An approximate maximum likelihood technique employing a widely available (BMD) discriminant analysis program has been developed for resolving the percentage of component terrains within single resolution elements. The method employs all four channels of Landsat data simultaneously and does not require prior knowledge of the percentage of components in mixed pixels. For five test cases, the method proved to be superior to single band weighted average and linear regression techniques and permitted an estimate of the total area occupied by component terrains to within 6 percent of the true area covered. It is believed this accuracy should be sufficient for many geologic applications of Landsat multispectral data.
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Digital contrast-stretch enhancement, however, showed the distribution of oil on the surface. - from Authors","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, M., and Estes, J.E., 1980, Landsat detection of oil from natural seeps: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 46, no. 10, p. 1313-1322.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1313","endPage":"1322","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43d5e4b0c8380cd6665a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deutsch, M.","contributorId":19707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutsch","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. E.","contributorId":80378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012217,"text":"70012217 - 1980 - Remote sensing of snow and ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:09:47.239752","indexId":"70012217","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1926,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of snow and ice","docAbstract":"Monitoring of snow and ice on the Earth's surface will require increasing use of satellite remote sensing techniques. These techniques are evolving rapidly. Active and passive sensors operating in the visible, near infrared, thermal infrared, and microwave wavelengths are described in regard to general applications and in regard to specific USA or USSR satellites. Meteorological satellites (frequent images of relatively crude resolution) and Earth resources satellites such as Landsat (less frequent images of higher resolution) have been used to monitor the areal extent of seasonal snow, but problems exist with cloud cover or dense forest canopies. Snow mass (water equivalent) can be measured from a low-flying aircraft using natural radioactivity, but cannot yet be measured from satellite altitudes. A combination of active and passive microwave sensors may permit this kind of measurement, but not until more is known about radiation scattering in snow. Satellite observations are very useful in glacier inventories, correcting maps of glacier extent, estimating certain mass balance parameters, and monitoring calving or surging glaciers. Ground ice is virtually impossible to monitor from satellites; ice on rivers and lakes can be monitored only with very high-resolution sensors. Microwave sensors, due to their all-weather capability (the ability to see through clouds) provide exciting data on sea ice distribution. Analysis of digital tapes of satellite data requires the archiving and scanning of huge amounts of data. Simple methods for extracting quantitative data from satellite images are described.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626668009491937","issn":"03036936","usgsCitation":"Meier, M.F., 1980, Remote sensing of snow and ice: Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, v. 25, no. 3, p. 307-330, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626668009491937.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626668009491937","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222466,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa704e4b0c8380cd8519b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, M. F.","contributorId":98713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70236599,"text":"70236599 - 1980 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T17:02:34.116305","indexId":"70236599","displayToPublicDate":"1978-09-01T11:35:57","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5644,"text":"IAHS Red Book","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"seriesNumber":"126","title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey has initiated a project to prepare a satellite image atlas of glaciers with the cooperation of a number of US and international organizations. The atlas will include the geographical distribution of glaciers as well as topics of glaciology and related environmental phenomena using Landsat, NOAA and other satellite data. The primary objectives of the atlas are to provide an inventory of available images of extant glaciers, to demonstrate their scientific value and to serve as the basis of Landsat image maps of glacierized areas.
