Basic hydrologic data available in the field offices of the U. S. Geological Survey and reports issued by the Survey furnish evidence that saline water (defined in this report as water containing more than 1,000 parts per million of dissolved solids) is available under diverse geologic and hydrologic conditions throughout the United States.
The number of areas in which undeveloped supplies of fresh water are available has diminished considerably with the rapid growth of industries and population in the past decade. Many areas previously considered to have relatively unlimited water resources have reached the point at which water-supply shortages exist or are threatened.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1374","usgsCitation":"Krieger, R.A., Hatchett, J., and Poole, J.L., 1957, Preliminary survey of the saline-water resources of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1374, Report: iv, 171 p.; 2 Plates: 26.51 x 17.00 inches and 26.94 x 17.28 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1374.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 171 p.; 2 Plates: 26.51 x 17.00 inches and 26.94 x 17.28 inches","numberOfPages":"174","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1374/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276507,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1374/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkHelpText":"Map of the United States showing principal surface-water drainage basins and areas of observed saline surface water"},{"id":276508,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1374/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkHelpText":"Map showing ground-water regions of the United States and location of wells for which data are given in Tables 4-7"},{"id":27591,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1374/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","publicComments":"Subtitle: A discussion of salinity and a compilation of measurements and chemical analyses of saline ground and surf ace waters, with an emphasis on their geographic and geologic distribution","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db669961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krieger, Robert A.","contributorId":99954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatchett, J.L.","contributorId":19138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatchett","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poole, J. L.","contributorId":40583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":66085,"text":"i245 - 1957 - Photogeologic map of the Johnson NE quadrangle, Kane County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:07","indexId":"i245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"245","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Photogeologic map of the Johnson NE quadrangle, Kane County, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i245","usgsCitation":"Hackman, R., 1957, Photogeologic map of the Johnson NE quadrangle, Kane County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 245, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i245.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103040,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1524.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1524"},{"id":190371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.36749999999999,37.1175 ], [ -112.36749999999999,37.25 ], [ -112.25,37.25 ], [ -112.25,37.1175 ], [ -112.36749999999999,37.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa5b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackman, R.J.","contributorId":95086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackman","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37126,"text":"rr46 - 1957 - Past and present Delaware River shad fishery and considerations for its future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:52","indexId":"rr46","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":74,"text":"Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"46","title":"Past and present Delaware River shad fishery and considerations for its future","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Sykes, J.E., and Lehman, B.A., 1957, Past and present Delaware River shad fishery and considerations for its future: Research Report 46, 25 p.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688b82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, James E.","contributorId":41885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lehman, Burton A.","contributorId":63857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehman","given":"Burton","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16089,"text":"ofr5899 - 1957 - The application, technique, and theory of Gish-Rooney instruments, methods, and interpretation in electrical resistivity measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-27T15:22:13","indexId":"ofr5899","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58-99","title":"The application, technique, and theory of Gish-Rooney instruments, methods, and interpretation in electrical resistivity measurements","docAbstract":"The foundations of electrical prospecting were laid by Fox (1830) and Barus (1882). The former discovered that electrical currents and potentials were developed by certain ore deposits in Cornwall, England. Fox made measurements of these potentials and determined the resistivities of the minerals and surrounding rocks also. The latter, invented the non-polarizing electrode with which he overcame the polarizing effects of direct current, and was able to trace and extend the Comstock lode. According to Slichter (1934, p.234), F. Neumann proposed as early as 1884 determining the resistivity of the earth by a four-electrode method nearly like our present technique, and carefully developed the mathematical theory of the method. Wells (1914) followed the work of Barus with studies of the electric activity in ore deposits. Ambronn (1926) gives an extensive bibliography of the early work in geophysics.
