In May 2011, the snowpack conditions in the mountains of central and northern Utah had emergency planners and water managers preparing for levels of runoff similar to the record year of 1983. The SNOwpack TELemetry (SNOTEL) records from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) reported that the amount of water contained in the snowpack in May 2011 was greater than it was in either May of 1983 or 2005.
Despite the above average snowpack,which lasted into the summer of 2011, runoff from snowmelt in 2011 did not create the widespread damage observed in 1983 and 2005. Cooler than normal temperatures resulted in slower snowmelt rates, which produced a prolonged and elevated runoff. Annual streamflow for water year 2011 was well above average, but few records of peak streamflow were set. The increase in water-surface elevation of Great Salt Lake was also above average. Ten streamgages in central and northern Utah, with records spanning greater than 20 years, have been selected to highlight the runoff conditions in Utah during water year 2011. Streamflow on the Duchesne River near Randlett, Utah, and on the Bear River near Utah-Wyoming state line is affected by several upstream diversions. These two streamgages were included in the analysis because their streamflow records have shown responses to spring snowmelt. The annual streamflow in all 10 of these streamgages was greater than 150 percent of average, and 3 streamgages set new records for total annual streamflow in water year 2011. One streamgage set a new peak streamflow record.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123041","usgsCitation":"Cordova, J., and Angeroth, C.E., 2012, Runoff conditions in Utah for water year 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3041, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123041.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","temporalStart":"2010-10-01","temporalEnd":"2011-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3041.jpg"},{"id":246652,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3041/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":332878,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3041/pdf/fs20123041.pdf","size":"2.1 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaec3e4b0c8380cd871e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordova, Jeffrey T. jcordova@usgs.gov","contributorId":1845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordova","given":"Jeffrey T.","email":"jcordova@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angeroth, Cory E. 0000-0002-2915-6418 angeroth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-6418","contributorId":2105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angeroth","given":"Cory","email":"angeroth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70191690,"text":"70191690 - 2012 - Multitemporal ALSM change detection, sediment delivery, and process mapping at an active earthflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-17T17:09:02","indexId":"70191690","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multitemporal ALSM change detection, sediment delivery, and process mapping at an active earthflow","docAbstract":"Remote mapping and measurement of surface processes at high spatial resolution is among the frontiers in Earth surface process research. Remote measurements that allow meter-scale mapping of landforms and quantification of landscape change can revolutionize the study of landscape evolution on human timescales. At Mill Gulch in northern California, USA, an active earthflow was surveyed in 2003 and 2007 by airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), enabling meter-scale quantification of landscape change. We calculate four-year volumetric flux from the earthflow and compare it to long-term catchment average erosion rates from cosmogenic radionuclide inventories from adjacent watersheds. We also present detailed maps of changing features on the earthflow, from which we can derive velocity estimates and infer dominant process. These measurements rely on proper digital elevation model (DEM) generation and a simple surface-matching technique to align the multitemporal data in a manner that eliminates systematic error in either dataset. The mean surface elevation of the earthflow and an opposite slope that was directly influenced by the earthflow decreased 14 ± 1 mm/yr from 2003 to 2007. By making the conservative assumption that these features were the dominant contributor of sediment flux from the entire Mill Gulch drainage basin during this time interval, we calculate a minimum catchment-averaged erosion rate of 0·30 ± 0·02 mm/yr. Analysis of beryllium-10 (10Be) concentrations in fluvial sand from nearby Russian Gulch and the South Fork Gualala River provide catchment averaged erosion rates of 0·21 ± 0·04 and 0·23 ± 0·03 mm/yr respectively. From translated landscape features, we can infer surface velocities ranging from 0·5 m/yr in the wide upper ‘source’ portion of the flow to 5 m/yr in the narrow middle ‘transport’ portion of the flow. This study re-affirms the importance of mass wasting processes in the sediment budgets of uplifting weak lithologies.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Society for Geomorphology","doi":"10.1002/esp.2234","usgsCitation":"DeLong, S.B., Prentice, C.S., Hilley, G.E., and Ebert, Y., 2012, Multitemporal ALSM change detection, sediment delivery, and process mapping at an active earthflow: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 37, no. 3, p. 262-272, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2234.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"272","ipdsId":"IP-025170","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.56048583984374,\n 38.724090458956965\n ],\n [\n -123.45748901367188,\n 38.724090458956965\n ],\n [\n -123.45748901367188,\n 38.78620445725866\n ],\n [\n -123.56048583984374,\n 38.78620445725866\n ],\n [\n -123.56048583984374,\n 38.724090458956965\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59e71695e4b05fe04cd331fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLong, Stephen B. 0000-0002-0945-2172 sdelong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0945-2172","contributorId":5240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLong","given":"Stephen","email":"sdelong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prentice, Carol S. 0000-0003-3732-3551 cprentice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-3551","contributorId":2676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prentice","given":"Carol","email":"cprentice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hilley, George E.","contributorId":197258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hilley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":713072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ebert, Yael","contributorId":197259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ebert","given":"Yael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":713073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037738,"text":"70037738 - 2012 - A hydrological budget (2002-2008) for a large subtropical wetland ecosystem indicates marine groundwater discharge accompanies diminished freshwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T17:51:06.910074","indexId":"70037738","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-14T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hydrological budget (2002-2008) for a large subtropical wetland ecosystem indicates marine groundwater discharge accompanies diminished freshwater flow","docAbstract":"Water budget parameters are estimated for Shark River Slough (SRS), the main drainage within Everglades National Park (ENP) from 2002 to 2008. Inputs to the water budget include surface water inflows and precipitation while outputs consist of evapotranspiration, discharge to the Gulf of Mexico and seepage losses due to municipal wellfield extraction. The daily change in volume of SRS is equated to the difference between input and outputs yielding a residual term consisting of component errors and net groundwater exchange. Results predict significant net groundwater discharge to the SRS peaking in June and positively correlated with surface water salinity at the mangrove ecotone, lagging by 1 month. Precipitation, the largest input to the SRS, is offset by ET (the largest output); thereby highlighting the importance of increasing fresh water inflows into ENP for maintaining conditions in terrestrial, estuarine, and marine ecosystems of South Florida.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-011-9454-y","usgsCitation":"Saha, A.K., Moses, C.S., Price, R.M., Engel, V., Smith, T.J., and Anderson, G., 2012, A hydrological budget (2002-2008) for a large subtropical wetland ecosystem indicates marine groundwater discharge accompanies diminished freshwater flow: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 35, no. 2, p. 459-474, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9454-y.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"474","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381759,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park;Shark River Slough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.50732421875,\n 25.06569718553588\n ],\n [\n -79.89257812499999,\n 25.06569718553588\n ],\n [\n -79.89257812499999,\n 27.566721430409707\n ],\n [\n -82.50732421875,\n 27.566721430409707\n ],\n [\n -82.50732421875,\n 25.06569718553588\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e42be4b0c8380cd46469","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saha, Amartya K.","contributorId":70223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saha","given":"Amartya","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moses, Christopher S.","contributorId":98429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Rene M.","contributorId":62865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Rene","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engel, Victor 0000-0002-3858-7308","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-7308","contributorId":45153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"Victor","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Thomas J. III tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","suffix":"III","email":"tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, Gordon 0000-0003-1675-8329","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-8329","contributorId":92090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037773,"text":"ds664 - 2012 - Biosolids, crop, and groundwater data for a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2009 and 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-15T13:54:22.319996","indexId":"ds664","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-14T08:36:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"664","title":"Biosolids, crop, and groundwater data for a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2009 and 2010","docAbstract":"During 2009 and 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey monitored the chemical composition of biosolids, crops, and groundwater related to biosolids applications near Deer Trail, Colorado, in cooperation with the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District. This monitoring effort was a continuation of the monitoring program begun in 1999 in cooperation with the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District and the North Kiowa Bijou Groundwater Management District. The monitoring program addressed concerns from the public about potential chemical effects from applications of biosolids to farmland in the area near Deer Trail, Colo. This report presents chemical data from 2009 and 2010 for biosolids, crops, and alluvial and bedrock groundwater. The chemical data include the constituents of highest concern to the public (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc, and plutonium) in addition to many other constituents. The groundwater section also includes data for precipitation, air temperature, and depth to groundwater at various groundwater-monitoring sites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds664","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District","usgsCitation":"Yager, T., Smith, D., and Crock, J.G., 2012, Biosolids, crop, and groundwater data for a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2009 and 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 664, vi, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds664.","productDescription":"vi, 11 p.","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/664/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":246649,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_664.