The importance of iron ore, the basic raw material of steel, as a fundamental mineral, resource is shown by the fact that about 100 million long tons of steel is used annually in the economy of the United States, as compared with a combined total of about 5 million long tons of copper, lead, zinc, and aluminum. Satisfying this annual demand for steel requires about 110 million tons of iron ore and 70 million tons of scrap iron and steel.
The average annual consumption of iron ore in the United States from 1951 to 1955, inclusive, was about 110 million long tons, which is about twice the annual average from 1900 to 1930. Production of iron ore in the United States in this 5-year period averaged approximately 100 million long tons annually, divided by regions as follows (in percent): Lake Superior, 84.1; southeastern, 6.7; western, 6.7; northeastern, 1.4; and central and gulf, 1.1.
Mining of iron ore began in the American Colonies about 1619, and for 225 years it was limited to eastern United States where fuel and markets were readily available. Production of iron ore from the Lake Superior region began in 1846; the region became the leading domestic source by 1890, and the Mesabi range in Minnesota has been the world's most productive area since 1896. Proximity of raw materials, water transportation, and markets has resulted in centralization of the country's iron and steel industry in the lower Great Lakes area. Increased imports of iron ore being delivered to eastern United States as well as demands for steel in nearby markets have given impetus to expansion in the steel-making capacity in this area.
The four chief iron-ore minerals - hematite, liminite, magnetite, and siderite - are widely distributed but only locally form deposits of sufficient tonnage and grade to be commercially valuable at the present time. The iron content of these minerals, of which hematite is the most important, ranges from 48 percent in siderite to 72 percent in magnetite, but as these minerals are associated with other rock-forming minerals, the iron content of marketable ore has a lower range from 30 to 67 percent.
Chemical constituents other than iron also are important in determining the marketability of iron ore. Although some iron ores can be used in the blast furnace as mined, others must first be improved either chemically by reduction of undesirable constituents, or physically by aggregation. Phosphorus and sulfur particularly are common deleterious elements; excessive silica is also undesirable but within certain limits can be controlled by additional flux. Lime and magnesia are beneficial in specified amounts because of their fluxing qualities, and a small amount of alumina improves the fluidity of slag. Manganese is especially desirable as a deoxidizing and desulfurizing agent. Titanium, chromium, and nickel must also be considered in the use of ore containing these elements.
The principal iron-ore deposits in the United States have been formed by three processes. Hematite-bearing bedded deposits such as those at Birmingham, Ala., are marine sedimentary rocks which, except for weathering along the outcrop, have remained practically unaltered since deposition. Deposits of the Lake Superior region, also in sedimentary strata, originally had a slightly lower iron content than those at-Birmingham, but ore bodies of hematite and limonite were formed by removal of other constituents in solution after deposition of the beds, with a relative increase of iron content in the material remaining. Limestone adjacent to igneous intrusions has been replaced by magnetite deposits at Cornwall, Pa., and by hematite-magnetite deposits near Cedar City, Utah. Magnetite deposits in New Jersey and in the Adirondack Mountains of New York are generally believed to have been formed by replacement of grains of other minerals in metamorphic rocks.
Iron-ore resources are made up of reserves of iron ore, material usable under existing economic and technologic conditions; and potential ore, material likely to become usable under more favorable conditions. The tonnage and grade of material of combined reserves and potential ore in each of the deposits known or believed to contain at least 200,000 long tons of iron-ore resources are tabulated in this report, and numerous sources of additional information are given in a selected bibliography.
The total domestic iron-ore resources are estimated at approximately 75,000 million long tons of crude ore. About 10,000 million tons of the resources is reserves of crude ore that will probably yield 5,500 million tons of concentrates and direct-shipping ore. About 65,000 million tons is potential ore and may yield 25,000 million tons of concentrates and some direct-shipping ore.
