Monitoring of snow and ice on the Earth's surface will require increasing use of satellite remote sensing techniques. These techniques are evolving rapidly. Active and passive sensors operating in the visible, near infrared, thermal infrared, and microwave wavelengths are described in regard to general applications and in regard to specific USA or USSR satellites. Meteorological satellites (frequent images of relatively crude resolution) and Earth resources satellites such as Landsat (less frequent images of higher resolution) have been used to monitor the areal extent of seasonal snow, but problems exist with cloud cover or dense forest canopies. Snow mass (water equivalent) can be measured from a low-flying aircraft using natural radioactivity, but cannot yet be measured from satellite altitudes. A combination of active and passive microwave sensors may permit this kind of measurement, but not until more is known about radiation scattering in snow. Satellite observations are very useful in glacier inventories, correcting maps of glacier extent, estimating certain mass balance parameters, and monitoring calving or surging glaciers. Ground ice is virtually impossible to monitor from satellites; ice on rivers and lakes can be monitored only with very high-resolution sensors. Microwave sensors, due to their all-weather capability (the ability to see through clouds) provide exciting data on sea ice distribution. Analysis of digital tapes of satellite data requires the archiving and scanning of huge amounts of data. Simple methods for extracting quantitative data from satellite images are described.
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","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Todd, W.J., Gehring, D.G., and Haman, J.F., 1980, Landsat wildland mapping accuracy: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 46, no. 4, p. 509-520.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"520","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298346,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mead National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.97467041015625,\n 35.15360009635797\n ],\n [\n -114.97467041015625,\n 36.51405119943165\n ],\n [\n -113.1976318359375,\n 36.51405119943165\n ],\n [\n -113.1976318359375,\n 35.15360009635797\n ],\n [\n -114.97467041015625,\n 35.15360009635797\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54fec434e4b02419550debcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd, William J.","contributorId":51595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gehring, Dale G.","contributorId":51750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehring","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haman, J. F.","contributorId":139596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70142195,"text":"70142195 - 1980 - Resolving the percentage of component terrains within single resolution elements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:04:36","indexId":"70142195","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolving the percentage of component terrains within single resolution elements","docAbstract":"An approximate maximum likelihood technique employing a widely available (BMD) discriminant analysis program has been developed for resolving the percentage of component terrains within single resolution elements. The method employs all four channels of Landsat data simultaneously and does not require prior knowledge of the percentage of components in mixed pixels. For five test cases, the method proved to be superior to single band weighted average and linear regression techniques and permitted an estimate of the total area occupied by component terrains to within 6 percent of the true area covered. It is believed this accuracy should be sufficient for many geologic applications of Landsat multispectral data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Marsh, S., Switzer, P., and Kowalik, W.S., 1980, Resolving the percentage of component terrains within single resolution elements: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 46, no. 8, p. 1079-1086.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1079","endPage":"1086","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f597cce4b02419550d2f4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsh, S.E.","contributorId":70922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Switzer, P.","contributorId":66432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Switzer","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kowalik, William S.","contributorId":11609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowalik","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001602,"text":"1001602 - 1980 - Enumeration of prairie wetlands with Landsat and aircraft data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T12:36:18","indexId":"1001602","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enumeration of prairie wetlands with Landsat and aircraft data","docAbstract":"A method is described for making an estimate of wetland numbers in the glaciated prairie region. A double-phase sampling approach is used which consists of first making a total census of wetlands using Landsat data, and then adjusting the Landsat results on the basis of samples derived from high resolution aircraft data. 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Optimum utilization of vital groundwater supplies requires implementation of long-term water-management programs. One important variable in such programs is up-to-date information on acreage under irrigation. Conventional ground survey methods of estimating irrigated acreage are too slow to be of maximum use in water-management programs. Visual interpretation of LANDSAT images permits more rapid measurement of irrigated acreage, but procedures are tedious and still relatively slow. For example, using a LANDSAT false-color composite image in areas of western Kansas with few landmarks, it is impossible to keep track of fields by examination under low-power microscope. Irrigated fields are more easily delineated on a photographically enlarged false-color composite and are traced on an overlay for measurement. Interpretation and measurement required 6 weeks for a four-county (3140 mi2, 8133 km2) test area. Video image-analysis equipment permits rapid measurement of irrigated acreage. Spectral response of irrigated summer crops in western Kansas on MSS band 5 (visible red, 0.6-0.7 ??m) images is low in contrast to high response from harvested and fallow fields and from common soil types. Therefore, irrigated acreage in western Kansas can be uniquely discriminated by video image analysis. The area of irrigated crops in a given area of view is measured directly. Sources of error are small in western Kansas. After preliminary preparation of the images, the time required to measure irrigated acreage was 1 h per county (average area, 876 ml2 or 2269 km2). ?? 