This review is an attempt to bring together and discuss relevant information concerning the magnetization of rocks, especially that having paleomagnetic significance. All paleomagnetic measurements available to the authors are here compiled and evaluated, with a key to the summary table and illustrations in English and Russian. The principles upon which the evaluation of paleomagnetic measurements is based are summarized, with special emphasis on statistical methods and on the evidence and tests for magnetic stability and paleomagnetic applicability.
Evaluation of the data summarized leads to the following general conclusions:
(1) The earth's average magnetic field, throughout Oligocene to Recent time, has very closely approximated that due to a dipole at the center of the earth oriented parallel to the present axis of rotation.
(2) Paleomagnetic results for the Mesozoic and early Tertiary might be explained more plausibly by a relatively rapidly changing magnetic field, with or without wandering of the rotational pole, than by large-scale continental drift.
(3) The Carboniferous and especially the Permian magnetic fields were relatively very “steady” and were vastly different from the present configuration of the field.
(4) The Precambrian magnetic field was different from the present field configuration and, considering the time spanned, was remarkably consistent for all continents.
The stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum) is one of the more important fish in Great Smoky Mountains National Park because of its abundance and habits. Although esteemed locally as a food and a bait fish, the stoneroller is exploited but little since the fishing regulations which govern the utilization of game fishes afford it a large measure of protection. Distribution is controlled by gradient with an upper limit of 4.4 percent. Stonerollers limit reproduction of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by destroying trout redds. Artificial reduction of stoneroller populations is not considered a necessary management procedure.
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D.","contributorId":72885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210843,"text":"70210843 - 1960 - Subdivision of the quaternary alluvium east of the front range near Denver, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-29T15:46:24.080784","indexId":"70210843","displayToPublicDate":"1960-06-29T10:42:09","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subdivision of the quaternary alluvium east of the front range near Denver, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1960)10[1541:SOTQAE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Scott, G., 1960, Subdivision of the quaternary alluvium east of the front range near Denver, Colorado: GSA Bulletin, v. 71, no. 10, p. 1541-1544, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1960)10[1541:SOTQAE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1541","endPage":"1544","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.66650390625,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -104.447021484375,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -104.447021484375,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -105.66650390625,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -105.66650390625,\n 38.34165619279595\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Glenn R.","contributorId":33324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Glenn R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221609,"text":"70221609 - 1960 - Deposits of the manganese oxides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-29T13:23:55.213152","indexId":"70221609","displayToPublicDate":"1960-06-25T08:24:04","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deposits of the manganese oxides","docAbstract":"One of the problems of the wartime program of studies of domestic manganese deposits concerned the identification of, and modes of origin of the manganese oxide minerals. Of the hundreds of specimens of the oxides collected in the United States, the minerals of about 250 specimens were identified by X-ray analysis; complete chemical analyses were made of about 35 specimens and partial analyses of about 150 specimens. This report presents the conclusions that arise out of a review of the geologic environment under which the specimens were found. One conclusion of this review concerns the supergene vs. hypogene origin of the oxides. In order to reach conclusions concerning the supergene and hypogene origin of the 33 oxides of manganese recognized thus far, it was necessary to define the criteria that seemed usable.One group of oxides appears to be persistently supergene: groutite, hydrohausmannite, lithiophorite, rancieite, hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, chalcophanite, crednerite, woodruffite, and wad. Another group of oxides appears to have been formed only by hypogene processes: manganosite, hausmannite, pyrochroite, bixbyite, galaxite, jacobsite, franklinite, pyrophanite, and ilmenite. A third group of oxides appear to have been formed by supergene processes in some places and by hypogene processes in other places: manganite, pyrolusite, ramsdellite, cryptomelane, psilomelane, hollandite, braunite, and coronadite.Another conclusion concerns a genetic relation between: (1) veins of manganese oxides in the southwest, largely in Tertiary volcanic rocks, (2) bodies of oxides in travertine aprons near active hot springs, and inactive Pleistocene springs, and (3) stratified oxides, largely in late Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the southwest. From the features of these three groups of deposits of oxides and their geologic and geographic distribution, it appears that hot water from great depth rose on fractures in areas of volcanic activity, deposited oxides in the fractures, appeared at the surface as hot springs, deposited oxides in the aprons near the springs and continuing to local basins, deposited manganese oxides with local debris as persistent beds in sediments, partly or wholly of volcanic origin.