This paper deals primarily with the stratigraphic significance of Late Ordovician brachiopods and corals and Early Ordovician trilobites from cores of five wells in eastern Montana.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1021M","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.J., 1957, Ordovician fossils from wells in the Williston basin, eastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1021, Report: 82 p.; 8 Plates: 16.20 x 11.37 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1021M.","productDescription":"Report: 82 p.; 8 Plates: 16.20 x 11.37 inches or smaller","startPage":"439","endPage":"510","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":93452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247589,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/plate-44.pdf","text":"Plate 44","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":309695,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/plate-37.pdf","text":"Plate 37","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":309696,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/plate-38.pdf","text":"Plate 38","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":309697,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/plate-39.pdf","text":"Plate 39","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":309698,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/plate-40.pdf","text":"Plate 40","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":309699,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/plate-41.pdf","text":"Plate 41","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":309700,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/plate-42.pdf","text":"Plate 42","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":309701,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1021m/plate-43.pdf","text":"Plate 43","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db69129b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Reuben James Jr.","contributorId":36911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Reuben","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66487,"text":"i246 - 1957 - Photogeologic map of the Desert Lake-3 quadrangle, Emery and Carbon Counties, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:17","indexId":"i246","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"246","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Photogeologic map of the Desert Lake-3 quadrangle, Emery and Carbon Counties, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i246","usgsCitation":"Marshall, C.H., 1957, Photogeologic map of the Desert Lake-3 quadrangle, Emery and Carbon Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 246, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i246.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102999,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1482.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1482"},{"id":187768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.86749999999999,39.3675 ], [ -110.86749999999999,39.5 ], [ -110.75,39.5 ], [ -110.75,39.3675 ], [ -110.86749999999999,39.3675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, C. H.","contributorId":31050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4088,"text":"cir376 - 1957 - Computation of peak discharge at culverts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-17T13:13:21","indexId":"cir376","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"376","title":"Computation of peak discharge at culverts","docAbstract":"Methods for computing peak flood flow through culverts on the basis of a field survey of highwater marks and culvert geometry are presented. These methods are derived from investigations of culvert flow as reported in the literature and on extensive laboratory studies of culvert flow. For convenience in computation, culvert flow has been classified into six types, according to the location of the control section and the relative heights of the head-water and tail-water levels. The type of flow which occurred at any site can be determined from the field data and the criteria given in this report. A discharge equation has been developed for each flow type by combining the energy and continuity equations for the distance between an approach section upstream from the culvert and a terminal section within the culvert barrel. The discharge coefficient applicable to each flow type is listed for the more common entrance geometries. Procedures for computing peak discharge through culverts are outlined in detail for each of the six flow types.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir376","usgsCitation":"Carter, R.W., 1957, Computation of peak discharge at culverts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 376, iv, 25 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir376.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31186,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0376/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0376/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Rolland William","contributorId":107257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Rolland","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":171,"text":"wsp1251 - 1957 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1952. Parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins and Missouri River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp1251","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1251","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1952. Parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins and Missouri River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1251","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1952. Parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins and Missouri River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1251, x, 478 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1251.","productDescription":"x, 478 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1251/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24782,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1251/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651bdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64458,"text":"gp131 - 1957 - Aeromagnetic and geologic map of northwestern Koochiching County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-08T19:15:01.556521","indexId":"gp131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"131","title":"Aeromagnetic and geologic map of northwestern Koochiching County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp131","usgsCitation":"Meuschke, J.L., Brooks, K.G., Henderson, J.R., and Schwartz, G.M., 1957, Aeromagnetic and geologic map of northwestern Koochiching County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 131, 2 Plates: 39.86 × 36.07 inches and 6.69 × 35.11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp131.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 39.86 × 36.07 inches and 6.69 × 35.11 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":251208,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0131/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0131/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":392631,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3043.htm"},{"id":251209,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0131/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0131/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"63360","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Koochiching County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.5098876953125,\n 48.27588152743497\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 48.27588152743497\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 48.8032455364465\n ],\n [\n -94.5098876953125,\n 48.8032455364465\n ],\n [\n -94.5098876953125,\n 48.27588152743497\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698580","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meuschke, J. L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, K. G.","contributorId":18451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henderson, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":88802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwartz, G. M.","contributorId":20380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":39110,"text":"pp306A - 1957 - Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama; geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:14","indexId":"pp306A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"306","chapter":"A","title":"Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama; geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp306A","usgsCitation":"Woodring, W., 1957, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama; geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 306, p. 1-145, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp306A.","productDescription":"p. 1-145","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66567,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66568,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66569,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodring, W. P.","contributorId":48230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodring","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39142,"text":"pp282B - 1957 - River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:52:01","indexId":"pp282B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"B","title":"River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","docAbstract":"Channel pattern is used to describe the plan view of a reach of river as seen from an airplane, and includes meandering, braiding, or relatively straight channels.
