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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp263","usgsCitation":"Bromery, R.W., and Zandle, G.L., 1960, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Doylestown quadrangle, Bucks and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 263, 1 Plate: 22.46 x 27.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp263.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 22.46 x 27.43 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484271,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3188.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":251994,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0263/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":251197,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0263/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251198,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0263/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks County, Montgomery County","otherGeospatial":"Doylestown quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.25,40.25 ], [ -75.25,40.375 ], [ -75.125,40.375 ], [ -75.125,40.25 ], [ -75.25,40.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6973f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bromery, Randolph Wilson","contributorId":22746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromery","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"Wilson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zandle, G. 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Office,","doi":"10.3133/b1043D","usgsCitation":"Witkind, I.J., Hemphill, W.R., Pillmore, C.L., and Morris, R.H., 1960, Isopach mapping by photogeologic methods as an aid in the location of swales and channels in the Monument Valley area, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1043, p. 57-85, ill., maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1043D.","productDescription":"p. 57-85, ill., maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":97345,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1043d/report.pdf","size":"2867","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1043d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64234,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1043d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667138","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witkind, Irving Jerome","contributorId":87517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witkind","given":"Irving","email":"","middleInitial":"Jerome","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemphill, W. R.","contributorId":19525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pillmore, C. L.","contributorId":46093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pillmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, R. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp233","usgsCitation":"Bromery, R.W., Henderson, J.R., and Zandle, G.L., 1960, Aeromagnetic map of the Honey Brook quadrangle, Chester and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 233, 1 Plate: 23.02 x 27.20 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp233.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 23.02 x 27.20 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484260,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3155.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":251767,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0233/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":251072,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0233/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251071,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0233/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County, Lancaster County","otherGeospatial":"Honey Brook quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,40 ], [ -76,40.125 ], [ -75.875,40.125 ], [ -75.875,40 ], [ -76,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db692154","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bromery, Randolph Wilson","contributorId":22746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromery","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"Wilson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":88802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zandle, G. L.","contributorId":39863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zandle","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":64756,"text":"i319 - 1960 - Geology of the Cayey quadrangle, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:55","indexId":"i319","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"319","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geology of the Cayey quadrangle, Puerto Rico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i319","usgsCitation":"Berryhill, H.L., and Glover, L., 1960, Geology of the Cayey quadrangle, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 319, 1 map :col. ;69 x 66 cm. on sheet 94 x 138 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i319.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;69 x 66 cm. on sheet 94 x 138 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102900,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1367.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1367"},{"id":187387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91427,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0319/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"20000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.25,18 ], [ -66.25,18.1175 ], [ -66.11749999999999,18.1175 ], [ -66.11749999999999,18 ], [ -66.25,18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6831e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berryhill, H. L. Jr.","contributorId":35361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berryhill","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glover, Lynn","contributorId":6046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glover","given":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":64759,"text":"i318 - 1960 - Geology of the Central Aguirre quadrangle, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T19:44:12.543109","indexId":"i318","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"318","title":"Geology of the Central Aguirre quadrangle, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i318","usgsCitation":"Berryhill, H.L., 1960, Geology of the Central Aguirre quadrangle, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 318, 1 Plates: 49.57 × 38.31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i318.","productDescription":"1 Plates: 49.57 × 38.31 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91428,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0318/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":102901,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1368.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1368"}],"scale":"20000","country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Central Aguirre quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.25,\n 17.875\n ],\n [\n -66.25,\n 18\n ],\n [\n -66.125,\n 18\n ],\n [\n -66.125,\n 17.875\n ],\n [\n -66.25,\n 17.875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db68321c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berryhill, H. L. Jr.","contributorId":35361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berryhill","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64393,"text":"gp224 - 1960 - Aeromagnetic map of the Downingtown quadrangle, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-04T20:53:33.512105","indexId":"gp224","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"224","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Downingtown quadrangle, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp224","usgsCitation":"Bromery, R.W., and Zandle, G.L., 1960, Aeromagnetic map of the Downingtown quadrangle, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 224, 1 Plate: 22.76 x 27.04 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp224.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 22.76 x 27.04 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484223,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3145.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":251778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":251094,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0224/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251093,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"Downingtown quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.75,40 ], [ -75.75,40.1175 ], [ -75.625,40.1175 ], [ -75.625,40 ], [ -75.75,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ac3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bromery, Randolph Wilson","contributorId":22746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromery","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"Wilson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zandle, G. L.","contributorId":39863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zandle","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44215,"text":"ofr609 - 1960 - Total intensity aeromagnetic profiles of the Yukon Flats-Kandik area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:55","indexId":"ofr609","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-9","title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic profiles of the Yukon Flats-Kandik area, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr609","issn":"ma","usgsCitation":"Andreasen, G., 1960, Total intensity aeromagnetic profiles of the Yukon Flats-Kandik area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-9, 1 map on 7 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr609.","productDescription":"1 map on 7 sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":99218,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0009/plate-1.pdf","size":"9134","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99219,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0009/plate-2.pdf","size":"6347","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99220,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0009/plate-3.pdf","size":"7264","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99221,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0009/plate-4.pdf","size":"5716","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99222,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0009/plate-5.pdf","size":"8152","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99223,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0009/plate-6_a.pdf","size":"5895","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99224,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0009/plate-6_b.pdf","size":"6855","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99225,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0009/plate-7.pdf","size":"4852","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99226,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0009/plate-8.pdf","size":"3673","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f58f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andreasen, Gordon E.","contributorId":94272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"Gordon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5800,"text":"pp374A - 1960 - Upper eocene and oligocene larger Foraminifera from Viti Levu, Fiji","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:57","indexId":"pp374A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"374","chapter":"A","title":"Upper eocene and oligocene larger Foraminifera from Viti Levu, Fiji","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp374A","usgsCitation":"Cole, W.S., 1960, Upper eocene and oligocene larger Foraminifera from Viti Levu, Fiji: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 374, p. A1-A7, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp374A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0374a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32484,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0374a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db60652f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, W. 