1980 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02473477","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Keene, K., and Conley, C., 1980, Measurement of irrigated acreage in Western Kansas from LANDSAT images: Environmental Geology, v. 3, no. 2, p. 107-116, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473477.","startPage":"107","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205265,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02473477"},{"id":222586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a530be4b0c8380cd6c846","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keene, K.M.","contributorId":63171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keene","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conley, C.D.","contributorId":51888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conley","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011931,"text":"70011931 - 1980 - Landsat detection of oil from natural seeps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:03:19","indexId":"70011931","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat detection of oil from natural seeps","docAbstract":"Oil on the ocean surface from the natural seeps in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, could not be detected on frames of any of the four bands of standard Landsat positive or negative film transparencies, nor could the slicks be detected using digital scaling, density slicing, or ratioing techniques. 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-122.6953125,\n -72.81607371878991\n ],\n [\n -127.61718749999999,\n -72.3957057065326\n ],\n [\n -130.078125,\n -73.6277887933994\n ],\n [\n -137.4609375,\n -74.1160468394894\n ],\n [\n -150.1171875,\n -75.14077784070427\n ],\n [\n -163.4765625,\n -77.69287033641926\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrigno, J.G.","contributorId":104559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":851475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, R. S. Jr.","contributorId":119999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":851476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210425,"text":"5210425 - 1979 - Assessment of fire damage within Seney Wildlife Refuge from aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:18","indexId":"5210425","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Assessment of fire damage within Seney Wildlife Refuge from aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Color Aerial Photography in the Plant Sciences and Related Fields: Proceedings of the seventh biennial workshop on Color Aerial Photography in the Plant Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, Va.","collaboration":"Held at University of California, Davis, California, May 15-17, 1979. OCLC: 5564812","usgsCitation":"Lachowski, H., and Anderson, S., 1979, Assessment of fire damage within Seney Wildlife Refuge from aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery, chap. of Color Aerial Photography in the Plant Sciences and Related Fields: Proceedings of the seventh biennial workshop on Color Aerial Photography in the Plant Sciences, p. 221-228.","productDescription":"xiv, 254","startPage":"221","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67284d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachowski, H.M.","contributorId":108227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachowski","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.H.","contributorId":33667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6334,"text":"pp1102 - 1979 - Integrated terrain mapping with digital Landsat images in Queensland, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T10:59:20","indexId":"pp1102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1102","title":"Integrated terrain mapping with digital Landsat images in Queensland, Australia","docAbstract":"Mapping with Landsat images usually is done by selecting single types of features, such as soils, vegetation, or rocks, and creating visually interpreted or digitally classified maps of each feature. Individual maps can then be overlaid on or combined with other maps to characterize the terrain. Integrated terrain mapping combines several terrain features into each map unit which, in many cases, is more directly related to uses of the land and to methods of land management than the single features alone. Terrain brightness, as measured by the multispectral scanners in Landsat 1 and 2, represents an integration of reflectance from the terrain features within the scanner's instantaneous field of view and is therefore more correlatable with integrated terrain units than with differentiated ones, such as rocks, soils, and vegetation. \r\n\r\nA test of the feasibilty of the technique of mapping integrated terrain units was conducted in a part of southwestern Queensland, Australia, in cooperation with scientists of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries. The primary purpose was to test the use of digital classification techniques to create a 'land systems map' usable for grazing land management. A recently published map of 'land systems' in the area (made by aerial photograph interpretation and ground surveys), which are integrated terrain units composed of vegetation, soil, topography, and geomorphic features, was used as a basis for comparison with digitally classified Landsat multispectral images. The land systems, in turn, each have a specific grazing capacity for cattle (expressed in beasts per km 2 ) which is estimated following analysis of both research results and property carrying capacities. \r\n\r\nLandsat images, in computer-compatible tape form, were first contrast-stretched to increase their visual interpretability, and digitally classified by the parallelepiped method into distinct spectral classes to determine their correspondence to the land systems classes and to areally smaller, but readily recognizable, 'land units.' \r\n\r\nMany land systems appeared as distinct spectral classes or as acceptably homogeneous combinations of several spectral classes. The digitally classified map corresponded to the general geographic patterns of many of the land systems. Statistical correlation of the digitally classified map and the published map was not possible because the published map showed only land systems whereas the digitally classified map showed some land units as well as systems. \r\n\r\nThe general correspondence of spectral classes to the integrated terrain units means that the digital mapping of the units may precede fieldwork and act as a guide to field sampling and detailed terrain unit description as well as measuring of the location, area, and extent of each unit. \r\n\r\nExtension of the Landsat mapping and classification technique to other arid and semi-arid regions of the world may be feasible.