two faults directly connected. At the branch point, 227.2 km east of the 2002 epicenter, the 2002 rupture diverges southeast to become the Totschunda fault. We use paleoseismic data to propose that differences in the accumulated strain on each fault segment, which express differences in the elapsed time since the most recent event, was one important control of the branching direction. We suggest that data on event history, slip rate, paleo offsets, fault geometry and structure, and connectivity, especially on high slip rate-short recurrence interval faults, can be used to assess the likelihood of branching and its direction. Analysis of the Denali-Totschunda fault intersection has implications for evaluating the potential for a rupture to propagate across other types of fault intersections and for characterizing sources of future large earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011JB008918","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, D.P., Haeussler, P.J., Seitz, G., and Dawson, T.E., 2012, Why the 2002 Denali fault rupture propagated onto the Totschunda fault: implications for fault branching and seismic hazards: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 117, no. B11, B11304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008918.","productDescription":"B11304","ipdsId":"IP-032223","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jb008918","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270223,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270222,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008918"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -130.0,71.4 ], [ -130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"117","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c3bce4b01197b08e9d2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200 dschwartz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":1940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","email":"dschwartz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seitz, Gordon G.","contributorId":17303,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"Gordon G.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":472174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":472175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042750,"text":"70042750 - 2012 - Crustal seismicity and the earthquake catalog maximum moment magnitudes (Mcmax) in stable continental regions (SCRs): Correlation with the seismic velocity of the lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T16:26:24.96964","indexId":"70042750","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Crustal seismicity and the earthquake catalog maximum moment magnitudes (Mcmax) in stable continental regions (SCRs): Correlation with the seismic velocity of the lithosphere","title":"Crustal seismicity and the earthquake catalog maximum moment magnitudes (Mcmax) in stable continental regions (SCRs): Correlation with the seismic velocity of the lithosphere","docAbstract":"A joint analysis of global seismicity and seismic tomography indicates that the seismic potential of continental intraplate regions is correlated with the seismic properties of the lithosphere. Archean and Early Proterozoic cratons with cold, stable continental lithospheric roots have fewer crustal earthquakes and a lower maximum earthquake catalog moment magnitude (Mcmax). The geographic distribution of thick lithospheric roots is inferred from the global seismic model S40RTS that displays shear-velocity perturbations (δVS) relative to the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM). We compare δVS at a depth of 175 km with the locations and moment magnitudes (Mw) of intraplate earthquakes in the crust (Schulte and Mooney, 2005). Many intraplate earthquakes concentrate around the pronounced lateral gradients in lithospheric thickness that surround the cratons and few earthquakes occur within cratonic interiors. Globally, 27% of stable continental lithosphere is underlain by δVS≥3.0%, yet only 6.5% of crustal earthquakes with Mw>4.5 occur above these regions with thick lithosphere. No earthquakes in our catalog with Mw>6 have occurred above mantle lithosphere with δVS>3.5%, although such lithosphere comprises 19% of stable continental regions. Thus, for cratonic interiors with seismically determined thick lithosphere (1) there is a significant decrease in the number of crustal earthquakes, and (2) the maximum moment magnitude found in the earthquake catalog is Mcmax=6.0. We attribute these observations to higher lithospheric strength beneath cratonic interiors due to lower temperatures and dehydration in both the lower crust and the highly depleted lithospheric root.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.032","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., Ritsema, J., and Hwang, Y.K., 2012, Crustal seismicity and the earthquake catalog maximum moment magnitudes (Mcmax) in stable continental regions (SCRs): Correlation with the seismic velocity of the lithosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 357-358, p. 78-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.032.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"83","ipdsId":"IP-042943","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"357-358","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51765be7e4b0f989f99e00e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ritsema, Jeroen","contributorId":50070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritsema","given":"Jeroen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hwang, Yong Keun","contributorId":30900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hwang","given":"Yong","email":"","middleInitial":"Keun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70046678,"text":"70046678 - 2012 - ShakeMap Atlas 2.0: an improved suite of recent historical earthquake ShakeMaps for global hazard analyses and loss model calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-24T13:54:08","indexId":"70046678","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ShakeMap Atlas 2.0: an improved suite of recent historical earthquake ShakeMaps for global hazard analyses and loss model calibration","docAbstract":"We introduce the second version of the U.S. Geological Survey ShakeMap Atlas, which is an openly-available compilation of nearly 8,000 ShakeMaps of the most significant global earthquakes between 1973 and 2011. This revision of the Atlas includes: (1) a new version of the ShakeMap software that improves data usage and uncertainty estimations; (2) an updated earthquake source catalogue that includes regional locations and finite fault models; (3) a refined strategy to select prediction and conversion equations based on a new seismotectonic regionalization scheme; and (4) vastly more macroseismic intensity and ground-motion data from regional agencies All these changes make the new Atlas a self-consistent, calibrated ShakeMap catalogue that constitutes an invaluable resource for investigating near-source strong ground-motion, as well as for seismic hazard, scenario, risk, and loss-model development. To this end, the Atlas will provide a hazard base layer for PAGER loss calibration and for the Earthquake Consequences Database within the Global Earthquake Model initiative.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: September 24-28, 2012, Lisbon, Portugal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEM","usgsCitation":"Garcia, D., Mah, R., Johnson, K.L., Hearne, M., Marano, K.D., Lin, K., and Wald, D., 2012, ShakeMap Atlas 2.0: an improved suite of recent historical earthquake ShakeMaps for global hazard analyses and loss model calibration, in The 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: September 24-28, 2012, Lisbon, Portugal, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274117,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274116,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_2518.