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1959 - Geology and mineral resources of Paraguay--a reconnaissance, with sections on Igneous and metamorphic rocks and soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:59","indexId":"pp327","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"327","title":"Geology and mineral resources of Paraguay--a reconnaissance, with sections on Igneous and metamorphic rocks and soils","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp327","usgsCitation":"Eckel, E., Milton, C., and Sulsona, P., 1959, Geology and mineral resources of Paraguay--a reconnaissance, with sections on Igneous and metamorphic rocks and soils: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 327, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp327.","productDescription":"110 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0327/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0327/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db6850fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckel, E.B.","contributorId":22825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckel","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milton, Charles","contributorId":13616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sulsona, P.T.","contributorId":79149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulsona","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39042,"text":"pp320 - 1959 - Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:59","indexId":"pp320","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"320","title":"Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp320","usgsCitation":"Garrels, R.M., and Larsen, E., 1959, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores (3rd ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 320, 236 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp320.","productDescription":"236 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":113322,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0320/report.pdf","size":"33938","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0320/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"3rd ed.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrels, R. M. (compiler)","contributorId":98781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrels","given":"R.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, E.S.","contributorId":77130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47363,"text":"b1058B - 1959 - Geology and ore deposits in the Reid Inlet area, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20703,"text":"ofr55153 - 1955 - Geology and ore deposits in the Reid Inlet area, Glacier Bay, Alaska, with added notes on a mineralized zone near Lituya Bay","indexId":"ofr55153","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ore deposits in the Reid Inlet area, Glacier Bay, Alaska, with added notes on a mineralized zone near Lituya Bay"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":47363,"text":"b1058B - 1959 - Geology and ore deposits in the Reid Inlet area, Glacier Bay, Alaska","indexId":"b1058B","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geology and ore deposits in the Reid Inlet area, Glacier Bay, Alaska"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47363,"text":"b1058B - 1959 - Geology and ore deposits in the Reid Inlet area, Glacier Bay, Alaska","indexId":"b1058B","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geology and ore deposits in the Reid Inlet area, Glacier Bay, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33331,"text":"b1058 - 1961 - Mineral resources of Alaska, 1956","indexId":"b1058","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska, 1956"},"id":2}],"isPartOf":{"id":33331,"text":"b1058 - 1961 - Mineral resources of Alaska, 1956","indexId":"b1058","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska, 1956"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-08T14:14:25","indexId":"b1058B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1058","chapter":"B","title":"Geology and ore deposits in the Reid Inlet area, Glacier Bay, Alaska","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral resources of Alaska, 1956","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b1058B","usgsCitation":"Rossman, D.L., 1959, Geology and ore deposits in the Reid Inlet area, Glacier Bay, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1058, p. 33-59, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1058B.","productDescription":"p. 33-59","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99974,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1058b/report.pdf","size":"2141","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84290,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1058b/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":171686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1058b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84291,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1058b/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109236,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20672.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20672"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6846ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossman, Darwin L.","contributorId":94663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rossman","given":"Darwin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39067,"text":"pp314G - 1959 - Succession and speciation of the pelecypod Aucella","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:59","indexId":"pp314G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"314","chapter":"G","title":"Succession and speciation of the pelecypod Aucella","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1957","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp314G","usgsCitation":"Imlay, R.W., 1959, Succession and speciation of the pelecypod Aucella: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 314, p. 155-169, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp314G.","productDescription":"p. 155-169","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0314g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66329,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0314g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Imlay, R. W.","contributorId":23118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imlay","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39069,"text":"pp315A - 1959 - Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll in Scurry and Kent Counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T21:38:59.844863","indexId":"pp315A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"315","chapter":"A","title":"Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll in Scurry and Kent Counties, Texas","docAbstract":"The subsurface Horseshoe atoll is an arcuate accumulation of fossiliferous limestone 70 to 90 miles across in the northern part of the Midland basin, in western Texas. The stratigraphy, the lithologic character of the rocks, and the petroleum reservoirs of the southeastern part of the atoll in Scurry County and parts of adjacent counties are described herein.
Rocks of Strawn, Canyon, and Cisco ages, belonging to the Pennsylvanian system, and rocks of Wolfcamp age, belonging to the Permian system, form the Horseshoe atoll. Reworking of these rocks at several times during the growth of the atoll has resulted in the formation of large amounts of limestone breccia, in the mixing of the fusulinid faunas used to date the rocks, and in the complex age relations between rocks in different parts of the atoll. Thin beds of shale within this limestone mass are the only lithologic units that can be correlated for any appreciable distance in the atoll, but studies of micrologs from wells penetrating the atoll have revealed many zones of low porosity that can be correlated with reasonable certainty over much of the area described in this report.
