{"pageNumber":"685","pageRowStart":"17100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40797,"records":[{"id":70041781,"text":"sir20125216 - 2012 - Evaluation of water-quality characteristics and sampling design for streams in North Dakota, 1970–2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T11:23:39","indexId":"sir20125216","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5216","title":"Evaluation of water-quality characteristics and sampling design for streams in North Dakota, 1970–2008","docAbstract":"In response to the need to examine the large amount of historic water-quality data comprehensively across North Dakota and evaluate the efficiency of the State-wide sampling programs, a study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission and the North Dakota Department of Health to describe the water-quality data collected for the various programs and determine an efficient State-wide sampling design for monitoring future water-quality conditions. Although data collected for the North Dakota State Water Commission High-Low Sampling Program, the North Dakota Department of Health Ambient Water-Quality Network, and other projects and programs provide valuable information on the quality of water in streams in North Dakota, the objectives vary among the programs, some of the programs overlap spatially and temporally, and the various sampling designs may not be the most efficient or relevant to the objectives of the individual programs as they have changed through time.\n\nOne objective of a State-wide sampling program was to evaluate ways to describe the spatial variability of water-quality conditions across the State in the most efficient manner. Weighted least-squares regression analysis was used to relate the average absolute difference between paired downstream and upstream concentrations, expressed as a percent of the average downstream concentration, to the average absolute difference in daily flow between the downstream and upstream pairs, expressed as a percent of the average downstream flow. The analysis showed that a reasonable spatial network would consist of including the most downstream sites in large basins first, followed by the next upstream site(s) that roughly bisect the downstream flows at the first sites, followed by the next upstream site(s) that roughly bisect flows for the second sites. Sampling sites to be included in a potential State-wide network were prioritized into 3 design levels: level 1 (highest priority), level 2 (second priority), and level 3 (third priority).\n\nGiven the spatial distribution and priority designation (levels 1–3) of sites in the potential spatial network, the next consideration was to determine the appropriate temporal sampling frequency to use for monitoring future water-quality conditions. The time-series model used to detect concentration trends for this report also was used to evaluate sampling designs to monitor future water-quality trends. Sampling designs were evaluated with regard to their sensitivity to detect seasonal trends that occurred during three 4-month seasons—March through June, July through October, and November through February.\n\nFor the 34 level-1 sites, samples would be collected for major ions, trace metals, nutrients, bacteria, and sediment eight times per year, with samples in January, April (2 samples),May, June, July, August, and October. For the 21 level-2 sites, samples would be collected for major ions, trace metals, and nutrients six times per year (January, April, May, June, August, and October), and for the 26 level-3 sites, samples would be collected for these constituents four times per year (April, June, August, and October).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125216","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission and the North Dakota Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., Vecchia, A.V., Vining, K.C., Densmore, B.K., and Lundgren, R.F., 2012, Evaluation of water-quality characteristics and sampling design for streams in North Dakota, 1970–2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5216, Report: viii, 301 p.; Appendix 3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125216.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 301 p.; Appendix 3","numberOfPages":"316","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1970-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5216.gif"},{"id":264014,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5216/"},{"id":264015,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5216/downloads/appendix3.xlsx"},{"id":264057,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5216/sir12-5216.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.05,45.9351 ], [ -104.05,49.0007 ], [ -96.5545,49.0007 ], [ -96.5545,45.9351 ], [ -104.05,45.9351 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cb5769e4b09e092d6f03d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vining, Kevin C. 0000-0001-5738-3872 kcvining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-3872","contributorId":308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vining","given":"Kevin","email":"kcvining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Densmore, Brenda K. 0000-0003-2429-638X bdensmore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2429-638X","contributorId":4896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Brenda","email":"bdensmore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lundgren, Robert F. 0000-0001-7669-0552 rflundgr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7669-0552","contributorId":1657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundgren","given":"Robert","email":"rflundgr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041751,"text":"70041751 - 2012 - Role of surface-water and groundwater interactions on projected summertime streamflow in snow dominated regions : An integrated modeling approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-05T19:02:47.72027","indexId":"70041751","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of surface-water and groundwater interactions on projected summertime streamflow in snow dominated regions : An integrated modeling approach","docAbstract":"Previous studies indicate predominantly increasing trends in precipitation across the Western United States, while at the same time, historical streamflow records indicate decreasing summertime streamflow and 25th percentile annual flows. These opposing trends could be viewed as paradoxical, given that several studies suggest that increased annual precipitation will equate to increased annual groundwater recharge, and therefore increased summertime flow. To gain insight on mechanisms behind these potential changes, we rely on a calibrated, integrated surface and groundwater model to simulate climate impacts on surface water/groundwater interactions using 12 general circulation model projections of temperature and precipitation from 2010 to 2100, and evaluate the interplay between snowmelt timing and other hydrologic variables, including streamflow, groundwater recharge, storage, groundwater discharge, and evapotranspiration. Hydrologic simulations show that the timing of peak groundwater discharge to the stream is inversely correlated to snowmelt runoff and groundwater recharge due to the bank storage effect and reversal of hydraulic gradients between the stream and underlying groundwater. That is, groundwater flow to streams peaks following the decrease in stream depth caused by snowmelt recession, and the shift in snowmelt causes a corresponding shift in groundwater discharge to streams. Our results show that groundwater discharge to streams is depleted during the summer due to earlier drainage of shallow aquifers adjacent to streams even if projected annual precipitation and groundwater recharge increases. These projected changes in surface water/groundwater interactions result in more than a 30% decrease in the projected ensemble summertime streamflow. Our findings clarify causality of observed decreasing summertime flow, highlight important aspects of potential climate change impacts on groundwater resources, and underscore the need for integrated hydrologic models in climate change studies.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2012WR012319","usgsCitation":"Huntington, J., and Niswonger, R., 2012, Role of surface-water and groundwater interactions on projected summertime streamflow in snow dominated regions : An integrated modeling approach: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 11, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR012319.","productDescription":"20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-036216","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.000,39.208 ], [ -120.000,39.375 ], [ -119.833,39.375 ], [ -119.833,39.208 ], [ -120.000,39.208 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"48","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cb5822e4b09e092d6f0426","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Justin L.","contributorId":31279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Justin L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G.","contributorId":45402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041749,"text":"70041749 - 2012 - Approaches to the simulation of unconfined flow and perched groundwater flow in MODFLOW","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-13T12:53:49","indexId":"70041749","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches to the simulation of unconfined flow and perched groundwater flow in MODFLOW","docAbstract":"Various approaches have been proposed to manage the nonlinearities associated with the unconfined flow equation and to simulate perched groundwater conditions using the MODFLOW family of codes. The approaches comprise a variety of numerical techniques to prevent dry cells from becoming inactive and to achieve a stable solution focused on formulations of the unconfined, partially-saturated, groundwater flow equation. Keeping dry cells active avoids a discontinuous head solution which in turn improves the effectiveness of parameter estimation software that relies on continuous derivatives. Most approaches implement an upstream weighting of intercell conductance and Newton-Raphson linearization to obtain robust convergence. In this study, several published approaches were implemented in a stepwise manner into MODFLOW for comparative analysis. First, a comparative analysis of the methods is presented using synthetic examples that create convergence issues or difficulty in handling perched conditions with the more common dry-cell simulation capabilities of MODFLOW. Next, a field-scale three-dimensional simulation is presented to examine the stability and performance of the discussed approaches in larger, practical, simulation settings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00829.x","usgsCitation":"Bedekar, V., Niswonger, R., Kipp, K., Panday, S., and Tonkin, M., 2012, Approaches to the simulation of unconfined flow and perched groundwater flow in MODFLOW: Ground Water, v. 50, no. 2, p. 187-198, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00829.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-042355","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263981,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00829.x"}],"country":"United States","volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cb57d3e4b09e092d6f03f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedekar, Vivek","contributorId":80985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedekar","given":"Vivek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G.","contributorId":45402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth","contributorId":60097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Panday, Sorab","contributorId":100513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panday","given":"Sorab","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tonkin, Matthew","contributorId":22219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonkin","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041759,"text":"ofr20121239 - 2012 - Producing fractional rangeland component predictions in a sagebrush ecosystem, a Wyoming sensitivity analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-12T15:01:41","indexId":"ofr20121239","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1239","title":"Producing fractional rangeland component predictions in a sagebrush ecosystem, a Wyoming sensitivity analysis","docAbstract":"Remote sensing information has been widely used to monitor vegetation condition and variations in a variety of ecosystems, including shrublands. Careful application of remotely sensed imagery can provide additional spatially explicit, continuous, and extensive data on the composition and condition of shrubland ecosystems. Historically, the most widely available remote sensing information has been collected by Landsat, which has offered large spatial coverage and moderate spatial resolution data globally for nearly three decades. Such medium-resolution satellite remote sensing information can quantify the distribution and variation of terrestrial ecosystems. Landsat imagery has been frequently used with other high-resolution remote sensing data to classify sagebrush components and quantify their spatial distributions (Ramsey and others, 2004; Seefeldt and Booth, 2004; Stow and others, 2008; Underwood and others, 2007). Modeling algorithms have been developed to use field measurements and satellite remote sensing data to quantify the extent and evaluate the quality of shrub ecosystem components in large geographic areas (Homer and others, 2009). The percent cover of sagebrush ecosystem components, including bare-ground, herbaceous, litter, sagebrush, and shrub, have been quantified for entire western states (Homer and others, 2012). Furthermore, research has demonstrated the use of current measurements with historical archives of Landsat imagery to quantify the variations of these components for the last two decades (Xian and others, 2012). The modeling method used to quantify the extent and spatial distribution of sagebrush components over a large area also has required considerable amounts of training data to meet targeted accuracy requirements. These training data have maintained product accuracy by ensuring that they are derived from good quality field measurements collected during appropriate ecosystem phenology and subsequently maximized by extrapolation on high-resolution remote sensing data (Homer and others, 2012). This method has proven its utility; however, to develop these products across even larger areas will require additional cost efficiencies to ensure that an adequate product can be developed for the lowest cost possible. Given the vast geographic extent of shrubland ecosystems in the western United States, identifying cost efficiencies with optimal training data development and subsequent application to medium resolution satellite imagery provide the most likely areas for methodological efficiency gains. The primary objective of this research was to conduct a series of sensitivity tests to evaluate the most optimal and practical way to develop Landsat scale information for estimating the extent and distribution of sagebrush ecosystem components over large areas in the conterminous United States. An existing dataset of sagebrush components developed from extensive field measurements, high-resolution satellite imagery, and medium resolution Landsat imagery in Wyoming was used as the reference database (Homer and others, 2012). Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the relation between the accuracy of sagebrush components and the amount and distribution of training data on Landsat scenes needed to obtain accurate predictions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121239","usgsCitation":"Xian, G., Homer, C.G., Granneman, B., and Meyer, D.K., 2012, Producing fractional rangeland component predictions in a sagebrush ecosystem, a Wyoming sensitivity analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1239, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121239.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1239.gif"},{"id":263978,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1239/"},{"id":263979,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1239/of12-1239.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0,41.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -104.0,45.0 ], [ -104.0,41.0 ], [ -111.0,41.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c9a773e4b06bc7a3e933c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xian, George 0000-0001-5674-2204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-2204","contributorId":76589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xian","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Granneman, Brian 0000-0002-1910-0955","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-0955","contributorId":96174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granneman","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, Debra K. 0000-0002-8841-697X dkmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8841-697X","contributorId":3145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Debra","email":"dkmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041419,"text":"70041419 - 2012 - Rapid, low-cost photogrammetry to monitor volcanic eruptions: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-11T20:39:24.649597","indexId":"70041419","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid, low-cost photogrammetry to monitor volcanic eruptions: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"

We describe a low-cost application of digital photogrammetry using commercially available photogrammetric software and oblique photographs taken with an off-the-shelf digital camera to create sequential digital elevation models (DEMs) of a lava dome that grew during the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens (MSH) volcano. Renewed activity at MSH provided an opportunity to devise and test this method, because it could be validated against other observations of this well-monitored volcano. The datasets consist of oblique aerial photographs (snapshots) taken from a helicopter using a digital single-lens reflex camera. Twelve sets of overlapping digital images of the dome taken during 2004–2007 were used to produce DEMs and to calculate lava dome volumes and extrusion rates. Analyses of the digital images were carried out using photogrammetric software to produce three-dimensional coordinates of points identified in multiple photos. The evolving morphology of the dome was modeled by comparing successive DEMs. Results were validated by comparison to volume measurements derived from traditional vertical photogrammetric surveys by the US Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory. Our technique was significantly less expensive and required less time than traditional vertical photogrammetric techniques; yet, it consistently yielded volume estimates within 5% of the traditional method. This technique provides an inexpensive, rapid assessment tool for tracking lava dome growth or other topographic changes at restless volcanoes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s00445-011-0548-y","usgsCitation":"Diefenbach, A., Crider, J.G., Schilling, S.P., and Dzurisin, D., 2012, Rapid, low-cost photogrammetry to monitor volcanic eruptions: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 74, no. 2, p. 579-587, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0548-y.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"587","ipdsId":"IP-029276","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.22993850708006,\n 46.166754488708506\n ],\n [\n -122.14702606201172,\n 46.166754488708506\n ],\n [\n -122.14702606201172,\n 46.231034280827245\n ],\n [\n -122.22993850708006,\n 46.231034280827245\n ],\n [\n -122.22993850708006,\n 46.166754488708506\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c85622e4b03bc63bd679b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diefenbach, Angela K. 0000-0003-0214-7818","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-7818","contributorId":36650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Angela K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crider, Juliet G.","contributorId":78580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crider","given":"Juliet","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schilling, Steve P. sschilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steve","email":"sschilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041734,"text":"70041734 - 2012 - Changes to dryland rainfall result in rapid moss mortality and altered soil fertility","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T20:42:38","indexId":"70041734","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2841,"text":"Nature Climate Change","onlineIssn":"1758-6798","printIssn":"1758-678X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes to dryland rainfall result in rapid moss mortality and altered soil fertility","docAbstract":"Arid and semi-arid ecosystems cover ~40% of Earth’s terrestrial surface, but we know little about how climate change will affect these widespread landscapes. Like many drylands, the Colorado Plateau in southwestern United States is predicted to experience elevated temperatures and alterations to the timing and amount of annual precipitation. We used a factorial warming and supplemental rainfall experiment on the Colorado Plateau to show that altered precipitation resulted in pronounced mortality of the widespread moss Syntrichia caninervis. Increased frequency of 1.2 mm summer rainfall events reduced moss cover from ~25% of total surface cover to <2% after only one growing season, whereas increased temperature had no effect. Laboratory measurements identified a physiological mechanism behind the mortality: small precipitation events caused a negative moss carbon balance, whereas larger events maintained net carbon uptake. Multiple metrics of nitrogen cycling were notably different with moss mortality and had significant implications for soil fertility. Mosses are important members in many dryland ecosystems and the community changes observed here reveal how subtle modifications to climate can affect ecosystem structure and function on unexpectedly short timescales. Moreover, mortality resulted from increased precipitation through smaller, more frequent events, underscoring the importance of precipitation event size and timing, and highlighting our inadequate understanding of relationships between climate and ecosystem function in drylands.","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publisherLocation":"London, U.K.","doi":"10.1038/nclimate1596","usgsCitation":"Reed, S.C., Coe, K.K., Sparks, J.P., Housman, D.C., Zelikova, T.J., and Belnap, J., 2012, Changes to dryland rainfall result in rapid moss mortality and altered soil fertility: Nature Climate Change, v. 2, no. 10, p. 752-755, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1596.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"752","endPage":"755","ipdsId":"IP-029521","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.36,33.6 ], [ -114.36,40.27 ], [ -106.92,40.27 ], [ -106.92,33.6 ], [ -114.36,33.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c855f7e4b03bc63bd6798e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Sasha C. 0000-0002-8597-8619 screed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619","contributorId":462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Sasha","email":"screed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coe, Kirsten K.","contributorId":51619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Kirsten","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparks, Jed P.","contributorId":57578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"Jed","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Housman, David C.","contributorId":60752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Housman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zelikova, Tamara J.","contributorId":76615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelikova","given":"Tamara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041489,"text":"70041489 - 2012 - Remote sensing of sagebrush canopy nitrogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-11T10:46:53","indexId":"70041489","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of sagebrush canopy nitrogen","docAbstract":"This paper presents a combination of techniques suitable for remotely sensing foliar Nitrogen (N) in semiarid shrublands – a capability that would significantly improve our limited understanding of vegetation functionality in dryland ecosystems. The ability to estimate foliar N distributions across arid and semi-arid environments could help answer process-driven questions related to topics such as controls on canopy photosynthesis, the influence of N on carbon cycling behavior, nutrient pulse dynamics, and post-fire recovery. Our study determined that further exploration into estimating sagebrush canopy N concentrations from an airborne platform is warranted, despite remote sensing challenges inherent to open canopy systems. Hyperspectral data transformed using standard derivative analysis were capable of quantifying sagebrush canopy N concentrations using partial least squares (PLS) regression with an R2 value of 0.72 and an R2 predicted value of 0.42 (n = 35). Subsetting the dataset to minimize the influence of bare ground (n = 19) increased R2 to 0.95 (R2 predicted = 0.56). Ground-based estimates of canopy N using leaf mass per unit area measurements (LMA) yielded consistently better model fits than ground-based estimates of canopy N using cover and height measurements. The LMA approach is likely a method that could be extended to other semiarid shrublands. Overall, the results of this study are encouraging for future landscape scale N estimates and represent an important step in addressing the confounding influence of bare ground, which we found to be a major influence on predictions of sagebrush canopy N from an airborne platform.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2012.05.002","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, J.J., Glenn, N.F., Sankey, T., Derryberry, D., and Germino, M., 2012, Remote sensing of sagebrush canopy nitrogen: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 124, p. 217-223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.05.002.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"223","ipdsId":"IP-038733","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263919,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.05.002"}],"volume":"124","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c8562ce4b03bc63bd679ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitchell, Jessica J.","contributorId":81772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glenn, Nancy F.","contributorId":95321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":16201,"text":"Boise State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sankey, Temuulen T.","contributorId":38863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankey","given":"Temuulen T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derryberry, DeWayne R.","contributorId":99016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derryberry","given":"DeWayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Germino, Matthew J.","contributorId":50029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Germino","given":"Matthew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041731,"text":"sir20105090F - 2012 - Porphyry copper assessment of the Tibetan Plateau, China: Chapter F in Global mineral resource assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70041731,"text":"sir20105090F - 2012 - Porphyry copper assessment of the Tibetan Plateau, China: Chapter F in Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090F","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Porphyry copper assessment of the Tibetan Plateau, China: Chapter F in Global mineral resource assessment"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T14:15:51","indexId":"sir20105090F","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"F","title":"Porphyry copper assessment of the Tibetan Plateau, China: Chapter F in Global mineral resource assessment","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey collaborated with the China Geological Survey to conduct a mineral-resource assessment of resources in porphyry copper deposits on the Tibetan Plateau in western China. This area hosts several very large porphyry deposits, exemplified by the Yulong and Qulong deposits, each containing at least 7,000,000 metric tons (t) of copper. However, large parts of the area are underexplored and are likely to contain undiscovered porphyry copper deposits.