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1102","usgsCitation":"Robinove, C.J., 1979, Integrated terrain mapping with digital Landsat images in Queensland, Australia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1102, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1102.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":33675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1102/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d640","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinove, Charles Joseph","contributorId":71153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4228,"text":"cir783 - 1979 - The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-28T21:08:43.149578","indexId":"cir783","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"783","title":"The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"The geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, 16,335 km 2 in the Yukon-Tanana Upland of east-central Alaska, were investigated, and maps and reports were prepared by an interdisciplinary research team for the purpose of assessing the mineral potential. The quadrangle is dominantly a complex terrane of greenschist- to amphibolitefacies metamorphic rocks that have been intruded by Mesozoic and Tertiary dioritic to granitic rocks and are overlain by Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Serpentinized peridotite and associated greenstone, graywacke, and chert crop out in some places. \r\n\r\nThe quadrangle is bisected by the northeastward-trending Shaw Creek fault, which, on the basis of aeromagnetic interpretation and geologic data, is postulated to have left-lateral offset of as much as 48 km. On the northwest side of the Shaw Creek fault, metamorphic rock units have a northwesterly regional trend, and the oldest rocks could be Precambrian in age. Gneiss and schist in the southwestern part of the quadrangle are derived from both igneous and sedimentary protoliths, some of which may be as old as Precambrian. Other rock units, which include calcareous schist and thin-layered marble, black quartzite, semischist, and cataclastic rocks, are considered to be of probable Paleozoic age, although no fossils have yet been found in these rocks. Radiolarians and conodonts in chert associated with greenstone and ultramafic rocks indicate that the chert is of Permian age. \r\n\r\nPotassium-argon ages on igneous rocks of the Big Delta quadrangle fall into two groups: those with biotite, muscovite, hornblende, and sanidine ages between 50 to 69 m.y.; and those with biotite, hornblende, and sanidine ages between 88 to 105 m.y. The younger of these two groups appears to indicate the time of a plutonic event marked by intrusion of mostly small, isolated plutons, including hypabyssal stocks, and the eruption of silicic volcanic rocks. Most of the plutons are quartz monzonite to granite. \r\n\r\nThe older group of ages (88 to 105 m.y.) on igneous rocks includes ages on the largest plutons of the Yukono-Tanana Upland. The rocks range from diorite to quartz monzonite in composition. The potassium-argon ages on the metamorphic rocks of the Big Delta quadrangle, like those obtained elsewhere in the Yukon-Tanana Upland, appear to have been partly or completely reset by subsequent thermal events. \r\n\r\nVein and placer gold deposits have been mined in the Big Delta quadrangle, and although indications of mineralization are widespread, no other mineral deposits have yet been identified. The geologic, geochemical, and geophysical data are compatible with several types of deposits, including porphyry copper, massive sulfide, and skarn deposits. In certain aspects, the geology of the quadrangle is similar to areas in the eastern part of the Yukon-Tanana Upland and Canada where mineral deposits are known.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir783","usgsCitation":"Foster, H.L., Albert, N.R., Griscom, A., Hessin, T., Menzie, W., Turner, D.L., and Wilson, F.H., 1979, The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 783, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir783.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31342,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0783/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0783/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391117,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23992.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Big Delta quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Helen Laura","contributorId":21936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albert, N. R. D.","contributorId":63789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griscom, Andrew","contributorId":23520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hessin, T. D.","contributorId":42181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hessin","given":"T. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turner, D. L.","contributorId":53776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":148471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":68656,"text":"ha586 - 1979 - Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44068,"text":"ofr77608 - 1977 - Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ofr77608","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68656,"text":"ha586 - 1979 - Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ha586","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:15:32","indexId":"ha586","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"586","title":"Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"The St. Louis River is the largest tributary to Lake Superior in Minnesota. It drains a predominantly forested area of about 3,650 mi2 (Minnesota Department of Conservation, 1959) and discharges into the lake at Duluth.
\nThe Mesabi Iron Range, noted for rich deposits of iron ore, parallels much of the northern watershed boundary. Large areas of land were altered by mining activities, as seen on the Landsat-1 MSS 7 images for September 26, 19744 (No. 1795-16203). The northeastward-trending string of water bodies along the northern boundary are flooded mine pits and tailings basins. The northeastern part of the watershed is largely State and National forest, whereas much of the southwestern and central parts are peat-covered wetlands.