The atoll rests on a platform of bedded limestone and shale, which has been designated as equivalent in age to the Bend and Strawn groups of the Pennsylvanian system. It is covered mainly by shale, which has been designated as equivalent in age to the Wolfcamp series of the Permian system and is partly equivalent in age to the youngest rocks within the atoll.
Reworking of the rocks, the complex distribution of rocks of different ages, the presence of thin beds of shale, and the stratification of porosity in the atoll suggest that this structure has many of the characteristics of a reef. Its growth in the Midland basin was apparently cyclic and may have been related to changes of sea level during the Late Pennsylvanian and early Permian periods.
Oil is contained in porous zones within the atoll, mainly in reservoirs in hills along the crest of the structure where the overlying shale formed an impervious cap, but some is found in the lower part of the limestone mass where the reasons for the oil traps are not as apparent. The source of the oil was probably the shale of Wolfcamp age that surrounds the atoll.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian rocks of parts of west and central Texas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp315A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Economic Geology the University of Texas","usgsCitation":"Stafford, P.T., 1959, Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll in Scurry and Kent Counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 315, Report: iii, 20 p.; 8 Plates: 30.00 × 27.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp315A.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 20 p.; 8 Plates: 30.00 × 27.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396286,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4304.htm"},{"id":66350,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66349,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66347,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66346,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66344,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66345,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66351,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66343,"rank":399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66348,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315a/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Kent County, Scurry County","otherGeospatial":"Horseshoe atoll","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.19,\n 32.5417\n ],\n [\n -100.8,\n 32.5417\n ],\n [\n -100.8,\n 33.05\n ],\n [\n -101.19,\n 33.05\n ],\n [\n -101.19,\n 32.5417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6886db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stafford, Philip T.","contributorId":25221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stafford","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39070,"text":"pp315B - 1959 - Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll in Borden and Howard Counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T21:31:16.610585","indexId":"pp315B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"315","chapter":"B","title":"Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll in Borden and Howard Counties, Texas","docAbstract":"The Horseshoe atoll is an arcuate mass of deeply buried fossiliferous limestone of Pennsylvanian and early Permian age in the Midland basin of west Texas. The southern part of the atoll is in southern Borden and northern Howard Counties. From early Strawn until early Wolf camp time this atoll, which had some of the characteristics of a reef, was a prominent feature on the floor of the Midland basin. The crest of the atoll is a series of buried hills and saddles. In the area of this report, 10 oil fields have been found in the hills along the crest, 2 on spurs on the flank of the atoll, 2 in the distant seaward area, and 2 on the seaward flank occupied by the central lagoon.
Calcilutite, calcarenite, and calcirudite comprise most of the reef rock, but there are a few thin beds of shale. The complex facies relations and stratigraphy of this reef are best explained as effects of oscillation of sea level during the time of reef growth. The cementation of the reef and subsequent development of porosity can be explained by the same oscillations of sea level, plus leaching by ground water during the periods of emergence. Reef growth was terminated in early Wolfcamp time when large volumes of fine-grained terrigenous sediments were deposited in the area.
