The pepsin-HCl digestion technique is probably the best method of isolating Anisakislarvae from the musculature of chum salmon. Some losses can be expected due to breakage of the resistant cuticle of Anisakis, and can be estimated to be about 6% when counting the parasites with the unaided eye.
\nOn May 26, 1959, two of the authors' investigated a fish kill at Dailey Lake, Park County, Montana. They observed about a half-dozen live, weakly swimming yellow perch (Perca flavescens), in addition to thousand of dead perch along the shoreline. It was learned from local residents that mortalities had begun to appear some 2 weeks earlier. At that time the time the authorities had diagnosed the condition as a winterkill, since ice had only recently disappeared from the lake. Although a number of other species inhabit Dailey Lake, including rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brown trout (S. trutta), kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), longnose suckers (Catostomus catostomus), rainbow x cutthroat hybrids, only one other species was represented in the kill. This consisted of one black crappie.
\nExamination of the freshly dead perch revealed the presence of multiple petechiae, which were visible externally as well as in the dorsal musculature. The peritoneal cavity showed evidence of inflammation and contained a bloody ascitic fluid. A number of the dead fish were placed on ice and shipped to the Western Fish Disease Laboratory in Seattle for bacteriological studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[310:ABDOYP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, A.J., Nordstrom, P., Bailey, J., and Heaton, J., 1960, A bacterial disease of yellow perch (Peres flavescens): Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 89, no. 3, p. 310-312, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[310:ABDOYP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Park County","otherGeospatial":"Dailey Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.2821,46.1847],[-110.2815,46.1596],[-110.2816,46.1348],[-110.2901,46.1344],[-110.2904,46.0447],[-110.29,45.9595],[-110.2908,45.9289],[-110.2916,45.8708],[-110.2912,45.7852],[-110.2207,45.7842],[-110.2182,45.6072],[-110.2145,45.5523],[-110.2175,45.4824],[-110.2166,45.37],[-110.2167,45.3494],[-110.2297,45.3494],[-110.2286,45.2946],[-110.2275,45.259],[-110.2276,45.2306],[-110.227,45.2051],[-110.2271,45.1763],[-110.059,45.1758],[-109.7977,45.1729],[-109.7977,45.1665],[-109.7979,45.0939],[-109.7969,45.003],[-109.8524,45.0029],[-109.9988,45.0026],[-110.1325,45.0022],[-110.133,45.0021],[-110.2006,44.9942],[-110.3717,44.9972],[-110.4021,44.9921],[-110.4302,44.9921],[-110.5806,44.9925],[-110.7072,44.9929],[-110.7756,45.0019],[-110.7823,45.0018],[-110.8004,45.0017],[-111.0418,45],[-111.0411,45.078],[-111.0427,45.0773],[-111.0429,45.1024],[-111.0424,45.1307],[-111.042,45.1599],[-111.0422,45.1791],[-111.0364,45.1791],[-111.0355,45.234],[-111.0357,45.2614],[-111.0351,45.3495],[-110.9366,45.349],[-110.9145,45.3486],[-110.9146,45.3619],[-110.9164,45.451],[-110.9174,45.4953],[-110.9175,45.5245],[-110.859,45.5247],[-110.8568,45.5896],[-110.7943,45.5902],[-110.7937,45.6113],[-110.794,45.6657],[-110.7935,45.6977],[-110.7942,45.7132],[-110.7945,45.7864],[-110.7886,45.7864],[-110.7888,45.8299],[-110.7884,45.8871],[-110.7893,45.9301],[-110.7887,45.9452],[-110.7889,46.1425],[-110.7836,46.1425],[-110.7825,46.1933],[-110.5789,46.1913],[-110.55,46.1913],[-110.5264,46.1913],[-110.4062,46.1904],[-110.4068,46.1844],[-110.3031,46.1852],[-110.2821,46.1847]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Park\",\"state\":\"MT\"}}]}","volume":"89","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5bde4b0e7594ee77640","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, A. J.","contributorId":105267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, P.R.","contributorId":151039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, J.E.","contributorId":151040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bailey","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heaton, J.H.","contributorId":151041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176010,"text":"70176010 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:20:02","indexId":"70176010","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"University of Kansas, 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin.","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327713,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73d9e4b03fd6b7df2ccb"} ,{"id":70160891,"text":"70160891 - 1960 - Chemical and histological studies of wild and hatchery salmon in fresh water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T14:21:44","indexId":"70160891","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-04T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and histological studies of wild and hatchery salmon in fresh water","docAbstract":"In a study of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), the gross chemical and histological changes occurring over a 14-month period spent in fresh water were determined. The determinations were made at 3-month intervals on: 1) hatchery-reared fish, 2) fish hatchery-reared for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and then planted in a controlled stream for the remainder of the period; and 3) an indigenous group of wild fish in this stream. Wild fish showed high incidence of tissue damage from spinose hairs of the moth larva, Halisidota argentata. Hatchery fish were similarly affected with the severity and incidence of lesions varying directly with the time of exposure of the larvae in the wild environment. Both groups of fish were heavily parasitized by sporozoan organisms in the kidney and spinal cord. Kidney disease appeared in both wild and planted hatchery fish. The gross chemical composition of hatchery fish transformed rapidly after planting to that of the wild fish. Although the initial rate of fat loss is essentially constant for all hatchery groups after planting, fish that were hatchery reared for 9 to 12 months did not complete the transformation to the wild-type body composition by the time of downstream migration at 14 months.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[301:CAHSOW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wood, E.M., Yasutake, W.T., Halver, J., and Woodall, A., 1960, Chemical and histological studies of wild and hatchery salmon in fresh water: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 89, no. 3, p. 301-307, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[301:CAHSOW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5c7e4b0e7594ee77663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, E. M.","contributorId":68685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yasutake, W. T.","contributorId":103222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halver, J.E.","contributorId":88675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halver","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodall, A.N.","contributorId":150830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodall","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160887,"text":"70160887 - 1960 - Ovarian fluid: Its role in fertilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T14:15:57","indexId":"70160887","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-27T09:30:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ovarian fluid: Its role in fertilization","docAbstract":"FISH-CULTURISTs, in general, do not agree as to the time of actual fertilization of artificially spawned salmonid eggs. Some fish-culturists believe that the eggs are fertilized in the milt before water is added, while others are equally certain that fertilization is not achieved until after water is added. This difference of opinion has probably existed since the advent of the dry spawning method, in which milt is added to the eggs without the presence of water in the spawning pan. According to the \"Manual of Fish-Culture\" published by the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries in 1900, it was known that eggs and milt from salmon maintain their viability for many hours if held in open containers, that both eggs and milt soon lose their viability when water is added, and that the milt and fluid around the eggs can be \"utilized in impregnating masses of eggs when there is a scarcity of males, as sometimes occurs toward the close of the spawning season.\"