\nGeneralized topographic features are shown on the map above. The topographic high along the northern boundary includes the Iron Range and is dissected by post-glacial drainage. The most notable drainage gap is that occupied by the Embarrass River. The series of southwestward-trending elongate hills in the eastern part of the watershed, visible on both the Landsat image and the topographic map, is the Toimi Drumlin Field (Wright, 1972). Topographically low, relatively flat land in the southwestern and central parts is a glacial lake plain. St. Louis River gradients are highly variable, being 9 ft/mi from its headwaters to the mouth of Partridge River, slightly more than 1 ft/mi from Partridge River to Cloquet, and 35 to 40 ft/mi in a 15-mi reach below Cloquest.
\nThe watershed is sparsely settled except for its northern and south-eastern parts. About 80 percent of the urban population lives on the Iron Range. Most of the suburban and rural residents alro live on or near the range or in the southeastern part of the watershed. Total population (1970), exclusive of those in the city of Duluth, which is included in the Lake Superior watershed (Olcott and others, 1976), was about 117,000.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha586","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., Ericson, D., Broussard, W., and Hult, M.F., 1979, Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 586, 3 Plates: 54.0 x 39.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha586.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 54.0 x 39.5 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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1979 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:47","indexId":"ofr78529C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-529","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78529C","usgsCitation":"Albert, N., and Steele, W., 1979, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-529, 2 maps ;47 x 61 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78529C.","productDescription":"2 maps ;47 x 61 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83224,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0529c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83225,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0529c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albert, Nairn","contributorId":95950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"Nairn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steele, William Clinton","contributorId":34890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"William Clinton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":60879,"text":"mf1099 - 1979 - Map showing turbidity patterns from Landsat imagery on the Texas inner continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T14:15:09","indexId":"mf1099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1099","title":"Map showing turbidity patterns from Landsat imagery on the Texas inner continental shelf","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1099","usgsCitation":"Shideler, G.L., 1979, Map showing turbidity patterns from Landsat imagery on the Texas inner continental shelf: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1099, Plate: 44.82 inches x 29.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1099.","productDescription":"Plate: 44.82 inches x 29.68 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1099/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278788,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1099/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98,25 ], [ -98,30 ], [ -96.5,30 ], [ -96.5,25 ], [ -98,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b11e4b07f02db6a240a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shideler, G. L.","contributorId":63393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59995,"text":"mf879F - 1979 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Philip Smith Mountains Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:22","indexId":"mf879F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"879","chapter":"F","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Philip Smith Mountains Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf879F","usgsCitation":"Le Compte, J., 1979, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Philip Smith Mountains Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 879, 2 maps ;47 x 53 cm. on sheets 97 x 109 cm. and 74 x 97 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf879F.","productDescription":"2 maps ;47 x 53 cm. on sheets 97 x 109 cm. and 74 x 97 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104352,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4091.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4091"},{"id":183021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,68 ], [ -150,69 ], [ -147,69 ], [ -147,68 ], [ -150,68 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b30e4b07f02db6b40ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Le Compte, J. R.","contributorId":41816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le Compte","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4086,"text":"cir803 - 1979 - Introduction to monitoring dynamic environmental phenomena of the world using satellite data collection systems, 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T15:19:29","indexId":"cir803","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"803","title":"Introduction to monitoring dynamic environmental phenomena of the world using satellite data collection systems, 1978","docAbstract":"The rapid development of satellite technology, especially in the area of radio transmission and imaging systems, makes it possible to monitor dynamic surface phenomena of the Earth in considerable detail. The monitoring systems that have been developed are compatible with standard monitoring systems such as snow, stream, and rain gages; wind, temperature and humidity measuring instruments; tiltmeters and seismic event counters. Supported by appropriate power, radios and antennae, remote stations can be left unattended for at least 1 year and consistently relay local information via polar orbiting or geostationary satellites. These data, in conjunction with timely Landsat images, can provide a basis for more accurate estimates on snowfall, water runoff, reservoir level changes, flooding, drought effects, and vegetation trends and may be of help in forecasting volcanic eruptions. These types of information are critical for resource inventory and development, especially in developing countries where remote regions are commonly difficult to access. \r\n\r\nThis paper introduces the reader to the systems available, describes their features and limitations, and provides suggestions on how to employ them. An extensive bibliography is provided for those who wish more information.