The classical work of Wenner (1917) and, almost at the same time and independently, that of Schlumberger (1920) laid the foundations for resistivity measurements on the surface of the earth. While Schlumberger was actually making measurements of earth resistivity related to structural studies as early as 1912 in France, work in this country was slow in developing from the work of Wenner, but it was gaining adherents following the pioneering work of Kelley (1922) and Gish (1923). Probably the work of Gish and Rooney (1925) Who redesigned the apparatus of McCollum (1925) was the largest contributing cause in this country for the sudden interest and expansion of electrical methods. Their work was followed by many others in the late 1920's, some of which are: Gish (1926); Rooney and Gish (1927); Rooney (1927); Gish and Rooney (1927); Lee (1928); Hotchkiss, Rooney, and Fisher (1929); Weaver (1929); Lundberg (1929); Leonardon and. Kelley (1929); Crosby and Leonardon (1929); Carretta and Kelly (1929); Koenigsberger (1929}; Runkel (1928, 1929); Heiland (1929); and many others.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5899","usgsCitation":"Spicer, H., 1957, The application, technique, and theory of Gish-Rooney instruments, methods, and interpretation in electrical resistivity measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 58-99, Report: 370 p.; 117 Figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5899.","productDescription":"Report: 370 p.; 117 Figures","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367788,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0099/figures.pdf","text":"Figures","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0099/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":272569,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0099/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669782","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spicer, H. Cecil","contributorId":16000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"H. Cecil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":42489,"text":"ofr578 - 1957 - Preliminary map of the Precambrian geology of the Iron Mountain quadrangle, Dickinson County, Michigan, and Marinette County, Wisconsin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42489,"text":"ofr578 - 1957 - Preliminary map of the Precambrian geology of the Iron Mountain quadrangle, Dickinson County, Michigan, and Marinette County, Wisconsin","indexId":"ofr578","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary map of the Precambrian geology of the Iron Mountain quadrangle, Dickinson County, Michigan, and Marinette County, Wisconsin"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5686,"text":"pp513 - 1966 - Geology of the Menominee iron-bearing district, Dickinson County, Michigan, and Florence and Marinette Counties, Wisconsin","indexId":"pp513","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Menominee iron-bearing district, Dickinson County, Michigan, and Florence and Marinette Counties, Wisconsin"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5686,"text":"pp513 - 1966 - Geology of the Menominee iron-bearing district, Dickinson County, Michigan, and Florence and Marinette Counties, Wisconsin","indexId":"pp513","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Menominee iron-bearing district, Dickinson County, Michigan, and Florence and Marinette Counties, Wisconsin"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:11","indexId":"ofr578","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-8","title":"Preliminary map of the Precambrian geology of the Iron Mountain quadrangle, Dickinson County, Michigan, and Marinette County, Wisconsin","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr578","usgsCitation":"Bayley, R.W., 1957, Preliminary map of the Precambrian geology of the Iron Mountain quadrangle, Dickinson County, Michigan, and Marinette County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-8, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr578.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db6733fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayley, Richard W.","contributorId":106084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71666,"text":"tei657 - 1957 - Umohoite from the Lucky Mc Mine, Fremont County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:48","indexId":"tei657","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"657","title":"Umohoite from the Lucky Mc Mine, Fremont County, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei657","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., and Appleman, D.E., 1957, Umohoite from the Lucky Mc Mine, Fremont County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 657, 10 p. ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei657.","productDescription":"10 p. ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/657/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/657/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, Robert Griffin","contributorId":89527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Griffin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Appleman, Daniel E.","contributorId":60718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appleman","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67241,"text":"i240 - 1957 - Photogeologic map of the Mount Peale-5 quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:13","indexId":"i240","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"240","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Photogeologic map of the Mount Peale-5 quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i240","usgsCitation":"Tolbert, G., 1957, Photogeologic map of the Mount Peale-5 quadrangle, San Juan County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 240, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i240.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103077,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1561.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1561"},{"id":189694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.5,38.25 ], [ -109.5,38.3675 ], [ -109.36749999999999,38.3675 ], [ -109.36749999999999,38.25 ], [ -109.5,38.