Natural channels characteristically exhibit alternating pools or deep reaches and riffles or shallow reaches, regardless of the type of pattern. The length of the pool or distance between riffles in a straight channel equals the straight line distance between successive points of inflection in the wave pattern of a meandering river of the same width. The points of inflection are also shallow points and correspond to riffles in the straight channel. This distance, which is half the wavelength of the meander, varies approximately as a linear function of channel width. In the data we analysed the meander wavelength, or twice the distance between successive riffles, is from 7 to 12 times the channel width. It is concluded that the mechanics which may lead to meandering operate in straight channels.
River braiding is characterized by channel division around alluvial islands. The growth of an island begins as the deposition of a central bar which results from sorting and deposition of the coarser fractions of the load which locally cannot be transported. The bar grows downstream and in height by continued deposition on its surface, forcing the water into the flanking channels, which, to carry the flow, deepen and cut laterally into the original banks. Such deepening locally lowers the water surface and the central bar emerges as an island which becomes stabilized by vegetation. Braiding was observed in a small river in a laboratory. Measurements of the adjustments of velocity, depth, width, and slope associated with island development lead to the conclusion that braiding is one of the many patterns which can maintain quasi-equilibrium among discharge, load, and transporting ability. Braiding does not necessarily indicate an excess of total load.
Channel cross section and pattern are ultimately controlled by the discharge and load provided by the drainage basin. It is important, therefore, to develop a picture of how the several variables involved in channel shape interact to result in observed channel characteristics. Such a rationale is summarized as follows:
Channel width appears to be primarily a function of near-bankfull discharge, in conjunction with the inherent resistance of bed and bank to scour. Excessive width increases the shear on the bed at the expense of that on the bank and the reverse is true for very narrow widths. Because at high stages width adjustment can take place rapidly and with the evacuation or deposition of relatively small volumes of debris, achievement of a ,relatively stable width at high flow is a primary adjustment to which the further interadjustments between depth, velocity, slope, and roughness tend to accommodate.
Channel roughness, to the extent that it is determined by particle size, is an independent factor related to the drainage basin rather than to the channel. Roughness in streams carrying fine material, however, is also a function of the dunes or other characteristics of bed configuration. Where roughness is independently determined as well as discharge and load, these studies indicate that a particular slope is associated with the roughness. At the width determined by the discharge, velocity and depth must be adjusted to satisfy quasi-equilibrium in accord with the particular slope. But if roughness also is variable, depending on the transitory configuration of the bed, then a number of combinations of velocity, depth, and slope will satisfy equilibrium.
An increase in load at constant discharge, width, and caliber of load tends to be associated with an increasing slope if the roughness (dune or bed configuration) changes with the load. In the laboratory river an increase of load at constant discharge, width, and caliber resulted in progressive aggradation of long reaches of channel at constant slope.
The adjustments of several variables tending toward the establishment of quasi-equilibrium in river channels lead to the different channel patterns observed in nature. For example, the data indicate that at a given discharge, meanders occur at smaller values of slope than do’ braids. Further, at the same slope braided channels are associated with higher bankfull discharges than are meanders. An additional example is provided by the division of discharge around islands in braided rivers which produces numerous small channels. The changes in slope, roughness, and channel shape which accompany this division are in accord with quasi-equilibrium adjustments observed in the comparison of large and small rivers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physiographic and hydraulic studies of rivers (Professional Paper 282)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp282B","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1957, River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, iv, p. 39-85, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282B.","productDescription":"iv, p. 39-85","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338219,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282A","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-A: Ephemeral streams - Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net"},{"id":338221,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282D","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-D: Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels"},{"id":338220,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282C","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-C: River flood plains: Some observations on their formation"},{"id":119373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66641,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5ff225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39143,"text":"pp282C - 1957 - River flood plains: Some observations on their formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:57:35","indexId":"pp282C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"C","title":"River flood plains: Some observations on their formation","docAbstract":"On many small rivers and most great rivers, the flood plain consists of channel and overbank deposits. The proportion of the latter is generally very small.
Frequency studies indicate that the flood plains of many streams of different sizes flowing in diverse physiographic and climatic regions are subject to flooding about once a year.
The uniform frequency of flooding of the flood-plain surface and the small amount of deposition observed in great floods (average 0.07 foot) support the conclusion that overbank deposition contributes only a minor part of the material constituting the flood plain. The relatively high velocities (1 to 4 fps) which can occur in overbank flows and the reduction in sediment concentration which often accompanies large floods may also help account for this. Although lateral migration of channels is important in controlling the elevation of the flood plain, rates of migration are extremely variable and alone cannot account for the uniform relation the flood-plain surface bears to the channel.