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Deer Trail","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.33333333333333,38.666666666666664 ], [ -105.33333333333333,40.583333333333336 ], [ -103.16666666666667,40.583333333333336 ], [ -103.16666666666667,38.666666666666664 ], [ -105.33333333333333,38.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f197e4b0c8380cd4ad12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Tracy J.B.","contributorId":10861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Tracy J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crock, James G. jcrock@usgs.gov","contributorId":200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"James","email":"jcrock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":462671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037763,"text":"ofr20121039 - 2012 - Socioeconomic issues for the Bear River Watershed Conservation Land Area Protection Plan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-30T16:43:34","indexId":"ofr20121039","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1039","title":"Socioeconomic issues for the Bear River Watershed Conservation Land Area Protection Plan","docAbstract":"The Bear River Watershed Conservation Area is located in the Bear River Watershed, a vast basin covering fourteen counties across three states. Located in Wyoming, Utah, and Idaho, the watershed spans roughly 7,500 squares miles: 1,500 squares miles in Wyoming; 2,700 squares miles in Idaho; and 3,300 squares miles in Utah (Utah Division of Water Resources, 2004). Three National Wildlife Refuges are currently contained within the boundary of the BRWCA: the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge in Utah, the Bear Lake National Wildlife Refuge in Idaho, and the Cokeville Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in Wyoming. \r\nIn 2010, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted a Preliminary Project Proposal and identified the Bear River Watershed Conservation Area as having high-value wildlife habitat. This finding initiated the Land Protection Planning process, which is used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to study land conservation opportunities including adding lands to the National Wildlife Refuge System. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposes to include part of the Bear River Watershed Conservation Area in the Refuge System by acquiring up to 920,000 acres of conservation easements from willing landowners to maintain landscape integrity and habitat connectivity in the region. The analysis described in this report provides a profile of the social and economic conditions in the Bear River Watershed Conservation Area and addresses social and economic questions and concerns raised during public involvement in the Land Protection Planning process.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121039","usgsCitation":"Thomas, C.C., Huber, C., Gascoigne, W., and Koontz, L., 2012, Socioeconomic issues for the Bear River Watershed Conservation Land Area Protection Plan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1039, iii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121039.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246639,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1039/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":246640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012-1039.png"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming;Utah;Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Bear River Watershed","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91cce4b08c986b319aef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Catherine Cullinane","contributorId":44015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"Cullinane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huber, Christopher","contributorId":68572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huber","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gascoigne, William gascoignew@usgs.gov","contributorId":4462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gascoigne","given":"William","email":"gascoignew@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koontz, Lynne koontzl@usgs.gov","contributorId":2174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koontz","given":"Lynne","email":"koontzl@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":7016,"text":"Environmental Quality Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":462629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037762,"text":"sir20115119 - 2012 - Effects of best-management practices in Eagle and Joos Valley Creeks in the Waumandee Creek Priority Watershed, Wisconsin, 1990-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-30T16:43:36","indexId":"sir20115119","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5119","title":"Effects of best-management practices in Eagle and Joos Valley Creeks in the Waumandee Creek Priority Watershed, Wisconsin, 1990-2007","docAbstract":"In many watersheds, nonpoint-source contamination is a major contributor to water-quality problems. In response to the recognition of the importance of nonpoint sources, the Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement Program (Nonpoint Program) was enacted in 1978. This report summarizes the results of a study to assess the effectiveness of watershed-management practices for controlling nonpoint-source contamination for the Eagle Creek and Joos Valley Creek Watersheds. Streamflow-gaging stations equipped for automated sample collection and continuous recording of stream stage were installed in July 1990 at Eagle and Joos Valley Creeks and were operated through September 2007. In October 1990, three rain gages were installed in each watershed and were operated through September 2007. Best-Management Practices (BMPs) were installed during 1993 to 2000 in Eagle and Joos Valley Creeks and were tracked throughout the study period. By the year 2000, a majority of the BMPs were implemented in the two watersheds and goals set by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the local Land Conservation Department had been achieved for the two study watersheds (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1990). \r\nThe distributions of the rainstorms that produced surface runoff and storm loads were similar in the pre-BMP (1990-93) and post-BMP implementation (2000-07) periods for both Eagle and Joos Valley Creeks. The highest annual streamflow occurred at both sites in water year 1993, which corresponded to the greatest above normal nonfrozen precipitation measured at two nearby NOAA weather stations. The minimum streamflow occurred in water year 2007 at both sites. Base-flow and stormwater samples were collected and analyzed for suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen. For both Eagle and Joos Valley Creeks the median concentrations of suspended solids and total phosphorus in base flow were lower during the post-BMP period compared to the pre-BMP period and were statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level. The decrease in median concentrations of ammonia nitrogen at both sites was not statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to remove the effects of climatologic conditions and seasonality from computed storm loads. For both Eagle and Joos Valley Creeks, the median storm loads for suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen were lower during the post-BMP period compared to the pre-BMP period and were statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level. The decreases in storm-load regression residuals from the pre- to the post-BMP periods for both Eagle and Joos Valley Creeks were statistically significant for all three constituents at the 0.05 significance level and indicated an apparent improvement in water-quality in the post-BMP period. Because the rainfall characteristics for individual storms in the pre- and post-BMP periods are likely to be different, separate pre- and post-BMP regressions were used to estimate the theoretical pre- and post-BMP storm loads to allow estimates of precent reductions between the pre- and post-BMP periods. The estimated percent reductions in storm loads for suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen were 89, 77, and 66 respectively for Eagle Creek and 84, 67, and 60 respectively for Joos Valley Creek. The apparent improvement in water quality is attributed to the implemented BMPs and to a reduction in the number of cattle in the watersheds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115119","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Walker, J.F., Bannerman, R.T., and Rutter, T.D., 2012, Effects of best-management practices in Eagle and Joos Valley Creeks in the Waumandee Creek Priority Watershed, Wisconsin, 1990-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5119, v, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115119.","productDescription":"v, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1990-07-01","temporalEnd":"2007-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5119.gif"},{"id":246637,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5119/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Buffalo","otherGeospatial":"Eagle Creek;Joos Valley Creek;Waumandee Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.71666666666667,44.2 ], [ -91.71666666666667,44.266666666666666 ], [ -91.6,44.266666666666666 ], [ -91.6,44.2 ], [ -91.71666666666667,44.