This report on the trumpeter evolved from studies made from 1948 to 1957 when I served first as an assistant and later as manager, of the Red Rock Lakes Refuge. I have also drawn extensively on the records of the National Park Service, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Museum in Washington, D. C. Other pertinent information bearing on the life history of the trumpeter swan in the United States has been extracted from published articles, unpublished reports and records, firsthand accounts and correspondence. This account includes a historical record of this bird in the United States and Alaska, an outline of its habits and characteristics in its native Rocky Mountain environment, and furnishes information necessary to guide its future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Banko, W.E., 1960, The trumpeter swan: its history, habits, and population in the U.S: North American Fauna 63, x, 214 p., illus., maps. 24 cm.","productDescription":"x, 214 p., illus., maps. 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":22652,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.fwspubs.org/toc/nafa//63","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634b67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banko, Winston E.","contributorId":99200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62366,"text":"gq131 - 1960 - Geology of the Blockhouse quadrangle, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T20:58:51.148149","indexId":"gq131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"131","title":"Geology of the Blockhouse quadrangle, Tennessee","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gq131","usgsCitation":"Neuman, R.B., and Wilson, R.L., 1960, Geology of the Blockhouse quadrangle, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 131, Report: 1 p.; Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/gq131.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; Plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102129,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_578.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"578"},{"id":248542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0131/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":253686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0131/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Blockhouse quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84,35.625 ], [ -84,35.75 ], [ -83.875,35.75 ], [ -83.875,35.625 ], [ -84,35.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db6077af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuman, Robert B.","contributorId":104046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Robert Lake","contributorId":84008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Lake","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2959,"text":"wsp1629 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 6-A, Missouri River Basin above Sioux City, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"wsp1629","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1629","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 6-A, Missouri River Basin above Sioux City, Iowa","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1629","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 6-A, Missouri River Basin above Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1629, x, 415 p. :ill., tables ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1629.","productDescription":"x, 415 p. :ill., tables ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1629/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29668,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1629/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db69437f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2188,"text":"wsp1484 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water features of Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp1484","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1484","title":"Geology and ground-water features of Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1484","usgsCitation":"Mack, S., 1960, Geology and ground-water features of Shasta Valley, Siskiyou County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1484, v, 115 p. :illus., maps (2 fold., 1 col., in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1484.","productDescription":"v, 115 p. :illus., maps (2 fold., 1 col., in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1484/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27826,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1484/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27827,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1484/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27828,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1484/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685fb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Seymour","contributorId":101247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Seymour","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3053,"text":"wsp1636 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1636","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1636","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1636","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1636, x, 402 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1636.","productDescription":"x, 402 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1636/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1636/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db6943ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3052,"text":"wsp1633 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 9, Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1633","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1633","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 9, Colorado River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1633","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 9, Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1633, xi, 506 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1633.","productDescription":"xi, 506 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1633/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29906,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1633/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db694361","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2334,"text":"wsp1490 