The purpose of this report is to appraise and evaluate the groundwater resources of a tri-state region adjacent to the lower Delaware River that is centered around Philadelphia, Pa., and Camden, N. J., and includes Wilmington, Del., and Trenton, N.J. Specifically, the region includes New Castle County, Del.; Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Mercer, and Salem Counties in New Jersey; and Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties in Pennsylvania.
\nThe peculiar advantages of ground water, such as its availability in many places without the necessity for expensive pipelines and its relatively uniform temperature and quality, make it an especially valuable resource in an industrial area. Large, readily available supplies of good, fresh water have contributed substantially to the recent rapid industrial growth of the lower Delaware River basin and will be vital to its continued prosperity. The major part of these supplies is drawn from the streams passing through the region, but very large quantities of ground water also are used.
\nThe region is divided almost equally by the Fall Line, which extends in a southwesterly direction along the general course of the Delaware River from Trenton, N.J., to Wilmington, Del., and beyond. Northwest of the Fall Line is a region of consolidated rocks in which ground water occurs mainly in cracks, crevices, and openings created or enlarged by weathering. The capacity of the various geologic formations to yield water depends largely upon the degree to which they have been fractured and weathered. The yield of individual wells in this part of the region is generally small to moderate and not readily predictable. Ground water in this part of the region is generally low in dissolved minerals and suitable for many uses without treatment.
\nSoutheast of the Fall Line lie the unconsolidated rocks of the Coastal Plain. Ground water occurs in these rocks largely in the pore spaces between the individual mineral grains. The major formations and the principal aquifers are rather uniform in their water-bearing characteristics over large areas. The yield of individual wells is moderate to very large and may be predicted with a reasonable degree of assurance. Sufficient quantities of ground water are available in most places for all ordinary purposes. The chemical quality of the ground water from the Coastal Plain aquifers is generally acceptable for most uses, but objectionable quantities of iron or other minerals are found in some places, and some waters have a low pH and are corrosive.
\nMore than 40 distinct geologic formations occur in the region. They range in age from Precambrian to Recent. Nearly all will yield some water to wells. However, only about a dozen yield water freely enough to be considered major aquifers. Of these, the sands of the Raritan and Magothy formations have been developed most intensively, and the Cohansey sand appears to have the greatest capacity for additional development.
\nThe present withdrawal of ground water in the region is estimated to average more than 200 mgd, of which more than half is drawn from the aquifers in the Raritan and Magothy formations. It is estimated that additional supplies of ground water, aggregating more than 1 billion gallons a day, can be developed within the region. Furthermore, substantial additional quantities can be developed outside the region for use within it if the need should ever arise.
\nInduced recharge from the Delaware River supplies a substantial portion of the total water drawn from the Raritan and Magothy formations. In some areas, the quality of the water from these aquifers is approaching that of the river. Increased withdrawals of water from wells along the river will tend to increase induced recharge. Thus, the maintenance of a good quality of water in the river, which is desirable for many other reasons, is imperative if the quality of the ground-water supply is to be maintained.
\nThe proposed deepening of the Delaware River channel from Philadelphia to Trenton will greatly increase the opportunity for the interchange of water between the river and the adjacent aquifers. Whether this will be beneficial or detrimental to the ground-water supplies will depend upon the quality of the water in that reach of the river. If an acceptable quality of river water is maintained, the groundwater resources of the region will be augmented. If salt water from the ocean or excessive contamination from other sources should render the river water undesirable as a source of recharge, actual and potential ground-water supplies aggregating about 250 mgd would be endangered.
\nThe danger of salt-water encroachment into the aquifers normally yielding fresh water may limit the optimum yield of some of the most important aquifers in the region. Encroachment may come either from salt water in the surface-water bodies of the region or from parts of the aquifers, normally containing salt water. The protection of ground-water supplies against salt-water encroachment can be maintained only by constant vigilance, careful distribution of the pumping from the aquifers, regular sampling of outpost wells in exposed localities, and adjustment of rates of pumping in the light of changing conditions.
