During the past 1,500 yr Mount St. Helens, Washington, has repeatedly erupted dacite domes, tephra, and pyroclastic flows as well as andesite lava flows and tephra. Two periods of activity prior to 1980, each many decades long, were both initiated by eruptions of volatile-rich dacite which were followed by andesite, then by dacite. A third eruptive period was characterized by the eruption of volatile-poor dacite that formed a dome and minor pyroclastic flows. The prolonged duration of some previous eruptive periods suggests that the current activity could continue for many years. The volatile-rich dacite that has been erupted to date probably will be followed by gas-poor magma, but it cannot yet be predicted whether a more mafic magma will be extruded during the current eruptive period.
The Pumpkin Creek EMRIA site, an area of about 94 square miles, is located mainly in the southwestern part of the Coalwood coal field on the slightly westward dipping beds of the Tongue River Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in Powder River County, Montana.
Three coal beds, A, Sawyer, and Mackin-Walker, were evaluated by 32 drill holes. Coal resources--measured, indicated, and inferred--within the site and in beds more than 5 feet thick are 191,660,000 short tons, 1,356,950,000 short tons, and 34,400,000 short tons, respectively.
The coal has an apparent rank of lignite A as shown by the analyses of 17 core samples. The average Btu value of 15 core samples of the Sawyer from the site on the as-received basis is 6,970, average ash content is 6.8 percent, and average sulfur content is 0.4 percent.
A comparison of the analyses of samples from the Sawyer coal bed with other analyses of Powder River region coal samples shows that moisture, hydrogen, and oxygen contents are significantly higher, and volatile matter, fixed carbon, carbon, nitrogen, and total sulfur contents and heat of combustion are significantly lower in the Sawyer bed samples. A statistical comparison of the elemental compositions of the two sample groups shows that the Sawyer bed has significantly higher contents of B, Ba, Mn, Nb, U, Y, and Yb and significantly lower contents of Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Se, and Th.
The sample of the lower split of the Sawyer bed (bed A) in drill hole PWW8 has a relatively high sulfur content of 1.7 percent, and presumably would not be mined with the rest of the Sawyer.
The Mackin-Walker has a Btu value of 7,220, an ash content of 6.9 percent, and a sulfur content of 1.0 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79589","usgsCitation":"Glenn, M., Hatch, J., and Affolter, R.H., 1979, Coal resource and coal quality of Pumpkin Creek EMRIA site, Powder River County, Montana: With a section on chemical analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-589, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79589.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0589/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":402606,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Powder River County","otherGeospatial":"Pumpkin Creek EMRIA site","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.91666666666667,45 ], [ -105.91666666666667,45.6175 ], [ -105.25,45.6175 ], [ -105.25,45 ], [ -105.91666666666667,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c6b46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, Marguerite","contributorId":6427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Marguerite","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Joseph R.","contributorId":36203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatch","given":"Joseph R.","affiliations":[{"id":138,"text":"Black Warrior Basin Province Assessment Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":159189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Affolter, Ronald H. affolter@usgs.gov","contributorId":659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Affolter","given":"Ronald","email":"affolter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":159190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":66237,"text":"i1145 - 1979 - Geologic map of the Phaethontis Quadrangle of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-06T11:00:20.008627","indexId":"i1145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1145","title":"Geologic map of the Phaethontis Quadrangle of Mars","docAbstract":"The Phaethontis quadrangle of Mars is dominated by densely cratered uplands and plateaus which form some of the oldest surfaces on the planet. Extensive low-lying areas within the cratered terrains, including the floors of the large craters, are covered to different degrees by plains-forming material. The youngest plains unit surround Tharsis Montes to the north. Various erosional processes, including eolian scour and possibly scarp retreat through volatile-release sapping and mass wasting, producing several distinctive physiographic features: knob and mesa terrains, plains and small knobs, and plateaus dissected by furrows, steep walled gorges, and pits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1145","usgsCitation":"Howard, J.H., 1979, Geologic map of the Phaethontis Quadrangle of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1145, 1 Plate: 57.33 × 37.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1145.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 57.33 × 37.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438985,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HJTP0J","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Phaethontis Quadrangle of Mars"},{"id":187660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1145/plate-1.pdf","size":"8505","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"5000000","otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, J. H. III","contributorId":49462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11358,"text":"ofr791237 - 1979 - A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) with examples of petrologic problem solving","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr791237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1237","title":"A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) with examples of petrologic problem solving","docAbstract":"A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) has been developed to allow maximum flexibility in the evaluation of chemical data by the occasional computer user. GNAP calculates ClPW norms, Thornton and Tuttle's differentiation index, Barth's cations, Niggli values and values for variables defined by the user. Calculated values can be displayed graphically in X-Y plots or ternary diagrams. Plotting can be done on a line printer or Calcomp plotter with either weight percent or mole percent data. Modifications in the original program give the user some control over normative calculations for each sample. The number of user-defined variables that can be created from the data has been increased from ten to fifteen. Plotting and calculations can be based on the original data, data adjusted to sum to 100 percent, or data adjusted to sum to 100 percent without water. Analyses for which norms were previously not computable are now computed with footnotes that show excesses or deficiencies in oxides (or volatiles) not accounted for by the norm. This report contains a listing of the computer program, an explanation of the use of the program, and the two sample problems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791237","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and VanTrump, G., 1979, A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) with examples of petrologic problem solving: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1237, 115 p. :ill. ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791237.","productDescription":"115 p. :ill. ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39185,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab87b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanTrump, G.","contributorId":95869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanTrump","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11036,"text":"ofr791090 - 1979 - Geology, coal resources, and chemical analyses of coal from the Fruitland Formation, Kimbeto EMRIA study site, San Juan County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T13:54:36.059752","indexId":"ofr791090","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1090","title":"Geology, coal resources, and chemical analyses of coal from the Fruitland Formation, Kimbeto EMRIA study site, San Juan County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Kimbeto EMRIA study site, an area of about 20 square miles (52 km2), is located on the south margin of the San Juan Basin on the gently northward-dipping strata of the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation and the Kirtland Shale. The coal beds are mainly in the lower 150 feet (45 m) of the Fruitland Formation. Coal resources--measured, indicated, and inferred--with less than 400 feet (120 m) of overburden in the site are 69,085,000 short tons (62,660,100 metric tons), 369,078,000 short tons (334,754,000 metric tons), and 177,803,000 short tons (161,267,000 metric tons) respectively. About 68 percent of these resources are overlain by 200 feet (60 m) or less of overburden. The apparent rank of the coal ranges from subbituminous B to subbituminous A. The average Btu/lb value of 14 core samples from the site on the as-received basis is 8,240 (4580 Kcal/kg), average ash content is 23.4 percent, and average sulfur content is 0.5 percent. Analyses of coal from the Kimbeto EMRIA study site show significantly higher ash content and significantly lower contents of volatile matter, fixed carbon, carbon, and a significantly lower heat of combustion when compared with other coal analyses from the Rocky Mountain province.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791090","usgsCitation":"Schneider, G.B., Hildebrand, R.T., and Affolter, R.H., 1979, Geology, coal resources, and chemical analyses of coal from the Fruitland Formation, Kimbeto EMRIA study site, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1090, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791090.","productDescription":"37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":38800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1090/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":406616,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75049.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"San Juan County","otherGeospatial":"Fruitland Formation, Kimbeto EMIRA site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.9639,\n 36.1031\n ],\n [\n -107.8211,\n 36.1031\n ],\n [\n -107.8211,\n 36.175\n ],\n [\n -107.9639,\n 36.175\n ],\n [\n -107.9639,\n 36.1031\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Gary B.","contributorId":64253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildebrand, Rick T.","contributorId":44153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildebrand","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Affolter, Ronald H. affolter@usgs.gov","contributorId":659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Affolter","given":"Ronald","email":"affolter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":162417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9775,"text":"ofr79716 - 1979 - Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Mineral Mountain and Teapot Mountain quadrangles, Pinal County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr79716","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-716","title":"Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Mineral Mountain and Teapot Mountain quadrangles, Pinal County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The widespread distribution of Tertiary volcanic rocks in south-central Arizona is controlled in part by prevolcanic structures along which volcanic vents were localized. Volcanic rocks in the Mineral Mountain and Teapot Mountain quadrangles mark the site of a major northwest-trending structural hingeline. This hingeline divides an older Precambrian X terrane on the west from intensely deformed sequences of rock as young as Pennsylvanian on the east, suggesting increased westerly uplift. The volcanic rocks consist of a pile of complexly interlayered rhyolite, andesite, dacite, flows and intrusive rocks, water-laid tuffs, and very minor olivine basalt. Although the rocks erupted from several different vents, time relations, space relations, and chemistry each give strong evidence of a single source for all the rocks. Available data (by the K-Ar dating method) on hornblende and biotite separates from the volcanic rocks range from 14 to 19 m.y. and establish the pre-middle Miocene age of major dislocations along the structural hingeline. Most of the volcanic rocks contain glass, either at the base of the flows or as an envelope around the intrusive phases. One of the intrusive rhyolites, however, seems to represent one of the final eruptions. Intense vesiculation of the intrusive rhyolite suggests a large content of volatiles at the time of its eruption. Mineralization is associated with the more silicic of these middle Miocene volcanic rocks; specifically, extensive fissure quartz veins contain locally significant amounts of silver, lead, and zinc and minor amounts of gold. Many of the most productive deposits are hosted by the volcanic rocks, although others occur in the Precambrian rocks. Magnetic data correspond roughly to the geology in outlining the overall extent of the volcanic rocks as a magnetic low.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79716","usgsCitation":"Keith, W.J., and Theodore, T., 1979, Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Mineral Mountain and Teapot Mountain quadrangles, Pinal County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-716, iii, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79716.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0716/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37536,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0716/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684cf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, William J.","contributorId":21146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theodore, Ted G.","contributorId":57840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"Ted G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012282,"text":"70012282 - 1979 - Volcanic resurfacing rates and implications for volatiles on Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012282","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic resurfacing rates and implications for volatiles on Io","docAbstract":"Resurfacing rates and surface ages on Io are estimated, together with the material ejection and deposition rates of the active volcanic plumes. ?? 