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An area of 2,000 square miles extending from Glenns Ferry, Idaho, to Caldwell, Idaho, was covered with a station density of one station per two square miles. An additional 1,200 square miles of surrounding area, mainly from Caldwell, Idaho, to the Oregon-Idaho state line, was covered with a density of one station per seven square miles. The mean reproducibility of the observed gravities of these stations was 0.05 milligal, with a maximum discrepancy of 0.2 milligal. Gravity data were reduced to simple Bouguer values using a combined free-air and Bouguer correction of 0.06 milligal per foot.\r\n\r\nThe only anomalies found with closure in excess of 10 milligals are two elongated highs, orientated northwest-southeast, with the northwestern high offset to the northeast by 10 miles. The smaller of these highs extends from Meridian, Idaho, to Nyssa, Oregon, and the larger extends from Swan Falls, Idaho, to Glenns Ferry, Idaho. The maximum value recorded is a simple Bouguer value of -66.5 milligals with respect to the International Ellipsoid. Gradients on the sides of these highs are largest on the northeast sides, reaching six milligals per mile in places. Graticule interpretations of a profile across the southeastern high using a density contrast of 0.3 gm per cubic centimeter indicate an accumulation of lava reaching a thickness of at least 28,000 feet.\r\n\r\nThe Snake River investigation was made for the purpose of searching out, defining, and interpreting gravity anomalies present on the western part of the Snake River lava plain in Idaho. In particular, it was desired to further define gradients associated with the gravity high shown by the regional work of Bonini and Lavin (1957). It was not planned to cover any specific area, but rather to let the observed anomalies determine the course of the field work.\r\n\r\nThe study was undertaken as part of a project on Volcanism and Crustal Deformation, supervised by L. C. Pakiser of the U.S. Geological Survey. Professor Rodgers of the Geophysics Department of the Colorado School of Mines acted as an advisor.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6011","usgsCitation":"Baldwin, H.L., and Hill, D.P., 1960, Gravity survey in part of the Snake River Plain, Idaho — A preliminary report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-11, 21 p. ill., folded map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6011.","productDescription":"21 p. ill., folded map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394787,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_7969.htm"},{"id":40778,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95091,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0011/plate-1.pdf","size":"8048","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 42.458\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 42.458\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 42.458\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67234a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldwin, Harry L. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp211","usgsCitation":"Bromery, R.W., Emery, K., and Balsley, J.R., 1960, Reconnaissance airborne magnetometer survey off southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 211, 1 Plate: 35.47 x 36.70 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp211.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.47 x 36.70 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484217,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3131.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":254002,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0211/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":250569,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0211/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":250568,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"97500","country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121,31.5 ], [ -121,34.5 ], [ -117,34.5 ], [ -117,31.5 ], [ -121,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6447ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bromery, Randolph Wilson","contributorId":22746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromery","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"Wilson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emery, K.O.","contributorId":67865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"K.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Balsley, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":79535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":66335,"text":"i500 - 1960 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the Picacho Butte quadrangle, Yavapai and Coconino Counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:07","indexId":"i500","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"500","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the Picacho Butte quadrangle, Yavapai and Coconino Counties, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i500","usgsCitation":"Krieger, M.H., 1960, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Picacho Butte quadrangle, Yavapai and Coconino Counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 500, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i500.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103209,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1701.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1701"},{"id":189139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.75,35 ], [ -112.75,35.25 ], [ -112.5,35.25 ], [ -112.5,35 ], [ -112.75,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641680","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krieger, M. H.","contributorId":78017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68392,"text":"ha39 - 1960 - Floods near Chicago Heights, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-24T19:41:32.039873","indexId":"ha39","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"39","title":"Floods near Chicago Heights, Illinois","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha39","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1960, Floods near Chicago Heights, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 39, 1 Plate: 30.50 × 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha39.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 30.50 × 30.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":388450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15770.htm"},{"id":89892,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/039/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago Heights","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.61749999999999,41.5 ], [ -87.61749999999999,41.6175 ], [ -87.5,41.6175 ], [ -87.5,41.5 ], [ -87.61749999999999,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e07ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47383,"text":"b1082I - 1960 - Geology and mineral deposits of the St. Regis-Superior area, Mineral County, Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42851,"text":"ofr5621 - 1956 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the St. Regis-Superior area, Mineral County, Montana","indexId":"ofr5621","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the St. Regis-Superior area, Mineral County, Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":47383,"text":"b1082I - 1960 - Geology and mineral deposits of the St. Regis-Superior area, Mineral County, Montana","indexId":"b1082I","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Geology and mineral deposits of the St. Regis-Superior area, Mineral County, Montana"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47383,"text":"b1082I - 1960 - Geology and mineral deposits of the St. Regis-Superior area, Mineral County, Montana","indexId":"b1082I","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Geology and mineral deposits of the St. Regis-Superior area, Mineral County, Montana"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"id":2}],"isPartOf":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-08T22:21:15.346782","indexId":"b1082I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1082","chapter":"I","title":"Geology and mineral deposits of the St. Regis-Superior area, Mineral County, Montana","docAbstract":"The St. Regis-Superior area occupies about 300 square miles in northwestern Montana and includes parts of the Squaw Peak Range and Coeur d'Alerie Mountains of the northern Rocky Mountains physiographic province. Nearly 50,000 feet of metasedimentary rocks of the Precambrian Belt series, chiefly varieties of quartzite and argillite, underlies most of the area. The Belt series is informally subdivided with reference to the top of the Wallace formation into lower and upper parts. In this area, the lower part of the Belt series is divided into the Prichard, Burke and Revett, St. Regis, and Wallace formations, in order of decreasing age, and the upper part of the Belt series or the Missoula group is divided »into the Spruce, Lupine, Sloway, and Bouchard formations, and an unnamed feldspathic quartzite at Rock Rabbit Ridge, also from oldest to youngest. Formations in the lower part of the Belt series are correlated with formations of the same names in the Coeur d'Alene district, and formations in the upper part of the Belt series are tentatively correlated in part with formations of the Missoula group in the vicinity of Missoula, Mont. Paleozoic quartzite, shale, limestone, and dolomite crop out in several localities in the southeastern part of the area. The limestone unit contains fragments of a single species of Glossopleura of early Middle Cambrian age which, together with lithologic similarities, has been used to correlate at least the quartzite, shale, and limestone part of this Paleozoic sequence with the Flathead sandstone, Gordon shale, and Damnation limestone sequence known elsewhere in northwestern Montana. Several small diabasic dikes and sills are present in the area, generally associated with northwestward-trending faults.
