Strategic graphite consists of certain grades of lump and flake graphite for which the United States is largely or entirely dependent on sources abroad. Lump graphite of high purity, necessary in the manufacture of carbon brushes, is imported from Ceylon, where it occurs in vein deposits. Flake graphite, obtained from deposits consisting of graphite disseminated in schists and other metamorphic rocks, is an essential ingredient of crucibles used in the nonferrous metal industries and in the manufacture of lubricants and packings. High-quality flake graphite for these uses has been obtained mostly from Madagascar since World War I. Some flake graphite of strategic grade has been produced, however, from deposits in Texas, Alabama, and Pennsylvania. The development of the carbon-bonded crucible, which does not require coarse flake, should lessen the competitive advantage of the Madagascar producers of crucible flake.
Graphite of various grades has been produced intermittently in the United States since 1644. The principal domestic deposits of flake graphite are in Texas, Alabama, Pennsylvania, and New York. Reserves of flake graphite in these four States are very large, but production has been sporadic and on the whole unprofitable since World War I, owing principally to competition from producers in Madagascar. Deposits in Madagascar are large and relatively high in content of flake graphite. Production costs are low and the flake produced is of high quality. Coarseness of flake and uniformity of the graphite products marketed are cited as major advantages of Madagascar flake. In addition, the usability of Madagascar flake for various purposes has been thoroughly demonstrated, whereas the usability of domestic flake for strategic purposes is still in question.
Domestic graphite deposits are of five kinds: deposits consisting of graphite disseminated in metamorphosed siliceous sediments, deposits consisting of graphite disseminated in marble, deposits formed by thermal or dynamothermal metamorphism of coal beds or other highly carbonaceous sediments, vein deposits, and contact metasomatic deposits in marble. Only the first kind comprises deposits sufficiently large and rich in flake graphite to be significant potential sources of strategic grades of graphite. Vein deposits in several localities are known, but none is known to contain substantial reserves of graphite of strategic quality.
Large resources of flake graphite exist in central Texas, in northeastern Alabama, in eastern Pennsylvania, and in the eastern Adirondack Mountains of New York. Tonnages available, compared with the tonnages of flake graphite consumed annually in the United States, are very large. There have been indications that flake graphite from Texas, Alabama, and Pennsylvania can be used in clay-graphite crucibles as a substitute for Madagascar flake, and one producer has made progress in establishing markets for his flake products as ingredients of lubricants. The tonnages of various commercial grades of graphite recoverable from various domestic deposits, however, have not been established; hence, the adequacy of domestic resources of graphite in a time of emergency is not known.
The only vein deposits from which significant quantities of lump graphite have been produced are those of the Crystal Graphite mine, Beaverhead County, Mont. The deposits are fracture fillings in Precambrian gneiss and pegmatite. Known reserves in the deposits are small.
In Texas, numerous flake-graphite deposits occur in the Precambrian Packsaddle schist in Llano and Burnet Counties. Graphite disseminated in certain parts of this formation ranges from extremely fine to medium grained. The principal producer has been the mine of the Southwestern Graphite Co., west of the town of Burnet. Substantial reserves of medium-grained graphite are present in the deposit mined by the company.
In northeastern Alabama, flake-graphite deposits occur in the Ashland mica schist in two belts that trend northeastward across Clay, Goosa, and Chilton Counties. The northeastern belt has been the most productive. About 40 mines have been operated at one time or another, but only a few have been active during or since World War I. The deposits consist of flake graphite disseminated in certain zones or \"leads\" consisting of quartz-mica-feldspar schists and mica quartzite. Most of past production has come from the weathered upper parts of the deposits, but unweathered rock has been mined at several localities. Reserves of weathered rock containing 3 to 5 percent graphite are very large, and reserves of unweathered rock are even greater.
Flake graphite deposits in Chester County, Pa., have been worked intermittently since about 1890. The deposits consist of medium- to coarse-grained graphite disseminated in certain belts of the Pickering gneiss. The most promising deposit is one worked in the Benjamin Franklin and the Eynon Just mines. Reserves of weathered rock containing 1.5 percent graphite are of moderate size; reserves of unweathered rock are large.
In the eastern Adirondack Mountains in New York there are two principal kinds of flake-graphite deposits: contact-metasomatic deposits and those consisting of flake graphite disseminated in quartz schist. The contact-metasomatic deposits are small, irregular, and very erratic in graphite content. The deposits in quartz schist are very large, persistent, and uniform in grade. There are large reserves of schist containing 3 to 5 percent graphite, but the graphite is relatively fine grained.