The oil probably accumulated during Wolfcamp time shortly after the atoll was covered by black shale. Some peculiarities in the observed distribution of oil in the atoll may be explained by the apparent stratification of porosity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian rocks of parts of west and central Texas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp315B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Economic Geology of the University of Texas","usgsCitation":"Burnside, R.J., 1959, Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll in Borden and Howard Counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 315, Report: iii, 15 p.; 4 Plates: 46.63 x 30.58 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp315B.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 15 p.; 4 Plates: 46.63 x 30.58 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396283,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4305.htm"},{"id":66352,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393228,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315b/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393227,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315b/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393229,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315b/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393230,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0315b/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Borden County, Howard County","otherGeospatial":"Horseshoe atoll","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.19,\n 32.9167\n ],\n [\n -101.7,\n 32.9167\n ],\n [\n -101.7,\n 32.35\n ],\n [\n -101.19,\n 32.35\n ],\n [\n -101.19,\n 32.9167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnside, R. J.","contributorId":74435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnside","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39039,"text":"pp317C - 1959 - Geology of Isla Mona Puerto Rico, and notes on age of Mona Passage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-17T22:22:30.96218","indexId":"pp317C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"317","chapter":"C","title":"Geology of Isla Mona Puerto Rico, and notes on age of Mona Passage","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal geology of Puerto Rico","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp317C","usgsCitation":"Kaye, C.A., and Altschuler, Z., 1959, Geology of Isla Mona Puerto Rico, and notes on age of Mona Passage: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 317, Report: iv, 38 p.; 1 Plate:\t16.00 × 20.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp317C.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 38 p.; 1 Plate:\t16.00 × 20.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104432,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4317.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4317"},{"id":66228,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0317c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66227,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0317c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0317c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Isla Mona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.95730590820312,\n 18.046644225282463\n ],\n [\n -67.83988952636717,\n 18.046644225282463\n ],\n [\n -67.83988952636717,\n 18.131496260969758\n ],\n [\n -67.95730590820312,\n 18.131496260969758\n ],\n [\n -67.95730590820312,\n 18.046644225282463\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683b77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaye, C. 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1959 - Shoreline features and Quaternary shoreline changes, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:59","indexId":"pp317B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"317","chapter":"B","title":"Shoreline features and Quaternary shoreline changes, Puerto Rico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp317B","usgsCitation":"Kaye, C.A., 1959, Shoreline features and Quaternary shoreline changes, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 317, p. 49-140, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp317B.","productDescription":"p. 49-140","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104431,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4316.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4316"},{"id":119906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0317b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66223,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0317b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66224,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0317b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66225,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0317b/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66226,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0317b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3f93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaye, C. A.","contributorId":6003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39074,"text":"pp316C - 1959 - Regional geophysical investigations of the Lisbon Valley area, Utah and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-14T20:37:28.910546","indexId":"pp316C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"316","chapter":"C","title":"Regional geophysical investigations of the Lisbon Valley area, Utah and Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical field investigations, 1956-63 (Professional Paper 316)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp316C","usgsCitation":"Byerly, P., and Joesting, H., 1959, Regional geophysical investigations of the Lisbon Valley area, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 316, Report: 12 p.; 4 Plates: 19.00 x 16.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp316C.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; 4 Plates: 19.00 x 16.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120128,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0316c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66363,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0316c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66364,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0316c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66367,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0316c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66366,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0316c/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66365,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0316c/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484530,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4309.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.5,\n 38.375\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 38.375\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 38.375\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6252d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerly, P.E.","contributorId":105784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerly","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joesting, H.R.","contributorId":7682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesting","given":"H.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39077,"text":"pp294J - 1959 - Conodonts from the Chappel limestone of Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T19:31:53.538067","indexId":"pp294J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"294","chapter":"J","title":"Conodonts from the Chappel limestone of Texas","docAbstract":"The Chappel limestone of Early Mississippian (late Kinderhook and probably partly early Osage) age crops out in the Llano region of Texas where it is as much as 45 feet thick. It contains three conodont faunal zones which, from youngest to oldest, are herein designated: (1) the Bactrognathus communis zone of probable early Osage age; (2) the Gnathodus punctatus zone of late Kinderhook (Chouteau) age—this zone ranges throughout the greater thickness of the Chappel; and (3) the Siphonodella cooperi zone, also of late Kinderhook (Chouteau) age. This zonation is based on an examination of the disjunct conodonts in more than 150 collections, as well as on a study of the frequency distribution of species in 68 collections. These 68 collections contain 22,946 identifiable specimens, some representing reworked material derived from Ordovician, Devonian, and lower-most Mississippian sources. Four generic names, Dollymae, Branmehla, Hindeodina, and Pandorinellina, are new; the last named replaces Pandorina Stauffer, 1940, which is preoccupied.