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Fathometer readings made in 1979 confirm the 1O-m reading.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79726","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1979, Depth determination of Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean (EC-68-Landsat): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-726, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79726.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142069,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0726/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":497347,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0726/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":157647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43053,"text":"ofr791470 - 1979 - Preliminary maps of photolineaments along parts of the western Sierra Nevada foothills and eastern Coast Range foothills, California, based on Landsat images and U-2 aircraft photographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:08","indexId":"ofr791470","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1470","title":"Preliminary maps of photolineaments along parts of the western Sierra Nevada foothills and eastern Coast Range foothills, California, based on Landsat images and U-2 aircraft photographs","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr791470","usgsCitation":"Hodges, C.A., 1979, Preliminary maps of photolineaments along parts of the western Sierra Nevada foothills and eastern Coast Range foothills, California, based on Landsat images and U-2 aircraft photographs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1470, 4 maps ;on 3 sheets 190 x 108 cm. and smaller.; 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791470.","productDescription":"4 maps ;on 3 sheets 190 x 108 cm. and smaller.; 8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":80875,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80876,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80877,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80878,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ceef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, Carroll Ann","contributorId":99144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Carroll","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":46251,"text":"ofr78529C - 1979 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:47","indexId":"ofr78529C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-529","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78529C","usgsCitation":"Albert, N., and Steele, W., 1979, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-529, 2 maps ;47 x 61 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78529C.","productDescription":"2 maps ;47 x 61 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83224,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0529c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83225,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0529c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albert, Nairn","contributorId":95950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"Nairn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steele, William Clinton","contributorId":34890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"William Clinton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11798,"text":"ofr791507 - 1979 - Landsat feature data of the Gallup-Grants uranium district, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr791507","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1507","title":"Landsat feature data of the Gallup-Grants uranium district, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791507","usgsCitation":"Zech, R.S., and Knepper, D.H., 1979, Landsat feature data of the Gallup-Grants uranium district, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1507, 35 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791507.","productDescription":"35 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1507/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39687,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1507/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abec6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zech, R. S.","contributorId":51289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zech","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knepper, Daniel H. dknepper@usgs.gov","contributorId":1242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"Daniel","email":"dknepper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":163749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11461,"text":"ofr79765 - 1979 - Discrimination of alteration in the Crooks Gap, Wyoming, uranium district using laboratory and Landsat spectral reflectance data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr79765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-765","title":"Discrimination of alteration in the Crooks Gap, Wyoming, uranium district using laboratory and Landsat spectral reflectance data","docAbstract":"The Crooks Gap area is a major uranium producing district in south-central Wyoming. Uranium occurs there as roll-type deposits in Tertiary sandstones. Alteration of the host sandstones related to the formation of the uranium deposits, is marked at the surface by a pronounced red coloration, which has long been used in the area as a prospecting guide. This report presents a characterization of alteration in the Crooks Gap area based upon (1) field observations of the extent and appearance of the alteration at the surface, (2) determination of the mineralogy and spectral reflectance characteristics of representative samples of altered and unaltered material in the laboratory, and (3) analysis of Landsat data of selected areas of altered and unaltered rocks. \r\n\r\nLaboratory spectrophot6metric data show that fresh, red-colored, altered rock has a strong absorption at 0.35 and 0.5 micrometers and a marked rise in reflectivity from 0.7 to 1.6 micrometers; weathered, red-colored, altered rock and Triassic red beds both show strong spectral absorption near 0.35 micrometers but have a relatively flat response from 0.7 to 1.6 micrometers. Landsat radiance values, simulated from the laboratory data, show that both altered rock and Triassic red beds are indicated by a high red-to-green ratio. This is in good agreement with actual satellite data over these rock types. These data indicate that the Landsat system is very sensitive to ferric oxides and can map the distribution of these oxides in semiarid environments for reconnaissance purposes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79765","usgsCitation":"Townsend, T.E., 1979, Discrimination of alteration in the Crooks Gap, Wyoming, uranium district using laboratory and Landsat spectral reflectance data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-765, iv, 73 p. :graphs, ill. (1 col.), map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79765.","productDescription":"iv, 73 p. :graphs, ill. (1 col.), map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0765/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39327,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0765/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a8fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Townsend, Timothy E.","contributorId":66265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11141,"text":"ofr791374 - 1979 - Upper Cretaceous tectonic activity on lineaments in western South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T22:11:56.423922","indexId":"ofr791374","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1374","title":"Upper Cretaceous tectonic activity on lineaments in western South Dakota","docAbstract":"Lineaments mapped on satellite images in western South Dakota define a geometry of basement blocks, and paleotectonic activity on these lineament-bound blocks is recorded in sedimentary rocks. Mapping on seven Landsat images in an area of about 100,000 km2 reveals that lineaments are best developed along azimuths of N. 60° E. to N. 90° E. and N. 30° W. to N. 60° W. Although their exact structural nature and origin are not known, these features are visualized as major zones of weakness that subdivide the crystalline Precambrian basement into discrete blocks. Several of the most prominent surface lineaments can be related to basement faults. The blocks bounded by these lineaments constitute low-relief uplifts that define the southern margin of the Williston Basin.