1979 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/280746a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T.V., Cook, A., Sagan, C., and Soderblom, L., 1979, Volcanic resurfacing rates and implications for volatiles on Io: Nature, v. 280, no. 5725, p. 746-750, https://doi.org/10.1038/280746a0.","startPage":"746","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205232,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/280746a0"}],"volume":"280","issue":"5725","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc301e4b08c986b32aedd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, A.F. II","contributorId":95184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"A.F.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sagan, C.","contributorId":42336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sagan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012478,"text":"70012478 - 1979 - Chemical composition of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T15:49:02.625004","indexId":"70012478","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition of Mars","docAbstract":"The composition of Mars has been calculated from the cosmochemical model of Ganapathy and Anders (1974) which assumes that planets and chondrites underwent the same 4 fractionation processes in the solar nebula. Because elements of similar volatility stay together in these processes, only 4 index elements (U, Fe, K and Tl or Ar36) are needed to calculate the abundances of all 83 elements in the planet. The values chosen are U = 28 ppb, K = 62 ppm (based on
The mantle of Mars is an iron-rich [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.77] garnet wehrlite (ρ = 3.52−3.54 g/cm3), similar to McGetchin and Smyth's (1978) estimate but containing more Ca and Al. It is nearly identical to the bulk Moon composition of Morgan et al. (1978b). The core makes up 0.19 of the planet and contains 3.5% S—much less than estimated by other models. Volatiles have nearly Moon-like abundances, being depleted relative to the Earth by factors of 0.36 (K-group, Tcond = 600–1300 K) or 0.029 (Tl group, Tcond < 600 K). The water abundance corresponds to a 9 m layer, but could be higher by as much as a factor of 11.
Comparison of model compositions for 5 differentiated planets (Earth, Venus, Mars, Moon, and eucrite parent body) suggests that volatile depletion correlates mainly with size rather than with radial distance from the Sun. However, the relatively high volatile content of shergottites and some chondrites shows that the correlation is not simple; other factors must also be involved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(79)90180-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., and Anders, E., 1979, Chemical composition of Mars: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 43, no. 10, p. 1601-1610, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90180-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1601","endPage":"1610","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"43","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f562e4b0c8380cd4c1d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anders, E.","contributorId":64803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233041,"text":"70233041 - 1978 - Spectrochemical determination of submicrogram amounts of tungsten in geologic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T14:46:14.479153","indexId":"70233041","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T09:44:22","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectrochemical determination of submicrogram amounts of tungsten in geologic materials","docAbstract":"A rapid, sensitive, emission spectrographic method for the determination of tungsten in geologic materials has been developed. Sample fusion with potassium hydroxide followed by a hot-water leach renders the tungsten soluble. Acidification of the solution, reduction with titanium trichloride, complexing with thiocyanate, and ether extraction separate and concentrate the tungsten. An aliquot of the ether solution is pipetted into the cavity of a preformed graphite electrode containing 6 milligrams of sodium carbonate and is evaporated. The carbonate flux prevents formation of refractory tungsten carbide during arcing, resulting in nearly complete volatilization of tungsten during a short exposure period. Spectra from direct-current arc excitation of the tungsten are recorded on film and visually compared to standard spectra. A determination limit of 0.2-part-per-million tungsten is obtained from a 0.5-gram sample with a sample completion average of 30-50 samples per man-day.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Leinz, R.W., and Grimes, D.J., 1978, Spectrochemical determination of submicrogram amounts of tungsten in geologic materials: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 259-262.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"262","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leinz, Reinhard W.","contributorId":60628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leinz","given":"Reinhard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grimes, David J.","contributorId":36925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimes","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233484,"text":"70233484 - 1977 - Age and tectonic setting of lower Paleozoic alkalic and mafic rocks, carbonatites, and thorium veins in South-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T16:04:59.305879","indexId":"70233484","displayToPublicDate":"1977-11-01T10:56:46","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and tectonic setting of lower Paleozoic alkalic and mafic rocks, carbonatites, and thorium veins in South-central Colorado","docAbstract":"Alkalic igneous rocks were emplaced into heterogeneous terrane of Precambrian X and Precambrian Y rocks about 570 m.y. ago (Cambrian or upper Precambrian) in the Powderhorn area in Gunnison County and about 520 m.y. ago (Cambrian) in the McClure Mountain, Gem Park, and Democrat Creek areas in the northern Wet Mountains, Fremont and Custer Counties. The radiometric ages are based upon studies by K-Ar, Rb-Sr, and fission-track methods. Associated with these alkalic rock complexes are numerous thorium-bearing veins and red syenite dikes; some, if not all, in the northern Wet Mountains were formed about 495 m.y. ago. Diabase, gabbro, and other mafic dikes appear to be slightly younger than the thorium veins in the Powderhorn area and both older and younger in the Wet Mountains region. In the Powderhorn district, an older group of syenites also intruded Precambrian rocks as plugs or small stocks about 1350-1400 m.y. ago. The various dike rocks and the thorium veins were formed in extensive, deep fractures, indicating a condition of tension or shear in this part of the crust during Cambrian or very late Precambrian to Ordovician time. The localized alkalic magmatisin may reflect melting spots in the mantle. In the two principal areas, 135 km apart, the episodes of alkalic magmatism differ in age by about 50 m.y., the younger toward the east. The age relations might be explained by migration of the sites of localized melting or volatile enrichment in the mantle or westward movement of the continent above a single site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Olson, J.C., Marvin, R.F., Parker, R.L., and Mehnert, H.H., 1977, Age and tectonic setting of lower Paleozoic alkalic and mafic rocks, carbonatites, and thorium veins in South-central Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 6, p. 673-687.