A new classification of disjunct conodonts is presented. This classification, utilitarian rather than biologic, is based on the fact that each individual conodont was built up by the accretion of lamellae about the apex of the pulp cavity. This cavity is used as the point of reference for all other parts of the conodont structure. Separation of the lamellae from one another, along one or more growth axes and in one or more directions, resulted in the development of fanglike structures without dentides (Distacodontidae); fanglike structures with denticles (Belodontidae); denticulated blades and bars (Coleodontidae, Prioniodinidae, and Prioniodontidae); platelike structures with platforms (Polygnathidae); and platelike structures with greatly expanded pulp cavities (Idiognathodontidae).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter Contributions to General Geology 1956","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp294J","usgsCitation":"Hass, W.H., 1959, Conodonts from the Chappel limestone of Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 294, Report: p. 365-399; 1 Chart; 1 Table, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp294J.","productDescription":"Report: p. 365-399; 1 Chart; 1 Table","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393186,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393188,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294j/table-1.pdf","text":"Table 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294j/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393187,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294j/chart-1.pdf","text":"Chart 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 30.192618218499273\n ],\n [\n -97.61352539062499,\n 30.192618218499273\n ],\n [\n -97.61352539062499,\n 31.484893386890164\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 31.484893386890164\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 30.192618218499273\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a31ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hass, Wilbert H.","contributorId":270242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hass","given":"Wilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39078,"text":"pp294K - 1959 - The rocks and fossils of Glacier National Park: The story of their origin and history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-13T15:08:51","indexId":"pp294K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"294","chapter":"K","title":"The rocks and fossils of Glacier National Park: The story of their origin and history","docAbstract":"The story of Glacier National Park begins about 500 million years ago, at a time when there were no mountains in the region - only a vast, exceedingly shallow sea, bordered by desolate plains. The sand, clay, and mud, in part very limy, that were laid down in this sea eventually hardened into the rocks that are now known as the Belt series. These are the principal rocks in the park. Scattered through these rocks are crinkled, limy masses of many forms, the remains of deposits made by colonies of algae. After the Belt series was laid down, successive seas slowly advanced and retreated through long ages across what is now Glacier National Park, burying the Belt rocks under younger ones. After another very long time, a gentle uplift, the forerunner of later events, brought this part of the continent above the reach of sea water for the last time. Much later, some 50 million years ago, the disturbance became far more intense. To climax this upheaval, a mass of rock thousands of feet thick and hundreds of miles long was shoved eastward for 35 miles or more. This tremendous dislocation, well exposed along the eastern boundary of the park, is known as the Lewis overthrust.\r\n\r\nWhen the rocks of the region emerged from the sea they began to be attacked by erosion. As successive periods of crustal movement and erosion continued, the younger rocks were slowly stripped off the Belt series and sculpture of the latter by weather and water shaped the early Rocky Mountains.\r\n\r\nThe final episode in the park's geologic past was the ice age, beginning about a million years ago. Repeated advances and retreats of the great glaciers in the high valleys accentuated the mountain terrain and developed the scenic grandeur that is now Glacier National Park. One may say that the park is still in the ice age, for some glaciers still exist.\r\n\r\nThe present report, companion to two more technical reports on the region, informally presents the story of the park's development through past eras for readers without geologic training. Many places worth visiting are cited in the text, and a shaded relief map is provided to help find them.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter Contributions to General Geology 1956","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp294K","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.P., and Rezak, R., 1959, The rocks and fossils of Glacier National Park: The story of their origin and history: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 294, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp294K.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"439","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":66380,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294k/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66379,"rank":399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294k/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66381,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294k/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66382,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294k/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294k/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Clyde P.","contributorId":10473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Clyde","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rezak, Richard","contributorId":48963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rezak","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47402,"text":"b1106B - 1959 - Geophysical abstracts 177, April-June 1959","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47402,"text":"b1106B - 1959 - Geophysical abstracts 177, April-June 1959","indexId":"b1106B","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geophysical abstracts 177, April-June 1959"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":40026,"text":"b1106 - 1960 - Geophysical abstracts 176-179 January-December 1959","indexId":"b1106","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 176-179 January-December 1959"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":40026,"text":"b1106 - 1960 - Geophysical abstracts 176-179 January-December 1959","indexId":"b1106","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 176-179 January-December 1959"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-08T14:37:28","indexId":"b1106B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1106","chapter":"B","title":"Geophysical abstracts 177, April-June 1959","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical abstracts 176-179 January-December 1959","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b1106B","usgsCitation":"Vitaliano, D.B., Vesselowksy, S., and and others, 1959, Geophysical abstracts 177, April-June 1959: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1106, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1106B.