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68657d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tolbert, G.E.","contributorId":33759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolbert","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66554,"text":"i222 - 1957 - Photogeologic map of the Lees Ferry NE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:17","indexId":"i222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"222","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Photogeologic map of the Lees Ferry NE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i222","usgsCitation":"McQueen, K., 1957, Photogeologic map of the Lees Ferry NE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 222, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i222.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":103051,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1535.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1535"},{"id":188564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.61749999999999,36.8675 ], [ -111.61749999999999,37 ], [ -91.18416666666667,37 ], [ -91.18416666666667,36.8675 ], [ -111.61749999999999,36.8675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68681e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McQueen, Kathleen","contributorId":66352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McQueen","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71677,"text":"tei679 - 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L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, K. G.","contributorId":18451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henderson, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":88802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwartz, G. M.","contributorId":20380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4088,"text":"cir376 - 1957 - Computation of peak discharge at culverts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-17T13:13:21","indexId":"cir376","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"376","title":"Computation of peak discharge at culverts","docAbstract":"Methods for computing peak flood flow through culverts on the basis of a field survey of highwater marks and culvert geometry are presented. These methods are derived from investigations of culvert flow as reported in the literature and on extensive laboratory studies of culvert flow. For convenience in computation, culvert flow has been classified into six types, according to the location of the control section and the relative heights of the head-water and tail-water levels. The type of flow which occurred at any site can be determined from the field data and the criteria given in this report. A discharge equation has been developed for each flow type by combining the energy and continuity equations for the distance between an approach section upstream from the culvert and a terminal section within the culvert barrel. The discharge coefficient applicable to each flow type is listed for the more common entrance geometries. Procedures for computing peak discharge through culverts are outlined in detail for each of the six flow types.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir376","usgsCitation":"Carter, R.W., 1957, Computation of peak discharge at culverts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 376, iv, 25 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir376.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31186,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0376/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0376/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Rolland William","contributorId":107257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Rolland","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39110,"text":"pp306A - 1957 - Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama; geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:14","indexId":"pp306A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"306","chapter":"A","title":"Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama; geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp306A","usgsCitation":"Woodring, W., 1957, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama; geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 306, p. 1-145, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp306A.","productDescription":"p. 1-145","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66567,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66568,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66569,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodring, W. P.","contributorId":48230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodring","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39142,"text":"pp282B - 1957 - River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:52:01","indexId":"pp282B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"B","title":"River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","docAbstract":"Channel pattern is used to describe the plan view of a reach of river as seen from an airplane, and includes meandering, braiding, or relatively straight channels.
Natural channels characteristically exhibit alternating pools or deep reaches and riffles or shallow reaches, regardless of the type of pattern. The length of the pool or distance between riffles in a straight channel equals the straight line distance between successive points of inflection in the wave pattern of a meandering river of the same width. The points of inflection are also shallow points and correspond to riffles in the straight channel. This distance, which is half the wavelength of the meander, varies approximately as a linear function of channel width. In the data we analysed the meander wavelength, or twice the distance between successive riffles, is from 7 to 12 times the channel width. It is concluded that the mechanics which may lead to meandering operate in straight channels.
River braiding is characterized by channel division around alluvial islands. The growth of an island begins as the deposition of a central bar which results from sorting and deposition of the coarser fractions of the load which locally cannot be transported. The bar grows downstream and in height by continued deposition on its surface, forcing the water into the flanking channels, which, to carry the flow, deepen and cut laterally into the original banks. Such deepening locally lowers the water surface and the central bar emerges as an island which becomes stabilized by vegetation. Braiding was observed in a small river in a laboratory. Measurements of the adjustments of velocity, depth, width, and slope associated with island development lead to the conclusion that braiding is one of the many patterns which can maintain quasi-equilibrium among discharge, load, and transporting ability. Braiding does not necessarily indicate an excess of total load.