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c96a6ae4b0a50a6e8f5839","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, D.","contributorId":56936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mah, R.T.","contributorId":81774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mah","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, K. L.","contributorId":75543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hearne, M.G.","contributorId":7538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearne","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marano, K. D.","contributorId":92390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marano","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lin, K.-W.","contributorId":64775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"K.-W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70042741,"text":"70042741 - 2012 - A perspective on modern pesticides, pelagic fish declines, and unknown ecological resilience in highly managed ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-30T14:15:29.322183","indexId":"70042741","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A perspective on modern pesticides, pelagic fish declines, and unknown ecological resilience in highly managed ecosystems","docAbstract":"Pesticides applied on land are commonly transported by runoff or spray drift to aquatic ecosystems, where they are potentially toxic to fishes and other nontarget organisms. Pesticides add to and interact with other stressors of ecosystem processes, including surface-water diversions, losses of spawning and rearing habitats, nonnative species, and harmful algal blooms. Assessing the cumulative effects of pesticides on species or ecological functions has been difficult for historical, legal, conceptual, and practical reasons. To explore these challenges, we examine current-use (modern) pesticides and their potential connections to the abundances of fishes in the San Francisco Estuary (California). Declines in delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and other species have triggered mandatory and expensive management actions in the urbanizing estuary and agriculturally productive Central Valley. Our inferences are transferable to other situations in which toxics may drive changes in ecological status and trends.","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1525/bio.2012.62.4.13","usgsCitation":"Scholz, N.L., Fleishman, E., Brown, L., Werner, I., Johnson, M.L., Brooks, M.L., Mitchelmore, C., and Schlenk, D., 2012, A perspective on modern pesticides, pelagic fish declines, and unknown ecological resilience in highly managed ecosystems: BioScience, v. 62, no. 4, p. 428-434, https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.4.13.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"428","endPage":"434","ipdsId":"IP-021615","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.4.13","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":268394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,32.5 ], [ -124.4,42.0 ], [ -114.1,42.0 ], [ -114.1,32.5 ], [ -124.4,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"62","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4a42e4b0b290850efa8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholz, Nathaniel L.","contributorId":51618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholz","given":"Nathaniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleishman, Erica","contributorId":11863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleishman","given":"Erica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Larry 0000-0001-6702-4531","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":69398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werner, Inge","contributorId":38030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Inge","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Michael L.","contributorId":97781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brooks, Marjorie L.","contributorId":30108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Marjorie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mitchelmore, Carys L.","contributorId":28499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchelmore","given":"Carys L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schlenk, Daniel","contributorId":99845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlenk","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70043558,"text":"70043558 - 2012 - Performance of fish passage structures at upstream barriers to migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T14:42:18","indexId":"70043558","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance of fish passage structures at upstream barriers to migration","docAbstract":"Attraction and passage efficiency were reviewed and compared from 19 monitoring studies that produced data for evaluations of pool-and-weir, Denil, vertical-slot and nature-like fishways. Data from 26 species of anadromous and potamodromous fishes from six countries were separated by year and taxonomic family into a matrix with 101 records. Attraction performance was highly variable for the following fishway structures: pool-and-weir (attraction range = 29–100%, mean = 77%, median = 81%), vertical-slot (attraction range = 0–100%, mean = 63%, median = 80%), Denil (attraction range = 21–100%, mean = 61%, median = 57%) and nature-like (attraction range = 0–100%, mean = 48%, median = 50%). Mean passage efficiency was inversely related to mean attraction efficiency by fishway structure type, with the highest passage for nature-like fishways (range = 0–100%, mean = 70%, median = 86%), followed by Denil (range = 0–97%, mean = 51%, median = 38%), vertical-slot (range = 0–100%, mean = 45%, median = 43%) and pool-and-weir (range = 0–100%, mean = 40%, median = 34%). Principal components analysis and logistic regression modelling indicated that variation in fish attraction was driven by biological characteristics of the fish that were studied, whereas variation in fish passage was related to fishway type, slope and elevation change. This meta-analysis revealed that the species of fish monitored and structural design of the fishways have strong implications for both attraction and passage performance, and in most cases, existing data are not sufficient to support design recommendations. Many more fishway evaluations are needed over a range of species, fishway types and configurations to characterize, to optimize and to design new fishways. Furthermore, these studies must be performed in a consistent manner to identify the relative contributions of fish attraction and passage to overall fishway performance at each site.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/rra.1565","usgsCitation":"Bunt, C., Castro-Santos, T., and Haro, A., 2012, Performance of fish passage structures at upstream barriers to migration: River Research and Applications, v. 28, no. 4, p. 457-478, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1565.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"478","ipdsId":"IP-031133","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.umass.edu/fishpassage_journal_articles/927","text":"External Repository"},{"id":268577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268576,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1565"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51308a94e4b04c194073ae1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunt, C.M.","contributorId":96976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunt","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castro-Santos, T. 0000-0003-2575-9120","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":12416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haro, A.","contributorId":6792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70043572,"text":"70043572 - 2012 - Carbon dioxide stripping in aquaculture -- part III: model verification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T15:31:14","indexId":"70043572","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon dioxide stripping in aquaculture -- part III: model verification","docAbstract":"Based on conventional mass transfer models developed for oxygen, the use of the non-linear ASCE method, 2-point method, and one parameter linear-regression method were evaluated for carbon dioxide stripping data. For values of KLaCO2 < approximately 1.5/h, the 2-point or ASCE method are a good fit to experimental data, but the fit breaks down at higher values of KLaCO2. How to correct KLaCO2 for gas phase enrichment remains to be determined. The one-parameter linear regression model was used to vary the C*CO2 over the test, but it did not result in a better fit to the experimental data when compared to the ASCE or fixed C*CO2 assumptions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquacultural Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.12.007","usgsCitation":"Colt, J., Watten, B., and Pfeiffer, T., 2012, Carbon dioxide stripping in aquaculture -- part III: model verification: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 47, p. 47-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.12.007.