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"673","endPage":"687","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.90771484375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -104.39208984375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -104.39208984375,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -107.90771484375,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -107.90771484375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Jerry C.","contributorId":89202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marvin, Richard F.","contributorId":23125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Raymond Laurence","contributorId":29385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"Laurence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mehnert, Harald H.","contributorId":56221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Harald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207915,"text":"70207915 - 1977 - Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near lat 36°49′N","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T11:25:57","indexId":"70207915","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-20T11:08:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near lat 36°49′N","docAbstract":"Fifty acoustically positioned samples of fresh basalt were collected by the submersible Alvin from the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during the French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS) in the summer of 1974. The samples show regular compositional variations from the center of the rift valley (central lava flows) out to the rift valley walls (flank lava flows). The central lava samples show higher ratios of olivine relative to clinopyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts and contain chrome spinel. Glasses of the flank lava samples are enriched in SiO2, TiO2, K2O, H2O, and FeO/MgO relative to central lava samples.
Studies of the thickness of palagonite and manganese crusts indicate that the flank lava flows are considerably younger than the inferred spreading age of the crust on which they occur. Flank lavas are generally older than central lavas, but notable exceptions occur.
The composition of the flank lava glass can be derived by the removal of approximately 29 wt percent of analyzed phenocrysts (in the ratio 5.7 plagioclase, 2.5 olivine, 1.8 clinopyroxene) from the central lava glass. In addition, other processes (possibly involving volatile transfer) must enrich the flank lavas in K2O, TiO2, and H2O.
A model is proposed whereby this crystal fractionation occurs in a shallow, narrow (6-km-wide) magma chamber underlying the median valley. The chamber is compositionally zoned, and central lavas are fed from dikes tapping its hotter axial zone, whereas flank lavas are fed from the cooler, differentiated melt on the margins. The nature of the chemical variations in the lavas permits an estimate of the composition and thickness of the cumulates forming at the base of the chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<556:CVOYBI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bryan, W., and Moore, J.G., 1977, Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near lat 36°49′N: GSA Bulletin, v. 88, no. 4, p. 556-570, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<556:CVOYBI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"556","endPage":"570","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near lat 36°49′N","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -44.736328125,\n 29.22889003019423\n ],\n [\n -30.322265625000004,\n 29.22889003019423\n ],\n [\n -30.322265625000004,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -44.736328125,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -44.736328125,\n 29.22889003019423\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"88","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryan, W.B.","contributorId":100412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232977,"text":"70232977 - 1977 - Some characteristics of Pele's hair","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T14:57:56.072834","indexId":"70232977","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T09:51:25","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some characteristics of Pele's hair","docAbstract":"Pele's hair is a filamentous variety of brown sideromelane glass that forms during eruption of basaltic lava. Strands of Pele's hair form from droplets of lava that are spun or stretched into filaments during quenching, and others may form as chilled streamers of lava. Common elongate vesicles, sometimes twisted, indicate extreme stretching and twisting during hair formation. Hair diameter ranges from about 1 to 300 micrometres. Refractive index of hairs decreases with hair diameter and is most probably a function of the process of formation rather than chemical composition. Masses of Pele's hair form natural spun-glass filters that trap small particles and serve as sites for sublimate deposition. Such deposition may begin even while hair is falling to the ground through an eruption fume cloud. Sublimates include carbonates, sulfates, sulfur, and less commonly hydrocarbons, thus complicating the interpretation of volatiles in Pele's hair in terms of original magmatic constituents. Vesicles, which provide the most nearly pure samples of magmatic volatiles, contain mostly H2O and CO2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., Gibson, E.K., and Heiken, G., 1977, Some characteristics of Pele's hair: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 1, p. 93-101.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403752,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue1/report.pdf","size":"29206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibson, Everett K. Jr.","contributorId":293182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"Everett","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":37453,"text":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":846606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heiken, Grant","contributorId":88773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiken","given":"Grant","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70009916,"text":"70009916 - 1977 - CO2-filled vesicles in mid-ocean basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:21","indexId":"70009916","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CO2-filled vesicles in mid-ocean basalt","docAbstract":"Volatile-filled vesicles are present in minor amounts in all samples of mid-ocean basalt yet collected (and presumably erupted) down to depths of 4.8 km. When such vesicles are pierced in liquid under standard conditions, the volume expansion of the gas is 0.2 ?? 0.05 times the eruption pressure in bars or 20 ?? 