{"pageNumber":"69","pageRowStart":"1700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":1766,"records":[{"id":9775,"text":"ofr79716 - 1979 - Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Mineral Mountain and Teapot Mountain quadrangles, Pinal County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr79716","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-716","title":"Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Mineral Mountain and Teapot Mountain quadrangles, Pinal County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The widespread distribution of Tertiary volcanic rocks in south-central Arizona is controlled in part by prevolcanic structures along which volcanic vents were localized. Volcanic rocks in the Mineral Mountain and Teapot Mountain quadrangles mark the site of a major northwest-trending structural hingeline. This hingeline divides an older Precambrian X terrane on the west from intensely deformed sequences of rock as young as Pennsylvanian on the east, suggesting increased westerly uplift. The volcanic rocks consist of a pile of complexly interlayered rhyolite, andesite, dacite, flows and intrusive rocks, water-laid tuffs, and very minor olivine basalt. Although the rocks erupted from several different vents, time relations, space relations, and chemistry each give strong evidence of a single source for all the rocks. Available data (by the K-Ar dating method) on hornblende and biotite separates from the volcanic rocks range from 14 to 19 m.y. and establish the pre-middle Miocene age of major dislocations along the structural hingeline. Most of the volcanic rocks contain glass, either at the base of the flows or as an envelope around the intrusive phases. One of the intrusive rhyolites, however, seems to represent one of the final eruptions. Intense vesiculation of the intrusive rhyolite suggests a large content of volatiles at the time of its eruption. Mineralization is associated with the more silicic of these middle Miocene volcanic rocks; specifically, extensive fissure quartz veins contain locally significant amounts of silver, lead, and zinc and minor amounts of gold. Many of the most productive deposits are hosted by the volcanic rocks, although others occur in the Precambrian rocks. Magnetic data correspond roughly to the geology in outlining the overall extent of the volcanic rocks as a magnetic low.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79716","usgsCitation":"Keith, W.J., and Theodore, T., 1979, Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Mineral Mountain and Teapot Mountain quadrangles, Pinal County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-716, iii, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79716.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0716/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37536,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0716/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684cf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, William J.","contributorId":21146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theodore, Ted G.","contributorId":57840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"Ted G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012282,"text":"70012282 - 1979 - Volcanic resurfacing rates and implications for volatiles on Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012282","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic resurfacing rates and implications for volatiles on Io","docAbstract":"Resurfacing rates and surface ages on Io are estimated, together with the material ejection and deposition rates of the active volcanic plumes. ?? 1979 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/280746a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T.V., Cook, A., Sagan, C., and Soderblom, L., 1979, Volcanic resurfacing rates and implications for volatiles on Io: Nature, v. 280, no. 5725, p. 746-750, https://doi.org/10.1038/280746a0.","startPage":"746","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205232,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/280746a0"}],"volume":"280","issue":"5725","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc301e4b08c986b32aedd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, A.F. II","contributorId":95184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"A.F.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sagan, C.","contributorId":42336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sagan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70012478,"text":"70012478 - 1979 - Chemical composition of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T15:49:02.625004","indexId":"70012478","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition of Mars","docAbstract":"<p>The composition of Mars has been calculated from the cosmochemical model of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Ganapathy</span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Anders</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(1974) which assumes that planets and chondrites underwent the same 4 fractionation processes in the solar nebula. Because elements of similar volatility stay together in these processes, only 4 index elements (U, Fe, K and Tl or Ar<sup>36</sup>) are needed to calculate the abundances of all 83 elements in the planet. The values chosen are<span>&nbsp;</span><i>U</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 28<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ppb</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 62<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ppm</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(based on<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>K</mtext><mtext>U</mtext><mtext>= 2200</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">KU= 2200</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>from orbital γ-spectrometry and on thermal history calculations by Toksöz and Hsui (1978)<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Fe</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 26.72% (from geophysical data), and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Tl</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.14<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ppb</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(from the Ar<sup>36</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and Ar<sup>40</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>abundances measured by Viking).