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"59","ipdsId":"IP-036708","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270025,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270023,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.12.007"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515171e4e4b087909f0bbe71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colt, John","contributorId":63695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colt","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watten, Barnaby 0000-0002-2227-8623","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":97788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pfeiffer, Tim","contributorId":34792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfeiffer","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70043577,"text":"70043577 - 2012 - Assessing sloth bears as surrogates for carnivore conservation in Sri Lanka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T14:17:22","indexId":"70043577","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing sloth bears as surrogates for carnivore conservation in Sri Lanka","docAbstract":"Bears are large, charismatic mammals whose presence often garners conservation attention. Because healthy bear populations typically require large, contiguous areas of habitat, land conservation actions often are assumed to benefit co-occurring species, including other mammalian carnivores. However, we are not aware of an empirical test of this assumption. We used remote camera data from 2 national parks in Sri Lanka to test the hypothesis that the frequency of detection of sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) is associated with greater richness of carnivore species. We focused on mammalian carnivores because they play a pivotal role in the stability of ecological communities and are among Sri Lanka's most endangered species. Seven of Sri Lanka's carnivores are listed as endangered, vulnerable, or near threatened, and little empirical information exists on their status and distribution. During 2002–03, we placed camera traps at 152 sites to document carnivore species presence. We used Poisson regression to develop predictive models for 3 categories of dependent variables: species richness of (1) all carnivores, (2) carnivores considered at risk, and (3) carnivores of least conservation concern. For each category, we analyzed 8 a priori models based on combinations of sloth bear detections, sample year, and study area and used Akaike's information criterion (AICc) to test our research hypothesis. We detected sloth bears at 55 camera sites and detected 13 of Sri Lanka's 14 Carnivora species. Species richness of all carnivores showed positive associations with the number of sloth bear detections, regardless of study area. Sloth bear detections were also positively associated with species richness of carnivores at risk across both study years and study areas, but not with species richness of common carnivores. Sloth bears may serve as a valuable surrogate species whose habitat protection would contribute to conservation of other carnivores in Sri Lanka.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ursus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","publisherLocation":"http://www.bearbiology.com/","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00029.1","usgsCitation":"Ratnayeke, S., and van Manen, F., 2012, Assessing sloth bears as surrogates for carnivore conservation in Sri Lanka: Ursus, v. 23, no. 2, p. 206-217, https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00029.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"217","ipdsId":"IP-040752","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270015,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00029.1"}],"country":"Sri Lanka","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 79.6289,5.9191 ], [ 79.6289,9.8359 ], [ 81.8787,9.8359 ], [ 81.8787,5.9191 ], [ 79.6289,5.9191 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515171e2e4b087909f0bbe67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratnayeke, Shyamala","contributorId":40873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratnayeke","given":"Shyamala","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Manen, Frank T.","contributorId":51172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Manen","given":"Frank T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043584,"text":"70043584 - 2012 - New insights into gill ionocyte and ion transporter function in euryhaline and diadromous fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T15:09:25","indexId":"70043584","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3269,"text":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New insights into gill ionocyte and ion transporter function in euryhaline and diadromous fish","docAbstract":"Teleost fishes are able to acclimatize to seawater by secreting excess NaCl by means of specialized “ionocytes” in the gill epithelium. Antibodies against Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) have been used since 1996 as a marker for identifying branchial ionocytes. Immunohistochemistry of NKA by itself and in combination with Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter and CFTR Cl− channel provided convincing evidence that ionocytes are functional during seawater acclimation, and also revealed morphological variations in ionocytes among teleost species. Recent development of antibodies to freshwater- and seawater-specific isoforms of the NKA alpha-subunit has allowed functional distinction of ion absorptive and secretory ionocytes in Atlantic salmon. Cutaneous ionocytes of tilapia embryos serve as a model for branchial ionocytes, allowing identification of 4 types: two involved in ion uptake, one responsible for salt secretion and one with unknown function. Combining molecular genetics, advanced imaging techniques and immunohistochemistry will rapidly advance our understanding of both the unity and diversity of ionocyte function and regulation in fish osmoregulation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.019","usgsCitation":"Hiroi, J., and McCormick, S., 2012, New insights into gill ionocyte and ion transporter function in euryhaline and diadromous fish: Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, v. 184, no. 3, p. 257-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.019.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"268","ipdsId":"IP-040742","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268797,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268796,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.019"}],"volume":"184","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5137220ce4b02ab8869c0009","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hiroi, Junya","contributorId":45982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiroi","given":"Junya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":39666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen D.","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043594,"text":"70043594 - 2012 - Effects of hurricanes Katrina and Rita on Louisiana black bear habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-17T21:19:08","indexId":"70043594","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of hurricanes Katrina and Rita on Louisiana black bear habitat","docAbstract":"The Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus) is comprised of 3 subpopulations, each being small, geographically isolated, and vulnerable to extinction. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita struck the Louisiana and Mississippi coasts in 2005, potentially altering habitat occupied by this federally threatened subspecies. We used data collected on radio-telemetered bears from 1993 to 1995 and pre-hurricane landscape data to develop a habitat model based on the Mahalanobis distance (D2) statistic. We then applied that model to post-hurricane landscape data where the telemetry data were collected (i.e., occupied study area) and where bear range expansion might occur (i.e., unoccupied study area) to quantify habitat loss or gain. The D2 model indicated that quality bear habitat was associated with areas of high mast-producing forest density, low water body density, and moderate forest patchiness. Cross-validation and testing on an independent data set in central Louisiana indicated that prediction and transferability of the model were good. Suitable bear habitat decreased from 348 to 345 km2 (0.9%) within the occupied study area and decreased from 34,383 to 33,891 km2 (1.4%) in the unoccupied study area following the hurricanes. Our analysis indicated that bear habitat was not significantly degraded by the hurricanes, although changes that could have occurred on a microhabitat level would be more difficult to detect at the resolution we used. We suggest that managers continue to monitor the possible long-term effects of these hurricanes (e.g., vegetation changes from flooding, introduction of toxic chemicals, or water quality changes).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ursus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00032.1","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., and Murrow, J.L., 2012, Effects of hurricanes Katrina and Rita on Louisiana black bear habitat: Ursus, v. 23, no. 2, p. 192-205, https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00032.1.","startPage":"192","endPage":"205","ipdsId":"IP-038563","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271043,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00032.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516fc463e4b05024ef3cd3f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murrow, Jennifer L.","contributorId":92945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murrow","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043598,"text":"70043598 - 2012 - Shale Gas Development and Brook Trout: Scaling Best Management Practices to Anticipate Cumulative Effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-17T21:24:43","indexId":"70043598","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1559,"text":"Environmental Practice","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shale Gas Development and Brook Trout: Scaling Best Management Practices to Anticipate Cumulative Effects","docAbstract":"Shale gas development may involve trade-offs between energy development and benefits provided by natural ecosystems. However, current best management practices (BMPs) focus on mitigating localized ecological degradation. We review evidence for cumulative effects of natural gas development on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and conclude that BMPs should account for potential watershed-scale effects in addition to localized influences. The challenge is to develop BMPs in the face of uncertainty in the predicted response of brook trout to landscape-scale disturbance caused by gas extraction. We propose a decision-analysis approach to formulating BMPs in the specific case of relatively undisturbed watersheds where there is consensus to maintain brook trout populations during gas development. The decision analysis was informed by existing empirical models that describe brook trout occupancy responses to landscape disturbance and set bounds on the uncertainty in the predicted responses to shale gas development. The decision analysis showed that a high efficiency of gas development (e.g., 1 well pad per square mile and 7 acres per pad) was critical to achieving a win-win solution characterized by maintaining brook trout and maximizing extraction of available gas. This finding was invariant to uncertainty in predicted response of brook trout to watershed-level disturbance. However, as the efficiency of gas development decreased, the optimal BMP depended on the predicted response, and there was considerable potential value in discriminating among predictive models through adaptive management or research. The proposed decision-analysis framework provides an opportunity to anticipate the cumulative effects of shale gas development, account for uncertainty, and inform management decisions at the appropriate spatial scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Practice","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge","doi":"10.1017/S1466046612000397","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Snyder, C.D., Hitt, N.P., Young, J.A., and Faulkner, S.P., 2012, Shale Gas Development and Brook Trout: Scaling Best Management Practices to Anticipate Cumulative Effects: Environmental Practice, v. 14, no. 4, p. 366-381, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466046612000397.","startPage":"366","endPage":"381","ipdsId":"IP-040882","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271045,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1466046612000397"},{"id":271046,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516fc467e4b05024ef3cd41c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":1989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Craig D. 0000-0002-3448-597X csnyder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-597X","contributorId":2568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Craig","email":"csnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hitt, Nathaniel P. 0000-0002-1046-4568 nhitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-4568","contributorId":4435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nhitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, John A. 0000-0002-4500-3673 jyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":3777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"John","email":"jyoung@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Faulkner, Stephen P. 0000-0001-5295-1383 faulkners@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-1383","contributorId":374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Stephen","email":"faulkners@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70043803,"text":"70043803 - 2012 - Demographics, diet, movements, and survival of an isolated, unmanaged raccoon Procyon lotor (Procyonidae, Carnivora) population on the Outer Banks of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-21T13:35:12","indexId":"70043803","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2652,"text":"Mammalia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographics, diet, movements, and survival of an isolated, unmanaged raccoon Procyon lotor (Procyonidae, Carnivora) population on the Outer Banks of North Carolina","docAbstract":"Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are highly adaptable meso-carnivores that inhabit many environments, including the Atlantic barrier islands, where their role as predators of declining, beach-nesting bird and turtle species is of particular interest. Population models that improve our understanding of predator-prey dynamics are receiving increasing attention in the literature; however, their effective application requires site-specific information on population parameters. We