5 times the eruption depth in km. Such expansion could be used as a measure of eruption depth. A variety of techniques: (1) vacuum crushing and gas chromatographic, freezing separation, and mass spectrographic analyses; (2) measurements of phase changes on a freezing microscope stage; (3) microscopic chemical and solubility observations; and (4) volume change measurements, all indicate that CO2 comprises more than 95% by volume of the vesicle gas in several submarine basalt samples from the Atlantic and Pacific. The CO2 held in vesicles is present in quantities about equal to or greater than that presumed to be dissolved in the glass (melt) and amounts to 400-900 ppm of the rock. The rigid temperature of the glass is 800-1000??C and increases for shallower samples. A sulfur gas was originally present in subordinate amounts in the vesicles, but has largely reacted with iron in the vesicle walls to produce sulfide spherules. ?? 1977.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Batchelder, J.N., and Cunningham, C.G., 1977, CO2-filled vesicles in mid-ocean basalt: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 2, no. 4, p. 309-327.","startPage":"309","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2d5e4b0c8380cd4b3fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batchelder, J. N.","contributorId":89870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batchelder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162518,"text":"70162518 - 1976 - Petrology of the Paloma Valley ring complex, southern California batholith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T19:15:30","indexId":"70162518","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of the Paloma Valley ring complex, southern California batholith","docAbstract":"The Paloma Valley ring complex is one of the numerous plutons that make up the Cretaceous southern California batholith. The complex is composite, consisting of (1) an older, single ring dike and two subsidiary short-arced inner dikes, and (2) a younger set of thin short-arced dikes largely inside the older ring dike. The older ring dike, composed of granodiorite-quartz monzonite, has nearly vertical walls and is elliptical in plan; its long axis (14 km) is oriented west-northwest. It was emplaced in and contains numerous fragments of gabbro. The more than 200 short-arced granitic pegmatite dikes, mainly ranging from 0.2 to 1 m in thickness, define a domal ring dike set with moderately to steeply dipping outer dikes and nearly horizontal inner dikes. The younger dikes cut both the older ring dike and the gabbro. Spatially associated with the younger dikes are bodies of fine-grained granophyre that contain stringers of granitic pegmatite. The granophyre has an Mg content similar to that of the younger ring-dike rock, but contains less K and more Fe. The older ring dike is interpreted to have been magmatically emplaced in an elliptical zone of ring fracturing in gabbro; the magma made room by stoping the denser gabbro with little assimilation. Upon a release of pressure, a set of domal fractures formed, along which volatile-rich magma was emplaced, forming the younger ring dikes. Granophyre resulted from pressure-quenching through a loss of volatiles. Residual volatiles, or volatiles that were introduced later, recrystallized parts of the granophyre and caused the formation of pegmatite stringers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., and Bard, A., 1976, Petrology of the Paloma Valley ring complex, southern California batholith: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 1, p. 83-89.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"89","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.3,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 33\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75564e4b0b28f1184d86b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, D. M.","contributorId":54608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bard, A.M.","contributorId":22290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bard","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9169,"text":"ofr76610 - 1976 - Determination of volatile organohalides in water and treated sewage effluents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr76610","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-610","title":"Determination of volatile organohalides in water and treated sewage effluents","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76610","usgsCitation":"Goerlitz, D., 1976, Determination of volatile organohalides in water and treated sewage effluents: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-610, 14, [7] leaves :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76610.","productDescription":"14, [7] leaves :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66745c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goerlitz, D.F.","contributorId":8445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4175,"text":"cir744 - 1976 - Research by the U.S. Geological Survey on organic materials in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"cir744","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"744","title":"Research by the U.S. Geological Survey on organic materials in water","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has responsibility for investigating the Nation's water resources for source, availability, quantity, and quality. This paper describes the Geological Survey's research on organic substances in water and fluvial sediments. Results and ongoing studies are examined. Typical research includes: Separation, concentration, and chromatographic identification of volatile acids; free-flow electrophoresis fractionation of natural organic materials; identification of chlorinated insecticides in suspended sediments and bottom materials; fate of organics following underground disposal; determination of humic and fulvic acid stability constants and characterizations; identification of low-molecular weight chloroorganic constituents in water; PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl compound) distribution in aquatic environments; dissolved organic carbon in ground water; and improvement in separation and concentration schemes prior to analyses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey :\r\nArlington, Va. :\r\ndistributed by Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir744","usgsCitation":"Baker, R., 1976, Research by the U.S. Geological Survey on organic materials in water: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 744, iii, 6 p. ;26 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir744.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p. ;26 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1976/0744/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31285,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1976/0744/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a053","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Robert Andrew","contributorId":71532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Robert Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14811,"text":"ofr76335 - 1976 - Geochemical prospecting for Carlin-type gold deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:06","indexId":"ofr76335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-335","title":"Geochemical prospecting for Carlin-type gold deposits","docAbstract":"Disseminated, Carlin-type, gold deposits are associated with a volatile suite of elements consisting of Hg, As, Sb, W, and sometimes, but not always, Au. Geochemical exploration for this type of disseminated deposit depends upon recognizing the significance of this volatile suite and interpreting it in light of other geologic and geophysical data. One way of estimating the significance of the volatile suite is to determine enrichment factors. The enrichment factor is defined as abundance divided by crustal abundance or abundance divided by the local Clarke. Enrichment factors for the volatile suite in specific areas of the Edna Mountain quadrangle, Humboldt County, Nevada, interpreted with other geologic and geophysical factors, indicate that a potential for disseminated gold mineralization exists. Although most known disseminated gold deposits are exposed at the surface, the potential for finding additional buried or concealed deposits in north-central Nevada is high. Future geochemical exploration programs should be geared toward finding these buried or concealed deposits,-which may be indicated at the surface by leakage halos of the volatile suite.