The major faults generally trend northwestward and are considered to be part of the Lewis and Clark structural line. The Osburn fault, the major element of the Lewis and Clark line through the Coeur d'Alene district and western Mineral County, has been traced to the east edge of the St. Regis- Superior area, thus extending the mapped length of the fault to about 100 miles. Evidence indicates that this major fault has diminished in intensity in this area and that most of the stress has been relieved along the Boyd Mountain fault that apparently splits from the Osburn fault a few miles west of St. Regis. Stratigraphic and structural evidence indicates a strike-slip right-lateral movement of about 3 miles along the Osburn fault. Horizontal stratigraphic separation along the Boyd Mountain fault indicates a right-lateral movement of about 13 miles.
Low-grade regional metamorphism of the sedimentary rocks in the area has caused the recrystallization of quartz grains and the formation of sericite. Argillite and quartzite have been converted to phyllite and foliated quartzite by dynamic metamorphism in a large area north of the central part of the Osburn fault. Some of the shear zones contain a large amount of introduced carbonate minerals.
From 1901 through 1953 this area has produced 8,086,827 pounds of zinc, 7,932,958 pounds of lead, 2,053,715 pounds of copper, 584,168 fine ounces of silver, and 588 fine ounces of gold. The lead, sine, and silver have come chiefly from veins in highly foliated rocks near the Osburn fault zone. The attitudes of these veins are controlled in large part by the cleavage. The principal ore minerals are galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, and boulangerite, and the gangue minerals are quartz, carbonate minerals, and barite. Most of the copper has come from the Amador vein where chalcopyrite and bornite are the principal ore minerals, and the gangue minerals are pyrite, quartz, and carbonate minerals. The Amador vein occurs in a belt of copper deposits that extends westward into the Coeur d'Alene district. These copper deposits may be genetically associated with diorite dikes and sills lying within the same belt.
Fluorspar has been found in three closely spaced prospects along a northward- trending zone of brecciation and small-scale folding in Dry Creek valley. Incomplete production records show that 781 tons of fluorspar has been shipped from 2 of these prospects.
The fluorspar deposits in the Northgate district, Jackson County, Colo., are among the largest in Western United States. The mines were operated intermittently during the 1920's and again during World War II, but production during these early periods of operation was not large. Mining was begun on a larger scale in 1951, and the district has assumed a prominent position among the fluorspar producers in the United States.
Within the Northgate district, Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks crop out largely in the Medicine Bow Mountains, and later sedimentary rocks underlie North Park and fill old stream valleys in the mountains.
The metamorphic rocks constitute a gneiss complex that formed under progressively changing conditions of regional metamorphism. They consist principally of hornblende-plagioclase gneiss (hornblende gneiss), quartz monzonite gneiss, pegmatite, biotite-garnet-quartz-plagioclase gneiss (biotite-garnet gneiss), hornblende-biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss (hornblende-biotite gneiss) and mylonite gneiss.
The igneous rocks comprise some local fine-grained dacite porphyry dikes near the west margin of the district, and a quartz monzonitic stock and associated dikes in the central and eastern parts of the district.
The sedimentary rocks in the district range in age from Permian to Recent. Folded Permian and Mesozoic rocks underlie the basin of North Park, and consist in sequence from oldest to youngest, of Satanka(?) shale (0-50 feet of brick-red shale) and Forelle(?) limestone (8-15 feet of pink to light-gray laminated limestone) of Permian age, Chugwater formation of Permian and Triassic age (690 feet of red silty shale and sandstone), Sundance formation of Late Jurassic age (145 feet of sandstone containing some shale and limestone), Morrison formation of Late Jurassic age (445 feet of variegated shale and minor sandstone and limestone), Dakota group as used by Lee (1927), now considered to be of Early Cretaceous age in this area (200-320 feet of pebbly sandstone, sandstone, and shale), Ben ton shale of Early and Late Cretaceous age (665 feet of dark-gray thin-bedded shale), Niobrara formation of Late Cretaceous age (865 feet of yellow to gray limy siltstone and shale), and Pierre shale of Late Cretaceous age (more than 60 feet of dark-gray fissile shale). Unconformities separate the Chugwater and Sundance formations, and the Morrison formation and the Dakota group.
Nonmarine strata of the White River formation of Oligocene age and the North Park formation of Miocene and Pliocene (?) age fill Tertiary valleys cut in the Precambrian rocks of the mountain areas, and Quaternary terrace gravel, alluvium, and dune sand mantle much of the floor of North Park.
The main outlines of the modern Rocky Mountains formed during the Laramide orogeny in late Mesozoic and early Tertiary time. Most of the Laramide structures that can be recognized in the Northgate district involve the sedimentary rocks underlying North Park which are folded into northwest-trending anticlines and synclines. The folds are open and in most the beds dip 60° or less. Yet many anticlines are cut by reverse faults of widely different trends and directions of offset. Transverse faults offset some of the folds, and the character of folding commonly is markedly different on opposing sides of these faults. The North Park basin is cut off on the north by the east-trending Independence Mountain fault, a north-dipping reverse fault along which hard Precambrian rocks have been thrust up across the trend of the earlier Laramide structures. The North Park basin is still a major structure where it is interrupted by the Independence Mountain fault, and the original basin must have extended much farther north.
Disrupted gradients at the base of pre-White River valleys suggest that the Northgate district and adjacent areas may have been deformed in middle Tertiary time, but the evidence is not conclusive. A more definite period of deformation took place in Pliocene time following deposition of the North Park formation. North Park strata in south-central North Park were folded into a northwest-trending syncline, and the central part of the Northgate district probably was warped up along a north- or northwestward-trending axis.