\n

Three tracts were delineated as permissive for porphyry copper deposits on the Tibetan Plateau—the Yulong (Eocene and Oligocene), Dali (Eocene through Miocene), and Gangdese (Oligocene and Miocene) tracts. The tracts were defined based on mapped and inferred subsurface distributions of igneous rocks of specific age ranges in which the occurrence of porphyry copper deposits is possible. These tracts range in area from about 95,000 to about 240,000 square kilometers. Although maps of different scales were used in the assessment, the final tract boundaries are intended for use at a scale of 1:1,000,000.

\n

The deposits on the Tibetan Plateau all formed in a post-subduction environment, one newly recognized as permissive for the occurrence of porphyry copper deposits. Based on the grade, tonnage, and geologic characteristics of the known deposits, two tracts, Yulong and Gangdese, were evaluated using the general (Cu-Mo-Au) porphyry copper grade and tonnage model. The Dali tract was evaluated using the gold-rich (Cu-Au) submodel. Assessment participants estimated numbers of undiscovered deposits at different levels of confidence for each permissive tract. These estimates were then combined with the selected grade and tonnage models using Monte Carlo simulation to generate quantitative probabilistic estimates of undiscovered resources. Additional resources in extensions of deposits with identified resources were not specifically evaluated.

\n

Assessment results, presented in tables and graphs, show mean expected amounts of metal and rock in undiscovered deposits at different quantile levels, as well as the arithmetic mean for each tract. This assessment estimated a mean of 39 undiscovered porphyry copper deposits within the assessed permissive tracts on the Tibetan Plateau. This represents nearly four times the number of known deposits (11) already discovered. Predicted mean (arithmetic) resources that could be associated with the undiscovered deposits are about 145,000,000 t of copper and about 4,900 t of gold, as well as byproduct molybdenum and silver. Reliable reports of the identified resources in the 11 known deposits total about 27,000,000 t of copper and about 800 t of gold. Therefore, based on the assessments of undiscovered Tibetan Plateau resources in this report, about six times as much copper may occur in undiscovered porphyry copper deposits as has been identified to date.

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Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mars, John L. jmars@usgs.gov","contributorId":3428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mars","given":"John","email":"jmars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, Robert J. rjmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":2516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"rjmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041655,"text":"70041655 - 2012 - Comparing modern and presettlement forest dynamics of a subboreal wilderness: Does spruce budworm enhance fire risk?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-11T08:49:36","indexId":"70041655","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing modern and presettlement forest dynamics of a subboreal wilderness: Does spruce budworm enhance fire risk?","docAbstract":"Insect disturbance is often thought to increase fire risk through enhanced fuel loadings, particularly in coniferous forest ecosystems. Yet insect disturbances also affect successional pathways and landscape structure that interact with fire disturbances (and vice-versa) over longer time scales. We applied a landscape succession and disturbance model (LANDIS-II) to evaluate the relative strength of interactions between spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreaks and fire disturbances in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA) in northern Minnesota (USA). Disturbance interactions were evaluated for two different scenarios: presettlement forests and fire regimes vs. contemporary forests and fire regimes. Forest composition under the contemporary scenario trended toward mixtures of deciduous species (primarily Betula papyrifera and Populus spp.) and shade-tolerant conifers (Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Thuja occidentalis), with disturbances dominated by a combination of budworm defoliation and high-severity fires. The presettlement scenario retained comparatively more “big pines” (i.e., Pinus strobus, P. resinosa) and tamarack (L. laricina), and experienced less budworm disturbance and a comparatively less-severe fire regime. Spruce budworm disturbance decreased area burned and fire severity under both scenarios when averaged across the entire 300-year simulations. Contrary to past research, area burned and fire severity during outbreak decades were each similar to that observed in non-outbreak decades. Our analyses suggest budworm disturbances within forests of the BWCA have a comparatively weak effect on long-term forest composition due to a combination of characteristics. These include strict host specificity, fine-scaled patchiness created by defoliation damage, and advance regeneration of its primary host, balsam fir (A. balsamea) that allows its host to persist despite repeated disturbances. Understanding the nature of the three-way interaction between budworm, fire, and composition has important ramifications for both fire mitigation strategies and ecosystem restoration initiatives. We conclude that budworm disturbance can partially mitigate long-term future fire risk by periodically reducing live ladder fuel within the mixed forest types of the BWCA but will do little to reverse the compositional trends caused in part by reduced fire rotations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ESA","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/11-0590.1","usgsCitation":"Sturtevant, B., Miranda, B.R., Shinneman, D., Gustafson, E., and Wolter, P.T., 2012, Comparing modern and presettlement forest dynamics of a subboreal wilderness: Does spruce budworm enhance fire risk?: Ecological Applications, v. 22, no. 4, p. 1278-1296, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0590.1.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1278","endPage":"1296","numberOfPages":"18","ipdsId":"IP-038937","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs/195","text":"External Repository"},{"id":263907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263906,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-0590.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Boundary Waters Canoe Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.621269,48.019333 ], [ -90.621269,48.112644 ], [ -90.017044,48.112644 ], [ -90.017044,48.019333 ], [ -90.621269,48.019333 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c85601e4b03bc63bd67996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sturtevant, Brian R.","contributorId":45126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturtevant","given":"Brian R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miranda, Brian R.","contributorId":71395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shinneman, Douglas J.","contributorId":70195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinneman","given":"Douglas J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gustafson, Eric J.","contributorId":70196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustafson","given":"Eric J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolter, Peter T.","contributorId":76556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolter","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041677,"text":"70041677 - 2012 - Spatial distribution of damage around faults in the Joe Lott Tuff Member of the Mount Belknap Volcanics, Utah: A mechanical analog for faulting in pyroclastic deposits on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T22:20:40","indexId":"70041677","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial distribution of damage around faults in the Joe Lott Tuff Member of the Mount Belknap Volcanics, Utah: A mechanical analog for faulting in pyroclastic deposits on Mars","docAbstract":"Volcanic ash is thought to comprise a large fraction of the Martian equatorial layered deposits and much new insight into the process of faulting and related fluid flow in these deposits can be gained through the study of analogous terrestrial tuffs. This study identifies a set of fault-related processes that are pertinent to understanding the evolution of fault systems in fine-grained, poorly indurated volcanic ash by investigating exposures of faults in the Miocene-aged Joe Lott Tuff Member of the Mount Belknap Volcanics, Utah. The porosity and granularity of the host rock are found to control the style of localized strain that occurs prior to and contemporaneous with faulting. Deformation bands occur in tuff that was porous and granular at the time of deformation, while fractures formed where the tuff lost its porous and granular nature due to silicic alteration. Non-localized deformation of the host rock is also prominent and occurs through compaction of void space, including crushing of pumice clasts. Significant off-fault damage of the host rock, resembling fault pulverization, is recognized adjacent to one analog fault and may reflect the strain rate dependence of the resulting fault zone architecture. These findings provide important new guidelines for future structural analyses and numerical modeling of faulting and subsurface fluid flow through volcanic ash deposits on Mars.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2012JE004105","usgsCitation":"Okubo, C., 2012, Spatial distribution of damage around faults in the Joe Lott Tuff Member of the Mount Belknap Volcanics, Utah: A mechanical analog for faulting in pyroclastic deposits on Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 117, no. E8, 22 p.; E08003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004105.","productDescription":"22 p.; E08003","ipdsId":"IP-037614","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263912,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004105"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Mount Belknap","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.04,37.0 ], [ -109.04,42.0 ], [ -114.05,42.0 ], [ -114.05,37.0 ], [ -109.04,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"117","issue":"E8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c85632e4b03bc63bd679be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okubo, Chris H. cokubo@usgs.gov","contributorId":828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris H.","email":"cokubo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041723,"text":"sir20115118 - 2012 - Low-flow characteristics of streams under natural and diversion conditions, Waipiʻo Valley, Island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-11T14:34:07","indexId":"sir20115118","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5118","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams under natural and diversion conditions, Waipiʻo Valley, Island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi","docAbstract":"Over the past 100 years, natural streamflow in Waipiʻo Valley has been reduced by the transfer of water out of the valley by Upper and Lower Hāmākua Ditches. The physical condition and diversion practices along the two ditch systems have varied widely over the years, and as a result, so have their effects on natural streamflow in Waipiʻo Valley. Recent renovation and improvements to Lower Hāmākua Ditch system, along with proposals for its future operation and water-diversion strategies, have unknown implications. The purpose of this report is to quantify the availability of streamflow and to determine the effects of current and proposed diversion strategies on the low-flow hydrology in Waipiʻo Valley. In this report, the low-flow hydrology of Waipiʻo Valley is described in terms of flow-duration statistics. Flow-duration statistics were computed for three locations in the Waipiʻo Valley study area where long-term surface-water gaging stations have been operated. Using a variety of streamflow record-extension techniques, flow-duration statistics were estimated at an additional 13 locations where only few historical data are available or where