</p><p>The mantle of Mars is an iron-rich [<i>Mg</i>/(<i>Mg</i><span>&nbsp;</span>+<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Fe</i>) = 0.77] garnet wehrlite (<i>ρ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 3.52−3.54<span>&nbsp;</span><i>g</i>/<i>cm</i><sup>3</sup>), similar to McGetchin and Smyth's (1978) estimate but containing more Ca and Al. It is nearly identical to the bulk Moon composition of Morgan<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(1978b). The core makes up 0.19 of the planet and contains 3.5% S—much less than estimated by other models. Volatiles have nearly Moon-like abundances, being depleted relative to the Earth by factors of 0.36 (K-group,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub><i>cond</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>= 600–1300<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i>) or 0.029 (Tl group,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub><i>cond</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 600<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i>). The water abundance corresponds to a 9 m layer, but could be higher by as much as a factor of 11.</p><p>Comparison of model compositions for 5 differentiated planets (Earth, Venus, Mars, Moon, and eucrite parent body) suggests that volatile depletion correlates mainly with size rather than with radial distance from the Sun. However, the relatively high volatile content of shergottites and some chondrites shows that the correlation is not simple; other factors must also be involved.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(79)90180-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., and Anders, E., 1979, Chemical composition of Mars: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 43, no. 10, p. 1601-1610, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90180-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1601","endPage":"1610","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"43","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f562e4b0c8380cd4c1d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anders, E.","contributorId":64803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70233041,"text":"70233041 - 1978 - Spectrochemical determination of submicrogram amounts of tungsten in geologic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T14:46:14.479153","indexId":"70233041","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T09:44:22","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectrochemical determination of submicrogram amounts of tungsten in geologic materials","docAbstract":"<p>A rapid, sensitive, emission spectrographic method for the determination of tungsten in geologic materials has been developed. Sample fusion with potassium hydroxide followed by a hot-water leach renders the tungsten soluble. Acidification of the solution, reduction with titanium trichloride, complexing with thiocyanate, and ether extraction separate and concentrate the tungsten. An aliquot of the ether solution is pipetted into the cavity of a preformed graphite electrode containing 6 milligrams of sodium carbonate and is evaporated. The carbonate flux prevents formation of refractory tungsten carbide during arcing, resulting in nearly complete volatilization of tungsten during a short exposure period. Spectra from direct-current arc excitation of the tungsten are recorded on film and visually compared to standard spectra. A determination limit of 0.2-part-per-million tungsten is obtained from a 0.5-gram sample with a sample completion average of 30-50 samples per man-day.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Leinz, R.W., and Grimes, D.J., 1978, Spectrochemical determination of submicrogram amounts of tungsten in geologic materials: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 259-262.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"262","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leinz, Reinhard W.","contributorId":60628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leinz","given":"Reinhard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grimes, David J.","contributorId":36925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimes","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70233484,"text":"70233484 - 1977 - Age and tectonic setting of lower Paleozoic alkalic and mafic rocks, carbonatites, and thorium veins in South-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T16:04:59.305879","indexId":"70233484","displayToPublicDate":"1977-11-01T10:56:46","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and tectonic setting of lower Paleozoic alkalic and mafic rocks, carbonatites, and thorium veins in South-central Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>Alkalic igneous rocks were emplaced into heterogeneous terrane of Precambrian X and Precambrian Y rocks about 570 m.y. ago (Cambrian or upper Precambrian) in the Powderhorn area in Gunnison County and about 520 m.y. ago (Cambrian) in the McClure Mountain, Gem Park, and Democrat Creek areas in the northern Wet Mountains, Fremont and Custer Counties. The radiometric ages are based upon studies by K-Ar, Rb-Sr, and fission-track methods. Associated with these alkalic rock complexes are numerous thorium-bearing veins and red syenite dikes; some, if not all, in the northern Wet Mountains were formed about 495 m.y. ago. Diabase, gabbro, and other mafic dikes appear to be slightly younger than the thorium veins in the Powderhorn area and both older and younger in the Wet Mountains region. In the Powderhorn district, an older group of syenites also intruded Precambrian rocks as plugs or small stocks about 1350-1400 m.y. ago. The various dike rocks and the thorium veins were formed in extensive, deep fractures, indicating a condition of tension or shear in this part of the crust during Cambrian or very late Precambrian to Ordovician time. The localized alkalic magmatisin may reflect melting spots in the mantle. In the two principal areas, 135 km apart, the episodes of alkalic magmatism differ in age by about 50 m.y., the younger toward the east. The age relations might be explained by migration of the sites of localized melting or volatile enrichment in the mantle or westward movement of the continent above a single site. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Olson, J.C., Marvin, R.F., Parker, R.L., and Mehnert, H.H., 1977, Age and tectonic setting of lower Paleozoic alkalic and mafic rocks, carbonatites, and thorium veins in South-central Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 6, p. 673-687.