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1376360","usgsCitation":"Geist, O., Buckley, J.L., and Manville, R.H., 1960, Alaskan records of the narwhal: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 41, no. 2, p. 250-253, https://doi.org/10.2307/1376360.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"253","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68822f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, O.W.","contributorId":18075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"O.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buckley, John L.","contributorId":24282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manville, Richard Hyde","contributorId":50830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manville","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Hyde","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211687,"text":"70211687 - 1960 - The geochemistry of rhenium; addendum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-06T23:46:39.452514","indexId":"70211687","displayToPublicDate":"1960-05-01T18:44:50","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geochemistry of rhenium; addendum","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.55.3.607","usgsCitation":"Fleischer, M., 1960, The geochemistry of rhenium; addendum: Economic Geology, v. 55, no. 3, p. 607-609, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.3.607.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"609","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377149,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1960-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleischer, Michael","contributorId":65835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":795064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213485,"text":"70213485 - 1960 - Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: A reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-17T20:32:56.983368","indexId":"70213485","displayToPublicDate":"1960-05-01T15:30:23","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: A reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1960)71[617:ROFPIM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hubbert, M.K., and Rubey, W.W., 1960, Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: A reply: GSA Bulletin, v. 71, no. 5, p. 617-628, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1960)71[617:ROFPIM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"628","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbert, M. King","contributorId":50197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbert","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"King","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubey, William W.","contributorId":16899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubey","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":37755,"text":"37755 - 1960 - Public use of National Wildlife Refuges, 1951 to 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-24T13:46:51","indexId":"37755","displayToPublicDate":"1960-05-01T13:46:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"420","title":"Public use of National Wildlife Refuges, 1951 to 1959","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1960, Public use of National Wildlife Refuges, 1951 to 1959: Wildlife Leaflet 420, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","temporalStart":"1951-01-01","temporalEnd":"1959-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd1e5e4b0824b2d176973","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":529702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220589,"text":"70220589 - 1960 - Stratigraphic and geotectonic relationships in northern Vermont and southern Quebec","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-20T18:49:24.731852","indexId":"70220589","displayToPublicDate":"1960-05-01T13:42:52","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic and geotectonic relationships in northern Vermont and southern Quebec","docAbstract":"Stratified rocks of early and middle Paleozoic age form a belt of northeast-trending anticlinoria and synclinoria of middle Paleozoic age, in northern Vermont and adjacent parts of southern Quebec. The foreland margin of this belt, in the Champlain and St. Lawrence valleys to the west, is cut by eastward-dipping thrust faults of middle Paleozoic age and by later northeast-trending normal faults. The Green Mountain anticlinorium, which is the dominant structure of the region, is flanked to the west, on the foreland, by the St. Albans-Hinesburg-Middlebury synclinorium and to the east, in the midst of the folded belt, by the Connecticut Valley-Gaspe synclinorium. The principal thrust faults, notably the Champlain and Philipsburg thrusts, are in the west limb of the St. Albans-Hinesburg-Middlebury synclinorium. East of the Connecticut Valley-Gaspe synclinorium is the Boundary Mountain anticlinorium, in eastern Vermont and adjacent New Hampshire and along the international boundary between Quebec and Maine. Two contrasting intergradational lithic assemblages, the graywacke-shale assemblage and the carbonate-quartzite assemblage, characterize the protolith of the bedded rocks. The graywacke-shale assemblage includes thick sections of lower Paleozoic strata, portions of which lap both gradationally and unconformably