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0696e4b0c8380cd51307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bannerman, Roger T. 0000-0001-9221-2905 rbannerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-2905","contributorId":5560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bannerman","given":"Roger","email":"rbannerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rutter, Troy D. 0000-0001-5130-204X tdrutter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-204X","contributorId":2081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutter","given":"Troy","email":"tdrutter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037750,"text":"sir20115092 - 2012 - Contaminants in stream sediments from seven U.S. metropolitan areas: Data summary of a National Pilot Study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-30T16:43:35","indexId":"sir20115092","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5092","title":"Contaminants in stream sediments from seven U.S. metropolitan areas: Data summary of a National Pilot Study","docAbstract":"This report presents data collected as a part of a synoptic survey of stream sediment contaminants, associated watershed characteristics and invertebrate responses in laboratory sediment toxicity tests from 98 streams (sites) in seven metropolitan study areas across the continental United States. The report presents methods, data, and sediment-quality guidelines, including the derivation of a new sediment pyrethroid probable effects concentration, for the purposes of relating measured contaminants to land use and toxicity evaluation. The study evaluated sites that ranged in their degree of relative urbanization within the study areas of Atlanta, Boston, Dallas-Fort Worth, Denver, Milwaukee-Green Bay, Salt Lake City, and Seattle-Tacoma. In all, 108 chemical analytes quantified in the study are presented, by class and number of individual compounds, as follows: polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (28), organochlorine pesticides (OCs) (18), polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors) (3), pyrethroid insecticides (14), fipronil compounds (4), priority trace and other major elements (41). The potential of these sediments to cause toxicity to sediment-dwelling invertebrates was evaluated using two standard sediment toxicity tests: a 28-day growth and survival toxicity test with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, and a 10-day growth and survival toxicity test with the midge Chironomus dilutus. Further, approximately 95 relevant watershed and reach-level characteristics were generated and are presented to aid in interpretation and explanation of contaminant and toxicity patterns. Interpretation of the findings of this study, including the relationships with urbanization and other factors, the relationship between sediment toxicity and sediment chemistry in the seven study areas, and the sources and occurrence of pyrethroid insecticides, are discussed in detail in a forthcoming series of journal articles.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115092","collaboration":"A joint effort between USGS programs: National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA), Toxic Substances Hydrology (Toxics), and Contaminant Biology","usgsCitation":"Moran, P.W., Calhoun, D.L., Nowell, L.H., Kemble, N.E., Ingersoll, C.G., Hladik, M., Kuivila, K., Falcone, J., and Gilliom, R.J., 2012, Contaminants in stream sediments from seven U.S. metropolitan areas: Data summary of a National Pilot Study: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5092, vi, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115092.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5092.jpg"},{"id":246628,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","city":"Boston;Atlanta;Milwaukee;Green Bay;Dallas;Fort Worth;Denver;Salt Lake City;Seattle;Tacoma;Everett","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa40e4b0c8380cd4d9df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, Patrick W. 0000-0002-2002-3539 pwmoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2002-3539","contributorId":489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Patrick","email":"pwmoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calhoun, Dan L.","contributorId":58502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calhoun","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowell, Lisa H. 0000-0001-5417-7264 lhnowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"Lisa","email":"lhnowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Chris G.","contributorId":48008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hladik, Michelle 0000-0002-0891-2712 mhladik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0891-2712","contributorId":784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hladik","given":"Michelle","email":"mhladik@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn 0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":1367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn ","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Falcone, James A.","contributorId":24044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70037730,"text":"ofr20121021 - 2012 - Megaporosity and permeability of Thalassinoides-dominated ichnofabrics in the Cretaceous karst-carbonate Edwards-Trinity aquifer system, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-15T01:01:40","indexId":"ofr20121021","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1021","title":"Megaporosity and permeability of Thalassinoides-dominated ichnofabrics in the Cretaceous karst-carbonate Edwards-Trinity aquifer system, Texas","docAbstract":"Current research has demonstrated that trace fossils and their related ichnofabrics can have a critical impact on the fluid-flow properties of hydrocarbon reservoirs and groundwater aquifers. Most petroleum-associated research has used ichnofabrics to support the definition of depositional environments and reservoir quality, and has concentrated on siliciclastic reservoir characterization and, to a lesser degree, carbonate reservoir characterization (for example, Gerard and Bromley, 2008; Knaust, 2009). The use of ichnology in aquifer characterization has almost entirely been overlooked by the hydrologic community because the dynamic reservoir-characterization approach has not caught on with hydrologists and so hydrology is lagging behind reservoir engineering in this area (de Marsily and others, 2005). The objective of this research is to show that (1) ichnofabric analysis can offer a productive methodology for purposes of carbonate aquifer characterization, and (2) a clear relation can exist between ichnofabrics and groundwater flow in carbonate aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121021","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K.J., and Sukop, M.C., 2012, Megaporosity and permeability of Thalassinoides-dominated ichnofabrics in the Cretaceous karst-carbonate Edwards-Trinity aquifer system, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1021, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121021.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1021.jpg"},{"id":246631,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1021/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Real;Travis","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5388e4b0c8380cd6cb51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, Kevin J. 0000-0002-2179-8686 kcunning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-8686","contributorId":1689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kevin","email":"kcunning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sukop, Michael C.","contributorId":52271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sukop","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037736,"text":"ofr20121019 - 2012 - Streamflow and water-quality monitoring in response to young-of-year smallmouth bass (micropterus dolomieu) mortality in the Susquehanna River and major tributaries, with comparisons to the Delaware and Allegheny Rivers, Pennsylvania, 2008-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T17:15:51","indexId":"ofr20121019","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1019","title":"Streamflow and water-quality monitoring in response to young-of-year smallmouth bass (micropterus dolomieu) mortality in the Susquehanna River and major tributaries, with comparisons to the Delaware and Allegheny Rivers, Pennsylvania, 2008-10","docAbstract":"Since 2005, spring hatched young-of-year (YOY) smallmouth bass in Pennsylvania reaches of the Susquehanna River have experienced above-normal mortality when summertime streamflows are near or lower than normal. Stress factors include, but are not limited to, low dissolved oxygen and elevated water temperatures during times critical for survival and development (critical period is May 1 through July 31). At this time (2010), widespread disease and mortality are believed to be more prevalent for YOY smallmouth bass in the Susquehanna River Basin than in the Delaware or Allegheny River Basins.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey began a study in 2008 to investigate water temperature and dissolved oxygen as possible stressors to the YOY smallmouth bass. Monitoring began in 2008 and continued in 2009 and 2010 in selected reaches. Continuous (30-minute intervals) measurements of dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, and specific conductance were made during all or parts of the study at stations including, but not limited to, the Delaware River at Trenton, N.J. (station C1), Susquehanna River at Clemson Island (station C4), Juniata River at Newport, Pa. (station C5), Juniata River at Howe Township Park (station C6), Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pa. (station C8), and Allegheny River at Acmetonia, Pa. (station C10). At stations C1, C5, and C8, streamflow data also were collected. Streamflow data were not collected at stations C4, C6, and C10; therefore, data from nearby streamgages on the Susquehanna River at Sunbury, Pa. (station N8), the Juniata River at Newport, Pa (station C5), and the Allegheny River at Natrona, Pa. (station C9), were used to represent flow conditions at these stations.
\nStreamflow during the critical period of each year influenced dissolved-oxygen concentrations and water temperature, and was associated with the incidence of disease in YOY smallmouth bass. During the critical period of 2009, station C8 had a median daily streamflow of 26,300 cubic feet per second (ft3/s), approximately two times higher than for the critical periods in 2008 and 2010. Diseased YOY smallmouth bass were captured at only 3 sites in 2009 but 19 sites in 2008 and 28 sites in 2010.
\nDuring relatively low streamflow in the critical periods of 2008 and 2010, dissolved-oxygen concentrations also were lower (more stressful to aquatic life) than in 2009. During the critical period, median daily minimum dissolved-oxygen concentrations in main-channel habitat of the Susquehanna River at station C8 were lower in 2008 and 2010 by 1.2 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and 1.5 mg/L, respectively, in comparison to the median daily minimum concentrations in 2009. Despite the year-to-year differences in dissolved oxygen, results of a comparison of data for station C8 from each year of the study period with historical data from 1974–79 indicate daily minimum dissolved-oxygen concentrations in all 3 years of the study were significantly lower than those from the historical dataset (p-values less than 0.05). Although lower streamflows for critical periods of 2008–10 may help explain statistical differences in dissolved oxygen between the two time periods, other factors such as long-term streamwater warming trends also may play a role.