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"673","endPage":"687","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.90771484375,\n              37.23032838760387\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.39208984375,\n              37.23032838760387\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.39208984375,\n              39.01064750994083\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.90771484375,\n              39.01064750994083\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.90771484375,\n              37.23032838760387\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Jerry C.","contributorId":89202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marvin, Richard F.","contributorId":23125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Raymond Laurence","contributorId":29385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"Laurence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mehnert, Harald H.","contributorId":56221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Harald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207915,"text":"70207915 - 1977 - Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near lat 36°49′N","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T11:25:57","indexId":"70207915","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-20T11:08:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near lat 36°49′N","docAbstract":"<p>Fifty acoustically positioned samples of fresh basalt were collected by the submersible<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Alvin</i><span>&nbsp;</span>from the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during the French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS) in the summer of 1974. The samples show regular compositional variations from the center of the rift valley (central lava flows) out to the rift valley walls (flank lava flows). The central lava samples show higher ratios of olivine relative to clinopyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts and contain chrome spinel. Glasses of the flank lava samples are enriched in SiO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>O, H<sub>2</sub>O, and FeO/MgO relative to central lava samples.</p><p>Studies of the thickness of palagonite and manganese crusts indicate that the flank lava flows are considerably younger than the inferred spreading age of the crust on which they occur. Flank lavas are generally older than central lavas, but notable exceptions occur.</p><p>The composition of the flank lava glass can be derived by the removal of approximately 29 wt percent of analyzed phenocrysts (in the ratio 5.7 plagioclase, 2.5 olivine, 1.8 clinopyroxene) from the central lava glass. In addition, other processes (possibly involving volatile transfer) must enrich the flank lavas in K<sub>2</sub>O, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p><p>A model is proposed whereby this crystal fractionation occurs in a shallow, narrow (6-km-wide) magma chamber underlying the median valley. The chamber is compositionally zoned, and central lavas are fed from dikes tapping its hotter axial zone, whereas flank lavas are fed from the cooler, differentiated melt on the margins. The nature of the chemical variations in the lavas permits an estimate of the composition and thickness of the cumulates forming at the base of the chamber.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<556:CVOYBI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bryan, W., and Moore, J.G., 1977, Compositional variations of young basalts in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near lat 36°49′N: GSA Bulletin, v. 88, no. 4, p. 556-570, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<556:CVOYBI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"556","endPage":"570","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near lat 36°49′N","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -44.736328125,\n              29.22889003019423\n            ],\n            [\n              -30.322265625000004,\n              29.22889003019423\n            ],\n            [\n              -30.322265625000004,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -44.736328125,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -44.736328125,\n              29.22889003019423\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"88","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryan, W.B.","contributorId":100412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232977,"text":"70232977 - 1977 - Some characteristics of Pele's hair","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T14:57:56.072834","indexId":"70232977","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T09:51:25","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some characteristics of Pele's hair","docAbstract":"<p>Pele's hair is a filamentous variety of brown sideromelane glass that forms during eruption of basaltic lava. Strands of Pele's hair form from droplets of lava that are spun or stretched into filaments during quenching, and others may form as chilled streamers of lava. Common elongate vesicles, sometimes twisted, indicate extreme stretching and twisting during hair formation. Hair diameter ranges from about 1 to 300 micrometres. Refractive index of hairs decreases with hair diameter and is most probably a function of the process of formation rather than chemical composition. Masses of Pele's hair form natural spun-glass filters that trap small particles and serve as sites for sublimate deposition. Such deposition may begin even while hair is falling to the ground through an eruption fume cloud. Sublimates include carbonates, sulfates, sulfur, and less commonly hydrocarbons, thus complicating the interpretation of volatiles in Pele's hair in terms of original magmatic constituents. Vesicles, which provide the most nearly pure samples of magmatic volatiles, contain mostly H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., Gibson, E.K., and Heiken, G., 1977, Some characteristics of Pele's hair: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 1, p. 93-101.