Detailed studies of flood plains in Maryland and in North Carolina indicate that it is difficult to differentiate between channel and overbank deposits in a stratigraphic section alone.
Because deposition on the flood plain does not continue indefinitely, the flood-plain surface can only be transformed into a terrace surface by some tectonic or climatic change which alters the regimen of the river and causes it to entrench itself below its established bed and associated flood plain. A terrace, then, is distinguished from a flood plain by the frequency with which each is overflowed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physiographic and hydraulic studies of rivers (Professional Paper 282)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp282C","usgsCitation":"Wolman, M.G., and Leopold, L.B., 1957, River flood plains: Some observations on their formation: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282C.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"109","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282A","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-A: Ephemeral streams - Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net"},{"id":338225,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282D","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-D: Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels"},{"id":338224,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282B","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-B: River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight"},{"id":66642,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db5fffc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39154,"text":"pp294D - 1957 - Stromatolites of the Belt Series in Glacier National Park and Vicinity, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T10:59:51","indexId":"pp294D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"294","chapter":"D","title":"Stromatolites of the Belt Series in Glacier National Park and Vicinity, Montana","docAbstract":"Eight zones of Precambrian stromatolites that are useful for local correlation are recognized in the Belt series of the Glacier National Park region, Montana. The zones vary in composition, thickness, and areal extent. Some are widespread and extend into neighboring regions, and others occur only in small areas. Their names are taken from the dominant species that occurs in each zone. The zones are, from youngest to oldest -\r\n\r\nConophyton zone 2 \r\n Missoula group \r\nCollenia symmetrica zone 2 \r\nCollenia undosa zone 2 \r\nCollenia multiflabella zone \r\n Piegan group \r\nConophyton zone 1 \r\nCollenia symmetrica zone 1 \r\nCollenia undosa zone 1 \r\n Ravalli group \r\nCollenia frequens zone \r\n\r\nOnly the Conophyton zones have been mapped in the park area.\r\n\r\nThe present study uses a classification based upon the three criteria of (1) mode of growth, (2) gross form of the colony, and (3) nature and orientation of the laminae. The scheme of classification also seems applicable to Paleozoic and later stromatolites. Possibly a consistent pattern of form-genera and form-species may be developed. Four form-genera and seven form-species are recognized in the Belt series of the park region. These are Cryptozoon occidentale Dawson, Collenia undosa Walcott, C. frequens Walcott, C. symmetrica Fenton and Fenton, Newlandia sp., and Conophyton inclinatum n. sp.\r\n\r\nIt is realized that these structures should not be classified according to biological nomenclature. However, biological names are here applied to the structures until a suitable system of classification can be devised.\r\n\r\nComparisons of the stromatolites of the Belt series with modern stromatolites on Andros Island, Bahama Islands, and Pleistocene stromatolites from Lake Lahonton, Nev., reveal similarities in structure that appear to be significant as to physical mode of origin.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter Contributions to General Geology 1956","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp294D","usgsCitation":"Rezak, R., 1957, Stromatolites of the Belt Series in Glacier National Park and Vicinity, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 294, p. 127-154, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp294D.","productDescription":"p. 127-154","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":66671,"rank":399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294d/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 25","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66672,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0294d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rezak, Richard","contributorId":48963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rezak","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64586,"text":"i235 - 1957 - Preliminary geologic map of the Centennial Mountain quadrangle, Bearpaw Mountains, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:01","indexId":"i235","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"235","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Centennial Mountain quadrangle, Bearpaw Mountains, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i235","usgsCitation":"Stewart, D.B., Pecora, W.T., Engstrom, D., and Dixon, H., 1957, Preliminary geologic map of the Centennial Mountain quadrangle, Bearpaw Mountains, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 235, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i235.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103168,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1655.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1655"},{"id":187056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"680","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,48 ], [ -110,48.25 ], [ -109.75,48.25 ], [ -109.75,48 ], [ -110,48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, D. B.","contributorId":41809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pecora, W. T.","contributorId":96315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecora","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engstrom, D.B.","contributorId":26021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engstrom","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, H.R.","contributorId":51753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":33614,"text":"b1047A - 1957 - Coal geology of the White Oak quadrangle, Magoffin and Morgan Counties, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:29","indexId":"b1047A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1047","chapter":"A","title":"Coal geology of the White Oak quadrangle, Magoffin and Morgan Counties, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b1047A","usgsCitation":"Adkison, W.L., 1957, Coal geology of the White Oak quadrangle, Magoffin and Morgan Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1047, p. 1-23, ill., maps (part fold. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1047A.","productDescription":"p. 1-23, ill., maps (part fold. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109229,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20657.