studied an unharvested raccoon population on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and evaluated spatial and seasonal differences in a number of population/demographic factors of raccoons inhabiting areas of high and low human activity. Raccoons denned and foraged primarily in salt marsh habitats but shifted their movements in response to changes in seasonal resource conditions. The population was skewed toward older animals and exhibited delayed breeding, typical of populations at high density with few sources of mortality. Diet and movement analysis indicated shorebird and turtle predation was attributed to a small number of individual raccoons. Although seasonal resources appeared adequate to sustain a high population density of raccoons, poor body condition and low recruitment suggested a population near carrying capacity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mammalia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Walter de Gruyter","publisherLocation":"Berlin, Germany","doi":"10.1515/mammalia-2011-0138","usgsCitation":"Parsons, A.W., Simons, T.R., O’Connell, A.F., and Stoskopf, M.K., 2012, Demographics, diet, movements, and survival of an isolated, unmanaged raccoon Procyon lotor (Procyonidae, Carnivora) population on the Outer Banks of North Carolina: Mammalia, v. 77, no. 1, p. 21-30, https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2011-0138.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-025109","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267888,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2011-0138"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.3219,33.841 ], [ -84.3219,36.5 ], [ -75.46,36.5 ], [ -75.46,33.841 ], [ -84.3219,33.841 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51274ffee4b07fa41a604508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Arielle Waldstein","contributorId":68625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Arielle","email":"","middleInitial":"Waldstein","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simons, Theodore R. 0000-0002-1884-6229 tsimons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-6229","contributorId":2623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"Theodore","email":"tsimons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Connell, Allan F. 0000-0001-7032-7023 aoconnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7032-7023","contributorId":471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connell","given":"Allan","email":"aoconnell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stoskopf, Michael K.","contributorId":83817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoskopf","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042544,"text":"70042544 - 2012 - Fixed recurrence and slip models better predict earthquake behavior than the time- and slip-predictable models 1: repeating earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T11:04:10","indexId":"70042544","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fixed recurrence and slip models better predict earthquake behavior than the time- and slip-predictable models 1: repeating earthquakes","docAbstract":"The behavior of individual events in repeating earthquake sequences in California, Taiwan and Japan is better predicted by a model with fixed inter-event time or fixed slip than it is by the time- and slip-predictable models for earthquake occurrence. Given that repeating earthquakes are highly regular in both inter-event time and seismic moment, the time- and slip-predictable models seem ideally suited to explain their behavior. Taken together with evidence from the companion manuscript that shows similar results for laboratory experiments we conclude that the short-term predictions of the time- and slip-predictable models should be rejected in favor of earthquake models that assume either fixed slip or fixed recurrence interval. This implies that the elastic rebound model underlying the time- and slip-predictable models offers no additional value in describing earthquake behavior in an event-to-event sense, but its value in a long-term sense cannot be determined. These models likely fail because they rely on assumptions that oversimplify the earthquake cycle. We note that the time and slip of these events is predicted quite well by fixed slip and fixed recurrence models, so in some sense they are time- and slip-predictable. While fixed recurrence and slip models better predict repeating earthquake behavior than the time- and slip-predictable models, we observe a correlation between slip and the preceding recurrence time for many repeating earthquake sequences in Parkfield, California. This correlation is not found in other regions, and the sequences with the correlative slip-predictable behavior are not distinguishable from nearby earthquake sequences that do not exhibit this behavior.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011JB008724","usgsCitation":"Rubinstein, J.L., Ellsworth, W.L., Chen, K., and Uchida, N., 2012, Fixed recurrence and slip models better predict earthquake behavior than the time- and slip-predictable models 1: repeating earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 117, no. B2, B02306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008724.","productDescription":"B02306","ipdsId":"IP-031495","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268985,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268984,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008724"}],"volume":"117","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5142f16fe4b073a963ff6582","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubinstein, Justin L. 0000-0003-1274-6785 jrubinstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1274-6785","contributorId":2404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubinstein","given":"Justin","email":"jrubinstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chen, Kate Huihsuan","contributorId":36430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Kate Huihsuan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Uchida, Naoki","contributorId":36408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uchida","given":"Naoki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042536,"text":"70042536 - 2012 - Context-dependent planktivory: interacting effects of turbidity and predation risk on adaptive foraging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T11:50:16","indexId":"70042536","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Context-dependent planktivory: interacting effects of turbidity and predation risk on adaptive foraging","docAbstract":"By shaping species interactions, adaptive phenotypic plasticity can profoundly influence ecosystems. Predicting such outcomes has proven difficult, however, owing in part to the dependence of plasticity on the environmental context. Of particular relevance are environmental factors that affect sensory performance in organisms in ways that alter the tradeoffs associated with adaptive phenotypic responses. We explored the influence of turbidity, which simultaneously and differentially affects the sensory performance of consumers at multiple trophic levels, on the indirect effect of a top predator (piscivorous fish) on a basal prey resource (zooplankton) that is mediated through changes in the plastic foraging behavior of an intermediate consumer (zooplanktivorous fish). We first generated theoretical predictions of the adaptive foraging response of a zooplanktivore across wide gradients of turbidity and predation risk by a piscivore. Our model predicted that predation risk can change the negative relationship between intermediate consumer foraging and turbidity into a humped-shaped (unimodal) one in which foraging is low in both clear and highly turbid conditions due to foraging-related risk and visual constraints, respectively. Consequently, the positive trait-mediated indirect effect (TMIE) of the top predator on the basal resource is predicted to peak at low turbidity and decline thereafter until it reaches an