The valid incentives compelling occupation of the flood plain, up to and even into the stream channel, undoubtedly have contributed greatly to the development of the country. But the result has been a heritage of flood disaster, suffering, and enormous costs.
Flood destruction awakened a consciousness toward reduction and elimination of flood hazards, originally manifested in the protection of existing developments. More recently, increased information and realization of the problem have shown the impracticability of permitting developments that require costly flood protection. The idea of flood zoning, or flood-plain planning, has received greater impetus as a result of such realization.
This study shows how hydraulic and hydrologic data concerning the flood regimen of a stream can be used in appraising its flood potential and the risk inherent in occupation of its flood plain. The approach involves the study of flood magnitudes as recorded or computed; flood frequencies based on the experience shown by many years of gaging-station record; use of existing or computed stage-discharge relations and flood profiles; and, where required, the preparation of flood-zone maps to show the areas inundated by floods of several magnitudes and frequencies.
Methods are outlined that will enable the planner to delineate areas subject to inundation by floods of specific recurrence intervals for three conditions; (1) for the immediate vicinity of a gaging station, (2) for a gaged stream at a considerable distance from a gaging station, and (3) for an ungaged stream. Curves have been developed from which the average depth for a flood of specific frequency can be estimated on the basis of the average depth for bankfull flow; this simplified approach should be very useful in the initial stages of flood-plain planning.
Brief discussions are included on various types of flood hazards, the effects of urbanization on flood runoff, and zoning considerations.
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Sulo Werner","contributorId":20315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiitala","given":"Sulo","email":"","middleInitial":"Werner","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jetter, Karl R.","contributorId":108132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jetter","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sommerville, Alan J.","contributorId":64640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerville","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":59787,"text":"mf164 - 1958 - Verdure 1 SW quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:12","indexId":"mf164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"164","title":"Verdure 1 SW quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf164","usgsCitation":"Huff, L., and Lesure, F., 1958, Verdure 1 SW quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 164, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf164.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103971,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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G.","contributorId":7694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesure","given":"F. 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Jr.","contributorId":95445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dibblee","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66820,"text":"i271 - 1958 - Glacial features and surficial deposits of the Malaspina district, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15450,"text":"ofr5791 - 1957 - Glacial features and surficial deposits of the Malaspina district, Alaska","indexId":"ofr5791","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Glacial features and surficial deposits of the Malaspina district, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66820,"text":"i271 - 1958 - Glacial features and surficial deposits of the Malaspina district, Alaska","indexId":"i271","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"title":"Glacial features and surficial deposits of the Malaspina district, Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:20","indexId":"i271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"271","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Glacial features and surficial deposits of the Malaspina district, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i271","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., and Miller, D.J., 1958, Glacial features and surficial deposits of the Malaspina district, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 271, 1 map :col. ;78 x 129 cm. on sheet 88 x 140 cm. fold. to 18 x 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i271.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;78 x 129 cm. on sheet 88 x 140 cm. fold. to 18 x 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102923,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1390.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1390"},{"id":188401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -141.3675,59.5 ], [ -141.3675,60.333333333333336 ], [ -139.5,60.333333333333336 ], [ -139.5,59.5 ], [ -141.3675,59.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, D. J.","contributorId":83185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":59326,"text":"mf180 - 1958 - Preliminary geologic map of the southwest part of the Clifton quadrangle, Weston County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T11:33:20","indexId":"mf180","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"180","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the southwest part of the Clifton quadrangle, Weston County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf180","usgsCitation":"Cuppels, N., and Conwell, F., 1958, Preliminary geologic map of the southwest part of the Clifton quadrangle, Weston County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 180, 35.65 x 31.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf180.","productDescription":"35.65 x 31.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":360320,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0180/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":184883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0180/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Weston County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.11749999999999,43.6175 ], [ -104.11749999999999,43.666666666666664 ], [ -104.05111111111111,43.666666666666664 ], [ -104.05111111111111,43.6175 ], [ -104.11749999999999,43.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db6741fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuppels, N. P.","contributorId":43039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuppels","given":"N. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conwell, F.R.","contributorId":42294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conwell","given":"F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55783,"text":"ofr5817 - 1958 - Estimates of discharge, Pend Oreille River at Priest River, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:00","indexId":"ofr5817","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58-17","title":"Estimates of discharge, Pend Oreille River at Priest River, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5817","usgsCitation":"Bodhaine, G., 1958, Estimates of discharge, Pend Oreille River at Priest River, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 58-17, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5817.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcb0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodhaine, G. L.","contributorId":26671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodhaine","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16067,"text":"ofr5898 - 1958 - Origin of manganese deposits of Busuanga Island, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T20:55:52.963182","indexId":"ofr5898","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58-98","title":"Origin of manganese deposits of Busuanga Island, Philippines","docAbstract":"The manganese deposits of Busuanga Island, Palawan, are tabular and broadly lenticular bodies which lie conformably within a thick sequence of deformed abort beds. The purpose of this study is to determine the probable mode of origin of the deposits. Similar deposits in other parts of the world have been described by others as products of several different genetic processes.
Field and laboratory methods of research were employed in the course of the investigation. Detailed geologic mapping was done on the surface and underground, and many samples of rocks and ores were obtained. Later, intensive study of samples from four typical deposits and from the rooks in the surrounding areas was undertaken, using a variety of laboratory techniques. Microscopic study of thin sections and polished surfaces was supplemented by X-ray and chemical work. More than one hundred X-ray diffraction powder photographs were made to identify minerals, and qualitative chemical studies were made of a number of aamples by use of the X-ray spectrograph. In addition, quantitative chemical analyses were made of certain samples. Finally, published accounts of the occurrence and geological behavior of manganese and silica were consulted to aid in interpretation of the data at hand.
Oherty layers in the manganese deposits are lithologically similar to the chart wallrooks and country rook beds. Radiolarian fossils are common in the chart and are also found in some ore specimens. Manganese content of the wallrocks and the country rock beds, however, in essentially nil.
The manganese deposits contain mostly psilomelane-type oxides in their near-surface parts, and in the deepest mines this ore grades downward into siliceous protore. In three of the deposits studied, the protore consists mainly of braanite and quartz; in the fourth deposit, hausmannite and the silicate alleghatvite make up the milk of the protore. Some of the protoro is massive, but cherty stones are commonly well layered parallel to the wall rock structure. Grain size is very small, but, like the silica in the chert beds, becomes relatively coarse where the rocks are much deformed. No evidence of large-scale replacement or cross-cutting veins is found in the protores.
It is concluded that the original manganiferous deposits were largely non-clastic or oolloidal marine sediments laid down in a reducing environment. The protorea were developed from these beds by processes of diagenesis and low-grade regional metamorphism. The protores were in turn altered to black oxide ore by near-surface agencies during the present erosion cycle. Particular interest is attached to the occurrence of alleghanyite and traces of pyroxmangite and hubnerite(?) in the protorea.
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