westward on the foreland, particularly in Quebec; it also includes middle Paleozoic strata that offlap eastward away from the foreland. The carbonate-quartzite assemblage laps both unconformably and gradationally eastward over the graywacke-shale assemblage in sections of the middle Paleozoic east of the axis of the Green Mountain anticlinorium. Stratigraphic correlation has become well established in the foreland belt where numerous distinctive and fossiliferous strata, chiefly of the carbonate-quartzite assemblage, have escaped metamorphism. It is also fairly clear in sections in the eastern foreland and western part of the Green Mountain anticlinorium, where the strata of the carbonate-quartzite assemblage extend eastward and interfinger with rocks of the graywacke-shale terrane. Rocks that are entirely of the graywacke-shale assemblage have been correlated in the present study. The stratified rocks west of the axis of the Green Mountain anticlinorium are of Cambrian(?), Cambrian, and Ordovician age; those to the east range in age from Cambrian to Devonian. The geotectonic setting of the region is the once mobile belt of the Appalachian orthogeosyncline, which is at the southeastern margin of the stable continental block, or craton, of North America. The orthogeosyncline was a belt, chiefly of subsidence, that embraced two parallel and adjoining longitudinal zones: the eugeosynclinal zone, which was more mobile, and the miogeosynclinal zone, which was less mobile. Second- and third-generation geosynclines are superimposed not only on the orthogeosyncline but also on adjoining parts of the craton. Uplift, and finally folding, gradually superseded subsidence in the orthogeosyncline. Local uplift, chiefly within the eugeosynclinal zone, provided most of the clastic sediments, principally those of the graywacke-shale assemblage. General stabilization of the western part of the orthogeosyncline at the end of the Ordovician was accompanied by eastward migration of the miogeosynclinal zone. Localized uplift within the eastern part of the orthogeosyncline at this time is marked by unconformities referred to the Taconic disturbance. Folding and uplift after the Early Devonian is shown by angular unconformities referred to the Acadian and Appalachian orogenies. The interpretation of the geotectonic relations of the bedded rocks is aided by critical features of the magmatic activity that began with, accompanied, and followed the diastrophism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1960)71[531:SAGRIN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cady, W.M., 1960, Stratigraphic and geotectonic relationships in northern Vermont and southern Quebec: Economic Geology, v. 71, no. 5-6, p. 531-576, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1960)71[531:SAGRIN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Canada","state":"Vermont, Quebec","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.5205078125,\n 43.37311218382002\n ],\n [\n -71.455078125,\n 43.37311218382002\n ],\n [\n -71.455078125,\n 45.98169518512228\n ],\n [\n -73.5205078125,\n 45.98169518512228\n ],\n [\n -73.5205078125,\n 43.37311218382002\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cady, W. M.","contributorId":64641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cady","given":"W.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37754,"text":"37754 - 1960 - Public use of National Wildlife Refuges: 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-23T11:06:44","indexId":"37754","displayToPublicDate":"1960-05-01T11:05:58","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"419","title":"Public use of National Wildlife Refuges: 1959","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1960, Public use of National Wildlife Refuges: 1959: Wildlife Leaflet 419, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","temporalStart":"1959-01-01","temporalEnd":"1959-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd1e5e4b0824b2d176975","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":529701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220523,"text":"70220523 - 1960 - Ilmenite alteration under reducing conditions in unconsolidated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T14:30:18.496893","indexId":"70220523","displayToPublicDate":"1960-05-01T09:27:33","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ilmenite alteration under reducing conditions in unconsolidated sediments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.55.3.618","usgsCitation":"Carroll, D., 1960, Ilmenite alteration under reducing conditions in unconsolidated sediments: Economic Geology, v. 55, no. 3, p. 618-619, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.3.618.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"618","endPage":"619","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1960-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carroll, D.","contributorId":84495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carroll","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220537,"text":"70220537 - 1960 - Geobotanical map of the U.S.S.R.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T17:56:26.273313","indexId":"70220537","displayToPublicDate":"1960-04-30T12:54:55","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geobotanical map of the U.S.S.R.","docAbstract":"A newly compiled geobotanical map of the U.S.S.R. scale 1:4,000,000 is described. Two hundred and ten categories of vegetation are mapped, classified under 15 major groups. The relation of the mapped vegetation units to climate, soil, ground condition (permafrost), watersheds, and major geomorphic features is emphasized.