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":84329,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1106b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1106b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c325","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vitaliano, Dorothy B.","contributorId":46159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vitaliano","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vesselowksy, S.T.","contributorId":102939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vesselowksy","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"and others","contributorId":127886,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"and others","id":531730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":47252,"text":"ofr5990 - 1959 - Geologic map of the Eureka mining district, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-25T18:24:28.44411","indexId":"ofr5990","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"59-90","title":"Geologic map of the Eureka mining district, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5990","usgsCitation":"Nolan, T.B., Broderick, A., Dorr, J.V., Griggs, D.T., and Shelton, J.S., 1959, Geologic map of the Eureka mining district, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 59-90, 2 Plates: 30.03 × 42.56 inches and 22.86 × 43.12 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5990.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 30.03 × 42.56 inches and 22.86 × 43.12 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":496129,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_7964.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":84219,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0090/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84218,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0090/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168296,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Eureka mining district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.013,\n 39.533\n ],\n [\n -116.013,\n 39.433\n ],\n [\n -115.946,\n 39.433\n ],\n [\n -115.946,\n 39.533\n ],\n [\n -116.013,\n 39.533\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6998ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, Thomas B.","contributorId":102477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broderick, Alan","contributorId":86408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broderick","given":"Alan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorr, J. V.N. II","contributorId":68807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorr","given":"J.","suffix":"II","middleInitial":"V.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griggs, D. T.","contributorId":88805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griggs","given":"D.","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shelton, J. S.","contributorId":57922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53456,"text":"ofr5938 - 1959 - Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Mill Creek area, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:54","indexId":"ofr5938","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"59-38","title":"Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Mill Creek area, San Bernardino County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5938","usgsCitation":"Dutcher, L.C., and Burnham, W., 1959, Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Mill Creek area, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 59-38, 229 p. : ill., maps (in pocket), fold. plates ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5938.","productDescription":"229 p. : ill., maps (in pocket), fold. plates ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":100365,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0038/plate-1.pdf","size":"6005","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":100366,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0038/plate-2.pdf","size":"4374","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":100367,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0038/plate-3.pdf","size":"2823","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87446,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685e04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dutcher, Lee Carlton","contributorId":32229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutcher","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"Carlton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, W.L.","contributorId":58668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39111,"text":"pp306B - 1959 - Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama; description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Vermetidae to Thaididae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:14","indexId":"pp306B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"306","chapter":"B","title":"Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama; description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Vermetidae to Thaididae)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp306B","usgsCitation":"Woodring, W., 1959, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama; description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Vermetidae to Thaididae): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 306, p. 147-239, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp306B.","productDescription":"p. 147-239","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66570,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodring, W. P.","contributorId":48230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodring","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13682,"text":"ofr5941 - 1959 - Geology of the State of Morelos and contiguous areas in south-central Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:01","indexId":"ofr5941","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"59-41","title":"Geology of the State of Morelos and contiguous areas in south-central Mexico","docAbstract":"The area described lies in south-central Mexico and embraces all but the southeastern corner and easternmost border of the State of Moreles, the second smallest State in the Mexican Republic. It includes small contiguous parts of the State of Mexico, in the northeastern corner, and of the State of Guerrero in the southwestern corner. Limiting geographic coordinates are 98 45\u0019 to 99 39\u001D west longitude and 18 18\u0019 to 19 08\u0019 north latitude, the northern boundary being only 35 km south of Mexico City, capital of the Republic. The geological map does not cover the entire rectangle outlined, but is irregular in form and measures roughly 4150 sq. km, three-quarters of it representing two0thirds of the State of Moreles and the rest lying outside the State.