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20657"},{"id":166629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1047a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61497,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1047a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61498,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1047a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61499,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1047a/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61500,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1047a/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61501,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1047a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49afe4b07f02db5c85de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adkison, Windsor Lester","contributorId":12846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adkison","given":"Windsor","email":"","middleInitial":"Lester","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62037,"text":"mr7 - 1957 - Mineral deposits and occurrences in Connecticut, exclusive of clay, sand and gravel, and peat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:33","indexId":"mr7","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":324,"text":"Mineral Investigations Resource Map","code":"MR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Mineral deposits and occurrences in Connecticut, exclusive of clay, sand and gravel, and peat","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mr7","usgsCitation":"Pearre, N.C., 1957, Mineral deposits and occurrences in Connecticut, exclusive of clay, sand and gravel, and peat: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Investigations Resource Map 7, 1 map :col. ;28 x 46 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mr7.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;28 x 46 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260483,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mr/07/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.75083333333333,41 ], [ -73.75083333333333,42.034166666666664 ], [ -71.75,42.034166666666664 ], [ -71.75,41 ], [ -73.75083333333333,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635933","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearre, Nancy C. (compiler)","contributorId":19227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearre","given":"Nancy","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10806,"text":"ofr5794 - 1957 - Preliminary estimate of the underflow across the South Dakota-Nebraska State line in the Niobrara River and Ponca Creek drainage basins","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10806,"text":"ofr5794 - 1957 - Preliminary estimate of the underflow across the South Dakota-Nebraska State line in the Niobrara River and Ponca Creek drainage basins","indexId":"ofr5794","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary estimate of the underflow across the South Dakota-Nebraska State line in the Niobrara River and Ponca Creek drainage basins"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2391,"text":"wsp1460G - 1959 - Ground-water resources of the lower Niobrara River and Ponca Creek basins, Nebraska and South Dakota","indexId":"wsp1460G","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Ground-water resources of the lower Niobrara River and Ponca Creek basins, Nebraska and South Dakota"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2391,"text":"wsp1460G - 1959 - Ground-water resources of the lower Niobrara River and Ponca Creek basins, Nebraska and South Dakota","indexId":"wsp1460G","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water resources of the lower Niobrara River and Ponca Creek basins, Nebraska and South Dakota"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:32","indexId":"ofr5794","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-94","title":"Preliminary estimate of the underflow across the South Dakota-Nebraska State line in the Niobrara River and Ponca Creek drainage basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr5794","usgsCitation":"Reed, E., and Keech, C.F., 1957, Preliminary estimate of the underflow across the South Dakota-Nebraska State line in the Niobrara River and Ponca Creek drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-94, 7 p. :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5794.","productDescription":"7 p. :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, E.C.","contributorId":44237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keech, Charles Franklin","contributorId":44123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keech","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":64310,"text":"gp158 - 1957 - Aeromagnetic map of part of the Hamburg quadrangle, Sussex County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-08T19:59:17.683345","indexId":"gp158","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"158","title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of the Hamburg quadrangle, Sussex County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp158","usgsCitation":"Henderson, J.R., and Tyson, N.S., 1957, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Hamburg quadrangle, Sussex County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 158, 1 Plate: 18.65 × 21.51 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp158.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 18.65 × 21.51 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392640,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3072.htm"},{"id":251703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0158/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":250943,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0158/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":250942,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0158/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"31680","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Sussex County","otherGeospatial":"Hamburg quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.625,41.125 ], [ -74.625,41.25 ], [ -74.5,41.25 ], [ -74.5,41.125 ], [ -74.625,41.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689ed2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henderson, John R. Jr.","contributorId":96346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tyson, Natalie S.","contributorId":6827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyson","given":"Natalie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":64308,"text":"gp152 - 1957 - Aeromagnetic map of part of the Centennial Mountain quadrangle, Bearpaw Mountains, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-08T19:51:57.107591","indexId":"gp152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"152","title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of the Centennial Mountain quadrangle, Bearpaw Mountains, Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp152","usgsCitation":"Balsley, J.R., Gilbert, F.P., and Mangan, G.B., 1957, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Centennial Mountain quadrangle, Bearpaw Mountains, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 152, 1 Plate: 33.50 × 39.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp152.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 33.50 × 39.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392638,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3066.htm"},{"id":260647,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0152/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"31680","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Bearpaw Mountains, Centennial Mountain quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,48 ], [ -110,48.25 ], [ -109.75,48.25 ], [ -109.75,48 ], [ -110,48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a22b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balsley, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":79535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, F. P.","contributorId":53033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mangan, G. B.","contributorId":86035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}