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206816009473565","usgsCitation":"Sochava, V., 1960, Geobotanical map of the U.S.S.R.: International Geology Review, v. 2, no. 4, p. 311-321, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206816009473565.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"321","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sochava, V.B.","contributorId":24400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sochava","given":"V.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010773,"text":"70010773 - 1960 - Emphasis on holotype (?)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-26T15:58:50.218373","indexId":"70010773","displayToPublicDate":"1960-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emphasis on holotype (?)","docAbstract":"The description of new species should not be confined to physical description of a holotype. One specimen cannot include all characters or be typical of any taxon. The holotype serves only a nomenclatural function and might also be termed the name-bearer (nomenifer) to avoid confusion of \"type specimen\" with \"typical specimen.\".","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.131.3406.1043.a","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Schopf, J.M., 1960, Emphasis on holotype (?): Science, v. 131, no. 3406.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1043","endPage":"1043","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"3406","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0902e4b0c8380cd51d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schopf, J. M.","contributorId":42639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schopf","given":"J.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70217848,"text":"70217848 - 1960 - Part I, the development of the method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T19:37:35.63249","indexId":"70217848","displayToPublicDate":"1960-04-01T13:34:38","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Part I, the development of the method","docAbstract":"A freshly exposed surface of obsidian will take up water from the atmosphere to form a hydrated surface layer. This layer has a different density and refractive index than does the remainder of the obsidian. Using special techniques, a thin section of the obsidian cut at right angles to the surface can be prepared. When examined under the microscope the hydrated layer is visible and its thickness can be measured. Photomicrographs of such thin sections are shown. Factors that determine the rate of hydration were considered. Using artifacts from archaeological sites of known age, the influence of temperature, relative humidity, chemical composition of the obsidian, burning and erosion of the obsidian on the rates of hydration was determined. Temperature and chemical composition are the main factors controlling the rate of hydration. Obsidian hydrates more rapidly at a higher temperature, and thus progresses at a faster rate in tropical than in arctic climates. Rhyolitic obsidian hydrates more slowly than does trachytic obsidian. Using archaeological data from various parts of the world, several tentative hydration rates were determined for tropical, temperate, and arctic climates. The method in its present state of development is especially suited to determine relative chronologies in layered sequences of artifacts from a single site, or region. It is also useful for detecting fake artifacts. Future work to refine the method is suggested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge","doi":"10.2307/276634","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Smith, R., 1960, Part I, the development of the method: American Antiquity, v. 25, no. 4, p. 476-493, https://doi.org/10.2307/276634.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"476","endPage":"493","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R.","contributorId":83874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220084,"text":"5220084 - 1960 - Small-mammal populations of a Maryland woodlot, 1949-1954","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T14:18:09.383083","indexId":"5220084","displayToPublicDate":"1960-04-01T12:17:30","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small-mammal populations of a Maryland woodlot, 1949-1954","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1930216","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L.F., and Warbach, O., 1960, Small-mammal populations of a Maryland woodlot, 1949-1954: Ecology, v. 41, no. 2, p. 269-286, https://doi.org/10.2307/1930216.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194105,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ee001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, Lucille F.","contributorId":76598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"Lucille","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warbach, O.","contributorId":92767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warbach","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220591,"text":"70220591 - 1960 - The zone of aeration and ground-water recharge in sandy sediments at Seabrook, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-20T19:02:53.80984","indexId":"70220591","displayToPublicDate":"1960-03-01T13:53:53","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The zone of aeration and ground-water recharge in sandy sediments at Seabrook, New Jersey","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.","doi":"10.1097/00010694-196003000-00005","usgsCitation":"Remson, I., Randolph, J., and Barksdale, H., 1960, The zone of aeration and ground-water recharge in sandy sediments at Seabrook, New Jersey: Soil Science, v. 89, no. 3, p. 145-156, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196003000-00005.