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76335","usgsCitation":"Marsh, S.P., 1976, Geochemical prospecting for Carlin-type gold deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-335, 9 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76335.","productDescription":"9 leaves ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43600,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6aded3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsh, Sherman P.","contributorId":42950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Sherman","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010860,"text":"70010860 - 1976 - Determination of trace amounts of tin in geological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T17:24:34.348693","indexId":"70010860","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of trace amounts of tin in geological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"An atomic absorption method is described for the determination of traces of tin in rocks, soils, and stream sediments. A dried mixture of the sample and ammonium iodide is heated to volatilize tin tetraiodide -which is then dissolved in 5 % hydrochloric acid, extracted into TOPO-MIBK, and aspirated into a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. The limit of determination is 2 p.p.m. tin and the relative standard deviation ranges from 2 to 14 %. Up to 20 % iron and 1000 p.p.m. Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Hg, Mo, V, or W in the sample do not interfere. As many as 50 samples can be easily analyzed per man-day.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84611-0","usgsCitation":"Welsch, E.P., and Chao, T.T., 1976, Determination of trace amounts of tin in geological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 82, no. 2, p. 337-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84611-0.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"342","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe1e4b0c8380cd4f44d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welsch, E. P.","contributorId":6050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsch","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010997,"text":"70010997 - 1976 - Search for organic and volatile inorganic compounds in two surface samples from the chryse planitia region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-22T16:47:57","indexId":"70010997","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search for organic and volatile inorganic compounds in two surface samples from the chryse planitia region of Mars","docAbstract":"Two surface samples collected from the Chryse Planitia region of Mars were heated to temperatures up to 500??C, and the volatiles that they evolved were analyzed with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Only water and carbon dioxide were detected. This implies that organic compounds have not accumulated to the extent that individual components could be detected at levels of a few parts in 109 by weight in our samples. Proposed mechanisms for the accumulation and destruction of organic compounds are discussed in the light of this limit.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.194.4260.72","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Biemann, K., Oro, J., Toulmin, P., Orgel, L.E., Nier, A., Anderson, D., Simmonds, P., Flory, D., Diaz, A., Rushneck, D., and Biller, J., 1976, Search for organic and volatile inorganic compounds in two surface samples from the chryse planitia region of Mars: Science, v. 194, no. 4260, p. 72-76, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4260.72.","startPage":"72","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"194","issue":"4260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8845e4b08c986b3168b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biemann, K.","contributorId":76065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biemann","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oro, John","contributorId":21683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oro","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33349,"text":"Department of Biophysical Science, University of Houston","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":360047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toulmin, P. III","contributorId":81244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toulmin","given":"P.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orgel, Leslie E.","contributorId":50652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orgel","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":33348,"text":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":360051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nier, A.O.","contributorId":104627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nier","given":"A.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, D.M.","contributorId":32294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Simmonds, P.G.","contributorId":24919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmonds","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Flory, D.","contributorId":90039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flory","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Diaz, A.V.","contributorId":105854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rushneck, D.R.","contributorId":35875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rushneck","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Biller, J.A.","contributorId":81636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biller","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70010231,"text":"70010231 - 1976 - Reduction of mare basalts by sulfur loss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T16:51:39.345042","indexId":"70010231","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of mare basalts by sulfur loss","docAbstract":"Metallic Fe content and S abundance are inversely correlated in mare basalts. Either S volatilization from the melt results in reduction of Fe2+ to Fe0 or else high S content decreases Fe0 activity in the melt, thus explaining the correlation. All considerations favor the model that metallic iron in mare basalts is due to sulfur loss. The Apollo 11 and 17 mare basalt melts were probably saturated with S at the time of eruption; the Apollo 12 and 15 basalts were probably not saturated.