discharge measurements were made as part of this study. Flow-duration statistics were computed to reflect natural conditions, current (2000-2005) diversion conditions, and proposed future diversion conditions at the 16 locations. At the downstream limit of the study area, on Wailoa Stream at an altitude of 190 feet, a baseline for evaluating the availability of streamflow is provided by computed flow-duration statistics that are representative of natural, no-diversion conditions. At the Wailoa gaging station, 95- and 50-percentile discharges under natural conditions were determined to be 86 and 112 cubic feet per second, respectively. Under 1965-1969 diversion conditions, natural 95- and 50-percentile discharges were reduced by 52 and 53 percent, to 41 and 53 cubic feet per second, respectively. Under current (2000-2005) diversion conditions, natural 95- and 50-percentile discharges were reduced by 21 and 24 percent, to 68 and 85 cubic feet per second, respectively. Under proposed future diversion conditions, natural 95- and 50-percentile discharges would be reduced by 33 and 24 percent, to 58 and 85 cubic feet per second, respectively. Compared to discharges that reflect current (2000-2005) diversion conditions, proposed future diversion conditions would reduce 95-percentile discharges, which are representative of moderate drought levels in the stream, by 15 percent. No change would be expected in 50-percentile discharges, which are representative of normal conditions. The effects of current (2000-2005) and proposed future diversion conditions on the natural flow of streams in the Waipiʻo Valley study area differ, depending on the location. Under current (2000-2005) diversion conditions, reductions in natural 95- or 50-percentile discharges of greater than 30 percent were found in Kawainui Stream downstream from Upper Hamakua Ditch to an altitude of about 1,435 feet and in the reach of Waimā Stream between Upper and Lower Hāmākua Ditches. Under proposed future diversion conditions, reductions in natural 95- or 50-percentile discharges of greater than 30 percent were found in Kawainui Stream downstream from Upper Hamakua Ditch to an altitude of about 1,435 feet, in the reach of Waimā Stream between Upper and Lower Hāmākua Ditches, and along most stream reaches downstream from Lower Hāmākua Ditch, except for Waimā Stream.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115118","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaiʻi Office of Hawaiian Affairs","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, R.A., 2012, Low-flow characteristics of streams under natural and diversion conditions, Waipiʻo Valley, Island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5118, ix, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115118.","productDescription":"ix, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5118.gif"},{"id":263939,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5118/"},{"id":263940,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5118/sir2011-5118.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","city":"Hawai?i","otherGeospatial":"Waipi?o Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 155.70,20.00 ], [ 155.70,20.15 ], [ 155.56,20.15 ], [ 155.56,20.00 ], [ 155.70,20.00 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c85615e4b03bc63bd679a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, Richard A. rfontain@usgs.gov","contributorId":2379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Richard","email":"rfontain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":470109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041739,"text":"70041739 - 2012 - Spatial patterns of March and September streamflow trends in Pacific Northwest Streams, 1958-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-11T21:51:03","indexId":"70041739","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1769,"text":"Geographical Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial patterns of March and September streamflow trends in Pacific Northwest Streams, 1958-2008","docAbstract":"Summer streamflow is a vital water resource for municipal and domestic water supplies, irrigation, salmonid habitat, recreation, and water-related ecosystem services in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in the United States. This study detects significant negative trends in September absolute streamflow in a majority of 68 stream-gauging stations located on unregulated streams in the PNW from 1958 to 2008. The proportion of March streamflow to annual streamflow increases in most stations over 1,000 m elevation, with a baseflow index of less than 50, while absolute March streamflow does not increase in most stations. The declining trends of September absolute streamflow are strongly associated with seven-day low flow, January–March maximum temperature trends, and the size of the basin (19–7,260 km2), while the increasing trends of the fraction of March streamflow are associated with elevation, April 1 snow water equivalent, March precipitation, center timing of streamflow, and October–December minimum temperature trends. Compared with ordinary least squares (OLS) estimated regression models, spatial error regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models effectively remove spatial autocorrelation in residuals. The GWR model results show spatial gradients of local R 2 values with consistently higher local R 2 values in the northern Cascades. This finding illustrates that different hydrologic landscape factors, such as geology and seasonal distribution of precipitation, also influence streamflow trends in the PNW. In addition, our spatial analysis model results show that considering various geographic factors help clarify the dynamics of streamflow trends over a large geographical area, supporting a spatial analysis approach over aspatial OLS-estimated regression models for predicting streamflow trends. Results indicate that transitional rain–snow surface water-dominated basins are likely to have reduced summer streamflow under warming scenarios. Consequently, a better understanding of the relationships among summer streamflow, precipitation, snowmelt, elevation, and geology can help water managers predict the response of regional summer streamflow to global warming.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geographical Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1538-4632.2012.00847.x","usgsCitation":"Chang, H., Jung, I., Steele, M., and Gannett, M., 2012, Spatial patterns of March and September streamflow trends in Pacific Northwest Streams, 1958-2008: Geographical Analysis, v. 44, no. 3, p. 177-201, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2012.00847.x.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"201","ipdsId":"IP-027578","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263965,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2012.00847.x"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Northwest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,18.9 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -66.9,71.4 ], [ -66.9,18.9 ], [ 172.5,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c85637e4b03bc63bd679c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Heejun","contributorId":14705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Heejun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jung, Il-Won","contributorId":38865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Il-Won","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steele, Madeline","contributorId":59702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Madeline","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gannett, Marshall","contributorId":61723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"Marshall","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041732,"text":"ofr20121179 - 2012 - Gold deposits of the Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States--Age and origin of the major gold producers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T09:02:57","indexId":"ofr20121179","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1179","title":"Gold deposits of the Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States--Age and origin of the major gold producers","docAbstract":"Gold- and iron sulfide-bearing deposits of the southeastern United States have distinctive mineralogical and geochemical features that provide a basis for constructing models of ore genesis for exploration and assessment of gold resources. The largest (historic) deposits, in approximate million ounces of gold (Moz Au), include those in the Haile (~ 4.2 Moz Au), Ridgeway (~1.5 Moz Au), Brewer (~0.25 Moz Au), and Barite Hill (0.6 Moz Au) mines. Host rocks are Late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic (~553 million years old) metaigneous and metasedimentary rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt that share a geologic affinity with the classic Avalonian tectonic zone. The inferred syngenetic and epithermal-subvolcanic quartz-porphyry settings occur stratigraphically between sequences of metavolcanic rocks of the Persimmon Fork and Uwharrie Formations and overlying volcanic and epiclastic rocks of the Tillery and Richtex Formations (and regional equivalents). The Carolina Slate Belt is highly prospective for many types of gold ore hosted within quartz-sericite-pyrite altered volcanic rocks, juvenile metasedimentary rocks, and in associated shear zones. For example, sheared and deformed auriferous volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits at Barite Hill, South Carolina, and in the Gold Hill trend, North Carolina, are hosted primarily by laminated mudstone and felsic volcanic to volcaniclastic rocks. The high-sulfidation epithermal style of gold mineralization at Brewer and low-sulfidation gold ores of the Champion pit at Haile occur in breccias associated with subvolcanic quartz porphyry and within crystal-rich tuffs, ash flows, and subvolcanic rhyolite. The Ridgeway and Haile deposits are primarily epithermal replacements and feeder zones within (now) metamorphosed crystal-rich tuffs, volcaniclastic sediments, and siltstones originally deposited in a marine volcanic-arc basinal setting. Recent discoveries in the region include (1) extensions of known deposits, such as at Haile where drilling has identified an extensive gold-rich feeder system; and (2) newly discovered prospects like the porphyry-style gold-copper-molybdenum occurrence reported at Deep River, N.C. Gold ores at Ridgeway and Haile represent the low-sulfidation, disseminated, shallow subaqueous tuffaceous equivalents of intrusion-related high-sulfidation ores such as those at Brewer. Haile also has mineralogical features that support a stockwork disseminated model of pyrite-gold-sericite mineralization in which a significant amount of ore was deposited in sediments at or near the surface. The potential is high for gold-rich ore at depth in the funnel-shaped feeder zones that likely underlie such surface variants of high sulfidation–low sulfidation epithermal systems and for new discoveries of similar deposits in areas undercover. Exploration strategies for large-scale gold-mineralizing systems applied to rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt, and by extension, the Carolinian-Avalonian tectonic zone of North America, benefit from applying subvolcanic and basinal epithermal models for gold mineralization.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121179","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., and Ayuso, R.A., 2012, Gold deposits of the Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States--Age and origin of the major gold producers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1179, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121179.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1179.gif"},{"id":263946,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1179/"},{"id":263947,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1179/pdf/ofr2012-1179.