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of Platte County, Wyoming, with a section on Chemical quality of the water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp1490","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1490","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Platte County, Wyoming, with a section on Chemical quality of the water","docAbstract":"Platte County, Wyo., has an area of 2,114 square miles and, in 1950, had a population of 7,925; it lies within parts of two major physiographic provinces, the northern extension of the Southern Rocky Mountains and the northwestern part of the Great Plains. The Laramie Range and related structures lie along the western margin of the county and constitute the eastern limit of the Rocky Mountain Front Range. The High Plains section of the Great Plains province extends eastward from the Laramie Range over the remainder of the county. The original surface of the High Plains has been deeply eroded, and in the northeastern part of the county it is broken by the broad uplifted structural platform of the Hartville Hills. The North Platte River and its tributaries have entrenched their channels as much as 1,000 feet into the plains, leaving wide, very flat intervalley areas that are interrupted by a few isolated buttes and outlying ridges. Well-defined terraces, locally called the Wheatland Flats, have been formed in central Platte County. The climate is semiarid, the average annual precipitation being about 15 inches. Farming and stockraising are the principal occupations in the county. \r\n\r\nMost of the rocks exposed in the county are of Tertiary and Quaternary age, although rocks as old as Precambrian crop out locally. The Arikaree and Brule formations and younger deposits, including Tertiary ( ?) deposits (undifferentiated) and terrace, flood-plain, and other alluvial deposits, underlie more than two-thirds of the county. Mesozoic, Paleozoic, and Precambrian rocks crop out in the other third and underlie the younger rocks at great depths elsewhere. Small supplies of ground water adequate for domestic and stock use can be obtained from shallow wells in the Casper, Hartville, Cloverly, Brule, and Arikaree formations and in the terrace and flood-plain deposits. Small to moderate amounts of ground water can be obtained from the 'Converse sand' of the Hartville formation. Several flowing wells obtain water from this sand near Glendo. Moderate to large supplies of ground water adequate for small-scale irrigation or industrial uses or for public supply can be obtained from properly constructed wells penetrating thick saturated sections of the Arikaree formation and from the terrace and flood-plain deposits. Large supplies of ground water can be obtained from the flood-plain deposits of the North Platte River near Guernsey, where wells commonly yield more than 1,000 gpm (gallons per minute). The aquifers with greatest potential for additional groundwater development in Platte County, in decreasing order of importance, are the flood-plain deposits along the North Platte River and its tributaries, the Arikaree formation and terrace deposits in parts of the Wheatland Flats, and the 'Converse sand' in the general vicinity of Glendo.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1490","usgsCitation":"Morris, D.A., Babcock, H.M., and Langford, R., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of Platte County, Wyoming, with a section on Chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1490, vi, 195 p. :ill., maps, charts ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1490.","productDescription":"vi, 195 p. :ill., maps, charts ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109950,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24431.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24431"},{"id":138465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1490/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28195,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1490/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28196,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1490/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28197,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1490/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28198,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1490/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28199,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1490/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6859f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, D. A.","contributorId":56204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Babcock, H. M.","contributorId":90698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langford, R.H.","contributorId":59426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langford","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3324,"text":"cir427 - 1960 - A field instrument for quantitative determination of beryllium by activation analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:38:35","indexId":"cir427","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"427","title":"A field instrument for quantitative determination of beryllium by activation analysis","docAbstract":"A low-cost instrument has been developed for quantitative determinations of beryllium in the field by activation analysis. The instrument makes use of the gamma-neutron reaction between gammas emitted by an artificially radioactive source (Sb124) and beryllium as it occurs in nature. The instrument and power source are mounted in a panel-type vehicle. Samples are prepared by hand-crushing the rock to approximately ?-inch mesh size and smaller. Sample volumes are kept constant by means of a standard measuring cup. Instrument calibration, made by using standards of known BeO content, indicates the analyses are reproducible and accurate to within ? 0.25 percent BeO in the range from 1 to 20 percent BeO with a sample counting time of 5 minutes. Sensitivity of the instrument maybe increased somewhat by increasing the source size, the sample size, or by enlarging the cross-sectional area of the neutron-sensitive phosphor normal to the neutron flux.