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"156","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"southern New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.56121826171875,\n 38.935911987561624\n ],\n [\n -74.55871582031251,\n 38.935911987561624\n ],\n [\n -74.55871582031251,\n 39.871803651624404\n ],\n [\n -75.56121826171875,\n 39.871803651624404\n ],\n [\n -75.56121826171875,\n 38.935911987561624\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Remson, I.","contributorId":67218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remson","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randolph, J.R.","contributorId":19532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randolph","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barksdale, H.C.","contributorId":65912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barksdale","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":37514,"text":"37514 - 1960 - Sea otter population and transplant studies in Alaska, 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T13:43:41","indexId":"37514","displayToPublicDate":"1960-03-01T13:42:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"48","title":"Sea otter population and transplant studies in Alaska, 1959","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Kenyon, K.W., and Spencer, D.L., 1960, Sea otter population and transplant studies in Alaska, 1959: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 48, 29 p.","productDescription":"29 p.","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290146,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.44,51.21 ], [ 172.44,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ 172.44,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c64db4e4b0001bd51477a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kenyon, Karl W.","contributorId":78791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spencer, David L.","contributorId":70818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010848,"text":"70010848 - 1960 - Cornelius Packard Rhoads, leader in cancer research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-27T14:18:54.713279","indexId":"70010848","displayToPublicDate":"1960-02-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cornelius Packard Rhoads, leader in cancer research","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.131.3399.486","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Heller, J.R., 1960, Cornelius Packard Rhoads, leader in cancer research: Science, v. 131, no. 3399, p. 486-487, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.131.3399.486.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"486","endPage":"487","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"3399","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc1de4b0c8380cd4e116","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heller, John R.","contributorId":367007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heller","given":"John","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":956570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175755,"text":"70175755 - 1960 - Ground water in alluvial channel deposits, Nobles County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:35:57","indexId":"70175755","displayToPublicDate":"1960-02-02T09:45:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":105,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"14","title":"Ground water in alluvial channel deposits, Nobles County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Norvitch, R., 1960, Ground water in alluvial channel deposits, Nobles County, Minnesota: Bulletin 14, 23 p.","productDescription":"23 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Nobles County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-95.4622,43.8507],[-95.4527,43.8504],[-95.4548,43.5037],[-95.6883,43.5039],[-95.8594,43.5034],[-96.0526,43.5028],[-96.053,43.8525],[-95.4622,43.8507]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nobles\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dc2e4b03fd6b7da3743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norvitch, R.F.","contributorId":107742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norvitch","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70181751,"text":"70181751 - 1960 - Ground-water hydrology and glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T10:04:16","indexId":"70181751","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":130,"text":"Progress Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Ground-water hydrology and glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Kalamazoo report area includes about 150 square miles of Kalamazoo County, Mich. The area is principally one of industry and commerce, although agriculture also is of considerable importance. It has a moderate and humid climate and lies within the Lake Michigan “snow belt”. Precipitation averages about 35 inches per year. Snowfall averages about 55 inches.
The surface features of the area were formed during and since the glacial epoch and are classified as outwash plain, morainal highlands, and glaciated channels or drainageways. The area is formed largely on the remnants of an extensive outwash plain, which is breached by the Kalamazoo River in the northeastern part and is dissected elsewhere by several small tributaries to the river. Most of the land drained by these tributaries lies within the report area. A small portion of the southern part drains to the St. Joseph River.
The Coldwater shale, which underlies the glacial deposits throughout the area, and the deeper bedrock formations are not tapped for water by wells and they have little or no potential for future development.
