The estimated withdrawal use of water in the United States during 1955 was about 740,000 mgd (million gallons per day). Withdrawal use of water requires that it be removed from the ground or diverted from a stream or lake. In this report it is divided into five types: public supplies, rural, irrigation, self-supplied industrial, and waterpower. Consumptive use of water is the quantity discharged to the atmosphere or incorporated in the products of the process in which it was used. Only a small part of the water withdrawn for industry was consumed, but as much as 60 percent of the water withdrawn for irrigation may have been consumed.
Of the water withdrawn in 1955 about 1,500,000 mgd was for generation of waterpower, and all other withdrawal uses amounted to only about 240,000 mgd. Surface-water sources supplied 194,000 mgd and groundwater sources supplied 46,000 mgd. The amount of water withdrawn in each State and in each of 19 geographic regions is given.
The quantity of water used without being withdrawn for such purposes as navigation, recreation, and conservation of fish and wildlife was not determined. The water surface area of the reservoirs and lakes used to store water for these purposes is sufficiently large that the evaporation from this source is greater than the quantity of water withdrawn for rural and public supplies.
The amount of water used for generation of waterpower has increased 36 percent since 1950. The largest increase, 43 percent, was in self-supplied industrial water. Rural use, excluding irrigation, decreased 31 percent.
The upper limit of our water supply is the average annual runoff, nearly 1,200, 000 mgd. The supply is depleted by the quantity of water consumed rather than by the quantity withdrawn. In 1955 about one-fourth of the water withdrawn was consumed. The amount thus consumed is about one-twentieth of the supply.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/om192","usgsCitation":"Reinemund, J.A., and Danilchik, W., 1957, Preliminary geologic map of the Waldron quadrangle and adjacent areas, Scott County, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigation Map 192, Plate: 58.29 x 42.22 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/om192.","productDescription":"Plate: 58.29 x 42.22 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":189462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":104973,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5345.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5345"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States ","state":"Arkansas ","county":"Scott County ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.4583,\n 34.750\n ],\n [\n -93.8750,\n 34.750\n ],\n [\n -93.8750,\n 35.00\n ],\n [\n -94.4583,\n 35.00\n ],\n [\n -94.4583,\n 34.750\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reinemund, John A.","contributorId":30996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinemund","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danilchik, Walter","contributorId":70390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danilchik","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55769,"text":"ofr5747 - 1957 - Correlative estimates of discharge of six Illinois streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr5747","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-47","title":"Correlative estimates of discharge of six Illinois streams","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5747","usgsCitation":"Godfrey, R., 1957, Correlative estimates of discharge of six Illinois streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-47, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5747.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684080","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godfrey, R.G.","contributorId":7255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34321,"text":"b1000G - 1957 - Geochemical prospecting abstracts, July 1952-December 1954","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:33","indexId":"b1000G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1000","chapter":"G","title":"Geochemical prospecting abstracts, July 1952-December 1954","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1059B","usgsCitation":"Curtis, D., 1957, Selected annotated bibliography of the geology of uranium-bearing phosphorites in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1059, p. 29-58 ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1059B.","productDescription":"p. 29-58 ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1059b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62030,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1059b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, Diane","contributorId":39348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Diane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":821,"text":"wsp1406 - 1957 - Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States, 1955, Part 3, North-Central States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp1406","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1406","title":"Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States, 1955, Part 3, North-Central States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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These water requirements, as indicated by a survey of the water used by the plants operating in 1953, are both quantitative and qualitative.
About 300 mgd (million gallons per day) of water was used in 1953 in the preparation of purified wood cellulose and cotton linters, the basic material from which the rayon and acetate fiber is made. An additional 620 mgd was used in the process of converting the cellulose to rayon and acetate fiber. The total, 920 mgd, is about 1 percent of the total estimated withdrawals of industrial water in the United States in 1953.
The rayon- and acetate-fiber plants are scattered through eastern United States and generally are located in small towns or rural areas where there are abundant supplies of clean, soft water. Water use at a typical rayon-fiber plant was about 9 mgd, and at a typical acetate-fiber plant about 38 mgd.
About 110 gallons of water was used to produce a pound of rayon fiber 32 gallons per pound was process water and the remainder was used largely for cooling in connection with power production and air conditioning. For the manufacture of a pound of acetate fiber about 170 gallons of water was used. However, the field survey on which this report is based indicated a wide range in the amount of water used per pound of product. For example, in the manufacture of viscose rayon, the maximum unit water use was 8 times the minimum unit water use. Water use in summer was about 22 percent greater than average annual use. About 8 mgd of water was consumed by evaporation in the manufacture of rayon and acetate fiber.
More than 90 percent of the water used by the rayon and acetate industry was withdrawn from surface-water sources, about 8 percent from ground water, and less than 2 percent from municipal water supplies.
All available analyses of the untreated waters used by the rayon and acetate industry were collected and studied. The untreated waters were generally cool, low in content of calcium and magnesium, and very low in iron and manganese. At many plants, water was obtained from more than one source, and thus had different quality characteristics. Dissolved solids in all the untreated waters analyzed ranged between 14 and 747 ppm (parts per million) but in those waters used in processing the dissolved solids content was less than 200 ppm.
The cooling water used by the industry is also generally of very high quality, principally because the requirements for a high-quality process water necessitate location of the plants in areas where such water is available.
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