Non-mare rocks show a positive correlation of S abundance with metallic Fe content; it is proposed that this is due to the addition of meteoritic material having a fairly constant Fe0/S ratio. If true, metallic Fe content or S abundance in non-mare rocks provides a measure of degree of meteoritic contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(76)90042-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Brett, R., 1976, Reduction of mare basalts by sulfur loss: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, no. 9, p. 997-1004, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90042-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"997","endPage":"1004","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3dfe4b0e8fec6cdb9ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brett, R.","contributorId":106632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brett","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232450,"text":"70232450 - 1974 - Spectrophotometric determination of niobium in rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T16:38:27.14624","indexId":"70232450","displayToPublicDate":"1974-05-01T11:31:50","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectrophotometric determination of niobium in rocks","docAbstract":"After acid decomposition and evaporation to volatilize silica, samples containing 0.5 6 μg Nb are fused with pyrosulfate and dissolved in hydrochloric acid tartaric acid. Niobium is separated by thiocyanate extraction with amyl alcohol and back-extracting from the organic solvent with dilute hydrofluoric acid. Niobium is reacted with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol to obtain a colored species. Analytical error, estimated from replicate analyses of eight U.S. Geological Survey standard rocks, ranges from 2.9 to 6.4 percent at the 1 27 μg/g Nb level.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Greenland, L.P., and Campbell, E., 1974, Spectrophotometric determination of niobium in rocks: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 3, p. 353-355.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"355","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402857,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402856,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue3/report.pdf"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenland, L. Paul","contributorId":22488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenland","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, E.Y.","contributorId":59803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"E.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011076,"text":"70011076 - 1974 - Movement of elements into the atmosphere from coniferous trees in subalpine forests of Colorado and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:20:58.585897","indexId":"70011076","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of elements into the atmosphere from coniferous trees in subalpine forests of Colorado and Idaho","docAbstract":"Total mercury in a variety of substances is determined rapidly and precisely by direct sample combustion, collection of released mercury by amalgamation, and photometric measurement of mercury volatilized from the heated amalgam. Up to 0.2 g fish tissue is heated in a stream of O2 (1.2 L/min) for 3.5 min in 1 tube of a 2-tube induction furnace. The released mercury vapor and combustion products are carried by the stream of O2 through a series of traps (6% NaOH scrubber, water condenser, and Mg(ClO4)2 drying tube) and the mercury is collected in a 10 mm diameter column of 24 gauge gold wire (8 g) cut into 3 mm lengths. The resulting amalgam is heated in the second tube of the induction furnace and the volatilized mercury is measured with a mercury vapor meter equipped with a recorder-integrator. Total analysis time is approximately 8 min/sample. The detection limit is less than 0.002 μg and the system is easily converted for use with other biological materials, water, and sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","publisherLocation":"Gaithersburg, MD","doi":"10.1093/jaoac/56.4.1008","usgsCitation":"Willford, W.A., Hesselberg, R.J., and Bergman, H.L., 1973, Versatile combustion-amalgamation technique for the photometric determination of mercury in fish and environmental samples: Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, v. 56, no. 4, p. 1008-1014, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/56.4.1008.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1008","endPage":"1014","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263343,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ae0609e4b03b26ec4d3840","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willford, Wayne A.","contributorId":67446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willford","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hesselberg, Robert J.","contributorId":36074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesselberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergman, Harold L.","contributorId":99099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70001390,"text":"70001390 - 1973 - Vesicles, water, and sulfur in Reykjanes Ridge basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T22:20:49.285414","indexId":"70001390","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:21","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vesicles, water, and sulfur in Reykjanes Ridge basalts","docAbstract":"Dredge hauls of fresh submarine basalt collected from the axis of the Reykjanes Ridge (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) south of Iceland were taken aboard R/ V TRIDENT in 1967 and 1971. The samples show systematic changes as the water depth of collection (and eruption) decreases: radially elongate vesicles and concentric zones of vesicles appear at about 700 m depth and are conspicuous to shallow water; the smoothed volume percent of vesicles increases from 5% at 1000 m, 10% at 700 m, to 16% at 500 m, and the scatter in degree of vesicularity increases in shallower water; specific gravity decreases from 2.7±0.1 at 1000 m to 2.3±0.3 at 100 m.
