Deposits of copper, vanadium, and uranium in nonmarine sandstones are numerous and widespread. Copper deposits, with or without uranium, are mainly resident in first-generation arkosic sandstones derived from granitic rock terrains; deposits rich in vanadium, with or without much uranium, are dominantly in second-generation sandstones derived from sedimentary rocks; and the uranium deposits with little or no vanadium or copper are in either first- or second-generation sandstones, many of which are associated with beds containing volcanic debris. All three metals are dispersed in igneous rocks but not in close association. Copper and uranium enter the hydrothermal environment, but the record of vanadium in hydrothermal solutions and veins is scant. Some of the uranium and most of the copper minerals in igneous rocks and veins oxidize readily and the metals go into surface- and ground-water solutions, but the vanadium in igneous rocks is not so easily mobilized-under normal geologic conditions, conceivably it may require diagenetic reactions and a second period of weathering to solubilize much vanadium. All three metals precipitate from solutions in the presence of a reducing agent, such as carbonaceous material or associated sulfide ions, either in sediments as they accumulate or in existing rocks. These geochemical habits permit the concept that copper and uranium are made available by weathering of igneous rock terrains and hence might accumulate in first-generation sediments, whereas vanadium would be commonly available only after a second period of weathering. Perhaps the oxidation or devitrification of volcanic debris may contribute uranium to ground waters as does the weathering, of igneous rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.56.3.509","usgsCitation":"Fischer, R.P., and Stewart, J.H., 1961, Copper, vanadium, and uranium deposits in sandstone-their distribution and geochemical cycles: Economic Geology, v. 56, no. 3, p. 509-520, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.56.3.509.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"520","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385822,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1961-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, R. P.","contributorId":89958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, J. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/190040a0","usgsCitation":"Carron, M.K., and Lowman, M., 1961, Analysis of a supposed clay fulgurite from Ontario: Nature, v. 190, no. 4770, https://doi.org/10.1038/190040a0.","productDescription":"1p.","startPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/190040a0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.857421875,\n 56.8249328650072\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 52.855864177853974\n ],\n [\n -95.49316406249999,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -94.921875,\n 49.296471602658066\n ],\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 48.719961222646276\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 48.48748647988415\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 48.25394114463431\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 46.830133640447386\n ],\n [\n -84.462890625,\n 46.437856895024204\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -83.056640625,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -78.8818359375,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -73.828125,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -76.640625,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -78.31054687499999,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -79.4970703125,\n 47.30903424774781\n ],\n [\n -79.453125,\n 51.536085601784755\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 55.178867663281984\n ],\n [\n -88.857421875,\n 56.8249328650072\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"190","issue":"4770","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carron, M. K.","contributorId":59492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carron","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowman, M.D. Jr.","contributorId":258252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowman","given":"M.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70213478,"text":"70213478 - 1961 - Palæomagnetic evidence relevant to a change in the Earth's radius","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-18T20:33:47.610301","indexId":"70213478","displayToPublicDate":"1961-04-01T15:12:15","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palæomagnetic evidence relevant to a change in the Earth's radius","docAbstract":"IT is important to note that if, during an expansion of the Earth, each point on the surface were to move radially outward, then all sampling areas would have the same relative geographical co-ordinates before and after expansion. Palæomagnetic results could not be used to detect an expansion of this type. However, an alternative model of expansion is that in which most or all of the increase in area is reflected by an increase in the area of the ocean basins. We considered Prof. Carey's model of Earth expansion to be of this general type, since he concludes1 that the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean basins formed by dilatation attendant on expansion. If the ocean basins formed in this way, the method we used would show an increase in the Earth's radius, even if the continents had also grown a lesser amount.
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","language":"English","publisher":"New York Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1961.tb35478.x","usgsCitation":"Faul, H., 1961, Some paleozoic date in Maine, western Europe, and Southern United States: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 91, no. 2, p. 369-371, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1961.tb35478.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"371","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Maine, Southern United States, Western Europe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.2578125,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -66.4453125,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -68.5546875,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -69.2578125,\n 47.15984001304432\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.40625,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 25.16517336866393\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -15.292968749999996,\n 35.74651225991848\n ],\n [\n 16.171875000000007,\n 35.74651225991848\n ],\n [\n 16.171875000000007,\n 58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -1.58203125,\n 59.62332522313024\n ],\n [\n -15.292968749999996,\n 58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -15.292968749999996,\n 35.74651225991848\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faul, H.","contributorId":101976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faul","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70238530,"text":"70238530 - 1961 - Renal coccidiosis in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) from Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-28T18:00:06.670832","indexId":"70238530","displayToPublicDate":"1961-04-01T11:36:18","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Renal coccidiosis in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) from Alaska","title":"Renal coccidiosis in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) from Alaska","docAbstract":"Renal coccidiosis was found in 4 of 12 oldsquaw ducks (Clangula hyemalis) collected from the north slope of Alaska and Prince William Sound. Numerous 1 to 2 mm white foci were observed on the kidney surface of one bird. Microscopically, there was distention of renal tubules with oocysts, flattening of tubular epithelium, and interstitial accumulation of mononuclear cells. Kidneys from several other species of sea ducks from Prince William Sound were not infected.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-17.2.237","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., and Derksen, D.V., 1961, Renal coccidiosis in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) from Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 17, no. 2, p. 237-240, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-17.2.237.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"240","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-17.2.237","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":409714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound, Teshekpuk Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.85406583172656,\n 70.58233364320773\n ],\n [\n -153.04712731822582,\n 70.65555334208511\n ],\n [\n -153.4056700788673,\n 70.6829422184802\n ],\n [\n -153.45623380152188,\n 70.71788484129243\n ],\n [\n -153.6446985859617,\n 70.74215688350768\n ],\n [\n -154.04461166513872,\n 70.68902356844578\n ],\n [\n -154.14573911044786,\n 70.64641542000794\n ],\n [\n -154.1319490042694,\n 70.5563378253344\n ],\n [\n -153.93429081571054,\n 70.4919693588391\n ],\n [\n -153.7871963498064,\n 70.44740499384741\n ],\n [\n -153.49300741799797,\n 70.43817257466443\n ],\n [\n -153.27236571914162,\n 70.51191478660377\n ],\n [\n -153.05172402028526,\n 70.50577982035688\n ],\n [\n -152.85406583172656,\n 70.58233364320773\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.32202731776306,\n 61.04696225464866\n ],\n [\n -148.32202731776306,\n 60.30986188880047\n ],\n [\n -145.82683744768872,\n 60.30986188880047\n ],\n [\n -145.82683744768872,\n 61.04696225464866\n ],\n [\n -148.32202731776306,\n 61.04696225464866\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. 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A 10 percent solution of heparin was found to be best for the preparation of treated capillary tubes. For examination of trout blood laboratory‐prepared capillary tubes were found to be superior to commercial tubes which are designed for human blood. Sharp, pointed heparinized capillary tubes were used with good results for collecting blood from the heart without killing the examined fish. Hematocrits determined directly in such tubes were found to have the same value as those prepared in other ways.
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