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1960 - Ground-water data for Fairbanks area, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52000,"text":"ofr4960 - 1960 - Ground-water data for Fairbanks area, Alaska","indexId":"ofr4960","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water data for Fairbanks area, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1125,"text":"wsp1539B - 1961 - Jet drilling in the Fairbanks area, Alaska","indexId":"wsp1539B","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Jet drilling in the Fairbanks area, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1125,"text":"wsp1539B - 1961 - Jet drilling in the Fairbanks area, Alaska","indexId":"wsp1539B","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Jet drilling in the Fairbanks area, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T20:30:44.7714","indexId":"ofr4960","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"49-60","title":"Ground-water data for Fairbanks area, Alaska","docAbstract":"A compilation of records of about 450 wells in the Fairbanks area is presented herein. The data were collected by D. J. Cedarstrom and Troy L. Pewe during the first phases of an investigation by the United States Geological Survey of the permafrost, terrain, and water resources of the Fairbanks area. The enclosed map of the area, showing well locations, was prepared by the Regional Sanitary Engineer, Sanitation and Engineering, Alaska Department of Health and Welfare. The data were released to the Survey's open file in 1948, but are reproduced in the Alaska Department of Health and Welfare Hydrological Data series to insure preservation.
Where known, the data include for each well the names of the owner and driller; the depth of the well; the depth to the top and bottom of permafrost; and the reported quality of water. The well records and location may be very useful for future subsurface investigations or construction.
The well location map was based on the Fairbanks street names as of 1948. Since that time, many of the street names and the numbering system have changed. Hence, the reader should not refer to the address of a particular well, but to the well number when locating a well on the map.
The Geological Survey has recompiled the well data in the Fairbanks area for its final phase of a ground-water study. Data through 1954 is to be presented in a Water-Supply Paper now in preparation. Pertinent portions of the enclosed well data will be presented in the forthcoming report.
Some of the enclosed well data, and additional well logs, have been published in a report (Pewe, Troy L., 1958, Geology of the Fairbanks (D-2) quadrangle, Alaska: U. S. Geological Survey GQ 110) describing the geology and subsurface conditions in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4960","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Health, Section of Sanitation and Engineering","usgsCitation":"Cedarstrom, D., 1960, Ground-water data for Fairbanks area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 49-60, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4960.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424902,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0060/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0060/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.22749987357338,\n 64.98119263206294\n ],\n [\n -148.22749987357338,\n 64.72911296540764\n ],\n [\n -147.06294909232344,\n 64.72911296540764\n ],\n [\n -147.06294909232344,\n 64.98119263206294\n ],\n [\n -148.22749987357338,\n 64.98119263206294\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640c25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cedarstrom, D.J.","contributorId":102127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cedarstrom","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52069,"text":"ofr6013 - 1960 - Water levels in artesian wells affected by moving railroad trains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:28","indexId":"ofr6013","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-13","title":"Water levels in artesian wells affected by moving railroad trains","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6013","usgsCitation":"Bearden, G., 1960, Water levels in artesian wells affected by moving railroad trains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-13, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6013.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9dd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bearden, G.A. Jr.","contributorId":106375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bearden","given":"G.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52140,"text":"ofr60142 - 1960 - Summary of test drilling, Gran Quivira National Monument, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:28","indexId":"ofr60142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-142","title":"Summary of test drilling, Gran Quivira National Monument, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr60142","usgsCitation":"Titus, F., 1960, Summary of test drilling, Gran Quivira National Monument, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-142, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60142.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0142/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86667,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0142/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69895c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Titus, F.B. Jr.","contributorId":20818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"F.B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52138,"text":"ofr60135 - 1960 - Floods of May 1959 in the Au Gres and Rifle River basins, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T10:36:22","indexId":"ofr60135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-135","title":"Floods of May 1959 in the Au Gres and Rifle River basins, Michigan","docAbstract":"The floods of May 1959 in the Au Gres and Rifle River basins, Michigan, resulted from heavy rainfall during the night of May 19-20. Peak unit discharges for small drainage areas (less than about 15 square miles) were the highest ever measured in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and for very small areas (about one square mile) were of the same order of magnitude as those for the record Ontonagon River flood of August 1942 in the Upper Peninsula.