\nMedian daily minimum dissolved-oxygen concentration in the microhabitat of the Susquehanna River at Clemson Island (station C4) was 1.6 mg/L lower in 2008 than 2009. No data were collected at station C4 in 2010. For the microhabitat of the Juniata River near Howe Township Park (station C6), median daily minimum dissolved-oxygen concentrations were about 0.6 mg/L lower in 2008 than in 2010. At station C6, no data were collected in 2009.
\nNighttime concentrations of dissolved oxygen in microhabitats at stations C4 and C6 were at times lower than the 5.0-mg/L criterion established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for early life stages of warm-water fish. The most frequent occurrence of dissolved oxygen less than 5.0 mg/L was at station C4 (31 of 92 days in the critical period of 2008). The longest duration that dissolved oxygen was lower than 5.0 mg/L was 8.5 hours (station C4; 23:30 on June 10, 2008, to 08:00 on June 11, 2008).
\nMedian daily maximum water temperatures in the main channel of the Susquehanna River at station C8 were 4.0 degrees Celsius (°C) higher in 2008 and 4.3°C warmer in 2010 than in 2009 during the critical periods. At station C8, the water temperatures during the critical periods of all 3 years were significantly warmer (p-values <0.05) than during the critical periods of 1974–79. Year-to-year water-temperature differences in the main-channel habitat of the Juniata River at station C5 were slightly less than year-to-year differences in the Susquehanna River at station C8. During the critical periods, the water temperature at station C5 was 3.5°C warmer in 2008 and 3.3°C warmer in 2010 than in 2009. These results are consistent with warming trends documented in other streams of the northeastern United States with much more robust water-temperature datasets.
\nFor the critical period of each year, dissolved oxygen in the Susquehanna River at station C8 typically was 1.5 to 3.0 mg/L lower than in the Delaware River at station C1 and the Allegheny River at station C10. Median daily maximum water temperatures during the critical period of each year ranged from 1.6 to 2.7°C warmer at station C8 than at stations C1 and C10.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Chaplin, J.J., and Crawford, J.K., 2012, Streamflow and water-quality monitoring in response to young-of-year smallmouth bass (micropterus dolomieu) mortality in the Susquehanna River and major tributaries, with comparisons to the Delaware and Allegheny Rivers, Pennsylvania, 2008-10: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1019, vi, 26 p.; Appendices; Electronic copies: Appendixes 1 and 2, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121019.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.; Appendices; Electronic copies: Appendixes 1 and 2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9ad7e4b08c986b31cb4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaplin, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-0617-5050 jchaplin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-5050","contributorId":147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaplin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jchaplin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, J. Kent","contributorId":54176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037737,"text":"sir20115205 - 2012 - Comparison of index velocity measurements made with a horizontal acoustic Doppler current profiler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-30T16:43:35","indexId":"sir20115205","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5205","title":"Comparison of index velocity measurements made with a horizontal acoustic Doppler current profiler","docAbstract":"The State of Illinois' annual withdrawal from Lake Michigan is limited by a U.S. Supreme Court decree, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is responsible for monitoring flows in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) near Lemont, Illinois as a part of the Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District. Every 5 years, a technical review committee consisting of practicing engineers and academics is convened to review the U.S. Geological Survey's streamgage practices in the CSSC near Lemont, Illinois. The sixth technical review committee raised a number of questions concerning the flows and streamgage practices in the CSSC near Lemont and this report provides answers to many of those questions. In addition, it is the purpose of this report to examine the index velocity meters in use at Lemont and determine whether the acoustic velocity meter (AVM), which is now the primary index velocity meter, can be replaced by the horizontal acoustic Doppler current profiler (H-ADCP), which is currently the backup meter. Application of the AVM and H-ADCP to index velocity measurements in the CSSC near Lemont, Illinois, has produced good ratings to date. The site is well suited to index velocity measurements in spite of the large range of velocities and highly unsteady flows at the site. Flow variability arises from a range of sources: operation of the waterway through control structures, lockage-generated disturbances, commercial and recreational traffic, industrial withdrawals and discharges, natural inflows, seiches, and storm events. The influences of these factors on the index velocity measurements at Lemont is examined in detail in this report. Results of detailed data comparisons and flow analyses show that use of bank-mounted instrumentation such as the AVM and H-ADCP appears to be the best option for index velocity measurement in the CSSC near Lemont. Comparison of the rating curves for the AVM and H-ADCP demonstrates that the H-ADCP is a suitable replacement for the AVM as the primary index velocity meter in the CSSC near Lemont. A key component to Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting is the USGS gaging station on the CSSC near Lemont, Illinois. The importance of this gaging station in monitoring withdrawals from Lake Michigan has made it one of the most highly scrutinized gaging stations in the country. Any changes in streamgaging practices at this gaging station requires detailed analysis to ensure the change will not adversely affect the ability of the USGS to accurately monitor flows. This report provides a detailed analysis of the flow structure and index velocity measurements in the CSSC near Lemont, Illinois, to ensure that decisions regarding the future of this streamgage are made with the best possible understanding of the site and the characteristics of the flow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115205","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chicago District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Jackson, P., Johnson, K.K., and Duncker, J.J., 2012, Comparison of index velocity measurements made with a horizontal acoustic Doppler current profiler: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5205, vii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115205.","productDescription":"vii, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246622,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5205/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":246625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5205.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Projection","country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Cook County;Du Page County;Will County","city":"Chicago;Lemont","otherGeospatial":"Des Plaines River;Calumet Sag Channel;Calumet River;Chicago Sanitary And Ship Canal","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.25,41.25111111111111 ], [ -88.25,42.25 ], [ -87.5,42.25 ], [ -87.5,41.25111111111111 ], [ -88.25,41.25111111111111 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f86ce4b0c8380cd4d0c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, P. Ryan","contributorId":68571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"P. Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Kevin K. 0000-0003-2703-5994 johnsonk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-5994","contributorId":4220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kevin","email":"johnsonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duncker, James J. 0000-0001-5464-7991 jduncker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-7991","contributorId":4316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James","email":"jduncker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037728,"text":"sir20115171 - 2012 - Estimation of stream temperature in support of fish production modeling under future climates in the Klamath River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-30T16:43:33","indexId":"sir20115171","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5171","title":"Estimation of stream temperature in support of fish production modeling under future climates in the Klamath River Basin","docAbstract":"Stream temperature estimates under future climatic conditions were needed in support of fish production modeling for evaluation of effects of dam removal in the Klamath River Basin. To allow for the persistence of the Klamath River salmon fishery, an upcoming Secretarial Determination in 2012 will review potential changes in water quality and stream temperature to assess alternative scenarios, including dam removal. Daily stream temperature models were developed by using a regression model approach with simulated net solar radiation, vapor density deficit calculated on the basis of air temperature, and mean daily air temperature. Models were calibrated for 6 streams in the Lower, and 18 streams in the Upper, Klamath Basin by using measured stream temperatures for 1999-2008. The standard error of the y-estimate for the estimation of stream temperature for the 24 streams ranged from 0.36 to 1.64°C, with an average error of 1.12°C for all streams. The regression models were then used with projected air temperatures to estimate future stream temperatures for 2010-99. Although the mean change from the baseline historical period of 1950-99 to the projected future period of 2070-99 is only 1.2°C, it ranges from 3.4°C for the Shasta River to no change for Fall Creek and Trout Creek. Variability is also evident in the future with a mean change in temperature for all streams from the baseline period to the projected period of 2070-99 of only 1°C, while the range in stream temperature change is from 0 to 2.1°C. The baseline period, 1950-99, to which the air temperature projections were corrected, established the starting point for the projected changes in air temperature. The average measured daily air temperature for the calibration period 1999-2008, however, was found to be as much as 2.3°C higher than baseline for some rivers, indicating that warming conditions have already occurred in many areas of the Klamath River Basin, and that the stream temperature projections for the 21st century could be underestimating the actual change.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., and Flint, A.L., 2012, Estimation of stream temperature in support of fish production modeling under future climates in the Klamath River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5171, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115171.