Forty-two east-west aeromagnetic lines were flown across the Cook Inlet-Susitna Lowland between Chelatna Lake and Seldovia at a flight altitude of approximately 2,500 feet. The lines traverse all or part of five Mesozoic tectonic elements that dominate the structure of the Cook Inlet area. Each of these tectonic elements, the Alaska Range geosyncline, the Talkeetna geanticline, the Matanuska geosyncline, the Seldovia geanticline, and the Chugach Mountains geosyncline, has a characteristic magnetic pattern.
The aeromagnetic data, compiled as total intensity aeromagnetic profiles, show several significant features which are consistent with the structural grain of the area. A two-dimensional anomaly was observed near the east edge of the area on all but the southernmost profiles, where it becomes obscure. Geologic evidence suggests that this feature, the Knik Arm anomaly, is produced by plutonic rocks that have been intruded along the Seldovia geanticline. Southeast of this anomaly the profiles are almost flat. This flatness indicates that magnetic rocks are deeply buried in this area, which is underlain by slate and graywacke deposited in the Chugach Mountains geosyncline.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha19","usgsCitation":"Hall, F.R., and Palmquist, W.N., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky (county group 19): U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 19, 3 Plates: \t27.50 × 27.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha19.","productDescription":"3 Plates: \t27.50 × 27.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108671,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15553.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"15553"},{"id":89843,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/019/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89842,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/019/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89841,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/019/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Clark County, Estill County, Madison County, Powell County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.6310,\n 37.519\n ],\n [\n -84.524,\n 37.519\n ],\n [\n -84.524,\n 38.111\n ],\n [\n -83.6310,\n 38.111\n ],\n [\n -83.6310,\n 37.519\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Francis Ramey","contributorId":38137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Ramey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmquist, Wilbur Nathaniel Jr.","contributorId":42648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmquist","given":"Wilbur","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44203,"text":"ofr604 - 1960 - Total intensity aeromagnetic profile of the Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44203,"text":"ofr604 - 1960 - Total intensity aeromagnetic profile of the Brooks Range, Alaska","indexId":"ofr604","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic profile of the Brooks Range, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33851,"text":"b1271F - 1970 - Geologic interpretation of reconnaissance aeromagnetic survey of northeastern Alaska","indexId":"b1271F","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Geologic interpretation of reconnaissance aeromagnetic survey of northeastern Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":33851,"text":"b1271F - 1970 - Geologic interpretation of reconnaissance aeromagnetic survey of northeastern Alaska","indexId":"b1271F","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic interpretation of reconnaissance aeromagnetic survey of northeastern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:52","indexId":"ofr604","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-4","title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic profile of the Brooks Range, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr604","issn":"ma","usgsCitation":"Andreasen, G., 1960, Total intensity aeromagnetic profile of the Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-4, 3 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr604.","productDescription":"3 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111570,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/10637","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":134937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6282a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andreasen, Gordon E.","contributorId":94272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"Gordon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4177,"text":"cir431 - 1960 - Wetland and water supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"cir431","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"431","title":"Wetland and water supply","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey has received numerous inquiries about the effects of proposed changes in the wetland environment. The nature of the inquiries suggests a general confusion in the public mind as to wetland values and an increasing concern by the public with the need for facts as a basis for sound decisions when public action is required. \r\n\r\nPerhaps the largest gap in our knowledge is in regard to the role played by the wetland in the natural water scheme. Specialists in such fields as agriculture and conservation have studied the wetland in relation to its special uses and values for farming and as a habitat for fish and wildlife. However, except as studied incidentally by these specialists, the role of the wetland with respect to water has been largely neglected. This facet of the wetland problem is of direct concern to the Geological Survey. \r\n\r\nWe commonly speak of water in terms of its place in the hydrologic environment---as, for example, surface water or ground water. These terms imply that water can be neatly pigeonholed. With respect to the wetland environment nothing can be further from the truth. In fact, one objective of this discussion is to demonstrate that for the wetland environment surface water, ground water, and soil water cannot be separated realistically, but are closely interrelated and must be studied together. It should be noted that this statement holds true for the hydrologic environment in general, and that the wetland environment is by no means unique in this respect. Our second and principal objective is to identify some of the problems that must be studied in order to clarify the role of the wetland in relation to water supply. \r\n\r\nWe have chosen to approach these objectives by briefly describing one area for which we have some information, and by using this example to point out some of the problems that need study. First, however, let us define what we, as geohydrologists, mean by wetland and briefly consider wetland classifications. \r\n\r\nFor our purpose wetlands are land areas that are covered with shallow water or subjected to intermittent flooding and subsequent slow drainage, and which generally are characterized by an accumulation of organic matter hereafter termed \u001Cswamp deposits.' These wetlands may be classified in a number of different ways depending on the purpose of the classifier. For example, the Fish and Wildlife Service classifies wetlands into 20 different types based on water quality (fresh or salty), drainage, and vegetation. At the risk of some oversimplification we might consider 4 types of wetland from the standpoint of hydrology: (1) fresh-water swamps in which the swamp deposits are underlain by glacial till or bedrock; (2)fresh-water swamps in which the swamp deposits are underlain by marine or lacustrine clay and silt; (3) fresh-water swamps in which the swamp deposits are underlain by glacial outwash or alluvium consisting mostly of sand or sand and gravel; and (4) salt .marshes and salt meadows. The three fresh-water types of wetland are of interest with respect to water supply, and of these, the type in which swamp deposits are underlain by glacial outwash is of particular interest in New England. \r\n\r\nIn the Ipswich River basin above the Geological Survey gaging station at South Middleton, Mass., is an area of 44 square miles which forms the headwaters section of the basin. The relief of the area is low. About half the area consists of hills mostly underlain by bedrock but mantled by a thin layer of glacial till. The other half consists Of lowlands---including swamps, low terraces and plains---underlain by glacial outwash, Swampland, used hereafter as a synonym for wetland, forms about a fourth of the area. Some of the swamps occupy depressions in the till blanket and are situated at somewhat higher levels than the lowlands. The largest swamps, however, border the Ipswich River and its tributaries. Here the swamp deposits, which consist of muck and peat mixed with s","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir431","usgsCitation":"Baker, J.A., 1960, Wetland and water supply: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 431, 3 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir431.","productDescription":"3 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0431/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31289,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0431/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545334","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, John Augustus","contributorId":48159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Augustus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1623,"text":"wsp1567 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1958, Part 13, Snake River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:14","indexId":"wsp1567","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1567","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1958, Part 13, Snake River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1567","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1958, Part 13, Snake River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1567, 273 p. :tables., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1567.","productDescription":"273 p. :tables.