Channel cross section and pattern are ultimately controlled by the discharge and load provided by the drainage basin. It is important, therefore, to develop a picture of how the several variables involved in channel shape interact to result in observed channel characteristics. Such a rationale is summarized as follows:
Channel width appears to be primarily a function of near-bankfull discharge, in conjunction with the inherent resistance of bed and bank to scour. Excessive width increases the shear on the bed at the expense of that on the bank and the reverse is true for very narrow widths. Because at high stages width adjustment can take place rapidly and with the evacuation or deposition of relatively small volumes of debris, achievement of a ,relatively stable width at high flow is a primary adjustment to which the further interadjustments between depth, velocity, slope, and roughness tend to accommodate.
Channel roughness, to the extent that it is determined by particle size, is an independent factor related to the drainage basin rather than to the channel. Roughness in streams carrying fine material, however, is also a function of the dunes or other characteristics of bed configuration. Where roughness is independently determined as well as discharge and load, these studies indicate that a particular slope is associated with the roughness. At the width determined by the discharge, velocity and depth must be adjusted to satisfy quasi-equilibrium in accord with the particular slope. But if roughness also is variable, depending on the transitory configuration of the bed, then a number of combinations of velocity, depth, and slope will satisfy equilibrium.
An increase in load at constant discharge, width, and caliber of load tends to be associated with an increasing slope if the roughness (dune or bed configuration) changes with the load. In the laboratory river an increase of load at constant discharge, width, and caliber resulted in progressive aggradation of long reaches of channel at constant slope.
The adjustments of several variables tending toward the establishment of quasi-equilibrium in river channels lead to the different channel patterns observed in nature. For example, the data indicate that at a given discharge, meanders occur at smaller values of slope than do’ braids. Further, at the same slope braided channels are associated with higher bankfull discharges than are meanders. An additional example is provided by the division of discharge around islands in braided rivers which produces numerous small channels. The changes in slope, roughness, and channel shape which accompany this division are in accord with quasi-equilibrium adjustments observed in the comparison of large and small rivers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physiographic and hydraulic studies of rivers (Professional Paper 282)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp282B","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1957, River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, iv, p. 39-85, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282B.","productDescription":"iv, p. 39-85","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338219,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282A","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-A: Ephemeral streams - Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net"},{"id":338221,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282D","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-D: Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels"},{"id":338220,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282C","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-C: River flood plains: Some observations on their formation"},{"id":119373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66641,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5ff225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39143,"text":"pp282C - 1957 - River flood plains: Some observations on their formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:57:35","indexId":"pp282C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"C","title":"River flood plains: Some observations on their formation","docAbstract":"On many small rivers and most great rivers, the flood plain consists of channel and overbank deposits. The proportion of the latter is generally very small.
Frequency studies indicate that the flood plains of many streams of different sizes flowing in diverse physiographic and climatic regions are subject to flooding about once a year.
The uniform frequency of flooding of the flood-plain surface and the small amount of deposition observed in great floods (average 0.07 foot) support the conclusion that overbank deposition contributes only a minor part of the material constituting the flood plain. The relatively high velocities (1 to 4 fps) which can occur in overbank flows and the reduction in sediment concentration which often accompanies large floods may also help account for this. Although lateral migration of channels is important in controlling the elevation of the flood plain, rates of migration are extremely variable and alone cannot account for the uniform relation the flood-plain surface bears to the channel.
Detailed studies of flood plains in Maryland and in North Carolina indicate that it is difficult to differentiate between channel and overbank deposits in a stratigraphic section alone.