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"37","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5171.jpg"},{"id":218594,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;California","otherGeospatial":"Klamath River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bafe4b0c8380cd52816","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037743,"text":"70037743 - 2012 - Hurricane disturbance and recovery of energy balance, CO2 fluxes and canopy structure in a mangrove forest of the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T21:40:16","indexId":"70037743","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-09T10:09:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":681,"text":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hurricane disturbance and recovery of energy balance, CO2 fluxes and canopy structure in a mangrove forest of the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"Eddy covariance (EC) estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and energy balance are examined to investigate the functional responses of a mature mangrove forest to a disturbance generated by Hurricane Wilma on October 24, 2005 in the Florida Everglades. At the EC site, high winds from the hurricane caused nearly 100% defoliation in the upper canopy and widespread tree mortality. Soil temperatures down to -50 cm increased, and air temperature lapse rates within the forest canopy switched from statically stable to statically unstable conditions following the disturbance. Unstable conditions allowed more efficient transport of water vapor and CO2 from the surface up to the upper canopy layer. Significant increases in latent heat fluxes (LE) and nighttime net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were also observed and sensible heat fluxes (H) as a proportion of net radiation decreased significantly in response to the disturbance. Many of these impacts persisted through much of the study period through 2009. However, local albedo and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) data (the Enhanced Vegetation Index) indicated a substantial proportion of active leaf area recovered before the EC measurements began 1 year after the storm. Observed changes in the vertical distribution and the degree of clumping in newly emerged leaves may have affected the energy balance. Direct comparisons of daytime NEE values from before the storm and after our measurements resumed did not show substantial or consistent differences that could be attributed to the disturbance. Regression analyses on seasonal time scales were required to differentiate the storm's impact on monthly average daytime NEE from the changes caused by interannual variability in other environmental drivers. The effects of the storm were apparent on annual time scales, and CO2 uptake remained approximately 250 g C m-2 yr-1 lower in 2009 compared to the average annual values measured in 2004–2005. Dry season CO2 uptake was relatively more affected by the disturbance than wet season values. Complex leaf regeneration dynamics on damaged trees during ecosystem recovery are hypothesized to lead to the variable dry versus wet season impacts on daytime NEE. In contrast, nighttime CO2 release (i.e., nighttime respiration) was consistently and significantly greater, possibly as a result of the enhanced decomposition of litter and coarse woody debris generated by the storm, and this effect was most apparent in the wet seasons compared to the dry seasons. The largest pre- and post-storm differences in NEE coincided roughly with the delayed peak in cumulative mortality of stems in 2007–2008. Across the hurricane-impacted region, cumulative tree mortality rates were also closely correlated with declines in peat surface elevation. Mangrove forest–atmosphere interactions are interpreted with respect to the damage and recovery of stand dynamics and soil accretion processes following the hurricane.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.022","usgsCitation":"Barr, J.G., Engel, V., Smith, T.J., and Fuentes, J.D., 2012, Hurricane disturbance and recovery of energy balance, CO2 fluxes and canopy structure in a mangrove forest of the Florida Everglades: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 153, p. 54-66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.022.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"66","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","volume":"153","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32b5e4b0c8380cd5ea07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barr, Jordan G.","contributorId":85809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barr","given":"Jordan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13531,"text":"South Florida Natural Resource Center, Everglades National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":462559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engel, Vic 0000-0002-3858-7308","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-7308","contributorId":101790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"Vic","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Thomas J. III tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","suffix":"III","email":"tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuentes, Jose D.","contributorId":97231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuentes","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70009696,"text":"fs20123026 - 2012 - Methods for estimating concentrations and loads of selected constituents in tributaries to Lake Houston near Houston, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-08T09:20:42","indexId":"fs20123026","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3026","title":"Methods for estimating concentrations and loads of selected constituents in tributaries to Lake Houston near Houston, Texas","docAbstract":"Since December 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Houston, Texas, has been assessing the quality of the water flowing into Lake Houston. Continuous in-stream water-quality monitors measured streamflow and other physical water quality properties at stations in Spring Creek near Spring, Tex., and East Fork San Jacinto River near New Caney, Tex. Additionally, discrete water-quality samples were periodically collected on these tributaries and analyzed for selected constituents of concern. Data from the discrete water-quality samples collected during 2005-9, in conjunction with the real-time streamflow data and data from the continuous in-stream water-quality monitors, provided the basis for developing regression equations for the estimation of concentrations of water-quality constituents of these source watersheds to Lake Houston. The output of the regression equations are available through the interactive National Real-Time Water Quality Web site (http://nrtwq.usgs.gov).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123026","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.T., 2012, Methods for estimating concentrations and loads of selected constituents in tributaries to Lake Houston near Houston, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3026, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123026.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-12-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3026.gif"},{"id":204872,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3026/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"602933","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston, New Caney, Spring","otherGeospatial":"East Fork San Jacinto River, Lake Houston, Spring Creek,","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96,30 ], [ -96,31 ], [ -95,31 ], [ -95,30 ], [ -96,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55b2e4b0c8380cd6d276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Michael T. 0000-0002-8260-8794 mtlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-8794","contributorId":4228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Michael","email":"mtlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009699,"text":"sir20105070C - 2012 - Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T16:36:52.202517","indexId":"sir20105070C","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5070","chapter":"C","title":"Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model","docAbstract":"Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, also known as volcanic-hosted massive sulfide, volcanic-associated massive sulfide, or seafloor massive sulfide deposits, are important sources of copper, zinc, lead, gold, and silver (Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, and Ag). These deposits form at or near the seafloor where circulating hydrothermal fluids driven by magmatic heat are quenched through mixing with bottom waters or porewaters in near-seafloor lithologies. Massive sulfide lenses vary widely in shape and size and may be podlike or sheetlike. They are generally stratiform and may occur as multiple lenses.
\nVolcanogenic massive sulfide deposits range in size from small pods of less than a ton (which are commonly scattered through prospective terrains) to supergiant accumulations like Rio Tinto (Spain), 1.5 billion metric tons; Kholodrina (Russia), 300 million metric tons; Windy Craggy (Canada), 300 million metric tons; Brunswick No. 12 (Canada), 230 million metric tons; and Ducktown (United States), 163 million metric tons. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits range in age from 3.55 billion years to zero-age deposits that are actively forming in extensional settings on the seafloor, especially mid-ocean ridges, island arcs, and back-arc spreading basins. The widespread recognition of modern seafloor Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and associated hydrothermal vent fluids and vent fauna has been one of the most astonishing discoveries in the last 50 years, and seafloor exploration and scientific studies have contributed much to our understanding of ore-forming processes and the tectonic framework for volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the marine environment.
\nMassive ore in volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits consists of greater than 40 percent sulfides, usually pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena; non-sulfide gangue typically consists of quartz, barite, anhydrite, iron oxides, chlorite, sericite, talc, and their metamorphosed equivalents. Ore composition may be Pb-Zn-, Cu-Zn-, or Pb-Cu-Zn-dominated, and some deposits are zoned vertically and laterally.
\nMany deposits have stringer or feeder zones beneath the massive zone that consist of crosscutting veins and veinlets of sulfides in a matrix of pervasively altered host rock and gangue. Alteration zonation in the host rocks surrounding the deposits are usually well-developed and include advanced argillic (kaolinite, alunite), argillic (illite, sericite), sericitic (sericite, quartz), chloritic (chlorite, quartz), and propylitic (carbonate, epidote, chlorite) types.