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1567/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26688,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1567/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6960a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61982,"text":"mr11 - 1960 - Antimony, bismuth, and mercury occurrences in Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13038,"text":"ofr5920 - 1959 - Antimony, bismuth, and mercury in Alaska","indexId":"ofr5920","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Antimony, bismuth, and mercury in Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":61982,"text":"mr11 - 1960 - Antimony, bismuth, and mercury occurrences in Alaska","indexId":"mr11","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Antimony, bismuth, and mercury occurrences in Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:35","indexId":"mr11","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":324,"text":"Mineral Investigations Resource Map","code":"MR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Antimony, bismuth, and mercury occurrences in Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mr11","usgsCitation":"Cobb, E.H., 1960, Antimony, bismuth, and mercury occurrences in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Investigations Resource Map 11, 1 map :col. ;79 x 116 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mr11.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;79 x 116 cm. folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103225,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1745.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1745"},{"id":180056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"2500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -172.25,52 ], [ -172.25,70 ], [ -129.1175,70 ], [ -129.1175,52 ], [ -172.25,52 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b02d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cobb, Edward Huntington","contributorId":25916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Huntington","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16458,"text":"ofr60151 - 1960 - Selected logs of borings on the east side of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:16","indexId":"ofr60151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-151","title":"Selected logs of borings on the east side of San Francisco Bay, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr60151","usgsCitation":"Weaver, M.A., and Radbruch, D.H., 1960, Selected logs of borings on the east side of San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-151, 465 p. :map ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60151.","productDescription":"465 p. :map ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a04e4b07f02db5f8594","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, Mary A.","contributorId":85611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radbruch, Dorothy H.","contributorId":65874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radbruch","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":66026,"text":"i314 - 1960 - Geologic map of Talkeetna Mountains (A-1) quadrangle, and the south third of Talkeetna Mountains (B-1) quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:57","indexId":"i314","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"314","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of Talkeetna Mountains (A-1) quadrangle, and the south third of Talkeetna Mountains (B-1) quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i314","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., 1960, Geologic map of Talkeetna Mountains (A-1) quadrangle, and the south third of Talkeetna Mountains (B-1) quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 314, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i314.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102878,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1344.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1344"},{"id":187239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147.5,62 ], [ -147.5,62.333333333333336 ], [ -147,62.333333333333336 ], [ -147,62 ], [ -147.5,62 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2b46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":273874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66024,"text":"i312 - 1960 - Generalized geologic map of the Nelchina area, Alaska, showing igneous rocks and larger faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:57","indexId":"i312","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"312","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Generalized geologic map of the Nelchina area, Alaska, showing igneous rocks and larger faults","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i312","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., 1960, Generalized geologic map of the Nelchina area, Alaska, showing igneous rocks and larger faults: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 312, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i312.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102798,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1262.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1262"},{"id":187237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"96000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -148.13333333333333,61.75 ], [ -148.13333333333333,62.31722222222223 ], [ -147,62.31722222222223 ], [ -147,61.75 ], [ -148.13333333333333,61.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af1ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":273872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39742,"text":"pp282D - 1960 - Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-24T13:33:57","indexId":"pp282D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"D","title":"Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels","docAbstract":"The resistance to fully developed turbulent flow at constant depth in an open channel increases as the square of the mean velocity as long as the boundary conditions remain completely unchanged. The presence of the free water surface allows the possibility of departure from the relationship of resistance to the square of the velocity. Experimental evidence is given, which is in quantitative agreement with fluid dynamic theory, that such departure may be abrupt, with a marked increase of resistance. These departures are observed under conditions of boundary and flow which occur commonly in natural rivers.
It is shown that the condition under which this discontinuous increase in resistance occurs is definable by the mean Froude number for the whole flow which may be as small as 0.4. At this initial state, the rate of resistance increase with the square of the velocity may be more than double.
The phenomenon, which is absent in straight uniform channels, is associated with excessive deformations of the free surface due to transverse deflections of the whole or a part of the flow by changes along the channel in the curvature of the flow boundary.
In the simple cases examined the critical Froude number at which the sudden jump occurs depends mainly on the ratio of channel width to mean radius of channel curvature, though the inclination of the banks appears also to have a minor effect
Over the range of values of the above ratio usually to be found in natural rivers, the critical Froude number ranges between 0.4 and 0.55. The possible significance is discussed of the remarkable correspondence between this range of critical Froude number and the range of Froude number within which river flow at bankfull stage appears to be restricted.
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