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina;South Carolina;Virginia;Georgia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c85611e4b03bc63bd679a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041416,"text":"70041416 - 2012 - Impact of reduced near-field entrainment of overpressured volcanic jets on plume development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T13:34:08","indexId":"70041416","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of reduced near-field entrainment of overpressured volcanic jets on plume development","docAbstract":"Volcanic plumes are often studied using one-dimensional analytical models, which use an empirical entrainment ratio to close the equations. Although this ratio is typically treated as constant, its value near the vent is significantly reduced due to flow development and overpressured conditions. To improve the accuracy of these models, a series of experiments was performed using particle image velocimetry, a high-accuracy, full-field velocity measurement technique. Experiments considered a high-speed jet with Reynolds numbers up to 467,000 and exit pressures up to 2.93 times atmospheric. Exit gas densities were also varied from 0.18 to 1.4 times that of air. The measured velocity was integrated to determine entrainment directly. For jets with exit pressures near atmospheric, entrainment was approximately 30% less than the fully developed level at 20 diameters from the exit. At pressures nearly three times that of the atmosphere, entrainment was 60% less. These results were introduced into Plumeria, a one-dimensional plume model, to examine the impact of reduced entrainment. The maximum column height was only slightly modified, but the critical radius for collapse was significantly reduced, decreasing by nearly a factor of two at moderate eruptive pressures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011JB008862","usgsCitation":"Saffaraval, F., Solovitz, S.A., Ogden, D.E., and Mastin, L.G., 2012, Impact of reduced near-field entrainment of overpressured volcanic jets on plume development: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, no. B05209, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008862.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-032920","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jb008862","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264048,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008862"}],"country":"United States","volume":"117","issue":"B05209","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cc58e7e4b00ab7c548c6a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saffaraval, Farhad","contributorId":74265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffaraval","given":"Farhad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solovitz, Stephen A.","contributorId":21434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solovitz","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ogden, Darcy E.","contributorId":15492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogden","given":"Darcy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041645,"text":"sir20125155 - 2012 - Yield of bedrock wells in the Nashoba terrane, central and eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:29:07","indexId":"sir20125155","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5155","title":"Yield of bedrock wells in the Nashoba terrane, central and eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The yield of bedrock wells in the fractured-bedrock aquifers of the Nashoba terrane and surrounding area, central and eastern Massachusetts, was investigated with analyses of existing data. Reported well yield was compiled for 7,287 wells from Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and U.S. Geological Survey databases. Yield of these wells ranged from 0.04 to 625 gallons per minute. In a comparison with data from 103 supply wells, yield and specific capacity from aquifer tests were well correlated, indicating that reported well yield was a reasonable measure of aquifer characteristics in the study area.\n\nStatistically significant relations were determined between well yield and a number of cultural and hydrogeologic factors. Cultural variables included intended water use, well depth, year of construction, and method of yield measurement. Bedrock geology, topography, surficial geology, and proximity to surface waters were statistically significant hydrogeologic factors. Yield of wells was higher in areas of granites, mafic intrusive rocks, and amphibolites than in areas of schists and gneisses or pelitic rocks; higher in valleys and low-slope areas than on hills, ridges, or high slopes; higher in areas overlain by stratified glacial deposits than in areas overlain by till; and higher in close proximity to streams, ponds, and wetlands than at greater distances from these surface-water features. Proximity to mapped faults and to lineaments from aerial photographs also were related to well yield by some measures in three quadrangles in the study area. Although the statistical significance of these relations was high, their predictive power was low, and these relations explained little of the variability in the well-yield data.\n\nSimilar results were determined from a multivariate regression analysis. Multivariate regression models for the Nashoba terrane and for a three-quadrangle subarea included, as significant variables, many of the cultural and hydrogeologic factors that were individually related to well yield, in ways that are consistent with conceptual understanding of their effects, but the models explained only 21 percent (regional model for the entire terrane) and 30 percent (quadrangle model) of the overall variance in yield. Moreover, most of the explained variance was due to well characteristics rather than hydrogeologic factors. Hydrogeologic factors such as topography and geology are likely important. However, the overall high variability in the well-yield data, which results from the high variability in aquifer hydraulic properties as well as from limitations of the dataset, would make it difficult to use hydrogeologic factors to predict well yield in the study area.\n\nGeostatistical analysis (variograms), on the other hand, indicated that, although highly variable, the well-yield data are spatially correlated. The spatial continuity appears greater in the northeast-southwest direction and less in the southeast-northwest direction, directions that are parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the regional geologic structural trends. Geostatistical analysis (kriging), used to estimate yield values throughout the study area, identified regional-scale areas of higher and lower yield that may be related to regional structural features—in particular, to a northeast-southwest trending regional fault zone within the Nashoba terrane. It also would be difficult to use kriging to predict yield at specific locations, however, because of the spatial variability in yield, particularly at small scales. The regional-scale analyses in this study, both with hydrogeologic variables and geostatistics, provide a context for understanding the variability in well yield, rather a basis for precise predictions, and site-specific information would be needed to understand local conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., and Barbaro, J.R., 2012, Yield of bedrock wells in the Nashoba terrane, central and eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5155, viii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125155.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"86","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PV6HTP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Bedrock well yield, lineaments, and ancillary data in the Nashoba Terrane, central and eastern Massachusetts"},{"id":263904,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5155.jpg"},{"id":263902,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5155/"},{"id":263903,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5155/pdf/sir2012-5155_508.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Webster;Dudley;Newbury;Rowley;Salisbury;Worcester","otherGeospatial":"Sudbury River;Assabet River;Concord River;Blackstone River;Ipswich River;Parker River;French River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.0209,41.9962 ], [ -72.0209,42.8921 ], [ -70.675,42.8921 ], [ -70.675,41.9962 ], [ -72.0209,41.9962 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c70477e4b0ebb3997466d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barbaro, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-6107-2142 jrbarbar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-2142","contributorId":1626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbaro","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrbarbar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041650,"text":"70041650 - 2012 - Estimating recruitment dynamics and movement of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon using an integrated assessment model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-11T11:30:49","indexId":"70041650","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating recruitment dynamics and movement of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon using an integrated assessment model","docAbstract":"We used an integrated assessment model to examine effects of flow from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, USA, on recruitment of nonnative rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Colorado River and to estimate downstream migration from Glen Canyon to Marble Canyon, a reach used by endangered native fish. Over a 20-year period, recruitment of rainbow trout in Glen Canyon increased with the annual flow volume and when hourly flow variation was reduced and after two of three controlled floods. The model predicted that approximately 16 000 trout·year–1 emigrated to Marble Canyon and that the majority of trout in this reach originate from Glen Canyon. For most models that were examined, over 70% of the variation in emigration rates was explained by variation in recruitment in Glen Canyon, suggesting that flow from the dam controls in large part the extent of potential negative interactions between rainbow trout and native fish. Controlled floods and steadier flows, which were originally aimed at partially restoring conditions before the dam (greater native fish abundance and larger sand bars), appear to have been more beneficial to nonnative rainbow trout than to native fish.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ontario","doi":"10.1139/f2012-097","usgsCitation":"Korman, J., Martell, S., Walters, C.J., Makinster, A.S., Coggins, L., Yard, M., and Persons, W.R., 2012, Estimating recruitment dynamics and movement of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon using an integrated assessment model: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 69, no. 11, p. 1827-1849, https://doi.org/10.1139/f2012-097.