During deposition of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, lineaments were the sites of tectonic activity. Members of the Pierre are relatively continuous throughout the area and are well dated by biostratigraphic zonation. The base of the Mobridge Member is the highest structural datum available for regional mapping. Northeast-trending surface lineaments near the White and Cheyenne Rivers have a clear expression on a subsurface structural map of this horizon. The Ardmore Bentonite Bed lies approximately 300 m (980 ft) below the Mobridge; subsurface structure contours on this datum show the active lineaments trending northwest. Isopach maps of two rock-stratigraphic units between the Ardmore and Mobridge reflect the shift in tectonic activity from early northwest sets of lineaments to later northeast trends.
The East Tintic Mountains, Utah consist of folded and faulted Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, which are partly covered by Tertiary volcanic rocks. Clastic rocks dominate the lower one-third of the Paleozoic section, whereas carbonate rocks with subordinate amounts of shale and elastic rocks predominate in the remainder. Some of the rocks, especially the Tintic Quartzite and some shales, are commonly limonitic, an important factor in analysis of Landsat MSS images. The volcanic rocks, mainly tuffs, flows, and agglomerates of quartz latitic and latitic composition, are limonitic in a few places where hematite is present in the groundmass.
Emplacement of monzonite and biotite monzonite porphyry bodies resulted in several types of altered rocks. Most widespread are argillized and silicified rocks, which are commonly bleached and limonitic. Locally, the intrusive rocks arc also altered. Hydrothermal dolomite is common in the northern part of the area, and in the East Tintic mining district, calcitic, chloritic, and weakly argillized volcanic rocks and pebble dikes are widespread. Volcanic rocks subjected to an early phase of \"intravolcanic weathering\" in this district are weakly altered but commonly limonitic. Barren as well as mineralized veins are present throughout the study area.
In situ spectral reflectance curves representing the most abundant altered and unaltered rocks show that the argillized and silicified rocks generally have intense ferric-iron and hydroxyl absorption bands owing to the presence of iron-oxide and hydroxyl-bearing phases, respectively. These features are generally absent in the unaltered rocks, except the limonitic rocks, which have prominent iron absorption hands. Both spectral features are weakly expressed in the volcanic rocks subjected to accelerated weathering, On the other hand, hydrothermal dolomite and calcitic volcanic rocks generally lack both features, and thus are spectrally similar to the unaltered rocks. Chloritic rocks are of limited distribution and have not been measured spectrally.
Most of the silicified and argillized areas are apparent in Skylab S190B, high altitude-, and low altitude color aerial photographs because of the high albedo of these rocks. However, many unaltered rocks have similar albedos and therefore are not distinguishable from the altered rocks. Moreover, very little color information is available in these photographs. These problems are further complicated by brightness variations related to topographic slope.
MSS ratio images were generated to subdue the effects of topographic slope and albedo, and combined into several color composite images for displaying the spectral reflectance differences between the most widespread altered and unaltered rocks. The most effective combination proved to be MSS 4/5, MSS 4/6, and MSS 6/7 using blue, yellow and magenta diazo films, respectively, rather than the MSS 4/5, MSS 5/6, and MSS 6/7 combination used so successfully in south-central Nevada. Consideration of schematic frequency distributions of ratio values for these two areas suggests that the lack of enhancement of limonitic rocks in MSS 5/6 images of the present study area is due to the higher frequency of low ratios representing vegetation.
Comparison of a limonitic bedrock map produced by scanning the optimum color-ratio composite image with a map of the silicified rocks shows good agreement, except where they are obscured by vegetation. Measurements of vegetation density indicate that shrub cover and. juniper, pinyon, and sage cover greater than 40-50 and 33-43 percent, respectively, obscure limonitic rocks in these images. Argillized rocks, the most widely distributed altered rock type, were consistently detected in exposed areas. On the other hand, hydrothermal dolomite and calcitic and chloritic volcanic rocks are not portrayed in the limonitic bedrock map because of their general lack of limonite. Some altered rocks, especially veins and pebble dikes, are too small to be detected by the MSS except where they are closely spaced and well exposed.