\nThe maximum beneficial utilization of the ground-water resources cannot be accomplished in haphazard fashion. It must be planned and controlled on the basis of sound, current information about the hydrology of the various aquifers. Continued and, in some areas, intensified investigations of the ground-water resources of the region should form the basis for such planning and control.
","language":"English","publisher":"State of New Jersey Department of Convservation and Economic Development, Division of Water Policy and Supply","publisherLocation":"Trenton, N.J.","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware","usgsCitation":"Barksdale, H.C., Greenman, D.W., Lang, S.M., Hilton, G.S., and Outlaw, D.E., 1958, Ground-water resources in the tri-state region adjacent to the Lower Delaware River: New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply Special Report 13, Report: xiii, 191 p.; Plate: 17.41 x 23.41 inches.","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 191 p.; Plate: 17.41 x 23.41 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159217.jpg"},{"id":311239,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159217/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":311240,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159217/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware","county":"New Castle County, Burlington County, Camden County, Gloucester County, Mercer County, Salem County, Bucks County, Chester County, Delaware County, Montgomery County, Philadelphia County","city":"Philadelphia, Camden, Wilmington, Trenton","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.2,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -76.2,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -76.2,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56261472e4b0fb9a11dd7631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barksdale, Henry C.","contributorId":11463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barksdale","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenman, David W.","contributorId":149311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lang, Solomon Max","contributorId":17471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"Solomon","email":"","middleInitial":"Max","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hilton, George Stockbridge","contributorId":56206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilton","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Stockbridge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Outlaw, Donald E.","contributorId":149312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Outlaw","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5230068,"text":"5230068 - 1958 - Birds and Aircraft on Midway Islands, 1956-57 Investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5230068","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"38","title":"Birds and Aircraft on Midway Islands, 1956-57 Investigations","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which certain species of birds contribute to the hazard to aircraft at Midway; to learn more about the population dynamics and habits of these species to determine what type of control measures might be possible without endangering the species; and to test methods of control which are suggested. Most of the study has been devoted to the two species of albatrosses and the sooty terns nesting at Midway because of the current belief that these species offered the greatest danger to aircraft safety.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Kenyon, K., Rice, D., Robbins, C., and Aldrich, J., 1958, Birds and Aircraft on Midway Islands, 1956-57 Investigations: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 38, 51.","productDescription":"51","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92253,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924055486702?urlappend=%3Bseq=203"},{"id":203018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db6120b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kenyon, K.W.","contributorId":57397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenyon","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, D.W.","contributorId":37012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aldrich, J.W.","contributorId":107800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldrich","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5230011,"text":"5230011 - 1958 - Distribution of the black duck","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5230011","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":14,"text":"Circular","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"No. 51","title":"Distribution of the black duck","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Stewart, R.E., 1958, Distribution of the black duck: Circular No. 51, 8 p. : ill., maps, table ; 23 cm.","productDescription":"8 p. : ill., maps, table ; 23 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94552,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924090313754?urlappend=%3Bseq=5"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f59f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, R. 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E.","contributorId":93426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048687,"text":"tem1013 - 1958 - Photogeologic map of the Yellow Jacket quadrangle, Montezuma and Dolores Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T09:50:53","indexId":"tem1013","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-14T14:46:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1013","title":"Photogeologic map of the Yellow Jacket quadrangle, Montezuma and Dolores Counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem1013","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Hackman, R., 1958, Photogeologic map of the Yellow Jacket quadrangle, Montezuma and Dolores Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 1013, Report: 3 p.; Plate: 20.23 inches x 22.