\nAn unusual feature of VMS deposits is the common association of stratiform \"exhalative\" deposits precipitated from hydrothermal fluids emanating into bottom waters. These deposits may extend well beyond the margins of massive sulfide and are typically composed of silica, iron, and manganese oxides, carbonates, sulfates, sulfides, and tourmaline.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral deposit models for resource assessment (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105070C","usgsCitation":"Shanks, W.P., Koski, R.A., Mosier, D.L., Schulz, K.J., Morgan, L.A., Slack, J.F., Ridley, W., Dusel-Bacon, C., Seal, R., and Piatak, N.M., 2012, Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070, xiii, 345 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070C.","productDescription":"xiii, 345 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311535,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/c/SIR10-5070-C.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":204877,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":357516,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/c/images/coverthb.gif"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc343e4b08c986b32b05b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shanks, W.C. Pat III","contributorId":93949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"W.C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Pat","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508450,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurston, Roland","contributorId":69261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurston","given":"Roland","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580267,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Shanks, W.C. Pat III","contributorId":93949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"W.C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Pat","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":580268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mosier, Dan L.","contributorId":42593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morgan, Lisa A.","contributorId":66300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ridley, W. Ian 0000-0001-6787-558X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6787-558X","contributorId":17269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"W. Ian","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":2324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70009698,"text":"sir20125028 - 2012 - A water-budget model and estimates of groundwater recharge for Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-15T19:33:16.218175","indexId":"sir20125028","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5028","title":"A water-budget model and estimates of groundwater recharge for Guam","docAbstract":"On Guam, demand for groundwater tripled from the early 1970s to 2010. The demand for groundwater is anticipated to further increase in the near future because of population growth and a proposed military relocation to Guam. Uncertainty regarding the availability of groundwater resources to support the increased demand has prompted an investigation of groundwater recharge on Guam using the most current data and accepted methods. For this investigation, a daily water-budget model was developed and used to estimate mean recharge for various land-cover and rainfall conditions. Recharge was also estimated for part of the island using the chloride mass-balance method. \r\nUsing the daily water-budget model, estimated mean annual recharge on Guam is 394.1 million gallons per day, which is 39 percent of mean annual rainfall (999.0 million gallons per day). Although minor in comparison to rainfall on the island, water inflows from water-main leakage, septic-system leachate, and stormwater runoff may be several times greater than rainfall at areas that receive these inflows. Recharge is highest in areas that are underlain by limestone, where recharge is typically between 40 and 60 percent of total water inflow. Recharge is relatively high in areas that receive stormwater runoff from storm-drain systems, but is relatively low in urbanized areas where stormwater runoff is routed to the ocean or to other areas. In most of the volcanic uplands in southern Guam where runoff is substantial, recharge is less than 30 percent of total water inflow. \r\nThe water-budget model in this study differs from all previous water-budget investigations on Guam by directly accounting for canopy evaporation in forested areas, quantifying the evapotranspiration rate of each land-cover type, and accounting for evaporation from impervious areas. For the northern groundwater subbasins defined in Camp, Dresser & McKee Inc. (1982), mean annual baseline recharge computed in this study is 159.1 million gallons per day, which is 50 percent of mean annual rainfall, and is 42 percent greater than the recharge estimate of Camp, Dresser & McKee Inc. (1982). For the northern aquifer sectors defined in Mink (1991), which encompass most of the northern half of the island, mean annual baseline recharge computed in this study is 238.0 million gallons per day, which is 51 percent of mean annual rainfall, and is about 6 percent lower than the recharge estimate of Mink (1991). For the drought simulation performed in this study, recharge for the entire island is 259.3 million gallons per day, which is 34 percent lower than recharge computed for baseline conditions. For all aquifer sectors defined by Mink (1991), total recharge during drought conditions is 32 percent lower than mean baseline recharge. For the future land-cover water-budget simulation, which represents potential land-cover changes owing to the military relocation and population growth, estimated recharge for the entire island is nearly equal to the baseline recharge estimate that was based on 2004 land cover. \r\nUsing the water-budget model, estimated recharge in the northern half of the island is most sensitive to crop coefficients and net precipitation rates—two of the water-budget parameters used in the estimation of total evapotranspiration. Estimated recharge in the southern half of the island is most sensitive to crop coefficients, net precipitation rate, and runoff-to-rainfall ratios. \r\nDuring March 2010 to May 2011, bulk-deposition samples from five rainfall stations on Guam were collected and analyzed for chloride. Additionally, samples from five groundwater sites were collected and analyzed for chloride. Results were used to estimate groundwater recharge using the chloride mass-balance method. Recharge estimates using this method at three bulk-deposition stations on the northern limestone plateau range from about 25 to 48 percent of rainfall. These recharge estimates are similar to the estimate of Ayers (1981) who also used this method. Recharge estimates at each bulk-deposition station, however, are lower than the baseline recharge estimate from the water-budget model used in this study. This may be because no large storms, such as tropical cyclones, passed near Guam during March 2010 to May 2011.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Marine Corps","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A.G., 2012, A water-budget model and estimates of groundwater recharge for Guam: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5028, vi, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125028.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-03-01","temporalEnd":"2011-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5028.gif"},{"id":398862,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_96552.htm"},{"id":204876,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"WGS84","country":"Guam","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.61666666666667,13.233333333333333 ], [ 144.61666666666667,13.666666666666666 ], [ 144.96666666666667,13.666666666666666 ], [ 144.96666666666667,13.233333333333333 ], [ 144.61666666666667,13.233333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e615e4b0c8380cd47161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Adam G. 0000-0003-2448-5746 ajohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-5746","contributorId":4752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Adam","email":"ajohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182710,"text":"70182710 - 2012 - Effectiveness of seining after electrofishing to characterize stream fish communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T11:57:27","indexId":"70182710","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effectiveness of seining after electrofishing to characterize stream fish communities","docAbstract":"The richness and composition of species collected uniquely to electrofishing and subsequent seining efforts were examined at 271 stream sites across the USA by using wadeable electrofishing methods (backpack or barge electrofishing) or boat electrofishing followed by seining. Seining after wadeable electrofishing resulted in the collection of new species at 42% of sites, whereas seining after boat electrofishing resulted in the collection of new species at 87% of sites. Mean percentage of total observed fish species richness that was collected uniquely by seining was 6% (representing one new species, on average) after wadeable electrofishing compared with 18% (four new species, on average) after boat electrofishing. Shannon–Wiener diversity index values were not significantly different between data from combined sampling (electrofishing and seining) and data from wadeable electrofishing (P = 0.490) but were significantly different between boat electrofishing and combined sampling (P = 0.004). Seining efforts after boat electrofishing can provide critical information that allows for a more complete characterization of the fish community. For sampling in wadeable streams, decisions regarding the use of seines should consider the effectiveness of electrofishing at a given site and the use of seines as an alternative primary sampling gear rather than as a supplement to electrofishing.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.663458","usgsCitation":"Meador, M., 2012, Effectiveness of seining after electrofishing to characterize stream fish communities: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 1, p. 177-185, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.663458.