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir427","usgsCitation":"Vaughn, W., Wilson, E., and Ohm, J., 1960, A field instrument for quantitative determination of beryllium by activation analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 427, 9 p. :illus. ;27cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir427.","productDescription":"9 p. :illus. ;27cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30333,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0427/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0427/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vaughn, William W.","contributorId":107267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"William W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, E.E.","contributorId":68299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ohm, J.M.","contributorId":83508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohm","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2338,"text":"wsp1487 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Little Bighorn River Valley, Big Horn County, Montana, with special reference to the drainage of waterlogged lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-18T10:57:54.875188","indexId":"wsp1487","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1487","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Little Bighorn River Valley, Big Horn County, Montana, with special reference to the drainage of waterlogged lands","docAbstract":"The lower Little Bighorn River valley, Montana, is in the unglaciated part of the Missouri Plateau section of the Great Plains physiographic province. The river and its principal tributaries rise in the Bighorn Mountains, and the confluence of this northward-flowing stream with the Bighorn River is near the east edge of Hardin, Mont. The normal annual precipitation ranges from about 12 inches in the northern part of the area to 15 inches in the southern part. The economy of the area is founded principally on farming, much of the low-lying land adjacent to the river being irrigated. The irrigated land is within the Crow Indian Reservation, although a part is privately owned. The bedrock formations exposed in the area are of Cretaceous age and include the Parkman sandstone, Claggett shale, Eagle sandstone, Telegraph Creek shale, and Cody shale. The Cloverly formation, Tensleep sandstone, and Madison limestone, which underlie but are not exposed in the area, and the Parkman sandstone in the southern half of the area appear to be the principal bedrock aquifers. All except the Parkman lie at depths ranging from a few feet to several thousand feet, and all appear to be capable of yielding water in commercial quantities. Some of the other formations arc capable of yielding enough water for domestic and stock needs. The river alluvium of Recent age and the Pleistocene terrace deposits are the principal unconsolidated formations in the area with respect to water supply and drainage. Wells yielding as much as 100 gallons per minute may be developed in favorable areas. Pumping tests reveal that the transmissibility of the coarser unconsolidated materials probably ranges from about 15,000 to 30,000 gallons per day per foot. Two tests of the Parkman sandstone showed transmissibilities of 6,000 and 20,000 gallons per day per foot. Although a test of the Cloverly formation showed a transmissibility of only 3,000 gallons per day per foot, the high artesian pressure--80 pounds per square inch at the land surface--in the Cloverly caused the tested well to yield about 200 gallons per minute by natural flow; this is greater than the yield of any other single well in the area. Textural properties were compared with the hydraulic properties determined by laboratory tests to show the relation between different types of waterbearing materials. Materials classified as heavy soils-normally somewhat dense and impervious-had an average permeability of 7.2 gallons per day per square foot, which was more than expected. One sample of very coarse alluvial material had a permeability of 6,000 gallons per day per square foot. The depth to water beneath irrigation units was mapped, thus showing the waterlogged areas. Waterlogging is not a serious problem where the water table is more than 6 feet below the land surface. For the drainage studies the unconsolidated deposits are classified in two zones-coarse-grained sediments resting on the relatively impermeable bedrock floor and overlying fine-grained sediments which extend to the land surface. The transmissibility of the coarse-sediment zone generally is many times greater than that of the fine-sediment zone. Because in many places drains could not be economically dug deep enough to enter the coarse zone, the study of the effectiveness of drainage completed in the fine zone received much attention. The studies showed that, despite a considerable thickness of fine-grained sediments between the bottom of the drain and the top of the coarse zone, drainage ditches frequently were effective in relieving waterlogging of fields nearby. Pilot relief wells installed in existing drains showed that the effectiveness of some drains could be increased appreciably by installing a series of relief wells. Records of fluctuations of water levels in 196 observation wells and water-level contour maps were studied to show the principal areas of recharge and discharge in the irrigable areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1487","usgsCitation":"Moulder, E.A., Klug, M.F., Morris, D.A., Swenson, F.A., and Krieger, R.A., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Little Bighorn River Valley, Big Horn County, Montana, with special reference to the drainage of waterlogged lands: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1487, Report: viii, 223 p.; 13 Plates: 17.00 × 42.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1487.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 223 p.; 13 Plates: 17.00 × 42.