Four north- to northwestward-trending faults cut the Precambrian rocks and White River formation on Pinkham Mountain and the area to the southeast. Similar faults 2½ and 15 miles west of the Northgate district cut rocks of the North Park formation, and all probably formed during the Pliocene period of deformation. The known commercial fluorspar deposits are localized along the two larger faults of the Northgate district, and they have been studied in detail.
The White River formation in early Oligocene time covered a hilly terrain drained by southward-flowing streams. By late Miocene, the northward-flowing streams had cut to about the same levels reached by the pre-White River streams and had partly exhumed and modified the older terrain. During late Miocene and early Pliocene (?) time, the Northgate area was buried beneath the clays, sands, and gravels of the North Park formation. Subsequent erosion removed the higher part of the North Park formation, cut a surface of low relief across the exhumed Precambrian rocks, and removed all topographic evidence of the Pliocene period of deformation. The present courses of the major streams were superimposed across the buried terrains during this period of erosion. Rejuvenation during middle Pleistocene caused all major streams to become incised in sharp canyons.
Copper minerals occur in small concentrations in some of the pegmatite masses in the gneiss complex. The copper-rich masses rarely exceed a few feet in diameter and constitute only a small part of the associated pegmatite body.
Vermiculite is exposed in prospect pits and mine workings along the west margin of the Northgate district. All the venniculite that was seen is associated with small masses of horablendite, massive chlorite, or serpentinite where these masses are near or are cut by pegmatite bodies. Some of the deposits may be potential producers of commercial-grade vermiculite, but most are small and erratic in shape or grade.
Fluorspar is the main mineral commodity that has been produced from the Northgate district. It was deposited during two distinct periods of mineralization, but only the younger deposits have been productive.
Small bodies of silicified breccia containing minor coarsely crystalline fluorite occur along the Independence Mountain fault, and in a few places along other Laramide faults. The fluorspar is an integral part of the fault breccia and apparently was deposited while the enclosing fault was still active.
The largest deposits of fluorspar in the Northgate district occur along the late Tertiary (?) faults on Pinkham Mountain. The fluorspar consists typically of botryoidal layers that formed as successive encrustations along open fractures, or as finely granular aggregates replacing and cementing fault gouge and White River formation. Many incompletely filled cavities, called water courses, still exist. Fluorite is the principal vein material; fragments of country rock constitute the chief impurity although finely granular quartz or chalcedony is common locally. Soft powdery manganese oxide coats many fractures and in places is associated with a fine white clay.
Fluorspar was deposited in or adjacent to open spaces along the late Tertiary (?) faults. Fractures in hard granitic rocks tended to remain open after faulting and were the favored sites for fluorspar deposition; fractures in the less competent hornblende and hornblende-biotite gneiss and schist generally were tight and little fluorspar was deposited. The White River rocks, although soft, were permeable and were widely impregnated or replaced by fluorspar.
Both of the main vein zones are along faults that have predominant rightlateral strike-slip displacement. As they theoretically should be, the vein zones are narrower and contain less fluorspar where the containing fault is deflected to the left than where the fault is deflected to the right and the fractures remained open.
The crustified, vuggy structure of the fluorspar and the common association with chalcedony or finely granular quartz suggest deposition in a very shallow environment, but no direct evidence bearing on the depth at which the fluorspar formed was seen. Fluorspar was deposited throughout a vertical range of 600 feet or more on each of the main vein zones, and for a vertical range of 1,050 feet for the district as a whole. None of the deposits had been bottomed at the time this report was prepared.
Exploration at depth beneath known ore bodies is favorable for developing large tonnages of fluorspar. The best possibilities for finding new ore bodies near the surface are along the northwestern and southeastern parts of the Fluorine-Camp Creek vein zone where large bodies of granitic rocks are intersected by the fault. These areas are generally mantled by a thick overburden, and have been inadequately tested so far.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1082F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado State Geological Survey Board and the Colorado Metal Mining Fund Board","usgsCitation":"Steven, T., 1960, Geology and fluorspar deposits, Northgate district, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1082, Report: v, 99 p.; 4 Plates: 33.80 x 32.33 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1082F.","productDescription":"Report: v, 99 p.; 4 Plates: 33.80 x 32.33 inches or smaller","startPage":"323","endPage":"422","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":100010,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082f/plate-15.pdf","text":"Plate 15","size":"1.58 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 15"},{"id":100007,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082f/plate-12.pdf","text":"Plate 12","size":"8.26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 12"},{"id":100008,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082f/plate-13.pdf","text":"Plate 13","size":"1.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 13"},{"id":100009,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082f/plate-14.pdf","text":"Plate 14","size":"722 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 14"},{"id":172968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109304,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20747.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20747"},{"id":100006,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082f/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.33563995361328,\n 40.86965121139933\n ],\n [\n -106.19556427001953,\n 40.86965121139933\n ],\n [\n -106.19556427001953,\n 40.99855696412671\n ],\n [\n -106.33563995361328,\n 40.99855696412671\n ],\n [\n -106.33563995361328,\n 40.86965121139933\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6861aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steven, Thomas A.","contributorId":57529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47385,"text":"b1082K - 1960 - Chromite and other mineral deposits in serpentine rocks of the Piedmont Upland, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47385,"text":"b1082K - 1960 - Chromite and other mineral deposits in serpentine rocks of the Piedmont Upland, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware","indexId":"b1082K","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Chromite and other mineral deposits in serpentine rocks of the Piedmont Upland, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-18T15:03:08","indexId":"b1082K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1082","chapter":"K","title":"Chromite and other mineral deposits in serpentine rocks of the Piedmont Upland, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware","docAbstract":"The Piedmont Upland in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware is about 160 miles long and at the most 50 miles wide. Rocks that underlie the province are the Baltimore gneiss of Precambrian age and quartzite, gneiss, schist, marble, phyllite, and greenstone, which make up the Glenarm series of early Paleozoic (?) age. These are intruded by granitic, gabbroic, and ultramaflc igneous rocks. Most of the ultramaflc rocks, originally peridotite, pyroxenite, and dunite, have been partly or completely altered to serpentine and talc; they are all designated by the general term serpentine. The bodies of serpentine are commonly elongate and conformable with the enclosing rocks. Many have been extensively quarried for building, decorative, and crushed stone. In addition, chromite, titaniferous magnetite, rutile, talc and soapstone, amphibole asbestos, magnesite, sodium- rich feldspar (commercially known as soda spar), and corundum have been mined or prospected for in the serpentine.