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1827","endPage":"1849","ipdsId":"IP-031309","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263929,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263926,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-097"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Glen Canyon Dam;Marble Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.67382,36.392808 ], [ -111.67382,37.001676 ], [ -111.12197,37.001676 ], [ -111.12197,36.392808 ], [ -111.67382,36.392808 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"69","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c86422e4b03bc63bd679ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Korman, Josh","contributorId":29922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korman","given":"Josh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martell, Steven","contributorId":83000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martell","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, Carl J.","contributorId":25122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Makinster, Andrew S.","contributorId":103629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Makinster","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coggins, Lewis G.","contributorId":43249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coggins","given":"Lewis G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yard, Michael D. 0000-0002-6580-6027","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6580-6027","contributorId":8577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yard","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Persons, William R. wpersons@usgs.gov","contributorId":4028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persons","given":"William","email":"wpersons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70041421,"text":"70041421 - 2012 - Improving the accuracy of S02 column densities and emission rates obtained from upward-looking UV-spectroscopic measurements of volcanic plumes by taking realistic radiative transfer into account","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T12:56:47","indexId":"70041421","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving the accuracy of S02 column densities and emission rates obtained from upward-looking UV-spectroscopic measurements of volcanic plumes by taking realistic radiative transfer into account","docAbstract":"Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is monitored using ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy at numerous volcanoes around the world due to its importance as a measure of volcanic activity and a tracer for other gaseous species. Recent studies have shown that failure to take realistic radiative transfer into account during the spectral retrieval of the collected data often leads to large errors in the calculated emission rates. Here, the framework for a new evaluation method which couples a radiative transfer model to the spectral retrieval is described. In it, absorption spectra are simulated, and atmospheric parameters are iteratively updated in the model until a best match to the measurement data is achieved. The evaluation algorithm is applied to two example Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements conducted at Kilauea volcano (Hawaii). The resulting emission rates were 20 and 90% higher than those obtained with a conventional DOAS retrieval performed between 305 and 315 nm, respectively, depending on the different SO2 and aerosol loads present in the volcanic plume. The internal consistency of the method was validated by measuring and modeling SO2 absorption features in a separate wavelength region around 375 nm and comparing the results. Although additional information about the measurement geometry and atmospheric conditions is needed in addition to the acquired spectral data, this method for the first time provides a means of taking realistic three-dimensional radiative transfer into account when analyzing UV-spectral absorption measurements of volcanic SO2 plumes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2012JD017936","usgsCitation":"Kern, C., Deutschmann, T., Werner, C., Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., and Kelly, P., 2012, Improving the accuracy of S02 column densities and emission rates obtained from upward-looking UV-spectroscopic measurements of volcanic plumes by taking realistic radiative transfer into account: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 117, 23 p.; D20302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017936.","productDescription":"23 p.; D20302","numberOfPages":"23","ipdsId":"IP-037318","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264053,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017936"}],"country":"United States","volume":"117","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cc58ece4b00ab7c548c6ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kern, Christoph 0000-0002-8920-5701 ckern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-5701","contributorId":3387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Christoph","email":"ckern@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deutschmann, Tim","contributorId":57742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutschmann","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werner, Cynthia 0000-0003-3311-6694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3311-6694","contributorId":11444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Cynthia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sutton, A. Jeff","contributorId":45605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elias, Tamar 0000-0002-9592-4518 telias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":3916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Tamar","email":"telias@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kelly, Peter J.","contributorId":72685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Peter J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041420,"text":"70041420 - 2012 - Insights from fumarole gas geochemistry on the origin of hydrothermal fluids on the Yellowstone Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T19:06:56.630035","indexId":"70041420","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Insights from fumarole gas geochemistry on the origin of hydrothermal fluids on the Yellowstone Plateau","docAbstract":"

The chemistry of Yellowstone fumarole gases shows the existence of two component waters, type MC, influenced by the addition of deep mantle fluid, and type CC, influenced by crustal interactions (CC). MC is high in 3He/4He (22 Ra) and low in 4He/40Ar (∼1), reflecting input of deep mantle components. The other water is characterized by 4He concentrations 3–4 orders of magnitude higher than air-saturated meteoric water (ASW). These high He concentrations originate through circulation in Pleistocene volcanic rocks, as well as outgassing of Tertiary and older (including Archean) basement, some of which could be particularly rich in uranium, a major 4He source. Consideration of CO2–CH4–CO–H2O–H2 gas equilibrium reactions indicates equilibration temperatures from 170 °C to 310 °C. The estimated temperatures highly correlate with noble-gas variations, suggesting that the two waters differ in temperature. Type CC is ∼170 °C whereas the MC is hotter, at 340 °C. This result is similar to models proposed by previous studies of thermal water chemistry. However, instead of mixing the deep hot component simply with cold, meteoric waters we argue that addition of a 4He-rich component, equilibrated at temperatures around 170 °C, is necessary to explain the range in fumarole gas chemistry.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.051","usgsCitation":"Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., Lowenstern, J.B., Evans, W.C., Bergfeld, D., Tassi, F., and Tedesco, D., 2012, Insights from fumarole gas geochemistry on the origin of hydrothermal fluids on the Yellowstone Plateau: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 89, p. 265-278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.051.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"278","ipdsId":"IP-037576","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.00,44.33 ], [ -111.00,44.50 ], [ -110.00,44.50 ], [ -110.00,44.33 ], [ -111.00,44.33 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"89","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cc58fce4b00ab7c548c6bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiodini, Giovanni","contributorId":78223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiodini","given":"Giovanni","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caliro, Stefano","contributorId":10697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caliro","given":"Stefano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bergfeld, D. dbergfel@usgs.gov","contributorId":2069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"D.","email":"dbergfel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tassi, Franco","contributorId":95776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tassi","given":"Franco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tedesco, Dario","contributorId":16728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tedesco","given":"Dario","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70041635,"text":"70041635 - 2012 - Land use alters the resistance and resilience of soil food webs to drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-09T18:13:06","indexId":"70041635","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2841,"text":"Nature Climate Change","onlineIssn":"1758-6798","printIssn":"1758-678X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land use alters the resistance and resilience of soil food webs to drought","docAbstract":"Soils deliver several ecosystem services including carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling, which are of central importance to climate mitigation and sustainable food production. Soil biota play an important role in carbon and nitrogen cycling, and, although the effects of land use on soil food webs are well documented the consequences for their resistance and resilience to climate change are not known. We compared the resistance and resilience to drought--which is predicted to increase under climate change of soil food webs of two common land-use systems: intensively managed wheat with a bacterial-based soil food web and extensively managed grassland with a fungal-based soil food web. We found that the fungal-based food web, and the processes of C and N loss it governs, of grassland soil was more resistant, although not resilient, and better able to adapt to drought than the bacterial-based food web of wheat soil. Structural equation modelling revealed that fungal-based soil food webs and greater microbial evenness mitigated C and N loss. Our findings show that land use strongly affects the resistance and resilience of soil food webs to climate change, and that extensively managed grassland promotes more resistant, and adaptable, fungal-based soil food webs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature Climate Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publisherLocation":"London, U.K.","doi":"10.1038/nclimate1368","usgsCitation":"de Vries, F.T., Liiri, M.E., Bjornlund, L., Bowker, M.A., Christensen, S., Setala, H., and Bardgett, R.D., 2012, Land use alters the resistance and resilience of soil food webs to drought: Nature Climate Change, v. 2012, no. 2, p. 276-280, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1368.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"276","endPage":"280","ipdsId":"IP-026647","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":263891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263890,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1368"}],"volume":"2012","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c5b2e6e4b0bb9e8683ff09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de Vries, Franciska T.","contributorId":24248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Vries","given":"Franciska","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liiri, Mira E.","contributorId":26204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liiri","given":"Mira","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bjornlund, Lisa","contributorId":104362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjornlund","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowker, Matthew A. mbowker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"Matthew","email":"mbowker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":470028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christensen, Soren","contributorId":54082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Soren","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Setala, Heikki","contributorId":89033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Setala","given":"Heikki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bardgett, Richard D.","contributorId":42851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bardgett","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70041588,"text":"70041588 - 2012 - Elucidating spatially explicit behavioral landscapes in the Willow Flycatcher","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-15T10:47:26","indexId":"70041588","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elucidating spatially explicit behavioral landscapes in the Willow Flycatcher","docAbstract":"Animal resource selection is a complex, hierarchical decision-making process, yet resource selection studies often focus on the presence and absence of an animal rather than the animal's behavior at resource use locations. In this study, we investigate foraging and vocalization resource selection in a population of Willow Flycatchers, Empidonax traillii adastus, using Bayesian spatial generalized linear models. These models produce “behavioral landscapes” in which space use and resource selection is linked through behavior. Radio telemetry locations were collected from 35 adult Willow Flycatchers (n = 14 males, n = 13 females, and n = 8 unknown sex) over the 2003 and 2004 breeding seasons at Fish Creek, Utah. Results from the 2-stage modeling approach showed that habitat type, perch position, and distance from the arithmetic mean of the home range (in males) or nest site (in females) were important factors influencing foraging and vocalization resource selection. Parameter estimates from the individual-level models indicated high intraspecific variation in the use of the various habitat types and perch heights for foraging and vocalization. On the population level, Willow Flycatchers selected riparian habitat over other habitat types for vocalizing but used multiple habitat types for foraging including mountain shrub, young riparian, and upland forest. Mapping of observed and predicted foraging and vocalization resource selection indicated that the behavior often occurred in disparate areas of the home range. This suggests that multiple core areas may exist in the home ranges of individual flycatchers, and demonstrates that the behavioral landscape modeling approach can be applied to identify spatially and behaviorally distinct core areas. The behavioral landscape approach is applicable to a wide range of animal taxa and can be used to improve our understanding of the spatial context of behavior and resource selection.