Bulk sulfur content for the outer 2 cm averages 843 ppm up to a depth of 200 m, then drops off rapidly in shallower water owing to degassing. Sulfur content below 200 m is independent of depth (or geographic position), and the melt is apparently saturated with sulfur, but the excess cannot escape the lava unless another vehicle carries it out. Only shallower than 200 m, where intense vesiculation of other gases occurs can excess sulfur be lost from the lava erupting on the sea floor.
H2O+110° averages about 0.35 percent and H2O+150° about 0.25 percent, and both apparently decrease in water shallower than 200 m as a result of degassing. H2O+ (below 200 m) decreases with distance from Iceland or increasing depth, presumably as a result of either adsorption of water on the surface of shallower, more vesicular rocks; or more likely due to the presence of the Iceland hot mantle plume supplying undifferentiated primordial material, relative to lavas of the Reykjanes Ridge supplied from the low velocity layer already depleted in volatiles and large lithophile elements. The H2O+110°/S ratio of lava erupting below 200 m water depth ranges from 3 to 5 which is comparable to reliable gas analyses from oceanic basaltic volcanoes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00375036","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Schilling, J., 1973, Vesicles, water, and sulfur in Reykjanes Ridge basalts: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 41, no. 2, p. 105-118, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375036.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"118","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-14.5087,66.45589],[-14.73964,65.80875],[-13.60973,65.12667],[-14.90983,64.36408],[-17.79444,63.67875],[-18.65625,63.49638],[-19.97275,63.64363],[-22.76297,63.96018],[-21.77848,64.40212],[-23.95504,64.89113],[-22.1844,65.08497],[-22.22742,65.37859],[-24.32618,65.61119],[-23.65051,66.26252],[-22.13492,66.41047],[-20.57628,65.73211],[-19.05684,66.2766],[-17.79862,65.99385],[-16.16782,66.52679],[-14.5087,66.45589]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iceland\"}}]}","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601ece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, J.-G.","contributorId":55127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"J.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162001,"text":"70162001 - 1973 - Loss of volatiles during fountaining and flowage of basaltic lava at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T14:07:42","indexId":"70162001","displayToPublicDate":"1973-11-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loss of volatiles during fountaining and flowage of basaltic lava at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The amount of water and sulfur in pumice erupted during periods of vigorous activity during the 1969-71 Mauna Ulu eruption varied inversely with fountain height because of degassing during the fountaining. The pumice lost about 0.05 wt percent water and 0.003 wt percent sulfur during fountaining to heights of 400-540 m. Analyses suggest that the initial volatile content of Mauna Ulu lava was greater immediately preceding periods of high fountaining than during weak activity between those periods or after the last high fountains on December 30, 1969. Water and sulfur were systematically depleted during nearly isothermal flowage in lava tubes. Rapidly quenched samples of dipped melt show losses of about 0.03-0.04 wt percent water and 0.007-0.008 wt percent sulfur during flowage for several hours through a distance of 12 km. Glassy skins on cooled pahoehoe flows contain about 0.002-0.003 wt percent less sulfur than quenched melt at comparable distances from the vent, because of continued degassing under natural cooling conditions. Chlorine shows similar but less well defined trends. Pumice erupted in high fountains becomes more strongly oxidized than the parent magma, because of mixing with air while still at high temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D., and Fabbi, B.P., 1973, Loss of volatiles during fountaining and flowage of basaltic lava at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 6, p. 649-658.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"658","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":314169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.01022338867188,\n 19.33706180106996\n ],\n [\n -155.04318237304688,\n 19.41997316110168\n ],\n [\n -155.12969970703125,\n 19.462707821188026\n ],\n [\n -155.2752685546875,\n 19.44328437042322\n ],\n [\n -155.30410766601562,\n 19.47177130210513\n ],\n [\n -155.32745361328125,\n 19.456233596018\n ],\n [\n -155.44418334960938,\n 19.232066735684665\n ],\n [\n -155.44692993164062,\n 19.198350361162994\n ],\n [\n -155.39337158203125,\n 19.19056867766461\n ],\n [\n -155.32058715820312,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -155.29998779296875,\n 19.257997699830604\n ],\n [\n -155.25466918945312,\n 19.268368937880687\n ],\n [\n -155.17501831054688,\n 19.250218840825692\n ],\n [\n -155.01022338867188,\n 19.33706180106996\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e048e4b039675d005e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":22303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fabbi, Brent P.","contributorId":64244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabbi","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}