\nThe object of the studies reported here was to confirm some of the foregoing observations and to determine whether salmonid eggs could be fertilized without the supportive action of water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Fisheries, U.S. Department of Commerce","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1960)22[77:OF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rucker, R., Conrad, J., and Dick, C., 1960, Ovarian fluid: Its role in fertilization: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 22, no. 2, p. 77-78, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1960)22[77:OF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5dae4b0e7594ee776b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrad, J.F.","contributorId":98244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dick, C.W.","contributorId":151044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dick","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176013,"text":"70176013 - 1960 - Kansas streamflow characteristics, part 2, Low-flow frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:27:41","indexId":"70176013","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Kansas streamflow characteristics, part 2, Low-flow frequency","language":"English ","publisher":"State of Kansas Water Resources Board","publisherLocation":"Topeka, KS","usgsCitation":"Furness, L., 1960, Kansas streamflow characteristics, part 2, Low-flow frequency: Technical Report, v. 2, no. 2, 179 p. .","productDescription":"179 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73e3e4b03fd6b7df2d2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furness, L.W.","contributorId":16908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furness","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160878,"text":"70160878 - 1960 - A Virus-like disease of chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T13:15:53","indexId":"70160878","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-07T03:45:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Virus-like disease of chinook salmon","docAbstract":"Consideration is given to a recurring disease of early feeding chinook salmon fingerlings at the Coleman, California, Federal Fish Cultural Station. The infection becomes manifest in the early spring months at low water temperatures and abates as the water temperature rises. Bacteriological studies have failed to yield the presence of a disease agent, either by cultural or staining procedures. The disease has been successfully transmitted from infected fish to healthy fish by the injection of bacteria-free filtrates prepared from diseased fish tissue. The causative agent is therefore believed to be a virus-like entity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[160:AVDOCS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, A.J., Pelnar, J., and Rucker, R., 1960, A Virus-like disease of chinook salmon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 89, no. 2, p. 160-163, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[160:AVDOCS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5bde4b0e7594ee7763e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, A. J.","contributorId":105267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pelnar, J.","contributorId":151038,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelnar","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71729,"text":"tei768 - 1960 - A summary of the geology of sedimentary basins of the United States, with reference to the disposal of radioactive wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-18T11:48:38","indexId":"tei768","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-18T11:44:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"768","title":"A summary of the geology of sedimentary basins of the United States, with reference to the disposal of radioactive wastes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei768","collaboration":"Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Love, J.D., and Hoover, L., 1960, A summary of the geology of sedimentary basins of the United States, with reference to the disposal of radioactive wastes: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 768, Report: 89 p.; 1 Map; 3 Leaves, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei768.","productDescription":"Report: 89 p.; 1 Map; 3 Leaves","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 124.8,24.5 ], [ 124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ 124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4ab3e4b0b290850efec6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, John David","contributorId":39869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoover, Linn","contributorId":68744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"Linn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71732,"text":"tei772 - 1960 - Interim report on geologic investigations of the U12e tunnel system, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-16T09:05:55","indexId":"tei772","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-16T09:02:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"772","title":"Interim report on geologic investigations of the U12e tunnel system, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei772","collaboration":"Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"McKeown, F.A., and Dickey, D., 1960, Interim report on geologic investigations of the U12e tunnel system, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 772, Report: 17 p.; 5 Maps; 2 Illustrations; 1 Leaf, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei772.","productDescription":"Report: 17 p.; 5 Maps; 2 Illustrations; 1 Leaf","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.1972,35.9618 ], [ -118.1972,39.1634 ], [ -114.999,39.1634 ], [ -114.999,35.9618 ], [ -118.1972,35.9618 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c79effe4b019484164246d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKeown, Francis Alexander","contributorId":11699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Alexander","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickey, D.D.","contributorId":15612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickey","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71731,"text":"tei771 - 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