Another important limitation is that exposures of unaltered limonitic sedimentary and volcanic rocks are included in the limonitic bedrock map. Analysis of in situ spectral reflectance measurements indicates that this limitation can be largely overcome by obtaining radiance information in the 2.2 and 1.6 μm regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78736","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., and Abrams, M.J., 1979, Evaluation of Landsat multispectral scanner images for mapping altered rocks in the East Tintic Mountains, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-736, iii, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78736.","productDescription":"iii, 73 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0736/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":425090,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0736/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"East Tintic Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.24469940984451,\n 40.09365387006196\n ],\n [\n -112.24469940984451,\n 39.96382253126157\n ],\n [\n -112.08479459294077,\n 39.96382253126157\n ],\n [\n -112.08479459294077,\n 40.09365387006196\n ],\n [\n -112.24469940984451,\n 40.09365387006196\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faffc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, Lawrence C.","contributorId":58629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, Michael J.","contributorId":15192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48623,"text":"ofr801308 - 1979 - Landsat image map of the Jabal al Hasir quadrangle, sheet 19F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-11T14:46:53","indexId":"ofr801308","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-1308","title":"Landsat image map of the Jabal al Hasir quadrangle, sheet 19F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Interagency Map (IR) SA-270
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jiddah, Saudi Arabia","doi":"10.3133/ofr801308","collaboration":"Prepared by the US Geological Survey for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources, 1979, Landsat image map of the Jabal al Hasir quadrangle, sheet 19F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1308, 32.67 x 21.86 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr801308.","productDescription":"32.67 x 21.86 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":85428,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1308/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"2.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42,\n 19\n ],\n [\n 42,\n 20\n ],\n [\n 43.5,\n 20\n ],\n [\n 43.5,\n 19\n ],\n [\n 42,\n 19\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abdba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","contributorId":147327,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","id":581956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10775,"text":"ofr79596 - 1979 - Evaluation of a color-coded Landsat 5/6 ratio image for mapping lithologic differences in western South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr79596","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-596","title":"Evaluation of a color-coded Landsat 5/6 ratio image for mapping lithologic differences in western South Dakota","docAbstract":"From analysis of a color-coded Landsat 5/6 ratio, image, a map of the vegetation density distribution has been produced by Raines of 25,000 sq km of western South Dakota. This 5/6 ratio image is produced digitally calculating the ratios of the bands 5 and 6 of the Landsat data and then color coding these ratios in an image. Bretz and Shurr compared this vegetation density map with published and unpublished data primarily of the U.S. Geological Survey and the South Dakota Geological Survey; good correspondence is seen between this map and existing geologic maps, especially with the soils map. We believe that this Landsat ratio image can be used as a tool to refine existing maps of surficial geology and bedrock, where bedrock is exposed, and to improve mapping accuracy in areas of poor exposure common in South Dakota. In addition, this type of image could be a useful, additional tool in mapping areas that are unmapped.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79596","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., Bretz, R., and Shurr, G.W., 1979, Evaluation of a color-coded Landsat 5/6 ratio image for mapping lithologic differences in western South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-596, 22 p., 1 sheet :fold. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79596.","productDescription":"22 p., 1 sheet :fold. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0596/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38577,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0596/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38578,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0596/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bretz, R.F.","contributorId":88358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bretz","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shurr, George W.","contributorId":78741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shurr","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10716,"text":"ofr791604 - 1979 - Thrust fault zones in the Allegheny Plateau of north-central Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:25","indexId":"ofr791604","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1604","title":"Thrust fault zones in the Allegheny Plateau of north-central Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Field investigations in the Williamsport Valley identify lineaments found on Landsat III images, have shown the presence of six discrete fault zones that strike subparallel to the trend of the Appalachian folds. These zones range from 0.5 to 1.75 km in width and from at least 10 km to more than 50 km in length. The individual thrust faults within each zone occur in 'staircase-type' folds and are at a low angle to bedding. Although each individual fault may have 0nly centimeters to displacement, many of these individual faults appear to exist within the six zones. We believe that the stress that produced that Valley and Ridge folds to the south was largely dissipated in faulting in the Williamsport Valley. This dissipation of the stress would explain the presence of only broad open folds to the north on the Allegheny Plateau. The extreme faulting in the Williamsport Valley along with the unique 'staircase' and 'reverse staircase' structures may result in fracture porosity traps at depth.