\r\n\r\nThe region ranges in altitude from 730 m above sea level at Iguala near the south edge of the map, to a general level of about 3000 m at the north edge, although individual peaks rise to 3900 m and Popocatepetl Volcano, a few kilometers east of the northeastern border of the map, rises to 5452 m above sea level. Annual rainfall ranges from a minimum of about 640 mm in the low country, to 1200 mm and more at altitudes above 2000 m. Most of it falls in summer between June and September. Winter frosts are rare below 1800 m. The climate is of savanna to steppe type; soils are thin and may be classified as belonging to the tachernoses group, with strong development of calcareous evaporates (caliche) at altitudes below 1800 m.\r\n\r\nThe northern border of the area forms the southern half of the late Pliocene to Recent Neo-volcanic Belt of basic volcanism that crosses Mexico in the direction N. 80 W., and thus has constructional topography. The rest of the area belongs to the Balsas Basin physiographic province, which is characterized by maturely dissected terrain tributary to the large Balsas River. All but the southwestern corner of the area drains southward via the Amacuzac River into the Mexcala-Balsas River, and thence westward into the Pacific Ocean. The southwestern corner drains directly into the Balsas River via the Iguala River. Local relief is of the order of 300 to 600 m. The mature topography was partly buried by late Pliocene alluvium in the central part of the area, owing largely to local volcanism. Dissolution of limestone, dolomite, and anhydrite of the Cretaceous formations has produced sinks and poljes, some of which contain small lakes. Other karst features are also common, such as caves, caverns, underground rivers, and surficial lapies or karren. Drainage blocking by lava and polje development in late Pleistocene and Recent time produced new alluvial flats in this otherwise dissected region.\r\n\r\nThe oldest rock unit in the region is the Texco schist series of late Paleozoic (?) age. It was folded, metamorphosed, foliated, intruded by dikes, and strongly eroded before the next unit, the Texco Viejo green volcanic series of Late Triassic (?) age, was deposited. Another period of metamorphism and erosion followed before the calcareous clastic sediments of the Upper Jurassic (?) Acahuizotla formation were laid down. The next unit consists of the partly phyllitic calcareous shale of the Acuitlapan formation, which is of Neocenian (?) age and rests with at least disconformity on the Acahuizotla formation. The overlying Aptian-Barresian Kochicalco formation of thin-bedded limestone appears to grade upward from the Acuitlapan formation, locally, but it seems to be unconformable elsewhere. All these units have small outcrops in the area mapped and were not studied in detail.\r\n\r\nWarping and erosion occurred before the overlying Morelos formation began to accumulate in early Albian time. The basal member is anhydrite in the eastern part of the area mapped, but limestone and dolomite were deposited elsewhere. The formation consists largely of shallow-water calcareous bank deposits, with a maximum thickness of about 900 m. Deposition ceased in early Cenomanian time and further warpi","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr5941","usgsCitation":"Fries, C.F., 1959, Geology of the State of Morelos and contiguous areas in south-central Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 59-41, xi, 210 p., 22 plates :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5941.","productDescription":"xi, 210 p., 22 plates :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42230,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0041/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42231,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0041/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42232,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0041/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42233,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0041/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42234,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1959/0041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e421","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fries, Carl F.","contributorId":107299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76910,"text":"tem1031 - 1959 - Lithologic log and drilling information for the Marble exploration hole 3, U15 area, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-19T15:31:13","indexId":"tem1031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1031","title":"Lithologic log and drilling information for the Marble exploration hole 3, U15 area, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Marble exploration hole 3 is in the northern part of the Tippipah Spring NE 7-1/2 minute quadrangle at the north end of Yucca Valley (fig.1). The collar elevation of the hole is about 5,316 feet and has the approximate Nevada State coordinates of N. 903,093 and E. 674,870. The hole was drilled to determine the physical and chemical properties of the marble within a radius of 200 feet of a point 950 feet below the surface.
\nThe exploration hole is 978 feet deep and was drilled from June 12 to July 8, 1959, by Minerals Engineering Co. of Grand Junction, Colorado, using conventional NX coring equiipment and a Portadrill 2,500 drill rig. Water-base bentonitic mud was used as the drilling fluid in the upper part of the hole. Clear water was used after circulation became unrestorable below 200 feet. The hole was cased from surface to 20 feet. The drilling rate during coring ranged from 2.0 to 19.3 minutes per foot and averaged 4.6 minutes per foot (table 1). The core recovered was excellent in quality and quantity. The average core recovery is 92.7 percent (table 2).
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