asymptote of zero at intermediate turbidity levels (when foraging equals that which is predicted when the top predator is absent). We used field observations and a laboratory experiment to test our model predictions. In support, we found humped-shaped relationships between planktivory and turbidity for several zooplanktivorous fishes from diverse freshwater ecosystems with predation risk. Further, our experiment demonstrated that predation risk reduced zooplanktivory by yellow perch (Perca flavescens) at a low turbidity, but had no effect on consumption at an intermediate turbidity. Together, our theoretical and empirical findings show how the environmental context can govern the strength of TMIEs by influencing consumer sensory performance and how these effects can become realized in nature over wide environmental gradients. Additionally, our hump-shaped foraging curve represents an important departure from the conventional view of turbidity's effect on planktivorous fishes, thus potentially requiring a reconceptualization of turbidity's impact on aquatic food-web interactions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ESA","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/ES12-00224.1","usgsCitation":"Pangle, K.L., Malinich, T.D., Bunnell, D., DeVries, D.R., and Ludsin, S.A., 2012, Context-dependent planktivory: interacting effects of turbidity and predation risk on adaptive foraging: Ecosphere, v. 3, no. 12, Article 114; 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00224.1.","productDescription":"Article 114; 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-042043","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es12-00224.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269992,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00224.1"}],"volume":"3","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515171e8e4b087909f0bbe82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pangle, Kevin L.","contributorId":40947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pangle","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malinich, Timothy D.","contributorId":7583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malinich","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunnell, David B.","contributorId":14360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeVries, Dennis R.","contributorId":49678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeVries","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ludsin, Stuart A.","contributorId":96978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludsin","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70043895,"text":"70043895 - 2012 - Advances in carbonate exploration and reservoir analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T13:53:39","indexId":"70043895","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"seriesNumber":"370","title":"Advances in carbonate exploration and reservoir analysis","docAbstract":"Carbonate reservoirs contain an increasingly important percentage of the world’s hydrocarbon reserves. This volume presents key recent advances in carbonate exploration and reservoir analysis. As well as a comprehensive overview of the trends in carbonate over the years, the volume focuses on four key areas:\n(1) emerging plays and techniques with special reference to lacustrine plays in syn-rift basins and development of super-giant heavy oil plays\n(2) improved reservoir characterization with examples from the Middle East and Europe and case studies of how outcrop analogues can provide key data for input to geological models\n(3) impact of fractures and faults in carbonates contributors highlight the need for integrated structural and diagenetic approaches in order to understand how fractures evolve as fluid-flow conduits\n(4) advances in geomodelling of carbonate reservoirs several papers discuss the application of new and innovative geomodelling and geostatistical techniques to carbonate reservoirs.","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","publisherLocation":"London, U.K.","doi":"10.1144/SP370","isbn":"978-1-86239-350-9","usgsCitation":"2012, Advances in carbonate exploration and reservoir analysis, 310 p., https://doi.org/10.1144/SP370.","productDescription":"310 p.","ipdsId":"IP-037815","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5162956ae4b0c25842758ce4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Garland, J.","contributorId":100268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garland","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742722,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neilson, J.E.","contributorId":6348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neilson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742723,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laubach, S.E.","contributorId":62754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laubach","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742724,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whidden, Katherine J. 0000-0002-7841-2553 kwhidden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7841-2553","contributorId":3960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whidden","given":"Katherine","email":"kwhidden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742725,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70043908,"text":"70043908 - 2012 - Drought drove forest decline and dune building in eastern upper Michigan, USA, as the upper Great Lakes became closed basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-02T15:12:05","indexId":"70043908","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drought drove forest decline and dune building in eastern upper Michigan, USA, as the upper Great Lakes became closed basins","docAbstract":"Current models of landscape response to Holocene climate change in midcontinent North America largely reconcile Earth orbital and atmospheric climate forcing with pollen-based forest histories on the east and eolian chronologies in Great Plains grasslands on the west. However, thousands of sand dunes spread across 12,000 km2 in eastern upper Michigan (EUM), more than 500 km east of the present forest-prairie ecotone, present a challenge to such models. We use 65 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages on quartz sand deposited in silt caps (n = 8) and dunes (n = 57) to document eolian activity in EUM. Dune building was widespread ca. 10–8 ka, indicating a sharp, sustained decline in forest cover during that period. This decline was roughly coincident with hydrologic closure of the upper Great Lakes, but temporally inconsistent with most pollen-based models that imply canopy closure throughout the Holocene. Early Holocene forest openings are rarely recognized in pollen sums from EUM because faint signatures of non-arboreal pollen are largely obscured by abundant and highly mobile pine pollen. Early Holocene spikes in nonarboreal pollen are recorded in cores from small ponds, but suggest only a modest extent of forest openings. OSL dating of dune emplacement provides a direct, spatially explicit archive of greatly diminished forest cover during a very dry climate in eastern midcontinent North America ca. 10–8 ka.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/G32937.1","usgsCitation":"Loope, W.L., Loope, H.M., Goble, R.J., Fisher, T.G., Lytle, D.E., Legg, R.J., Wysocki, D., Hanson, P.R., and Young, A., 2012, Drought drove forest decline and dune building in eastern upper Michigan, USA, as the upper Great Lakes became closed basins: Geology, v. 40, no. 4, p. 315-318, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32937.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"318","ipdsId":"IP-028146","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271773,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G32937.1"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 177.1,5.6 ], [ 177.1,85.4 ], [ -4.0,85.4 ], [ -4.0,5.6 ], [ 177.1,5.