Because deposition on the flood plain does not continue indefinitely, the flood-plain surface can only be transformed into a terrace surface by some tectonic or climatic change which alters the regimen of the river and causes it to entrench itself below its established bed and associated flood plain. A terrace, then, is distinguished from a flood plain by the frequency with which each is overflowed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physiographic and hydraulic studies of rivers (Professional Paper 282)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp282C","usgsCitation":"Wolman, M.G., and Leopold, L.B., 1957, River flood plains: Some observations on their formation: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282C.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"109","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282A","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-A: Ephemeral streams - Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net"},{"id":338225,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282D","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-D: Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels"},{"id":338224,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282B","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-B: River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight"},{"id":66642,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db5fffc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1033,"text":"wsp1410 - 1957 - Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1410","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","docAbstract":"The area described is almost wholly in Nebraska and is the drainage basin of Lodgepole Creek from the Wyoming State line to the Colorado State line, a distance along the stream valley of about 95 miles. It covers about 1,950 square miles. The purposes of the study were to ascertain the characteristics, thickness, and extent of the water-bearing formations and to obtain and interpret data on the origin, quality, quantity, movement, availability, and use of ground water in the area. \r\n\r\nThe rocks exposed in the drainage basin are the Brule formation of Oligocene (Tertiary) age, the Ogallala formation of Pliocene (Tertiary) age, and alluvium of Pleistocene and Recent (Quaternary) age. The Brule formation is mainly a siltstone, which yields an average of 950 gallons per minute (gpm) to irrigation wells tapping its fractured zones or reworked material; the maximum reported discharge is 2,200 gpm. The Ogallala formation underlies most of the area. It consists of lenticular beds of clayey, silty, sandy, and gravelly materials and supplies water to all wells on the upland, including a few large-discharge wells, and to many irrigation and public-supply wells in the valley of Lodgepole Creek. The yield of irrigation wells tapping the Ogallala formation ranges from 90 to 1,600 gpm and averages about 860 gpm. The alluvium is present in the valleys of Lodgepole Creek and its tributaries and consists mainly of heterogeneous . mixtures of silt, sand, and gravel, and lenticular bodies of these materials. Between the Colorado State line and Chappell, Nebr., irrigation wells derive most of their water from the alluvium. However, between Chappell and Sidney most of the irrigation wells tap both the alluvium and permeable zones in the underlying Brule formation, and in much of the valley west of Sidney, where the water table is beneath the bottom of the alluvium, irrigation wells derive water from the underlying Brule or Ogallala formations. Irrigation wells obtaining water chiefly from the alluvium have a yield ranging from 130 to 1,200 gpm, averaging about 770 gpm. \r\n\r\nIn the Lodgepole Creek valley below Sidney the depth to water generally is less than 20 feet and, in many places, less than 10. In much of this part of the area the water table extends to the land surface or to the root zone of the vegetation, and discharge by evapotranspiration is high. In the valley of Lodgepole Creek between Sidney and the Wyoming State line, the depth to water generally ranges from less than 10 feet near the stream to more than 100 along the edge of the valley. In the upland the depth to water ranges from about 80 to about 300 feet. \r\n\r\nRecharge to the ground-water reservoir is derived chiefly from precipitation; other sources are seepage from irrigation systems and streams, and subsurface inflow of ground water. Water that infiltrates to the water table generally moves toward Lodgepole Creek in a downstream direction and is discharged into the stream through springs and seeps. However, within an area of at least 400 square miles in the northern part of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, ground water moves toward the valley of the North Platte River.\r\n\r\nWater is discharged from the ground-water reservoir into streams, by evapotranspiration, through wells, and by subsurface outflow. During the 1951-52 water year about 13,000 acre-feet of ground water left the area as streamflow. An estimated 20,000 acre-feet of water annually is discharged by the transpiration of grasses and trees growing along the creek bottom, and about 1,000 acre-feet of water leaves as subsurface outflow. \r\n\r\nDuring the period 1950-51 about 68,000 acre-feet of water was pumped from wells in the area for all uses. Of this amount; about 35,000 acre-feet in 1950 and 23,300 acre-feet in 1951 were used to irrigate about 15,560 and 15,790 acres. Nearly one-fourth of this water percolated back to the ground-water reservoir. These acreages, however, included about 2,100 acres irrigated in p","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1410","usgsCitation":"Bjorklund, L.J., and Jochens, E.R., 1957, Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1410, v, 76 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1410.","productDescription":"v, 76 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109942,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24364.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24364"},{"id":138093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25666,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25667,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25668,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25669,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25670,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjorklund, Louis Jay","contributorId":21138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjorklund","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"Jay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jochens, Eugene R.","contributorId":55804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jochens","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}