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.02.013","usgsCitation":"Bakian, A.V., Sullivan, K.A., and Paxton, E.H., 2012, Elucidating spatially explicit behavioral landscapes in the Willow Flycatcher: Ecological Modelling, v. 232, p. 119-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.02.013.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"132","ipdsId":"IP-036512","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263879,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.02.013"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Fish Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.05,37.0 ], [ -114.05,42.0 ], [ -109.04,42.0 ], [ -109.04,37.0 ], [ -114.05,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"232","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c4617fe4b0e44331d07160","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakian, Amanda V.","contributorId":70263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakian","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, Kimberly A.","contributorId":71847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paxton, Eben H. 0000-0001-5578-7689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-7689","contributorId":19640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxton","given":"Eben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041622,"text":"ofr20121242 - 2012 - Geomorphic analysis of the river response to sedimentation downstream of Mount Rainier, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-08T15:28:14","indexId":"ofr20121242","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1242","title":"Geomorphic analysis of the river response to sedimentation downstream of Mount Rainier, Washington","docAbstract":"A study of the geomorphology of rivers draining Mount Rainier, Washington, was completed to identify sources of sediment to the river network; to identify important processes in the sediment delivery system; to assess current sediment loads in rivers draining Mount Rainier; to evaluate if there were trends in streamflow or sediment load since the early 20th century; and to assess how rates of sedimentation might continue into the future using published climate-change scenarios.\n\nRivers draining Mount Rainier carry heavy sediment loads sourced primarily from the volcano that cause acute aggradation in deposition reaches as far away as the Puget Lowland. Calculated yields ranged from 2,000 tonnes per square kilometer per year [(tonnes/km2)/yr] on the upper Nisqually River to 350 (tonnes/km2)/yr on the lower Puyallup River, notably larger than sediment yields of 50–200 (tonnes/km2)/yr typical for other Cascade Range rivers. These rivers can be assumed to be in a general state of sediment surplus. As a result, future aggradation rates will be largely influenced by the underlying hydrology carrying sediment downstream. The active-channel width of rivers directly draining Mount Rainier in 2009, used as a proxy for sediment released from Mount Rainier, changed little between 1965 and 1994 reflecting a climatic period that was relatively quiet hydrogeomorphically. From 1994 to 2009, a marked increase in geomorphic disturbance caused the active channels in many river reaches to widen. Comparing active-channel widths of glacier-draining rivers in 2009 to the distance of glacier retreat between 1913 and 1994 showed no correlation, suggesting that geomorphic disturbance in river reaches directly downstream of glaciers is not strongly governed by the degree of glacial retreat. In contrast, there was a correlation between active-channel width and the percentage of superglacier debris mantling the glacier, as measured in 1971. A conceptual model of sediment delivery processes from the mountain indicates that rockfalls, glaciers, debris flows, and main-stem flooding act sequentially to deliver sediment from Mount Rainier to river reaches in the Puget Lowland over decadal time scales. Greater-than-normal runoff was associated with cool phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Streamflow-gaging station data from four unregulated rivers directly draining Mount Rainier indicated no statistically significant trends of increasing peak flows over the course of the 20th century.\n\nThe total sediment load of the upper Nisqually River from 1945 to 2011 was determined to be 1,200,000±180,000 tonnes/yr. The suspended-sediment load in the lower Puyallup River at Puyallup, Washington, was 860,000±300,000 tonnes/yr between 1978 and 1994, but the long-term load for the Puyallup River likely is about 1,000,000±400,000 tonnes/yr. Using a coarse-resolution bedload transport relation, the long-term average bedload was estimated to be about 30,000 tonnes/yr in the lower White River near Auburn, Washington, which was four times greater than bedload in the Puyallup River and an order of magnitude greater than bedload in the Carbon River. Analyses indicate a general increase in the sediment loads in Mount Rainier rivers in the 1990s and 2000s relative to the time period from the 1960s to 1980s. Data are insufficient, however, to determine definitively if post-1990 increases in sediment production and transport from Mount Rainier represent a statistically significant increase relative to sediment-load values typical from Mount Rainier during the entire 20th century.\n\nOne-dimensional river-hydraulic and sediment-transport models simulated the entrainment, transport, attrition, and deposition of bed material. Simulations showed that bed-material loads were largest for the Nisqually River and smallest for the Carbon River. The models were used to simulate how increases in sediment supply to rivers transport through the river systems and affect lowland reaches. For each simulation, the input sediment pulse evolved through a combination of translation, dispersion, and attrition as it moved downstream. The characteristic transport times for the median sediment-size pulse to arrive downstream for the Nisqually, Carbon, Puyallup, and White Rivers were approximately 70, 300, 80, and 60 years, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pierce County Public Works and Utilities, Surface Water Management; and King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division","usgsCitation":"Czuba, J., Magirl, C.S., Czuba, C.R., Curran, C.A., Johnson, K.H., Olsen, T.D., Kimball, H.K., and Gish, C.C., 2012, Geomorphic analysis of the river response to sedimentation downstream of Mount Rainier, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1242, xii, 134 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121242.","productDescription":"xii, 134 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"150","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040356","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1242.jpg"},{"id":263868,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1242/"},{"id":263869,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1242/pdf/ofr20121242.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,45.54 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -116.92,49.0 ], [ -116.92,45.54 ], [ -124.79,45.54 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c46187e4b0e44331d07168","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czuba, Jonathan A.","contributorId":19917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Czuba, Christiana R. cczuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":4555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Christiana","email":"cczuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curran, Christopher A. 0000-0001-8933-416X ccurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-416X","contributorId":1650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Christopher","email":"ccurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Kenneth H. johnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kenneth","email":"johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olsen, Theresa D. 0000-0003-4099-4057 tdolsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-4057","contributorId":1644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Theresa","email":"tdolsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kimball, Halley K.","contributorId":36431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Halley","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gish, Casey C.","contributorId":55245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gish","given":"Casey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70041587,"text":"70041587 - 2012 - Consequences of declining snow accumulation for water balance of mid-latitude dry regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-08T21:45:47","indexId":"70041587","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consequences of declining snow accumulation for water balance of mid-latitude dry regions","docAbstract":"Widespread documentation of positive winter temperature anomalies, declining snowpack and earlier snow melt in the Northern Hemisphere have raised concerns about the consequences for regional water resources as well as wildfire. A topic that has not been addressed with respect to declining snowpack is effects on ecosystem water balance. Changes in water balance dynamics will be particularly pronounced at low elevations of mid-latitude dry regions because these areas will be the first to be affected by declining snow as a result of rising temperatures. As a model system, we used simulation experiments to investigate big sagebrush ecosystems that dominate a large fraction of the semiarid western United States. Our results suggest that effects on future ecosystem water balance will increase along a climatic gradient from dry, warm and snow-poor to wet, cold and snow-rich. Beyond a threshold within this climatic gradient, predicted consequences for vegetation switched from no change to increasing transpiration. Responses were sensitive to uncertainties in climatic prediction; particularly, a shift of precipitation to the colder season could reduce impacts of a warmer and snow-poorer future, depending on the degree to which ecosystem phenology tracks precipitation changes. Our results suggest that big sagebrush and other similar semiarid ecosystems could decrease in viability or disappear in dry to medium areas and likely increase only in the snow-richest areas, i.e. higher elevations and higher latitudes. Unlike cold locations at high elevations or in the arctic, ecosystems at low elevations respond in a different and complex way to future conditions because of opposing effects of increasing water-limitation and a longer snow-free season. Outcomes of such nonlinear interactions for future ecosystems will likely include changes in plant composition and productivity, dynamics of water balance, and availability of water resources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02642.x","usgsCitation":"Schlaepfer, D., Lauenroth, W.K., and Bradford, J.B., 2012, Consequences of declining snow accumulation for water balance of mid-latitude dry regions: Global Change Biology, v. 18, no. 6, p. 1988-1997, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02642.