Both high-grade massive chromite and lower grade disseminated chromite occur in very irregular and unpredictable form in the serpentine, and placer deposits of chromite are in and near streams that drain areas underlain by serpentine. A group of unusual minerals, among them kammererite, are typical associates of high-grade massive chromite but are rare in lower grade deposits.
Chromite was first discovered in the United States at Bare Hills, Md., around 1810. Between 1820 and 1850, additional deposits were discovered and mined in Maryland and Pennsylvania, including the largest deposit of massive chromite ever found in the United States the Wood deposit, in the State Line district. A second period of extensive chromite mining came during the late 1860's and early 1870's.
Production figures are incomplete and conflicting. Estimates from the available data indicate that the aggregate production from 27 of 40 known mines before 1900 totaled between 250,000 and 280,000 tons of lode-chromite ore; information is lacking for the other 13. Placer deposits produced considerably more than 15,000 tons of chromite concentrates. Exploratory work in several of the mines and placer deposits during World War I produced about 1,500 long tons of chromite ore, 920 tons of which was sold.
Most of the chromite from Maryland and Pennsylvania was used to manufacture chemical compounds, pigments, and dyes before metallurgical and refractory uses for chromite were developed. Available analyses of the ores indicate that they would satisfy modern requirements for chemical-grade chromite. With the exception of such deposits as the Line Pit and Red Pit mines, the chromite contains too much iron for the best metallurgical grade, but many would be satisfactory low-grade metallurgical chromite. Perhaps 30,000 to 50,000 tons of chromite concentrates that would range from 30 to 54 percent Cr2O3 could be obtained from placer deposits in the State Line and Soldiers Delight districts. A small tonnage of chromite remains in dumps at six of the old mines. Lode and placer deposits in the Philadelphia district, placers in Montgomery County, Md., and possible downward extensions of known ore bodies below the floors of high-grade mines now flooded have not been completely explored. Although other chromite deposits probably lie concealed at relatively shallow depths, no practical method of finding them has been developed.
Small deposits of titaniferous iron ore in serpentine were mined for iron before 1900, but the titanium content troubled furnace operators. Ore bodies are similar in occurrence to chromite deposits; they are massive or disseminated and are found near the edges of serpentine intrusive rocks. The small size of the deposits and comparatively low titanium content limit their importance as a potential source of titanium.
A single rutile deposit in Harford County, Md., has been prospected but not mined. Pockets in schistose chlorite rock, probably altered from pyroxenite, contain as much as 16 percent rutile and average 8 percent. Rutile-bearing rock has been proved to a depth of about 58 feet.
Talc and soapstone deposits that have been worked in the State Line and Jarrettsville-Dublin districts are the result of steatitization of serpentine at its contact with intrusive sodium-rich pegmatites. Deposits in the Marriottsville and Philadelphia districts seem to be related to shear or crush zones in the serpentine, which served as channelways for steatitizing solutions. Massive soapstone was extensively used in the 19th century for furnace, fireplace, and stove linings and for washtubs and bathtubs. Every year from 1906 until 1960 talc and soapstone have been produced from one or more of the deposits in Maryland and Pennsylvania. Deposits near Dublin and Marriottsville, Md., have produced steadily for years and production continues. Lava-grade steatite from Dublin, Md., is manufactured into ceramic products for electrical and refractory purposes.
Slip-fiber amphibole asbestos deposits were known in the area as early as 1837, but early production was limited. The product was used mostly for linings of safes, boiler covers, and paints. During World War I the demand for domestic asbestos for chemical filters led to further development of deposits in Maryland. Between 1916 and 1940 many small veins of good-quality tremolite and anthophyllite were mined, and the fiber was prepared for market at Woodlawn, Md. Only the upper parts of veins, softened by weathering, were usable. Because prospecting was reportedly fairly thorough and known deposits are said to be mined out, and because demand for amphibole asbestos is limited, the possibility of future asbestos production from the area seems small, except as a byproduct of talc quarrying.
Magnesite from several mines in Pennsylvania and Maryland was much in demand between 1828 and 1871 for the manufacture of epsom salt. Exploratory work at the old Goat Hill mines in 1921 indicated that the product could not be profitably prepared for market at that time. Although reportedly high grade, the magnesite veins are thin and small in comparison with other domestic deposits.
Sodium-rich feldspar and corundum deposits occur in pegmatites that are unusual because they characteristically contain little or no quartz and mica and because, insofar as known, they are confined to serpentine rocks. Many of the known deposits of sodium-rich feldspar commercial soda-spar are reportedly mined out. It is possible, however, that other commercial deposits will be found in the area.