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791604","usgsCitation":"Pohn, H.A., and Purdy, T.L., 1979, Thrust fault zones in the Allegheny Plateau of north-central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1604, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791604.","productDescription":"16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1604/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38527,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1604/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pohn, Howard A.","contributorId":66681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohn","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Purdy, Terri L.","contributorId":87950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purdy","given":"Terri","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9898,"text":"ofr79533 - 1979 - Enhancement of Landsat images for lineament analysis in the area of the Salina Basin, New York and Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:11","indexId":"ofr79533","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-533","title":"Enhancement of Landsat images for lineament analysis in the area of the Salina Basin, New York and Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Digital image processing of Landsat images of New York and Pennsylvania was undertaken to provide optimum images for lineament analysis in the area of the Salina Basin. Preliminary examination of Landsat images from photographic prints indicated sufficient differences between the spectral bands of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) to warrant digital processing of both MSS band 7 and MSS band 5. Selective contrast stretching based on analysis of the Landsat MSS histograms proved to be the most important factor affecting the appearance of the images. A three-point linear stretch using the two end points and a middle point to the Landsat frequency distribution was most successful. The flexibility of the REMAPP image processing system was helpful in creating such custom-tailored stretches. An edge enhancement was tested on the MSS band 5 image, but was not used. Stereoscopic Landsat images acquired from adjacent orbits aided recognition of topographic features; the area of stereoscopic coverage could be increased by utilizing the precession of Landsat-1?s orbit . Improvements in the digitally processed scenes did affect the analysis of lineaments for the New York area; on the enhanced MSS band 5 image, an ENE trending set of lineaments is visible, which was not recognized from other images.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79533","usgsCitation":"Krohn, M.D., 1979, Enhancement of Landsat images for lineament analysis in the area of the Salina Basin, New York and Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-533, iii, 39 leaves, [8] leaves of plates :ill. ;28 cm.; (49 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79533.","productDescription":"iii, 39 leaves, [8] leaves of plates :ill. ;28 cm.; (49 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0533/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37691,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0533/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohn, M. Dennis dkrohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"M.","email":"dkrohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Dennis","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":160481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9855,"text":"ofr79992 - 1979 - Linear feature data derived from Landsat images of southeastern Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:16","indexId":"ofr79992","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-992","title":"Linear feature data derived from Landsat images of southeastern Missouri","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79992","usgsCitation":"Knepper, D.H., 1979, Linear feature data derived from Landsat images of southeastern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-992, 45 p. :14 fold. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79992.","productDescription":"45 p. :14 fold. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37637,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37638,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37639,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37640,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37641,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37642,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37643,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37644,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37645,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37646,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37647,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37648,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37649,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37650,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37651,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0992/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knepper, Daniel H. dknepper@usgs.gov","contributorId":1242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"Daniel","email":"dknepper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":160412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59995,"text":"mf879F - 1979 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Philip Smith Mountains Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:22","indexId":"mf879F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"879","chapter":"F","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Philip Smith Mountains Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf879F","usgsCitation":"Le Compte, J., 1979, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Philip Smith Mountains Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 879, 2 maps ;47 x 53 cm. on sheets 97 x 109 cm. and 74 x 97 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf879F.","productDescription":"2 maps ;47 x 53 cm. on sheets 97 x 109 cm. and 74 x 97 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104352,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4091.