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":28222,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28221,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28217,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28216,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28215,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28214,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28213,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396137,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24428.htm"},{"id":28223,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138575,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28210,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28211,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28212,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28218,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28219,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28220,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1487/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Big Horn County","otherGeospatial":"lower Little Bighorn River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.529,\n 45.266\n ],\n [\n -107.338,\n 45.266\n ],\n [\n -107.338,\n 45.72\n ],\n [\n -107.529,\n 45.72\n ],\n [\n -107.529,\n 45.266\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68530a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulder, E. A.","contributorId":78719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulder","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klug, M. F.","contributorId":97372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klug","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, D. A.","contributorId":56204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swenson, F. A.","contributorId":71622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krieger, R. A.","contributorId":11202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":2022,"text":"wsp1475B - 1960 - Hydrology of Cornfield Wash, Sandoval County, New Mexico, 1951-55","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp1475B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1475","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrology of Cornfield Wash, Sandoval County, New Mexico, 1951-55","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of the Public Domain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Government Printing Office,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1475B","usgsCitation":"Kennon, F., and Peterson, H.V., 1960, Hydrology of Cornfield Wash, Sandoval County, New Mexico, 1951-55: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1475, iv, 45-102, [1] p. :ill., maps ;24 cm. & 1 map in pocket., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1475B.","productDescription":"iv, 45-102, [1] p. :ill., maps ;24 cm. & 1 map in pocket.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27489,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27490,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604a0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennon, F.W.","contributorId":88332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennon","given":"F.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Harold V.","contributorId":9630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3194,"text":"wsp1541B - 1960 - Double-mass curves, with a section fitting curves to cyclic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-27T07:59:56","indexId":"wsp1541B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1541","chapter":"B","title":"Double-mass curves, with a section fitting curves to cyclic data","docAbstract":"The double.-mass curve is used to check the consistency of many kinds of hydrologic data by comparing data for a single station with that of a pattern composed of the data from several other stations in the area The double-mass curve can be used to adjust inconsistent precipitation data. \r\n\r\nThe graph of the cumulative data of one variable versus the cumulative data of a related variable is a straight line so long as the relation between the variables is a fixed ratio. Breaks in the double-mass curve of such variables are caused by changes in the relation between the variables. These changes may be due to changes in the method of data collection or to physical changes that affect the relation. \r\n\r\nApplications of the double-mass curve to precipitation, streamflow, and sediment data, and to precipitation-runoff relations are described. A statistical test for significance of an apparent break in the slope of the double-mass curve is described by an example. Poor correlation between the variables can prevent detection of inconsistencies in a record, but an increase in the length of record tends to offset the effect of poor correlation. \r\n\r\nThe residual-mass curve, which is a modification of the double-mass curve, magnifies imperceptible breaks in the double-mass curve for detailed study. Of the several methods of fitting a smooth curve to cyclic or periodic data, the moving-arc method and the double-integration method deserve greater use in hydrology. Both methods are described in this manual. The moving-arc method has general applicability, and the double integration method is useful in fitting a curve to cycles of sinusoidal form.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1541B","usgsCitation":"Searcy, J., Hardison, C.H., and Langbein, W., 1960, Double-mass curves, with a section fitting curves to cyclic data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1541, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1541B.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30179,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db496791","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Searcy, James K.","contributorId":44519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searcy","given":"James K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardison, Clayton H.","contributorId":46073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardison","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langbein, Walter B.","contributorId":98294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":759856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3195,"text":"wsp1541C - 1960 - Graphical correlation of gaging-station records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1541C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1541","chapter":"C","title":"Graphical correlation of gaging-station records","docAbstract":"A gaging-station record is a sample of the rate of flow of a stream at a given site. This sample can be used to estimate the magnitude and distribution of future flows if the record is long enough to be representative of the long-term flow of the stream. The reliability of a short-term record for estimating future flow characteristics can be improved through