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1988","endPage":"1997","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-031985","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263877,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02642.x"}],"volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c4617ae4b0e44331d0715c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlaepfer, Daniel R.","contributorId":105189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schlaepfer","given":"Daniel R.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lauenroth, William K.","contributorId":80982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lauenroth","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041599,"text":"70041599 - 2012 - Carbon stocks across a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-08T21:38:55","indexId":"70041599","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon stocks across a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands","docAbstract":"Forests function as a major global C sink, and forest management strategies that maximize C stocks offer one possible means of mitigating the impacts of increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions. We studied the effects of thinning, a common management technique in many forest types, on age-related trends in C stocks using a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands ranging from 9 to 306 years old. Live tree C stocks increased with age to a maximum near the middle of the chronosequence in unmanaged stands, and increased across the entire chronosequence in thinned stands. C in live understory vegetation and C in the mineral soil each declined rapidly with age in young stands but changed relatively little in middle-aged to older stands regardless of management. Forest floor C stocks increased with age in unmanaged stands, but forest floor C decreased with age after the onset of thinning around age 40 in thinned stands. Deadwood C was highly variable, but decreased with age in thinned stands. Total ecosystem C increased with stand age until approaching an asymptote around age 150. The increase in total ecosystem C was paralleled by an age-related increase in total aboveground C, but relatively little change in total belowground C. Thinning had surprisingly little impact on total ecosystem C stocks, but it did modestly alter age-related trends in total ecosystem C allocation between aboveground and belowground pools. In addition to characterizing the subtle differences in C dynamics between thinned and unmanaged stands, these results suggest that C accrual in red pine stands continues well beyond the 60–100 year management rotations typical for this system. Management plans that incorporate longer rotations and thinning in some stands could play an important role in maximizing C stocks in red pine forests while meeting other objectives including timber extraction, biodiversity conservation, restoration, and fuel reduction goals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ESA","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/11-0411.1","usgsCitation":"Powers, M.D., Kolka, R.K., Bradford, J.B., Palik, B.J., Fraver, S., and Jurgensen, M.F., 2012, Carbon stocks across a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands: Ecological Applications, v. 22, no. 4, p. 1297-1307, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0411.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1297","endPage":"1307","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-028199","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263876,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263866,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-0411.1"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c46f78e4b0e44331d0717f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, Matthew D.","contributorId":34399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolka, Randall K.","contributorId":16150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolka","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":13259,"text":"USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palik, Brian J.","contributorId":78619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palik","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fraver, Shawn","contributorId":91379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraver","given":"Shawn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jurgensen, Martin F.","contributorId":32792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgensen","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041456,"text":"70041456 - 2012 - Determination and uncertainty of moment tensors for microearthquakes at Okmok Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T13:16:29","indexId":"70041456","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination and uncertainty of moment tensors for microearthquakes at Okmok Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Efforts to determine general moment tensors (MTs) for microearthquakes in volcanic areas are often hampered by small seismic networks, which can lead to poorly constrained hypocentres and inadequate modelling of seismic velocity heterogeneity. In addition, noisy seismic signals can make it difficult to identify phase arrivals correctly for small magnitude events. However, small volcanic earthquakes can have source mechanisms that deviate from brittle double-couple shear failure due to magmatic and/or hydrothermal processes. Thus, determining reliable MTs in such conditions is a challenging but potentially rewarding pursuit. We pursued such a goal at Okmok Volcano, Alaska, which erupted recently in 1997 and in 2008. The Alaska Volcano Observatory operates a seismic network of 12 stations at Okmok and routinely catalogues recorded seismicity. Using these data, we have determined general MTs for seven microearthquakes recorded between 2004 and 2007 by inverting peak amplitude measurements of P and S phases. We computed Green's functions using precisely relocated hypocentres and a 3-D velocity model. We thoroughly assessed the quality of the solutions by computing formal uncertainty estimates, conducting a variety of synthetic and sensitivity tests, and by comparing the MTs to solutions obtained using alternative methods. The results show that MTs are sensitive to station distribution and errors in the data, velocity model and hypocentral parameters. Although each of the seven MTs contains a significant non-shear component, we judge several of the solutions to be unreliable. However, several reliable MTs are obtained for a group of previously identified repeating events, and are interpreted as compensated linear-vector dipole events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05574.x","usgsCitation":"Pesicek, J., Sileny, J., Prejean, S., and Thurber, C., 2012, Determination and uncertainty of moment tensors for microearthquakes at Okmok Volcano, Alaska: Geophysical Journal International, v. 190, no. 3, p. 1689-1709, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05574.x.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1689","endPage":"1709","ipdsId":"IP-038948","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2012.05574.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263801,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263800,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05574.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mt. 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D.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sileny, J.","contributorId":14208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileny","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prejean, S. G. 0000-0003-0510-1989","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-1989","contributorId":18935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"S. 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The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (gage heights) at the USGS streamgage at Des Plaines River at Lincolnshire, Illinois (station no. 05528100). Current conditions at the USGS streamgage may be obtained on the Internet at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?05528100. In addition, this streamgage is incorporated into the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood warning system (http://water.weather.gov/ahps/) by the National Weather Service (NWS). The NWS forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often co-located at USGS streamgages. The NWS forecasted peak-stage information, also shown on the Des Plaines River at Lincolnshire inundation Web site, may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation. In this study, flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The hydraulic model was then used to determine seven water-surface profiles for flood stages at roughly 1-ft intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from the 50- to 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability flows. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a Geographic Information System (GIS) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (derived from Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data) in order to delineate the area flooded at each water level. These maps, along with information on the Internet regarding current gage height from USGS streamgages and forecasted stream stages from the NWS, provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125227","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lake County Stormwater Management Commission and the Villages of Lincolnshire and Riverwoods","usgsCitation":"Murphy, E., Soong, D., and Sharpe, J.B., 2012, Flood-inundation maps for a nine-mile reach of the Des Plaines River from Riverwoods to Mettawa, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5227, Report: iv, 17 p.; Downloads Directory; 7 Sheets: 11.1 x 17 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125227.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 17 p.; Downloads Directory; 7 Sheets: 11.1 x 17 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5227.gif"},{"id":263804,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/Downloads"},{"id":263802,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/"},{"id":263803,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/pdf/SIR20125227_DesPlainesRiver_floodinundation.pdf"},{"id":263805,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/MapSheets/SIR20125227%20Map_Sheet_1.pdf"},{"id":263806,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/MapSheets/SIR20125227%20Map_Sheet_2.pdf"},{"id":263807,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/MapSheets/SIR20125227%20Map_Sheet_3.pdf"},{"id":263808,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/MapSheets/SIR20125227%20Map_Sheet_4.pdf"},{"id":263809,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/MapSheets/SIR20125227%20Map_Sheet_5.pdf"},{"id":263810,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/MapSheets/SIR20125227%20Map_Sheet_6.pdf"},{"id":263811,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5227/MapSheets/SIR20125227%20Map_Sheet_7.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Lincolnshire;Mettawa;Riverwoods","otherGeospatial":"Des Plaines River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.95,42.15 ], [ -87.95,42.25 ], [ -87.9,42.25 ], [ -87.9,42.15 ], [ -87.95,42.15 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31024e4b0b57f2415d192","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":69660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Elizabeth A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soong, David T.","contributorId":87487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"David T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}