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403752,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue1/report.pdf","size":"29206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibson, Everett K. Jr.","contributorId":293182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"Everett","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":37453,"text":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":846606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heiken, Grant","contributorId":88773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiken","given":"Grant","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70009916,"text":"70009916 - 1977 - CO2-filled vesicles in mid-ocean basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:21","indexId":"70009916","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CO2-filled vesicles in mid-ocean basalt","docAbstract":"Volatile-filled vesicles are present in minor amounts in all samples of mid-ocean basalt yet collected (and presumably erupted) down to depths of 4.8 km. When such vesicles are pierced in liquid under standard conditions, the volume expansion of the gas is 0.2 ?? 0.05 times the eruption pressure in bars or 20 ?? 5 times the eruption depth in km. Such expansion could be used as a measure of eruption depth. A variety of techniques: (1) vacuum crushing and gas chromatographic, freezing separation, and mass spectrographic analyses; (2) measurements of phase changes on a freezing microscope stage; (3) microscopic chemical and solubility observations; and (4) volume change measurements, all indicate that CO2 comprises more than 95% by volume of the vesicle gas in several submarine basalt samples from the Atlantic and Pacific. The CO2 held in vesicles is present in quantities about equal to or greater than that presumed to be dissolved in the glass (melt) and amounts to 400-900 ppm of the rock. The rigid temperature of the glass is 800-1000??C and increases for shallower samples. A sulfur gas was originally present in subordinate amounts in the vesicles, but has largely reacted with iron in the vesicle walls to produce sulfide spherules. ?? 1977.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Batchelder, J.N., and Cunningham, C.G., 1977, CO2-filled vesicles in mid-ocean basalt: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 2, no. 4, p. 309-327.","startPage":"309","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2d5e4b0c8380cd4b3fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batchelder, J. N.","contributorId":89870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batchelder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70162518,"text":"70162518 - 1976 - Petrology of the Paloma Valley ring complex, southern California batholith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T19:15:30","indexId":"70162518","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of the Paloma Valley ring complex, southern California batholith","docAbstract":"<p>The Paloma Valley ring complex is one of the numerous plutons that make up the Cretaceous southern California batholith. The complex is composite, consisting of (1) an older, single ring dike and two subsidiary short-arced inner dikes, and (2) a younger set of thin short-arced dikes largely inside the older ring dike. The older ring dike, composed of granodiorite-quartz monzonite, has nearly vertical walls and is elliptical in plan; its long axis (14 km) is oriented west-northwest. It was emplaced in and contains numerous fragments of gabbro. The more than 200 short-arced granitic pegmatite dikes, mainly ranging from 0.2 to 1 m in thickness, define a domal ring dike set with moderately to steeply dipping outer dikes and nearly horizontal inner dikes. The younger dikes cut both the older ring dike and the gabbro. Spatially associated with the younger dikes are bodies of fine-grained granophyre that contain stringers of granitic pegmatite. The granophyre has an Mg content similar to that of the younger ring-dike rock, but contains less K and more Fe. The older ring dike is interpreted to have been magmatically emplaced in an elliptical zone of ring fracturing in gabbro; the magma made room by stoping the denser gabbro with little assimilation. Upon a release of pressure, a set of domal fractures formed, along which volatile-rich magma was emplaced, forming the younger ring dikes. Granophyre resulted from pressure-quenching through a loss of volatiles. Residual volatiles, or volatiles that were introduced later, recrystallized parts of the granophyre and caused the formation of pegmatite stringers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., and Bard, A., 1976, Petrology of the Paloma Valley ring complex, southern California batholith: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 1, p. 83-89.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"89","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.3,\n              33\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.3,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              33\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.3,\n              33\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75564e4b0b28f1184d86b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, D. M.","contributorId":54608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bard, A.M.","contributorId":22290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bard","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14811,"text":"ofr76335 - 1976 - Geochemical prospecting for Carlin-type gold deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:06","indexId":"ofr76335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-335","title":"Geochemical prospecting for Carlin-type gold deposits","docAbstract":"Disseminated, Carlin-type, gold deposits are associated with a volatile suite of elements consisting of Hg, As, Sb, W, and sometimes, but not always, Au. Geochemical exploration for this type of disseminated deposit depends upon recognizing the significance of this volatile suite and interpreting it in light of other geologic and geophysical data. One way of estimating the significance of the volatile suite is to determine enrichment factors. The enrichment factor is defined as abundance divided by crustal abundance or abundance divided by the local Clarke. Enrichment factors for the volatile suite in specific areas of the Edna Mountain quadrangle, Humboldt County, Nevada, interpreted with other geologic and geophysical factors, indicate that a potential for disseminated gold mineralization exists. Although most known disseminated gold deposits are exposed at the surface, the potential for finding additional buried or concealed deposits in north-central Nevada is high. Future geochemical exploration programs should be geared toward finding these buried or concealed deposits,-which may be indicated at the surface by leakage halos of the volatile suite.