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51838ae8e4b0a21483941a9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loope, Walter L. wloope@usgs.gov","contributorId":4616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Walter","email":"wloope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loope, Henry M.","contributorId":79381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goble, Ronald J.","contributorId":61319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goble","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, Timothy G.","contributorId":45659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lytle, David E. dlytle@usgs.gov","contributorId":343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lytle","given":"David","email":"dlytle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":474438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Legg, Robert J.","contributorId":30527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wysocki, Douglas A.","contributorId":61320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wysocki","given":"Douglas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hanson, Paul R.","contributorId":35214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Young, Aaron R.","contributorId":12353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Aaron R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70043050,"text":"70043050 - 2012 - Elemental mapping by Dawn reveals exogenic H in Vesta's regolith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-09T14:28:01","indexId":"70043050","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elemental mapping by Dawn reveals exogenic H in Vesta's regolith","docAbstract":"Using Dawn’s Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector, we tested models of Vesta’s evolution based on studies of howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) meteorites. Global Fe/O and Fe/Si ratios are consistent with HED compositions. Neutron measurements confirm that a thick, diogenitic lower crust is exposed in the Rheasilvia basin, which is consistent with global magmatic differentiation. Vesta’s regolith contains substantial amounts of hydrogen. The highest hydrogen concentrations coincide with older, low-albedo regions near the equator, where water ice is unstable. The young, Rheasilvia basin contains the lowest concentrations. These observations are consistent with gradual accumulation of hydrogen by infall of carbonaceous chondrites—observed as clasts in some howardites—and subsequent removal or burial of this material by large impacts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.1225354","usgsCitation":"Prettyman, T.H., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Yamashita, N., Lawrence, D.J., Beck, A.W., Feldman, W.C., McCoy, T.J., McSween, H.Y., Toplis, M.J., Titus, T.N., Tricarico, P., Reedy, R., Hendricks, J.S., Forni, O., Le Corre, L., Li, J., Mizzon, H., Reddy, V., Raymond, C.A., and Russell, C.T., 2012, Elemental mapping by Dawn reveals exogenic H in Vesta's regolith: Science, v. 338, no. 6104, p. 242-246, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225354.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"246","ipdsId":"IP-039696","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272157,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225354"}],"otherGeospatial":"Vesta","volume":"338","issue":"6104","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518cc568e4b05ebc8f7cc147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prettyman, Thomas H.","contributorId":84653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prettyman","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mittlefehldt, David W.","contributorId":34026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mittlefehldt","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yamashita, Naoyuki","contributorId":30898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamashita","given":"Naoyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lawrence, David J.","contributorId":34374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beck, Andrew W.","contributorId":51187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Feldman, William C.","contributorId":61733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feldman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCoy, Timothy J.","contributorId":15101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McSween, Harry Y.","contributorId":79388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSween","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Toplis, Michael J.","contributorId":69450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toplis","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Titus, Timothy N. 0000-0003-0700-4875 ttitus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-4875","contributorId":146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"Timothy","email":"ttitus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tricarico, Pasquale","contributorId":85492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tricarico","given":"Pasquale","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Reedy, Robert C.","contributorId":92956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reedy","given":"Robert C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hendricks, John S.","contributorId":55718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Forni, Olivier","contributorId":72690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forni","given":"Olivier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Le Corre, Lucille","contributorId":66578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le Corre","given":"Lucille","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Li, Jian-Yang","contributorId":47275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Jian-Yang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Mizzon, Hugau","contributorId":83823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mizzon","given":"Hugau","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Reddy, Vishnu","contributorId":16304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"Vishnu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Raymond, Carol A.","contributorId":64980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Russell, Christopher T.","contributorId":69451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}} ,{"id":70044034,"text":"70044034 - 2012 - Estimating occupancy in large landscapes: evaluation of amphibian monitoring in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-12T21:54:41","indexId":"70044034","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating occupancy in large landscapes: evaluation of amphibian monitoring in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem","docAbstract":"Monitoring of natural resources is crucial to ecosystem conservation, and yet it can pose many challenges. Annual surveys for amphibian breeding occupancy were conducted in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks over a 4-year period (2006–2009) at two scales: catchments (portions of watersheds) and individual wetland sites. Catchments were selected in a stratified random sample with habitat quality and ease of access serving as strata. All known wetland sites with suitable habitat were surveyed within selected catchments. Changes in breeding occurrence of tiger salamanders, boreal chorus frogs, and Columbia-spotted frogs were assessed using multi-season occupancy estimation. Numerous a priori models were considered within an information theoretic framework including those with catchment and site-level covariates. Habitat quality was the most important predictor of occupancy. Boreal chorus frogs demonstrated the greatest increase in breeding occupancy at the catchment level. Larger changes for all 3 species were detected at the finer site-level scale. Connectivity of sites explained occupancy rates more than other covariates, and may improve understanding of the dynamic processes occurring among wetlands within this ecosystem. Our results suggest monitoring occupancy at two spatial scales within large study areas is feasible and informative.