At various times from 1825 until about 1892 in Pennsylvania, corundum mined or found at the surface was used to meet a demand of the abrasives industry. The increased use of artificial abrasives has diminished the demand for natural corundum, and interest in the small, irregular Pennsylvania deposits is at present largely historical or mineralogical.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1082K","usgsCitation":"Pearre, N., and Heyl, A.V., 1960, Chromite and other mineral deposits in serpentine rocks of the Piedmont Upland, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1082, Report: vii, 126 p.; 8 Plates: 29.51 x 17.78 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1082K.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 126 p.; 8 Plates: 29.51 x 17.78 inches or smaller","startPage":"707","endPage":"833","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109308,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20752.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20752"},{"id":100033,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.80 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":100034,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/plate-40.pdf","text":"Plate 40","size":"1.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 40"},{"id":100035,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/plate-41.pdf","text":"Plate 41","size":"2.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 41"},{"id":100036,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/plate-42.pdf","text":"Plate 42","size":"1.29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 42"},{"id":100037,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/plate-43.pdf","text":"Plate 43","size":"472 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 43"},{"id":100038,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/plate-44.pdf","text":"Plate 44","size":"325 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 44"},{"id":100039,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/plate-45.pdf","text":"Plate 45","size":"536 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 45"},{"id":100040,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/plate-46.pdf","text":"Plate 46","size":"389 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 46"},{"id":100041,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082k/plate-47.pdf","text":"Plate 47","size":"640 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 47"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.45361328125,\n 39.07464374293251\n ],\n [\n -75.0640869140625,\n 39.07464374293251\n ],\n [\n -75.0640869140625,\n 40.51797520038851\n ],\n [\n -77.45361328125,\n 40.51797520038851\n ],\n [\n -77.45361328125,\n 39.07464374293251\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e2512","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearre, Nancy C.","contributorId":88208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearre","given":"Nancy C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heyl, Allen V. Jr.","contributorId":81168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyl","given":"Allen","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47381,"text":"b1082G - 1960 - Areal geology of the Little Cone quadrangle, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47381,"text":"b1082G - 1960 - Areal geology of the Little Cone quadrangle, Colorado","indexId":"b1082G","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Areal geology of the Little Cone quadrangle, Colorado"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-18T14:21:27","indexId":"b1082G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1082","chapter":"G","title":"Areal geology of the Little Cone quadrangle, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Little Cone quadrangle includes an area of about 59 square miles in eastern San Miguel County in southwestern Colorado. The quadrangle contains features characteristic of both the Colorado Plateaus physiographic province and the San Juan Mountains, and it has been affected by geologic events and processes of two different geologic environments.
The continental sedimentary rocks of the Cutler formation of Permian age are the oldest rocks exposed in the quadrangle. Deposition of the Cutler was followed by a long period of erosion and peneplanation. There is no marked angular discordance between the Cutler and the overlying Dolores formation in the Little Cone quadrangle, but there is in areas some tens of miles east and west of the quadrangle where some crustal warping took place.
The continental sedimentary rocks of the Dolores formation of Late Triassic age are red beds that are similar in gross lithology to those of the Cutler. The Dolores formation is subdivided into five general units that persist throughout the quadrangle and for some tens of miles to the north, south, and east. A second long period of erosion followed deposition of the Dolores.
The Entrada sandstone of Late Jurassic age overlies the Dolores formation, and is in turn overlain by the Wanakah formation, also of Late Jurassic age. The Wanakah consists of the Pony Express limestone member at the base, the Bilk Creek sandstone'member near the center, and a \"marl\" member at the top. The Morrison formation, which overlies the Wanakah, consists of the Salt Wash sandstone member in the lower part and the Brushy Basin shale member in the upper part. A period of erosion, probably of relatively short duration, followed deposition of the Brushy Basin member.
The Burro Canyon formation of Early Cretaceous age occurs as discontinuous bodies that fill channels cut in the top of the Morrison formation. Deposition of the Burro Canyon formation was followed by another period of erosion, which in turn ended with deposition of the Dakota sandstone of Late Cretaceous age. The Dakota sandstone grades upward into the Mancos shale, also of Late Cretaceous age.
The Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations were broadly folded during Laramide time as part of an orogeny of regional extent, and the San Juan Mountains area was uplifted as a broad dome. Extensive erosion followed deformation, and the Cretaceous rocks in the area of the Little Cone quadrangle and the Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks eastward from the quadrangle were successively bevelled. The Telluride conglomerate of Oligocene(?) age was laid down on this surface. In the Little Cone quadrangle several hundred feet of the Telluride was deposited upon a considerable thickness (probably 3,000 feet or more) of the Mancos shale. At Telluride, about 12 miles east of the quadrangle, the Telluride conglomerate lies upon the Dolores formation. Volcanic rocks of Miocene (?) and Miocene age were deposited widely upon the Telluride conglomerate; at one time they had a thickness of probably 1,000 feet or more in the quadrangle. They have been eroded completely from the quadrangle, but are present in the San Miguel Mountains a few miles to the south and southeast.
During the middle Tertiary, probably during the Miocene, the sedimentary rocks were cut by many igneous bodies. Four major rock types are represented; in decreasing order of abundance they are granogabbro, granodidrite, rhyolite(?), and microgabbro. The granogabbro is by far the most abundant, and it forms the Flat Top Peak plug, the Little Cone laccolith, several sills in the Dakota sandstone and the Mancos shale, and a few dikes. The granodiorite forms sills in the Dakota sandstone and the Mancos shale, and the rhyolite(?) forms a single major sill in the Dakota. The microgabbro forms dikes that cut rocks as young as the Mancos shale. Metamorphic effects adjacent to the intrusive bodies generally are restricted to baking that extends only a few feet out into the enclosing rocks; in many places no metamorphic effects are evident.
The rocks in the Little Cone quadrangle were displaced along numerous faults in middle Tertiary time, probably after the igneous rocks were injected. All of the faults are normal, and have vertical or very steep dips. In part, the faults form two long and narrow northward- and northwestward-trending grabens that extend into the adjoining Placerville quadrangle to the north. The graben faults form two systems, one trending northward to northwestward, and the other trending northwestward, that are probably contemporaneous. Other faults trend eastward to northeastward; some of these appear to be related to the intrusion of the igneous rocks.
At the end of the Tertiary, probably in the early Pleistocene, the general area was again uplifted and subjected to extensive erosion. The Mancos shale was stripped from the northern part of the Little Cone quadrangle, and in this part of the area, the upland surfaces formed on top of the Dakota sandstone were largely controlled by the geologic structure.
During the Quaternary a basalt flow was erupted on Specie Mesa on a surface that cuts both the Mancos and the Dakota. The surface preserved beneath the flow has virtually the same position and slope as the adjacent present-day surfaces. Pleistocene deposits consist of (a) high-level or older drift that is unrelated to the present drainage systems and is correlated with the Cerro glacial stage of early Pleistocene age, and (b) younger drift and valley fill within the valleys of the present drainage systems that are correlated with the Durango or Wisconsin glacial stages and may represent both. Recent surficial, landslide, and spring deposits are also present.