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir803","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., and Paulson, R.W., 1979, Introduction to monitoring dynamic environmental phenomena of the world using satellite data collection systems, 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 803, iii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir803.","productDescription":"iii, 21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0803/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31184,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0803/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, William Douglas","contributorId":93892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paulson, Richard W.","contributorId":106861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3872,"text":"cir775 - 1979 - The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Talkeetna quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-28T21:12:54.223837","indexId":"cir775","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"775","title":"The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Talkeetna quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Talkeetna 1° by 3° quadrangle, which consists of about 17,155 km2 in south-central Alaska, was investigated by integrated field and laboratory studies in the disciplines of geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and Landsat data interpretation for the purpose of assessing its mineral resource potential. Past mineral production has been limited to gold from the Yentna district, but the quadrangle contains potentially significant resources of tin and silver and possibly a few other commodities including chromite and copper. The results of the mineral resource assessment are given in a folio of maps which are accompanied by descriptive texts, diagrams, tables, and pertinent references. This Circular provides background information on these investigations and integrates the component maps. A bibliography cites both specific and general references to the geology and mineral deposits of the quadrangle.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir775","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., Curtin, G., Griscom, A., Nelson, S., Singer, D., and Steele, W., 1979, The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Talkeetna quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 775, iii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir775.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391118,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23534.htm"},{"id":30963,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0775/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0775/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 62\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtin, G.C.","contributorId":89501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griscom, Andrew","contributorId":23520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, S.W.","contributorId":67869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steele, W. C.","contributorId":34117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":8391,"text":"ofr79726 - 1979 - Depth determination of Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean (EC-68-Landsat)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-11T18:39:35.996105","indexId":"ofr79726","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-726","title":"Depth determination of Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean (EC-68-Landsat)","docAbstract":"The depth to the subject reef has been estimated at a nominal 10 n by three independent analyses based on Landsat and (in two cases) comparisons.: to measured depths of submerged features in the same area. Fathometer readings made in 1979 confirm the 1O-m reading.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79726","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1979, Depth determination of Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean (EC-68-Landsat): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-726, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79726.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142069,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0726/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":497347,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0726/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":157647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11798,"text":"ofr791507 - 1979 - Landsat feature data of the Gallup-Grants uranium district, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr791507","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1507","title":"Landsat feature data of the Gallup-Grants uranium district, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791507","usgsCitation":"Zech, R.S., and Knepper, D.H., 1979, Landsat feature data of the Gallup-Grants uranium district, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1507, 35 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791507.","productDescription":"35 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1507/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39687,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1507/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abec6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zech, R. S.","contributorId":51289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zech","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knepper, Daniel H. dknepper@usgs.gov","contributorId":1242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"Daniel","email":"dknepper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":163749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31015,"text":"ofr79960 - 1979 - Detection and mapping of hydrothermally altered rocks in the vicinity of the Comstock Lode, Virginia Range, Nevada, using enhanced Landsat images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:06","indexId":"ofr79960","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-960","title":"Detection and mapping of hydrothermally altered rocks in the vicinity of the Comstock Lode, Virginia Range, Nevada, using enhanced Landsat images","docAbstract":"The Virginia Range, immediately southeast of Reno, Nev., consists