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76335","usgsCitation":"Marsh, S.P., 1976, Geochemical prospecting for Carlin-type gold deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-335, 9 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76335.","productDescription":"9 leaves ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43600,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6aded3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsh, Sherman P.","contributorId":42950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Sherman","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":9169,"text":"ofr76610 - 1976 - Determination of volatile organohalides in water and treated sewage effluents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr76610","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-610","title":"Determination of volatile organohalides in water and treated sewage effluents","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76610","usgsCitation":"Goerlitz, D., 1976, Determination of volatile organohalides in water and treated sewage effluents: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-610, 14, [7] leaves :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76610.","productDescription":"14, [7] leaves :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66745c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goerlitz, D.F.","contributorId":8445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4175,"text":"cir744 - 1976 - Research by the U.S. Geological Survey on organic materials in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"cir744","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"744","title":"Research by the U.S. Geological Survey on organic materials in water","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has responsibility for investigating the Nation's water resources for source, availability, quantity, and quality. This paper describes the Geological Survey's research on organic substances in water and fluvial sediments. Results and ongoing studies are examined. Typical research includes: Separation, concentration, and chromatographic identification of volatile acids; free-flow electrophoresis fractionation of natural organic materials; identification of chlorinated insecticides in suspended sediments and bottom materials; fate of organics following underground disposal; determination of humic and fulvic acid stability constants and characterizations; identification of low-molecular weight chloroorganic constituents in water; PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl compound) distribution in aquatic environments; dissolved organic carbon in ground water; and improvement in separation and concentration schemes prior to analyses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey :\r\nArlington, Va. :\r\ndistributed by Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir744","usgsCitation":"Baker, R., 1976, Research by the U.S. Geological Survey on organic materials in water: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 744, iii, 6 p. ;26 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir744.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p. ;26 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1976/0744/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31285,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1976/0744/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a053","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Robert Andrew","contributorId":71532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Robert Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010231,"text":"70010231 - 1976 - Reduction of mare basalts by sulfur loss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T16:51:39.345042","indexId":"70010231","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of mare basalts by sulfur loss","docAbstract":"<p>Metallic Fe content and S abundance are inversely correlated in mare basalts. Either S volatilization from the melt results in reduction of Fe<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to Fe<sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>or else high S content decreases Fe<sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>activity in the melt, thus explaining the correlation. All considerations favor the model that metallic iron in mare basalts is due to sulfur loss. The Apollo 11 and 17 mare basalt melts were probably saturated with S at the time of eruption; the Apollo 12 and 15 basalts were probably not saturated.</p><p>Non-mare rocks show a positive correlation of S abundance with metallic Fe content; it is proposed that this is due to the addition of meteoritic material having a fairly constant Fe<sup>0</sup>/S ratio. If true, metallic Fe content or S abundance in non-mare rocks provides a measure of degree of meteoritic contamination.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(76)90042-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Brett, R., 1976, Reduction of mare basalts by sulfur loss: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, no. 9, p. 997-1004, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90042-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"997","endPage":"1004","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3dfe4b0e8fec6cdb9ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brett, R.","contributorId":106632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brett","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010860,"text":"70010860 - 1976 - Determination of trace amounts of tin in geological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T17:24:34.348693","indexId":"70010860","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of trace amounts of tin in geological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"<p><span>An atomic absorption method is described for the determination of traces of tin in rocks, soils, and stream sediments. A dried mixture of the sample and ammonium iodide is heated to volatilize tin tetraiodide -which is then dissolved in 5 % hydrochloric acid, extracted into TOPO-MIBK, and aspirated into a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. The limit of determination is 2 p.p.m. tin and the relative standard deviation ranges from 2 to 14 %. Up to 20 % iron and 1000 p.p.m. Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Hg, Mo, V, or W in the sample do not interfere. As many as 50 samples can be easily analyzed per man-day.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84611-0","usgsCitation":"Welsch, E.P., and Chao, T.T., 1976, Determination of trace amounts of tin in geological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 82, no. 2, p. 337-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84611-0.