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem1013.","productDescription":"Report: 3 p.; Plate: 20.23 inches x 22.33 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278572,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284705,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/1013/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":284706,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/1013/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.75,37.50 ], [ -108.75,37.75 ], [ -108.50,37.75 ], [ -108.50,37.50 ], [ -108.75,37.50 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6b4ae4b0b29085103cea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackman, R.J.","contributorId":95086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackman","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006037,"text":"70006037 - 1958 - The Geological Survey (brochure)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:59","indexId":"70006037","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T16:46:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"The Geological Survey (brochure)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/70006037","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1958, The Geological Survey (brochure), 5 folds, https://doi.org/10.3133/70006037.","productDescription":"5 folds","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629abb"} ,{"id":2371,"text":"wsp1463 - 1958 - Records of springs in the Snake River valley, Jerome and Gooding Counties, Idaho, 1899-1947","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T12:49:20","indexId":"wsp1463","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1463","title":"Records of springs in the Snake River valley, Jerome and Gooding Counties, Idaho, 1899-1947","docAbstract":"Many springs and seeps discharge water from the north wall of the valley of\nthe Snake River between Milner and Bliss, Idaho. These are fed by a large\nground-water body lying east and north of the river, beneath the Snake River\nPlain. Much ground water is pumped on the plain, many irrigation wells having\nbeen drilled since 1946. Heavy withdrawal of ground water from wells may\nalter the discharge rates and regimens of the springs and may affect downstream\nflow of the river. For that reason, the historic record of discharge from\nthe springs is an important part of the basis on which hydrologic changes can be\ndetermined. The records also would facilitate appraisal of the total groundwater\nresources of the Snake River Plain.\nThis report brings together in a single volume all obtainable records for the\nperiod 1899-1947. The report also includes descriptive data and a brief history\nof work done.\nThe springs occur in a 40-mile reach of the valley of the Snake River between\nMilner Dam and Bliss. Most are on the north side of the river but a few are\non the south.\nThe earliest measurements of record were made by F. S. Shirley and N. S. Dils,\nof the U. S. Geological Survey, in 1899. The next were by J. D. Stannard for\nthe Idaho State Engineer and by Dils in 1902. Few measurements were made\nfrom 1903 to 1916. Somewhat more systematic measurements were made by\nthe Geological Survey and by local agencies in 1917-20, 1923-25, and 1931, and\nat several intervals thereafter. In 1950 the Geological Survey began continuous,\nsystematic measurements by installing and operating gaging stations on four\nrepresentative springs and by making yearly direct measurements of all large\nsprings. The recent records are not included in this report; they have been\npublished yearly in a series of reports on stream discharge.\nThe report includes lists of all published sources from which data were compiled,\nand cites many unpublished sources. The principal workers and agencies\nthat have obtained records are listed also.\nThe quality and accuracy of the compiled records, as might be expected, are\nnot uniform, as the records were collected under varying circumstances, by many\nindividuals, and according to changing or differing standards. The continuity is\ngenerally poor. Nevertheless, the compilation represents the base from which\nfurther work must start and is an extremely valuable record. It represents about\n30 large springs and groups of springs, having discharge rates ranging from a\nfraction of a cubic foot per second to well over 1,000 cfs. Many smaller springs\nand seeps never have been measured. The fluctuation indexes for individual springs or groups range from 2 to 41\npercent. The fluctuation index is the mean deviation of the discharge rate from\nthe arithmetic mean, expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic mean. Although\nto some extent the indexes are a measure of the consistency of the record,\nthey also seem to reflect actual differences in range of discharge, and they indicate\nthat springs upstream in the Snake River valley fluctuate through a wider range\nthan do those downstream. The fluctuations are rather slow, which reflects the\nequalizing influence of the large ground-water reservoir that supplies the springs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1463","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., Van’t Hul, A., and McQueen, I., 1958, Records of springs in the Snake River valley, Jerome and Gooding Counties, Idaho, 1899-1947: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1463, Report: v, 62 p. Plate 1: 12 inches x 12.34 inches; Plate 2: 10 inches x 19.45 inches; Plate 3: 21.50 inches x 10.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1463.","productDescription":"Report: v, 62 p. 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