mainly of flows, breccias, and turfs of Miocene age. Most of these volcanic rocks are of intermediate composition; rhyodacite is the most common rock type. Basalt, rhyolite and rhyolite tuff, and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks of Miocene and Pliocene age also cover substantial areas in the range. Pre-Tertiary metasedimentary, metavolcanic, and granitic rocks are exposed in scattered inliers, mostly along the southern and eastern margins of the range. Several large areas and many small areas within the volcanic pile were subjected to hydrothermal alteration during and after the period of intermediate volcanic activity. Economic precious metal mineralization is spatially and temporally associated with the hydrothermal alteration in several areas. The most important deposit is the Comstock Lode, which produced 192 million troy ounces of silver and 8.3 million troy ounces of gold from epithermal veins (Bonham, 1969). \r\n\r\nThe hydrothermally altered rocks include silicified, advanced argillic, montmorillonite-bearing argillic, and propylitic types. The first three types typically contain pyrite, and some propylitic rocks contain pyrite as well. Supergene oxidation of these pyritic rocks produces limonitic bleached rocks. The term 'limonite,' as used here, refers to any combination of the minerals hematite, goethite, and Jarosite. Where vegetation cover is sparse to moderate, these limonitic rocks are readily identified on Landsat images enhanced by the color-ratio composite technique developed by Rowan and others (1974), so the altered areas can be mapped. About 30 percent tree cover (here mainly pinyon pine) is sufficient to change the spectral signature of individual picture elements (pixels) enough so that limonitic materials can no longer be uniquely identified. As in all other areas where this technique has been applied, limonitic unaltered rocks with intermediate to high albedos have the same appearance on the color-ratio composite as limonitic altered rocks. This problem represents the most important limitation to the use of enhanced Landsat images for detection and mapping of hydrothermally altered rocks. Reflectance spectra of altered and unaltered rocks taken in the field in the Virginia Range show that most altered rocks have a conspicuous absorption band near 2.2 ?m produced by clay minerals or alunite, whereas unaltered rocks have no features in this spectral region. Thus spectral information for selected bands in the 1.1-2.5 ?m region may allow discrimination between limonitic altered and limonitic unaltered rocks (Rowan and others, 1977; Abrams and others, 1977; Rowan and Abrams, 1978).\r\n\r\nAnother potential limitation is loss of spectral information on slopes with low effective sun angle. Although a minor problem in the Virginia Range, loss of information sufficient to preclude identification of limonitic altered rocks occurs with effective sun angle lower than 20-25 degrees. Thus, even at moderate latitudes substantial parts of areas with high topographic relief may be lost to observation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79960","usgsCitation":"Ashley, R.P., Goetz, A.F., Rowan, L.C., and Abrams, M.J., 1979, Detection and mapping of hydrothermally altered rocks in the vicinity of the Comstock Lode, Virginia Range, Nevada, using enhanced Landsat images: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-960, ii, 46 p. :maps, 1 col. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79960.","productDescription":"ii, 46 p. :maps, 1 col. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0960/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59586,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0960/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashley, Roger P. ashley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"Roger","email":"ashley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":204589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goetz, Alexander F.H.","contributorId":43747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Alexander","middleInitial":"F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abrams, M. J.","contributorId":29859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":11461,"text":"ofr79765 - 1979 - Discrimination of alteration in the Crooks Gap, Wyoming, uranium district using laboratory and Landsat spectral reflectance data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr79765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-765","title":"Discrimination of alteration in the Crooks Gap, Wyoming, uranium district using laboratory and Landsat spectral reflectance data","docAbstract":"The Crooks Gap area is a major uranium producing district in south-central Wyoming. Uranium occurs there as roll-type deposits in Tertiary sandstones. Alteration of the host sandstones related to the formation of the uranium deposits, is marked at the surface by a pronounced red coloration, which has long been used in the area as a prospecting guide. This report presents a characterization of alteration in the Crooks Gap area based upon (1) field observations of the extent and appearance of the alteration at the surface, (2) determination of the mineralogy and spectral reflectance characteristics of representative samples of altered and unaltered material in the laboratory, and (3) analysis of Landsat data of selected areas of altered and unaltered rocks. \r\n\r\nLaboratory spectrophot6metric data show that fresh, red-colored, altered rock has a strong absorption at 0.35 and 0.5 micrometers and a marked rise in reflectivity from 0.7 to 1.6 micrometers; weathered, red-colored, altered rock and Triassic red beds both show strong spectral absorption near 0.35 micrometers but have a relatively flat response from 0.7 to 1.6 micrometers. Landsat radiance values, simulated from the laboratory data, show that both altered rock and Triassic red beds are indicated by a high red-to-green ratio. This is in good agreement with actual satellite data over these rock types. These data indicate that the Landsat system is very sensitive to ferric oxides and can map the distribution of these oxides in semiarid environments for reconnaissance purposes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79765","usgsCitation":"Townsend, T.E., 1979, Discrimination of alteration in the Crooks Gap, Wyoming, uranium district using laboratory and Landsat spectral reflectance data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-765, iv, 73 p. :graphs, ill. (1 col.), map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79765.","productDescription":"iv, 73 p. :graphs, ill. 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