Because the flood area is sparsely populated, damages were largely confined to farm lands and facilities and to secondary roads and their appurtenant drainage structures.
The U. S. Geological Survey, through the district office in Lansing, Michigan, operates a network of streamgaging stations and crest-stage stations in the area affected by this flood. Six recording rain gages are operated in the upper Rifle River basin. Most of the gaging stations have been in operation for 7 to 9 years giving systematic records of stage, discharge, and volume of flow covering the range from drought to flood. This report contains records of
-stage and discharge at 9 gaging stations for the flood
period, peak discharges at 7 crest-stage stations
and 2 miscellaneous sites within the flood area, and
other data pertinent to the flood.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1482","usgsCitation":"Hackett, O.M., Visher, F.N., McMurtrey, R.G., Steinhilber, W.L., Stermitz, F., Boner, F.C., and Krieger, R.A., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of the Gallatin Valley, Gallatin County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1482, Report: viii, 282 p.; 11 Plates: 38.00 × 38.93 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1482.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 282 p.; 11 Plates: 38.00 × 38.93 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":26869,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26867,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26862,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26873,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26872,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26871,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26870,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26868,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26866,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26865,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26864,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26863,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1482/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393942,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24425.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Gallatin County","otherGeospatial":"Gallatin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.5,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -110.918,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -110.918,\n 46.0210\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 46.0210\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 45.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6856a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackett, O. M.","contributorId":38527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackett","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Visher, F. N.","contributorId":52554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Visher","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMurtrey, R. G.","contributorId":36913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMurtrey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steinhilber, W. L.","contributorId":79456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhilber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stermitz, Frank","contributorId":15175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stermitz","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boner, F. C.","contributorId":32136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boner","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krieger, R. A.","contributorId":11202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1797,"text":"wsp1488 - 1960 - The geology and ground-water resources of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T20:24:07.378165","indexId":"wsp1488","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1488","title":"The geology and ground-water resources of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana","docAbstract":"Large quantities of fresh ground water are available in Calcasieu Parish. Fresh water is present in sand of Recent, Pleistocene, Pliocene, and Miocene ages, although locally only small supplies for rural or stock use can be obtained from the shallow sand lenses of Recent and Pleistocene ages. The principal fresh-water-bearing sands are the '200-foot,' '500-foot,' and '700-foot' sands of the Chicot aquifer of Pleistocene age, from which 105 million gallons is pumped daily. A yield of as much as 4,500 gpm (gallons per minute) has been obtained from a single well. The sands are typical of the Chicot aquifer throughout southwestern Louisiana in that generally they grade from fine sand at the top to coarse sand and gravel at the base of the aquifer. The coefficient of permeability of the principal sands in Calcasieu Parish ranges from 660 to about 2,000 gpd (gallons per day) per square foot and averages 1,200 gpd per square foot. The permeability of the sands generally varies with textural changes. The maximum depth of occurrence of fresh ground water in Calcasieu Parish ranges from about 700 feet to 2,500 feet below mean sea level; locally, however, where the sands overlie structures associated with oil fields, the maximum depth is less than 300 feet. Pumping has caused water levels to decline, at varying rates, in all the sands. In the '200-foot' sand they are declining at a rate of about 2 feet per year. In the industrial district of Calcasieu Parish, levels in the '500-foot' sand are declining at a rate of about 5 feet per year, and in the '700-foot' sand at a rate of about 3.5 feet per year. Salt-water contamination is accompanying the water-level decline in the '700-foot' sand in the central part of the parish. Quality-of-water data indicate that water from wells screened in the Chicot aquifer generally is suitable for some uses without treatment but would require treatment to be satisfactory for other uses. The temperature of the water ranges from 70° to 79°F. The lenticular sands of Pliocene and Miocene ages have not been used as a source of fresh ground water in Calcasieu Parish; however, north of the Houston River these formations contain fresh water, and the water contained in these formations in other parts of southwestern Louisiana is known to be soft and suitable for most purposes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1488","usgsCitation":"Harder, A., 1960, The geology and ground-water resources of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1488, Report: vi, 102 p.; 9 Plates: 28.00 × 21.86 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1488.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 102 p.; 9 Plates: 28.00 × 21.86 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":26948,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1488/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26947,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1488/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26946,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1488/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109949,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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