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"185","ipdsId":"IP-028404","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"32","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b548c5e4b01ccd54fddfe2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, Michael R. mrmeador@usgs.gov","contributorId":615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"Michael R.","email":"mrmeador@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009656,"text":"tm6A39 - 2012 - RIP-ET: A riparian evapotranspiration package for MODFLOW-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"tm6A39","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A39","title":"RIP-ET: A riparian evapotranspiration package for MODFLOW-2005","docAbstract":"A new evapotranspiration package for the U.S. Geological Survey's groundwater-flow model, MODFLOW, is documented. The Riparian Evapotranspiration Package (RIP-ET) provides flexibility in simulating riparian and wetland transpiration not provided by the Evapotranspiration (EVT) or Segmented Function Evapotranspiration (ETS1) Packages for MODFLOW 2005. This report describes how the RIP-ET package was conceptualized and provides input instructions, listings and explanations of the source code, and an example. Traditional approaches to modeling evapotranspiration (ET) processes assume a piecewise linear relationship between ET flux and hydraulic head. The RIP-ET replaces this traditional relationship with a segmented, nonlinear dimensionless curve that reflects the eco-physiology of riparian and wetland ecosystems. Evapotranspiration losses from these ecosystems are dependent not only on hydraulic head, but on the plant types present. User-defined plant functional groups (PFGs) are used to elucidate the interaction between plant transpiration and groundwater conditions. Five generalized plant functional groups based on transpiration rates, plant rooting depth, and water tolerance ranges are presented: obligate wetland, shallow-rooted riparian, deep-rooted riparian, transitional riparian and bare ground/open water. Plant functional groups can be further divided into subgroups (PFSGs) based on plant size, density or other characteristics. The RIP-ET allows for partial habitat coverage and mixtures of plant functional subgroups to be present in a single model cell. RIP-ET also distinguishes between plant transpiration and bare-ground evaporation. Habitat areas are designated by polygons; each polygon can contain a mixture of PFSGs and bare ground, and is assigned a surface elevation. This process requires a determination of fractional coverage for each of the plant functional subgroups present in a polygon to account for the mixture of coverage types and resulting transpiration. The fractional cover within a cell has two components: (1) the polygonal fraction of active habitat (excluding area of bare ground, dead trees, or brush) in a cell, and (2) fraction of plant type area or bare ground area in a polygon. RIP-ET determines the transpiration rate for each plant functional group and evaporation from bare ground/open water in a cell, the total ET in the cell, and the total ET rate over the region of simulation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A39","collaboration":"Office of Groundwater, Transboundary Aquifer Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Maddock, T., Baird, K.J., Hanson, R.T., Schmid, W., and Ajami, H., 2012, RIP-ET: A riparian evapotranspiration package for MODFLOW-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A39, vi, 70 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A39.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.; Appendix","startPage":"i","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"82","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_A39.jpg"},{"id":204839,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a39/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9366e4b0c8380cd80db4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maddock, Thomas III","contributorId":32983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddock","given":"Thomas","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baird, Kathryn J.","contributorId":32670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baird","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmid, Wolfgang","contributorId":84020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmid","given":"Wolfgang","affiliations":[{"id":13040,"text":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":356818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ajami, Hoori","contributorId":74506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ajami","given":"Hoori","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70009654,"text":"fs20123021 - 2012 - Devils Hole, Nevada--A Primer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-07T17:16:31","indexId":"fs20123021","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3021","title":"Devils Hole, Nevada--A Primer","docAbstract":"This fact sheet summarizes the multifaceted research of the U.S. Geological Survey—published in diverse outlets—that focuses on the subaqueous cavern Devils Hole in Nevada. Questions addressed in the fact sheet are: What is Devils Hole? Why is Devils Hole of interest to paleoclimatologists? How was the isotopic record from the Devils Hole vein calcite dated? What paleoclimate phenomena are recorded by the Devils Hole stable isotopic time series? Where can one find the isotopic records? What contributions has Devils Hole research made to the field of paleoclimatology, paleohydrology, and geochemistry? What does Devils Hole reveal about how long we can expect the present interglaciation to last? What are some practical applications of the Devils Hole findings? Why is Devils Hole of interest to zoologists?","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123021","usgsCitation":"Landwehr, J.M., and Winograd, I.J., 2012, Devils Hole, Nevada--A Primer: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3021, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123021.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":633,"text":"Water Resources National Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204838,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3021/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3021.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Devils Hole","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.5,36 ], [ -116.5,37.25 ], [ -115,37.25 ], [ -115,36 ], [ -116.5,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a008ce4b0c8380cd4f7b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landwehr, Jurate M. jmlandwe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"Jurate","email":"jmlandwe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winograd, Isaac J. ijwinogr@usgs.gov","contributorId":4643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"Isaac","email":"ijwinogr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009658,"text":"sir20125044 - 2012 - Travel times, streamflow velocities, and dispersion rates in the Missouri River upstream from Canyon Ferry Lake, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"sir20125044","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5044","title":"Travel times, streamflow velocities, and dispersion rates in the Missouri River upstream from Canyon Ferry Lake, Montana","docAbstract":"In 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, initiated a dye-tracer study to determine travel times, streamflow velocities, and longitudinal dispersion rates for the Missouri River upstream from Canyon Ferry Lake. For this study, rhodamine WT (RWT) dye was injected at two locations, Missouri River Headwaters State Park in early September and Broadwater-Missouri Dam (Broadwater Dam) in late August 2010. Dye concentrations were measured at three sites downstream from each dye-injection location. The study area was a 41.2-mile reach of the Missouri River from Trident, Montana, at the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin Rivers (Missouri River Headwaters) at river mile 2,319.40 downstream to the U.S. Route 12 Bridge (Townsend Bridge), river mile 2,278.23, near Townsend, Montana. Streamflows were reasonably steady and ranged from 3,070 to 3,700 cubic feet per second. Mean velocities were calculated for each subreach between measurement sites for the leading edge, peak concentration, centroid, and trailing edge at 10 percent of the peak concentration of the dye plume. Calculated velocities for the centroid of the dye plume ranged from 0.80 to 3.02 feet per second within the study reach from Missouri River Headwaters to Townsend Bridge, near Townsend. The mean velocity of the dye plume for the entire study reach, excluding the subreach between the abandoned Milwaukee Railroad bridge at Lombard, Montana (Milwaukee Bridge) and Broadwater-Missouri Dam (Broadwater Dam), was 2.87 feet per second. The velocity of the centroid of the dye plume for the subreach between Milwaukee Bridge and Broadwater Dam (Toston Reservoir) was 0.80 feet per second. The residence time for Toston Reservoir was 8.2 hours during this study. Estimated longitudinal dispersion rates of the dye plume for this study ranged from 0.72 feet per second for the subreach from Milwaukee Bridge to Broadwater Dam to 2.26 feet per second for the subreach from the U.S. Route 287 Bypass Bridge over the Missouri River north of Toston, Montana to Yorks Islands. A relation was determined between travel time of the peak concentration and the time for the dye plume to pass a site (duration of the dye plume). This relation can be used to estimate when the decreasing concentration of a potential contaminant is reduced to 10 percent of its peak concentration for accidental (contaminant or chemical) spills into the upper Missouri River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125044","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Montana Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Whiteman, A., 2012, Travel times, streamflow velocities, and dispersion rates in the Missouri River upstream from Canyon Ferry Lake, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5044, vi, 18 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125044.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.; Appendices","startPage":"i","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"26","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5044.gif"},{"id":204842,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb778e4b08c986b3272bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whiteman, Aroscott whiteman@usgs.gov","contributorId":4600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiteman","given":"Aroscott","email":"whiteman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70007274,"text":"70007274 - 2012 - Cross-borehole flow analysis to characterize fracture connections in the Melechov Granite, Bohemian-Moravian Highland, Czech Republic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"70007274","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-05T15:54:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cross-borehole flow analysis to characterize fracture connections in the Melechov Granite, Bohemian-Moravian Highland, Czech Republic","docAbstract":"Application of the cross-borehole flow method, in which short pumping cycles in one borehole are used to induce time-transient flow in another borehole, demonstrated that a simple hydraulic model can characterize the fracture connections in the bedrock mass between the two boreholes. The analysis determines the properties of fracture connections rather than those of individual fractures intersecting a single borehole; the model contains a limited number of adjustable parameters so that any correlation between measured and simulated flow test data is significant. The test was conducted in two 200-m deep boreholes spaced 21 m apart in the Melechov Granite in the Bohemian-Moravian Highland, Czech Republic. Transient flow was measured at depth stations between the identified transmissive fractures in one of the boreholes during short-term pumping and recovery periods in the other borehole. Simulated flows, based on simple model geometries, closely matched the measured flows. The relative transmissivity and storage of the inferred fracture connections were corroborated by tracer testing. The results demonstrate that it is possible to assess the properties of a fracture flow network despite being restricted to making measurements in boreholes in which a local population of discrete fractures regulates the hydraulic communication with the larger-scale aquifer system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s10040-011-0787-1","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., Williams, J., Urik, J., Lukes, J., Kobr, M., and Mares, S., 2012, Cross-borehole flow analysis to characterize fracture connections in the Melechov Granite, Bohemian-Moravian Highland, Czech Republic: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 20, no. 1, p. 143-154, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0787-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"154","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":204823,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0787-1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Czech Republic","otherGeospatial":"Bohemian-moravian Highland","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc0e4b0c8380cd4e3f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":38191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, John H. 