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s13157-012-0273-0","usgsCitation":"Gould, W., Patla, D.A., Daley, R., Corn, P., Hossack, B.R., Bennetts, R.E., and Peterson, C.R., 2012, Estimating occupancy in large landscapes: evaluation of amphibian monitoring in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem: Wetlands, v. 32, no. 2, p. 379-389, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-012-0273-0.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"389","ipdsId":"IP-032982","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272192,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-012-0273-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park;Grand Teton National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.16,43.54 ], [ -111.16,45.11 ], [ -109.83,45.11 ], [ -109.83,43.54 ], [ -111.16,43.54 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5190b9e0e4b05ebc8f7cc33c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gould, William R.","contributorId":63780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"William R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patla, Debra A.","contributorId":40059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patla","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daley, Rob","contributorId":14282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daley","given":"Rob","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corn, Paul Stephen 0000-0002-4106-6335","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-6335","contributorId":107379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"Paul Stephen","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":474682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hossack, Blake R. 0000-0001-7456-9564 blake_hossack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7456-9564","contributorId":1177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hossack","given":"Blake","email":"blake_hossack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bennetts, Robert E.","contributorId":62508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Peterson, Charles R.","contributorId":95738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70042484,"text":"70042484 - 2012 - Source characterization of near-surface chemical explosions at SAFOD","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-26T15:57:09","indexId":"70042484","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source characterization of near-surface chemical explosions at SAFOD","docAbstract":"A series of near‐surface chemical explosions conducted at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) main hole were recorded by high‐frequency downhole receiver arrays in April 2005. These seismic recordings at depths ranging from the surface to 2.3 km constrain the shallow velocity and attenuation structure as well as the first‐order characteristics of the source. Forward modeling of the explosions indicates that a source consisting of combined explosion, delayed implosion, and second‐order moment‐tensor components (corresponding to a distribution of vertical shear dislocations in the rock directly above the explosion) is sufficient to characterize the generated seismic wave fields to first order. Grid searches over source parameters controlling the nonexplosive components allow for the quantification of distributed vertical shear above the source and the estimation of the moment and time delay of the implosive component relative to the explosion. An estimated implosive to explosive moment ratio of 0.34 to 0.43 indicates a net static moment and positive macroscopic volume change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120110201","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., Rubinstein, J., and Ellsworth, W., 2012, Source characterization of near-surface chemical explosions at SAFOD: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 102, no. 4, p. 1348-1360, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110201.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1348","endPage":"1360","ipdsId":"IP-030810","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270218,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110201"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,32.5 ], [ -124.4,42.0 ], [ -114.0,42.0 ], [ -114.0,32.5 ], [ -124.4,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"102","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c3b6e4b01197b08e9d08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, Fred F.","contributorId":54029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"Fred F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubinstein, Justin","contributorId":64122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubinstein","given":"Justin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellsworth, William","contributorId":86445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042475,"text":"70042475 - 2012 - Fundamental questions of earthquake statistics, source behavior, and the estimation of earthquake probabilities from possible foreshocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T21:21:49","indexId":"70042475","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fundamental questions of earthquake statistics, source behavior, and the estimation of earthquake probabilities from possible foreshocks","docAbstract":"Estimates of the probability that an ML 4.8 earthquake, which occurred near the southern end of the San Andreas fault on 24 March 2009, would be followed by an M 7 mainshock over the following three days vary from 0.0009 using a Gutenberg–Richter model of aftershock statistics (Reasenberg and Jones, 1989) to 0.04 using a statistical model of foreshock behavior and long‐term estimates of large earthquake probabilities, including characteristic earthquakes (Agnew and Jones, 1991). I demonstrate that the disparity between the existing approaches depends on whether or not they conform to Gutenberg–Richter behavior. While Gutenberg–Richter behavior is well established over large regions, it could be violated on individual faults if they have characteristic earthquakes or over small areas if the spatial distribution of large‐event nucleations is disproportional to the rate of smaller events. I develop a new form of the aftershock model that includes characteristic behavior and combines the features of both models. This new model and the older foreshock model yield the same results when given the same inputs, but the new model has the advantage of producing probabilities for events of all magnitudes, rather than just for events larger than the initial one. Compared with the aftershock model, the new model has the advantage of taking into account long‐term earthquake probability models. Using consistent parameters, the probability of an M 7 mainshock on the southernmost San Andreas fault is 0.0001 for three days from long‐term models and the clustering probabilities following the ML 4.8 event are 0.00035 for a Gutenberg–Richter distribution and 0.013 for a characteristic‐earthquake magnitude–frequency distribution. Our decisions about the existence of characteristic earthquakes and how large earthquakes nucleate have a first‐order effect on the probabilities obtained from short‐term clustering models for these large events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120090184","usgsCitation":"Michael, A.J., 2012, Fundamental questions of earthquake statistics, source behavior, and the estimation of earthquake probabilities from possible foreshocks: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 102, no. 6, p. 2547-2562, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090184.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2547","endPage":"2562","ipdsId":"IP-014815","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268734,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120090184"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5135d079e4b03b8ec4025b51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}