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4091"},{"id":183021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,68 ], [ -150,69 ], [ -147,69 ], [ -147,68 ], [ -150,68 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b30e4b07f02db6b40ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Le Compte, J. R.","contributorId":41816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le Compte","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":60879,"text":"mf1099 - 1979 - Map showing turbidity patterns from Landsat imagery on the Texas inner continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T14:15:09","indexId":"mf1099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1099","title":"Map showing turbidity patterns from Landsat imagery on the Texas inner continental shelf","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1099","usgsCitation":"Shideler, G.L., 1979, Map showing turbidity patterns from Landsat imagery on the Texas inner continental shelf: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1099, Plate: 44.82 inches x 29.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1099.","productDescription":"Plate: 44.82 inches x 29.68 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1099/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278788,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1099/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98,25 ], [ -98,30 ], [ -96.5,30 ], [ -96.5,25 ], [ -98,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b11e4b07f02db6a240a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shideler, G. L.","contributorId":63393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8602,"text":"ofr79243 - 1979 - Late diagenetic indicators of buried oil and gas: II, Direct detection experiment at Cement and Garza oil fields, Oklahoma and Texas, using enhanced LANDSAT I and II images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:10","indexId":"ofr79243","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-243","title":"Late diagenetic indicators of buried oil and gas: II, Direct detection experiment at Cement and Garza oil fields, Oklahoma and Texas, using enhanced LANDSAT I and II images","docAbstract":"The Cement oil field, Oklahoma, was a test site for an experiment designed to evaluate LANDSAT's capability to detect an alteration zone in surface rocks caused by hydrocarbon microseepage. Loss of iron and impregnation of sandstone by carbonate cements and replacement of gypsum by calcite are the major alteration phenomena at Cement. The bedrock alterations are partially masked by unaltered overlying beds, thick soils, and dense natural and cultivated vegetation. Interpreters biased by detailed ground truth were able to map the alteration zone subjectively using a magnified, filtered, and sinusoidally stretched LANDSAT composite image; other interpreters, unbiased by ground truth data, could not duplicate that interpretation. \r\n\r\nSimilar techniques were applied at a secondary test site (Garza oil field, Texas), where similar alterations in surface rocks occur. Enhanced LANDSAT images resolved the alteration zone to a biased interpreter and some individual altered outcrops could be mapped using higher resolution SKYLAB color and conventional black and white aerial photographs suggesting repeat experiments with LANDSAT C and D.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79243","usgsCitation":"Donovan, T.J., Termain, P.A., and Henry, M.E., 1979, Late diagenetic indicators of buried oil and gas: II, Direct detection experiment at Cement and Garza oil fields, Oklahoma and Texas, using enhanced LANDSAT I and II images: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-243, iii, 49 p. :col. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79243.","productDescription":"iii, 49 p. :col. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0243/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36199,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, Terrence J.","contributorId":71529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Termain, Patricia A.","contributorId":12852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Termain","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, Mitchell E.","contributorId":57447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68656,"text":"ha586 - 1979 - Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44068,"text":"ofr77608 - 1977 - Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ofr77608","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68656,"text":"ha586 - 1979 - Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ha586","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:15:32","indexId":"ha586","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"586","title":"Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"The St. Louis River is the largest tributary to Lake Superior in Minnesota. It drains a predominantly forested area of about 3,650 mi2 (Minnesota Department of Conservation, 1959) and discharges into the lake at Duluth.
\nThe Mesabi Iron Range, noted for rich deposits of iron ore, parallels much of the northern watershed boundary. Large areas of land were altered by mining activities, as seen on the Landsat-1 MSS 7 images for September 26, 19744 (No. 1795-16203). The northeastward-trending string of water bodies along the northern boundary are flooded mine pits and tailings basins. The northeastern part of the watershed is largely State and National forest, whereas much of the southwestern and central parts are peat-covered wetlands.
\nGeneralized topographic features are shown on the map above. The topographic high along the northern boundary includes the Iron Range and is dissected by post-glacial drainage. The most notable drainage gap is that occupied by the Embarrass River. The series of southwestward-trending elongate hills in the eastern part of the watershed, visible on both the Landsat image and the topographic map, is the Toimi Drumlin Field (Wright, 1972). Topographically low, relatively flat land in the southwestern and central parts is a glacial lake plain. St. Louis River gradients are highly variable, being 9 ft/mi from its headwaters to the mouth of Partridge River, slightly more than 1 ft/mi from Partridge River to Cloquet, and 35 to 40 ft/mi in a 15-mi reach below Cloquest.