correlation with a long-term record. Correlation can be either numerical or graphical, but graphical correlation of gaging-station records has several advantages. \r\n\r\nThe graphical correlation method is described in a step-by-step procedure with an illustrative problem of simple correlation, illustrative problems of three examples of multiple correlation--removing seasonal effect--and two examples of correlation of one record with two other records. Except in the problem on removal of seasonal effect, the same group of stations is used in the illustrative problems. The purpose of the problems is to illustrate the method--not to show the improvement that can result from multiple correlation as compared with simple correlation. \r\n\r\nHydrologic factors determine whether a usable relation exists between gaging-station records. Statistics is only a tool for evaluating and using an existing relation, and the investigator must be guided by a knowledge of hydrology.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1541C","usgsCitation":"Searcy, J., 1960, Graphical correlation of gaging-station records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1541, 1 v.(Issued as three seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;67-100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1541C.","productDescription":"1 v.(Issued as three seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;67-100 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30180,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6723b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Searcy, James K.","contributorId":44519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searcy","given":"James K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2584,"text":"wsp1536B - 1960 - Water levels near a well discharging from an unconfined aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp1536B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1536","chapter":"B","title":"Water levels near a well discharging from an unconfined aquifer","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wsp1536B","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Remson, I., McNeary, S., and Randolph, J., 1960, Water levels near a well discharging from an unconfined aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1536, iii, [13] p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1536B.","productDescription":"iii, [13] p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1536b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28858,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1536b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9cec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Remson, Irwin","contributorId":89115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remson","given":"Irwin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNeary, S.S.","contributorId":14797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNeary","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randolph, J.R.","contributorId":19532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randolph","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2840,"text":"wsp1481 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Winter Garden district, Texas, 1948","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:51:28","indexId":"wsp1481","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1481","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Winter Garden district, Texas, 1948","docAbstract":"The Winter Garden district, as described in this report, includes all of Dimmit and Zavala Counties and the eastern part of Maverick County a total of about 3,200 square miles. The fleldwork for the investigation was completed in 1948.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1481","usgsCitation":"Turner, S.F., Robinson, T.W., and White, W.N., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of the Winter Garden district, Texas, 1948: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1481, Report: v, 247 p.; 4 Plates: 24.50 x 31.13 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1481.","productDescription":"Report: v, 247 p.; 4 Plates: 24.50 x 31.13 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29406,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29407,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29408,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29409,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29410,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, Samuel Foster","contributorId":26287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Foster","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, T. W.","contributorId":82285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Walter N.","contributorId":99124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2057,"text":"wsp1495 - 1960 - Geology and ground water in Napa and Sonoma Valleys, Napa and Sonoma Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp1495","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1495","title":"Geology and ground water in Napa and Sonoma Valleys, Napa and Sonoma Counties, California","docAbstract":"Napa and Sonoma Valleys are adjacent alluvium-filled valleys about 40 miles northeast of San Francisco. They occupy alined and structurally controlled depressions in the northern Coast Ranges physiographic province and drain south into San Pablo Bay. The valleys are surrounded and underlain by unconsolidated marine and continental sediments and volcanic rocks of Pliocene and Pleistocene age, which are water bearing in large part and together make up relatively extensive ground-water basins. Napa Valley, the eastern valley, is the larger and has a valley-floor area of about 85 square miles. Sonoma Valley has a valley-floor area of about 35 square miles; in addition, about 10 square miles is unreclaimed tidal marsh. \r\n\r\nThe rock units of Napa and Sonoma Valleys are divided into four classes on the basis of their distribution and relative capacity to yield water: (a) Consolidated virtually non-water-bearing chiefly sedimentary (some metamorphic) rocks that range in age from Jurassic ( ?) to Pliocene; (b) marine shale and sand of the Petaluma formation (Pliocene) and the Merced formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene) that do not crop out within Napa or Sonoma Valleys but perhaps are penetrated by