Deposits of glacial drift, which are the source of water to all the wells in the area, have considerable potential for future development. These deposits range in thickness from about 40 feet along the Kalamazoo River to 350 feet where valleys were eroded in the bedrock surface. Permeable outwash and channel deposits are the sources of water for wells of large capacity. The moraines are formed dominantly by till of lower permeability which generally yields small supplies of water, but included sand and gravel beds of higher permeability yield larger supplies locally.
The aquifers of the Kalamazoo area are recharged by infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt and by infiltration of surface waters induced by pumping of wells near the surface sources. Water pumped from most of the municipal well fields is replenished in part by such induced infiltration. Many of the industrial wells along the Kalamazoo River and Portage Creek are recharged in part from these streams. Locally, however, recharge from the streams is impeded, as their bottoms have become partly sealed by silt and solid waste matter.
Water levels fluctuate with seasonal and annual changes in precipitation and in response to pumping. Pumpage by the city of Kalamazoo increased from about 300 million gallons in 1880 to 4.6 billion gallons in 1957. Despite the fact that billions of gallons are pumped annually from well fields in the Axtell Creek area, water levels in this vicinity have declined only a few feet, as the discharge from the fields is approximately compensated by recharge from precipitation and surface water. Pumpage of ground water by industry in 1948 was estimated at about 14 billion gallons, but the use of ground water for industrial purposes has since declined.
Aquifer tests indicate that the coefficient of transmissibility of aquifers in the area ranges from as little as 18,000 to as high as 300,000 gpd (gallons per day) per foot, and that ground water occurs under watertable and artesian conditions.
The ground water is of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. It is generally hard to very hard and commonly contains objectionable amounts of iron. Locally, the water contains appreciable amounts of sulfate. Study of the chemical analyses of waters from the area show that all of the tributaries to the Kalamazoo River are fed primarily by ground-water discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Michigan Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","collaboration":"Prepared cooperatively by the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey ","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, M., Vanlier, K., and Giroux, P., 1960, Ground-water hydrology and glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan: Progress Report 23, 22 p.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335225,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/GIMDL-PR23_216205_7.PDF","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Kalamazoo area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.70228576660156,\n 42.200038266046754\n ],\n [\n -85.70228576660156,\n 42.38619069220356\n ],\n [\n -85.49114227294922,\n 42.38619069220356\n ],\n [\n -85.49114227294922,\n 42.200038266046754\n ],\n [\n -85.70228576660156,\n 42.200038266046754\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a2d3c5e4b0c82512869a4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deutsch, Morris","contributorId":69119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutsch","given":"Morris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vanlier, K.E.","contributorId":24332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanlier","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giroux, P.R.","contributorId":59055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giroux","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70275165,"text":"70275165 - 1960 - Data on water wells, Naval Air Missile Test Center Area, Point Mugu, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T20:33:54.995456","indexId":"70275165","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T16:24:19","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Data on water wells, Naval Air Missile Test Center Area, Point Mugu, California","docAbstract":"The entire water supply for the U. S. Naval Air Missile Test Center at Point Mugu, Calif., is pumped from wells located .within 2 miles of the Pacific Ocean. A large irrigation development inland from the Test Center has created a landward hydraulic gradient beneath the Test Center, causing sea-water encroachment into the water-yielding deposits. The encroaching sea water has not yet reached the Test Center well field; however, the encroachment poses a serious threat to the Test Center supply. To evaluate the adequacy of the water supply for the Naval Air Missile Test Center under these conditions and to suggest additional sources for future development, the U. S. Geological Survey has canvassed all wells and collected all available hydrologic dataat the Test Center and in the immediate vicinity. The data tabulated in this report include measurements of water levels in wells, well logs, and chemical analyses for all wells south of Hueneme Road collected through February 1959.
This study was made by the Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior, under the general supervision of H. L. Wilson, Jr., district engineer for California, and under the immediate supervision of Fred Kunkel, geologist in charge of the Long Beach subdistrict office.
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