Within the Little Cone quadrangle and in the Placerville quadrangle to the north and the Gray Head quadrangle to the east, the Entrada sandstone of Late Jurassic age contains vanadium deposits with which are associated large but low-grade amounts of uranium. These deposits form a practically continuous layer about 10 miles long and 1 to 1% miles wide, and possibly a second layer of smaller dimensions. Placer gold deposits in terrace gravel and valley fill of Pleistocene age and in alluvium of Recent age contain the only other ores.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1082G","collaboration":"Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and published with the permission of the Commission","usgsCitation":"Bush, A., Marsh, O., and Taylor, R.B., 1960, Areal geology of the Little Cone quadrangle, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1082, Report: iv, 69 p.; 2 Plates: 9.44 x 13.64 inches and 26.72 x 35.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1082G.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 69 p.; 2 Plates: 9.44 x 13.64 inches and 26.72 x 35.00 inches","startPage":"423","endPage":"492","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":100012,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082g/plate-18.pdf","text":"Plate 18","size":"222 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 18"},{"id":100013,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082g/plate-19.pdf","text":"Plate 19","size":"7.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 19"},{"id":172969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109305,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20748.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20748"},{"id":100011,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1082g/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.24 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Miguel County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.125,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 37.875\n ],\n [\n -108.125,\n 37.875\n ],\n [\n -108.125,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bush, A.L.","contributorId":70404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, O.T.","contributorId":64672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"O.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, R. B.","contributorId":65065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":60552,"text":"mf197 - 1960 - Emmett Wash NW quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:18","indexId":"mf197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"197","title":"Emmett Wash NW quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf197","usgsCitation":"Petersen, R., and Wells, J.D., 1960, Emmett Wash NW quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 197, 1 map ;58 x 47 cm. folded in envelopes 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf197.","productDescription":"1 map ;58 x 47 cm. folded in envelopes 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103999,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2614.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"2614"},{"id":182597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,36.6175 ], [ -112,36.75 ], [ -111.86749999999999,36.75 ], [ -111.86749999999999,36.6175 ], [ -112,36.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, R.G.","contributorId":35807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, J. D.","contributorId":58647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3609,"text":"cir415 - 1960 - Water management, agriculture, and ground-water supplies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir415","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"415","title":"Water management, agriculture, and ground-water supplies","docAbstract":"Encyclopedic data on world geography strikingly illustrate the drastic inequity in the distribution of the world's water supply. About 97 percent of the total volume of water is in the world's oceans. The area of continents and islands not under icecaps, glaciers, lakes, and inland seas is about 57.5 million square miles, of which 18 million (36 percent) is arid to semiarid. The total world supply of water is about 326.5 million cubic miles, of which about 317 million is in the oceans and about 9.4 million is in the land areas. Atmospheric moisture is equivalent to only about 3,100 cubic miles of water. \r\n\r\nThe available and accessible supply of ground water in the United States is somewhat more than 53,000 cubic miles (about 180 billion acre ft). The amount of fresh water on the land areas of the world at any one time is roughly 30,300 cubic miles and more than a fourth of this is in large fresh-water lakes on the North American Continent. \r\n\r\nAnnual recharge of ground water in the United States may average somewhat more than 1 billion acre-feet yearly, but the total volume of ground water in storage is equivalent to all the recharge in about the last 160 years. This accumulation of ground water is the nation's only reserve water resource, but already it is being withdrawn or mined on a large scale in a few areas. \r\n\r\nThe principal withdrawals of water in the United States are for agriculture and industry. Only 7.4 percent of agricultural land is irrigated, however; so natural soil moisture is the principal source of agricultural water, and on that basis agriculture is incomparably the largest water user. In view of current forecasts of population and industrial expansion, new commitments of water for agriculture should be scrutinized very closely, and thorough justification should be required. The 17 Western States no longer contain all the large irrigation developments. Nearly 10 percent of the irrigated area is in States east of the western bloc, chiefly in several Southeastern States. \r\n\r\nGround water is not completely 'self-renewing' because, where it is being mined, the reserve is being diminished and the reserve would be renewed only if pumping were stopped. \r\n\r\nWater is being mined at the rate of 5 million acre-feet per year in Arizona and 6 million in the High Plains of Texas. In contrast, water has been going into storage in the Snake River Plain of Idaho, where deep percolation from surface-water irrigation has added about 10 million acre-feet of storage since irrigation began. \r\n\r\nSituations in California illustrate problems of land subsidence resulting from pumping and use of water, and deterioration of ground-water reservoirs due to sea-water invasion. Much water development in the United States has been haphazard and rarely has there been integrated development of ground water and surface water. Competition is sharpening and new codes of water law are in the making. New laws, however, will not prevent the consequences of bad management. An important task for water management is to recognize the contingencies that may arise in the future and to prepare for them. \r\n\r\nThe three most important tasks at hand are to make more efficient use of water, to develop improved quantitative evaluations of water supplies arid their quality, and to develop management practices which are based on scientific hydrology.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir415","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1960, Water management, agriculture, and ground-water supplies: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 415, 12 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir415.","productDescription":"12 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0415/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30645,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0415/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4012,"text":"cir430 - 1960 - Opportunities and responsibilities of earth scientists in the nuclear age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:28:54","indexId":"cir430","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"430","title":"Opportunities and responsibilities of earth scientists in the nuclear age","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir430","usgsCitation":"Eckel, E.B., 1960, Opportunities and responsibilities of earth scientists in the nuclear age: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 430, 8 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir430.","productDescription":"8 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31102,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0430/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0430/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db691404","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckel, Edwin Butt","contributorId":95861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckel","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"Butt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25383,"text":"cir414B - 1960 - The challenge of water management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T16:49:23","indexId":"cir414B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"414","chapter":"B","title":"The challenge of water management","docAbstract":"In a sandy, riverside location in Wisconsin my family has a farm, once abandoned by a previous owner because it would not produce much corn. By the time we bought it for a pittance, only a few remnants of white pine remained from the magnificent stands made famous by Paul Bunyan. The variability of the glacial topography had resulted in an interesting mixture of prairie marsh, swamp woodlot, and sandhill.