some deep wells drilled in Sonoma Valley; (c) Sonoma volcanics of Pliocene age, parts of which are non-water-bearing and parts of which locally yield large quantities of water; and (d) unconsolidated alluvial deposits mainly of Quaternary age. The deposits of classes (c) and (d) contain the most important aquifers in the area. \r\n\r\nMost of the water used in these valleys is pumped from wells in the younger and older alluvium in the Huichica and Glen Ellen formations. and in the Sonoma volcanics. The principal aquifers are the younger and older alluvium. but appreciable quantities of water are pumped locally from the Sonoma volcanics. The Huichica and Glen Ellen formations yield water in small quantities and at most places supply water only for limited domestic uses. \r\n\r\nThe younger alluvium COIM3ists of interbedded deposits of unconsolidated gravel. sand, silt. and. locally, peat. These deposits underlie the flood plains and channels of the Napa River. Sonoma Creek, and their tributaries, low alluvial fans or plains graded to these streams. and the tidal marshlands. The older alluvium of Napa and Sonoma Valleys is composed of lenticular deposits of unconsolidated and poorly sorted clay, silt. sand. and gravel. Where exposed, claypan or hardpan soil is characteristically developed at the surface. \r\n\r\nThe Huichica formation is composed of deformed continental beds consisting mostly of yellow silt with some interbedded lenses of silt and gravel, and silt and boulders. At the base are beds of redeposited volcanic material, silt, clay, and lenses of coarse gravel and boulders. The Glen Ellen fcrmation consists of alluvial clay, silt, sand, and gravel in clearly stratified but generally lenticular beds. The Sonoma volcanics constitute a thick and highly variate series of continental volcanic rocks, including andesite, basalt, and minor rhyolite flows and interbedded coarse- to fine-grained pyroclastic tuff and breccia, redeposited tuff and pumice, and diatomaceous mud, silt, and sand. A prominent body of rhyolite flows and tuff with some obsidian and perlitic glass, called the St. Helena rhyolite member, occurs in the upper part. \r\n\r\nEstimated ground-water pumpage for all uses in the year 1949-50 was about 5,600 acre-feet in Napa Valley and about 2,400 acre-feet in Sonoma Valley. Of this quantity the amounts pumped for irrigation were about 2,900 and 1,900 acre-feet, respectively. \r\n\r\nWater levels in wells in the central parts of the valleys range from a few feet above the land surface to about 50 feet below, with an average of about 25 feet. The quality of the water in most wells is satisfactory for domestic use and irrigation. Locally at the southern end of the valley some contamination of the native waters is caused by the movement of salty wate","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1495","usgsCitation":"Kunkel, F., and Upson, J.E., 1960, Geology and ground water in Napa and Sonoma Valleys, Napa and Sonoma Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1495, v, 252 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1495.","productDescription":"v, 252 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27593,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27594,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27595,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27596,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27597,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27598,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db68604a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunkel, Fred","contributorId":47766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Upson, Joseph Edwin","contributorId":21528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Upson","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2859,"text":"wsp1455A - 1960 - Floods of May 1955 in Colorado and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T22:10:18.531132","indexId":"wsp1455A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1455","chapter":"A","title":"Floods of May 1955 in Colorado and New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Floods of 1955","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1455A","usgsCitation":"Vaudrey, W.C., 1960, Floods of May 1955 in Colorado and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1455, Report: vii, 68 p.; 1 Plate: 27.50 × 39.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1455A.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 68 p.; 1 Plate: 27.50 × 39.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396057,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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The presence of the free water surface allows the possibility of departure from the relationship of resistance to the square of the velocity. Experimental evidence is given, which is in quantitative agreement with fluid dynamic theory, that such departure may be abrupt, with a marked increase of resistance. These departures are observed under conditions of boundary and flow which occur commonly in natural rivers.
It is shown that the condition under which this discontinuous increase in resistance occurs is definable by the mean Froude number for the whole flow which may be as small as 0.4. At this initial state, the rate of resistance increase with the square of the velocity may be more than double.
The phenomenon, which is absent in straight uniform channels, is associated with excessive deformations of the free surface due to transverse deflections of the whole or a part of the flow by changes along the channel in the curvature of the flow boundary.
In the simple cases examined the critical Froude number at which the sudden jump occurs depends mainly on the ratio of channel width to mean radius of channel curvature, though the inclination of the banks appears also to have a minor effect
Over the range of values of the above ratio usually to be found in natural rivers, the critical Froude number ranges between 0.4 and 0.55. The possible significance is discussed of the remarkable correspondence between this range of critical Froude number and the range of Froude number within which river flow at bankfull stage appears to be restricted.
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Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brush, Lucien M. 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