\nThe watershed is sparsely settled except for its northern and south-eastern parts. About 80 percent of the urban population lives on the Iron Range. Most of the suburban and rural residents alro live on or near the range or in the southeastern part of the watershed. Total population (1970), exclusive of those in the city of Duluth, which is included in the Lake Superior watershed (Olcott and others, 1976), was about 117,000.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha586","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., Ericson, D., Broussard, W., and Hult, M.F., 1979, Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 586, 3 Plates: 54.0 x 39.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha586.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 54.0 x 39.5 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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D.W.","contributorId":80295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericson","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Broussard, W.L.","contributorId":35334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broussard","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":8394,"text":"ofr791057 - 1979 - Geometric fidelity of new digitially processed Landsat images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-05T22:59:27.360706","indexId":"ofr791057","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1057","title":"Geometric fidelity of new digitially processed Landsat images","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791057","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1979, Geometric fidelity of new digitially processed Landsat images: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1057, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791057.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":432256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1057/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":157650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8389,"text":"ofr79368 - 1979 - Landsat lineaments in parts of West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-15T13:31:10.898046","indexId":"ofr79368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-368","title":"Landsat lineaments in parts of West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79368","usgsCitation":"Colton, G.W., 1979, Landsat lineaments in parts of West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-368, Report: 3 p.; 1 Plate: 16.90 x 21.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79368.","productDescription":"Report: 3 p.; 1 Plate: 16.90 x 21.62 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141524,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0368/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35966,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0368/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35965,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0368/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420796,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_28390.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.367,\n 39.8\n ],\n [\n -84.367,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -79.517,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -79.517,\n 39.8\n ],\n [\n -84.367,\n 39.8\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, George Willis","contributorId":12015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Willis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8263,"text":"ofr79699 - 1979 - Hydrologic reconnaissance of western Arctic Alaska, 1976 and 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-08T12:27:04","indexId":"ofr79699","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-699","title":"Hydrologic reconnaissance of western Arctic Alaska, 1976 and 1977","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of the water resources of the western Arctic was conducted during April 1976 and August 1977. Data were collected at 9 springs, 9 lakes and 22 stream sites.
Using slope-conveyance methods based on field evidence, estimates of bankfull and maximum evident flood-peak discharges were made for 20 selected streams. Maximum evident flood peak discharges ranged from 7.0 to 80.8 (ft3/s )/mi2 and averaged 30.1 (ft3/s)/mi2. These estimates bore no obvious relation to either drainage basin physiography or climatalogical characteristics. Both the bankfull and maximum evident flood-peak discharges were generally less than the 50-year flood and greater than the 2-year flood estimates made using regression relations developed from Alaska stream gaging records and drainage basin characteristics.
Springs were found only in the foothills of the Brooks Range. Their discharge ranged from 1.42 ft3/s at the Eli River spring to 13.0 ft3/s at North Fork Squirrel River spring. Water temperatures of springs sampled ranged from 0.00C at the Omikviorok spring to 3.50C at the Kavrorak Springs near Kivalina. The nine springs were found by noting the locations of the associated icings on Landsat imagery of the previous year.
Eleven stream sites were sampled under winter conditions; all were on the Arctic Slope. No winter streamflow was found at any of the streams. It appears that the streamflow on the Arctic Slope ceases in late winter except for limited local zones of ground-water discharge that form icings.
Ice thickness on most lakes was 6 ft except at Teshekpuk Lake where the ice was 8 ft thick. Three of the nine lakes examined were frozen to the bottom.
Winter water quality of the lakes and of standing water at stream sites was characterized by higher specific conductivity values than in summer. At three of the five lakes where specific conductance was measured, it was equal to or greater than 700 micromhos per centimeter at 25°C; at four of the five rivers where standing water was found, it was more than 400 micromhos per centimeter at 25°C.
Biological sampling was done to identify the widest range of benthic invertebrates likely to be present in a representative reach of a stream. A total of nine spring sites was sampled using drift nets in April 1976. Twenty-one stream sites and one spring were sampled in August 1977 by dip nets. Total numbers of organisms collected using drift net sampling in April 1976 ranged from 0 to 480. Total numbers of organisms collected by dip net sampling in August 1977 ranged from 0 to 776.
A hydrologic reconnaissance of the eastern Alaskan Arctic Slope was completed in 1975. The work covered in this report and in the 1975 companion report represents a preliminary hydrologic reconnaissance for the entire Alaskan Arctic Slope and western foothills regions of the Brooks Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79699","usgsCitation":"Childers, J.M., Kernodle, D.R., and Loeffler, R.M., 1979, Hydrologic reconnaissance of western Arctic Alaska, 1976 and 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-699, v, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79699.","productDescription":"v, 70 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":361897,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0699/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0699/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -167,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 71.5\n ],\n [\n -167,\n 71.5\n ],\n [\n -167,\n 66\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Childers, Joseph M.","contributorId":14379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, Donald R.","contributorId":63003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loeffler, Robert M.","contributorId":80672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loeffler","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}