We did not acquire this farm because it had a great potential for growing crops. Rather we were interested in the variety of ecologic and topographic types which, even within the confines of our property, represented a condensed version of many different types of land in the Wisconsin countryside. It has also a very peculiar esthetic and historical interest. Marquette's canoes slipped quietly past our favorite fishing hole on the river. Passenger pigeons had once roosted in our great oaks. The few remaining white pines silhouetted against the sky-glow of evening made one think of the Round River and the Blue Ox.
All right, we had acquired this place. What were we to do with it. Its resources were narrowly limited and peculiar. They had little economic value. All the more reason that they should be appraised in order that they be fully utilized and appreciated. So, while we were hammering and sawing the old stable into a useable homestead, we walked, sat, dug, and pruned in every coulee and covert, in every thicket and thatch. By compass and pace we mapped the boundaries, the vegetation, and sketched in the topography with notes on the distribution of soil and the occurrence of water. We counted the various kinds of birds and found there was a reasonable population of woods species, mostly transients. There were no pheasant, no quail, practically no grouse, and in spring only an occasional woodcock.
In conjunction with the analysis of what we had to work with we started immediately on the task of development. The techniques were chosen with an eye to specific goals. We wanted, over a long period of time, to grow a stand of conifers which would yield both pleasure to the eye and logs to the saw. We could see the possibilities of having quail, pheasants, grouse, and deer, and of extending the stay of some of the migrant species.
So we set to work with shovel and axe, wire and nails, and a will to succeed. Trees were lopped so that they formed brush piles. Wild grapes were brought in and planted on the brush piles. Grass was removed with a shovel where it was competing with desirable wild flowers. Little patches of corn and beans were planted to provide proper combinations of food and cover.
Within few years we had pheasants, grouse, and woodcock to shoot, wild flowers to delight the eye and the nose, and the annual increments on the stem of every pine were future increments of dollars in the bank.
The problem of appraisal, development, and management are similar, whatever the nature of the resource. Resources may be renewable or nonrenewable. With renewable resources our problem is to increase, insofar as possible, the take from each increment. With nonrenewable resources the problem is to develop in an orderly manner without waste.
","conferenceTitle":"50th anniversary meeting, Illinois section of American Waterworks Association","conferenceDate":"March 11, 1959","conferenceLocation":"Chicago, II","language":"English","publisher":"U.s. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir414B","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1960, The challenge of water management: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 414, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir414B.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338119,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir414D","text":"Circular 414-D: Ecological systems and the water resources"},{"id":338118,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir414C","text":"Circular 414-C: The conservation attitude"},{"id":338117,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir414A","text":"Circular 414-A: Conservation and protection"},{"id":338132,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70185503","text":"Water resource development and management","linkHelpText":"This transcript was also published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association"},{"id":118831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0414b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0414b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"publicComments":"Presented before the 50th anniversary meeting, Illinois section of American Waterworks Association, Chicago, III., March 11, 1959\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6694e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2912,"text":"wsp1302 - 1960 - Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 1-B. North Atlantic slope basins, New York to York River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T19:39:16.46818","indexId":"wsp1302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1302","title":"Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 1-B. North Atlantic slope basins, New York to York River","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1302","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 1-B. North Atlantic slope basins, New York to York River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1302, Report: v, 679 p.; 1 Plate: 28.50 × 36.11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1302.","productDescription":"Report: v, 679 p.; 1 Plate: 28.50 × 36.11 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394199,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24304.htm"},{"id":29609,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1302/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29610,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1302/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1302/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"North Atlantic slope basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.9697265625,\n 36.38591277287651\n ],\n [\n -72.59765625,\n 36.38591277287651\n ],\n [\n -72.59765625,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -78.9697265625,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -78.9697265625,\n 36.38591277287651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6495f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16724,"text":"ofr60165 - 1960 - Minor element content of coal from Illinois beds 5 and 6 and their correlatives in Indiana and western Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T14:47:32.655877","indexId":"ofr60165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-165","title":"Minor element content of coal from Illinois beds 5 and 6 and their correlatives in Indiana and western Kentucky","docAbstract":"Spectrographic analyses for 15 elements of 249 block samples of coal are reported here. These samples represent 28 localities of beds 5 and 6 of Illinois and their correlatives in Indiana and western Kentucky.
Comparison with the coals of the Northern Great Plains province shows a similarity in the total amount of these elements in the coal, however, individual elements differ considerably. The degree of association with the organic or inorganic matter of coal is determined by the separation of thirteen samples into float and sink fractions. Be, B, Ti, V, Ga, and Ge are essentially associated with the organic matter of coal. Zn, Sn and La are invariably found to be associated with the inorganic matter. Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo and Y have intermediate degrees of association.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr60165","usgsCitation":"Zubovic, P., 1960, Minor element content of coal from Illinois beds 5 and 6 and their correlatives in Indiana and western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-165, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60165.","productDescription":"79 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0165/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.47131289322515,\n 36.579486763782484\n ],\n [\n -81.47131289322515,\n 42.698931083191354\n ],\n [\n -91.73241205536213,\n 42.698931083191354\n ],\n [\n -91.73241205536213,\n 36.579486763782484\n ],\n [\n -81.47131289322515,\n 36.579486763782484\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zubovic, Peter","contributorId":6072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zubovic","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58705,"text":"mf150 - 1960 - Mount Peale 4 NE quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah, and Montrose and San Miguel Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:17","indexId":"mf150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"150","title":"Mount Peale 4 NE quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah, and Montrose and San Miguel Counties, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf150","usgsCitation":"Weir, G.W., Carter, W.D., Puffett, W., and Gualtieri, J.L., 1960, Mount Peale 4 NE quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah, and Montrose and San Miguel Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 150, 1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm. on sheet 78 x 73 cm. folded to 27 x 18 cm. in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf150.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm. on sheet 78 x 73 cm. folded to 27 x 18 cm. in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103959,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2564.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"2564"},{"id":183950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.11749999999999,38.1175 ], [ -109.11749999999999,38.25 ], [ -109,38.25 ], [ -109,38.1175 ], [ -109.11749999999999,38.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698d0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weir, G. W.","contributorId":107290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weir","given":"G.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, W. D.","contributorId":75633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puffett, W.P.","contributorId":93919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puffett","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gualtieri, J. L.","contributorId":106492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gualtieri","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}