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Urik, Joseph","contributorId":89664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urik","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lukes, Joseph","contributorId":8618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lukes","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kobr, Miroslav","contributorId":56376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kobr","given":"Miroslav","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mares, Stanislav","contributorId":28371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mares","given":"Stanislav","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037755,"text":"ofr20121040 - 2012 - Coastal circulation and potential coral-larval dispersal in Maunalua Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii—Measurements of waves, currents, temperature, and salinity, June-September 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-27T17:40:16.603517","indexId":"ofr20121040","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-05T10:38:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1040","title":"Coastal circulation and potential coral-larval dispersal in Maunalua Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii—Measurements of waves, currents, temperature, and salinity, June-September 2010","docAbstract":"This report presents a summary of fieldwork conducted in Maunalua Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii to address coral-larval dispersal and recruitment from June through September, 2010. The objectives of this study were to understand the temporal and spatial variations in currents, waves, tides, temperature, and salinity in Maunalua Bay during the summer coral-spawning season of Montipora capitata. Short-term vessel surveys and satellite-tracked drifters were deployed to measure currents during the June 2010 spawning event and to supplement the longer-term measurements of currents and water-column properties by fixed, bottom-mounted instruments deployed in Maunalua Bay. These data show that currents at the surface and just below the surface where coral larvae are found are often oriented in opposite directions due primarily to tidal and trade-winds forcing as the primary mechanisms of circulation in the bay. These data extend our understanding of coral-larvae dispersal patterns due to tidal and wind-driven currents and may be applicable to larvae of other Hawaiian corals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121040","usgsCitation":"Presto, M., Storlazzi, C., Logan, J., Reiss, T.E., and Rosenberger, K., 2012, Coastal circulation and potential coral-larval dispersal in Maunalua Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii—Measurements of waves, currents, temperature, and salinity, June-September 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1040, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121040.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-06-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1040.gif"},{"id":246630,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1040/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"O'ahu, Maunalua Bay, Koko Head, Diamond Head, Ko'olau Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.8900146484375,\n 21.238182425982313\n ],\n [\n -157.62908935546875,\n 21.238182425982313\n ],\n [\n -157.62908935546875,\n 21.332873489271286\n ],\n [\n -157.8900146484375,\n 21.332873489271286\n ],\n [\n -157.8900146484375,\n 21.238182425982313\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f77ce4b0c8380cd4cb40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presto, M. Katherine","contributorId":30192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presto","given":"M. Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":77889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Logan, Joshua B.","contributorId":34470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Joshua B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reiss, Thomas E. 0000-0003-0388-7076 treiss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0388-7076","contributorId":4149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiss","given":"Thomas","email":"treiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosenberger, Kurt J.","contributorId":12934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberger","given":"Kurt J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70009638,"text":"sir20115233 - 2012 - Water-quality characteristics of Michigan's inland lakes, 2001-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-22T16:05:42","indexId":"sir20115233","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-05T09:59:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5233","title":"Water-quality characteristics of Michigan's inland lakes, 2001-10","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) jointly monitored for selected water-quality constituents and properties of inland lakes during 2001–10 as part of Michigan's Lake Water-Quality Assessment program. During 2001–10, 866 lake basins from 729 inland lakes greater than 25 acres were monitored for baseline water-quality conditions and trophic status. This report summarizes the water-quality characteristics and trophic conditions of the monitored lakes throughout the State; the data include vertical-profile measurements, nutrient measurements at three discrete depths, Secchi-disk transparency (SDT) measurements, and chlorophyll a measurements for the spring and summer, with major ions and other chemical indicators measured during the spring at mid-depth and color during the summer from near-surface samples.
\r\nIn about 75 percent of inland lake deep basins (index stations), trophic characteristics were associated with oligotrophic or mesotrophic conditions; 5 percent or less were categorized as hypereutrophic, and 80 percent of hypereutrophic lakes had a maximum depth of 30 feet or less. Comparison of spring and summer measurements shows that water clarity based on SDT measurements were clearer in the spring than in the summer for 63 percent of lakes. For near-surface measurements made in spring, 97 percent of lakes can be considered phosphorus limited and less than half a percent nitrogen limited; for summer measurements, 96 percent of lakes can be considered phosphorus limited and less than half a percent nitrogen limited. Spatial patterns of major ions, alkalinity, and hardness measured in the spring at mid-depth all showed lower values in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and a southward increase toward the southern areas of the Lower Peninsula, though the location of increase varied by constituent. A spatial analysis of the data based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Level III Ecoregions separated potassium, sulfate, and chloride concentrations fairly well, with a pattern of lower values in northern ecoregions trending toward higher values in southern ecoregions; lower and higher concentrations of magnesium, hardness, calcium, and alkalinity were well separated, but middle-range concentrations in central Michigan ecoregions were mixed. The highest concentrations of chloride and sodium were in the southeastern area of the Lower Peninsula.
\r\nLakes with multiple basins showed few statistically significant differences in constituent concentrations at the 95-percent confidence level among combinations of depths between basins. The most statistically significant differences were found for water temperature, with significant differences in somewhat less than half the combinations in the spring and just a few combinations in the summer. The lack of significant differences between major basins of multibasin lakes indicates that monitoring of trophic characteristics in all major basins might not be necessary for the majority of constituents in future sampling programs.
\r\nTrophic characteristics based on the 2001–10 dataset were compared to trophic characteristics resulting from other Michigan sampling programs, including the volunteer Cooperative Lakes Monitoring Program coordinated by the MDEQ (measurements on 250 lakes in 2011), trophic-state predictions produced by relating existing measurements to remotely sensed data (measurements for about 3,000 lakes), and the National Lakes Assessment (NLA) statistically valid, probability-designed lakes program (measurements for 50 lakes in Michigan and about 1,100 lakes nationally). A higher percentage of oligotrophic lakes resulted when using SDT from the volunteer data and the 2001–10 dataset than when using the predicted measurements from remotely sensed data or the NLA. Comparing trophic characteristics from differently designed programs provides multiple interpretations of lake water-quality status in Michigan lakes.
\r\nNo directional statistically significant difference was found at the 95-percent confidence level among historical nutrients and trophic characteristics when comparing 445 lakes with historical data for 1974–84 with the 2001–10 dataset, though SDT did show statistically significant differences at the 95-percent confidence level. Depending on the primary indicator, 50–66 percent of lakes did not change trophic-status class, 13–23 percent moved towards the oligotrophic end of the TSI scale, and 20–25 percent moved a class towards the eutrophic end of the TSI scale.
\r\nIncreasing percentages of urban-dominant land cover in the drainage areas of lakes had a more positive correlation with chloride concentration than did increased percentages of other land-cover classes; there was also a slight correlation of urban-dominant land cover and calcium concentration. Removing data for lakes in southeastern Lower Michigan, known from previous reports to be higher in chloride, still resulted in a positive relation even though the coefficient of determination (R2 value) decreased from 0.55 to 0.39. Dominant land-cover drainage areas were not strongly related to nutrients with respect to a linear relation, nor were lake drainage-area sizes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115233","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment","usgsCitation":"Fuller, L.M., and Taricska, C., 2012, Water-quality characteristics of Michigan's inland lakes, 2001-10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5233, Report: viii, 53 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115233.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 53 p.; Appendix","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204806,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5233/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5233.jpg"}],"country":"United 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