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"342","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe1e4b0c8380cd4f44d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welsch, E. P.","contributorId":6050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsch","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010997,"text":"70010997 - 1976 - Search for organic and volatile inorganic compounds in two surface samples from the chryse planitia region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-22T16:47:57","indexId":"70010997","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search for organic and volatile inorganic compounds in two surface samples from the chryse planitia region of Mars","docAbstract":"Two surface samples collected from the Chryse Planitia region of Mars were heated to temperatures up to 500??C, and the volatiles that they evolved were analyzed with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Only water and carbon dioxide were detected. This implies that organic compounds have not accumulated to the extent that individual components could be detected at levels of a few parts in 109 by weight in our samples. Proposed mechanisms for the accumulation and destruction of organic compounds are discussed in the light of this limit.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.194.4260.72","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Biemann, K., Oro, J., Toulmin, P., Orgel, L.E., Nier, A., Anderson, D., Simmonds, P., Flory, D., Diaz, A., Rushneck, D., and Biller, J., 1976, Search for organic and volatile inorganic compounds in two surface samples from the chryse planitia region of Mars: Science, v. 194, no. 4260, p. 72-76, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4260.72.","startPage":"72","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"194","issue":"4260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8845e4b08c986b3168b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biemann, K.","contributorId":76065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biemann","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oro, John","contributorId":21683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oro","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33349,"text":"Department of Biophysical Science, University of Houston","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":360047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toulmin, P. III","contributorId":81244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toulmin","given":"P.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orgel, Leslie E.","contributorId":50652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orgel","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":33348,"text":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":360051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nier, A.O.","contributorId":104627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nier","given":"A.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, D.M.","contributorId":32294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Simmonds, P.G.","contributorId":24919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmonds","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Flory, D.","contributorId":90039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flory","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Diaz, A.V.","contributorId":105854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rushneck, D.R.","contributorId":35875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rushneck","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Biller, J.A.","contributorId":81636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biller","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70232450,"text":"70232450 - 1974 - Spectrophotometric determination of niobium in rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T16:38:27.14624","indexId":"70232450","displayToPublicDate":"1974-05-01T11:31:50","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectrophotometric determination of niobium in rocks","docAbstract":"<p>After acid decomposition and evaporation to volatilize silica, samples containing 0.5 6 <i>μ</i>g Nb are fused with pyrosulfate and dissolved in hydrochloric acid tartaric acid. Niobium is separated by thiocyanate extraction with amyl alcohol and back-extracting from the organic solvent with dilute hydrofluoric acid. Niobium is reacted with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol to obtain a colored species. Analytical error, estimated from replicate analyses of eight U.S. Geological Survey standard rocks, ranges from 2.9 to 6.4 percent at the 1 27 <i>μ</i>g/g Nb level. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Greenland, L.P., and Campbell, E., 1974, Spectrophotometric determination of niobium in rocks: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 3, p. 353-355.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"355","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402857,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402856,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue3/report.pdf"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenland, L. Paul","contributorId":22488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenland","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, E.Y.","contributorId":59803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"E.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011076,"text":"70011076 - 1974 - Movement of elements into the atmosphere from coniferous trees in subalpine forests of Colorado and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:20:58.585897","indexId":"70011076","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of elements into the atmosphere from coniferous trees in subalpine forests of Colorado and Idaho","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Exudates from conifer trees, presumably consisting largely of volatile materials, were sampled at 19 subalpine localitites in Colorado and Idaho where anomalous amounts of several metals were determined in vegetation and mull during previous geochemical testing. The trees sampled were lodgepole pine (<i>Pinus contorta</i>), Engelmann spruce (<i>Picea engelmannii</i>) and Douglas fir (<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>). The condensed exudates were passed through No. 40 Whatman filters, and through 5-micron, 0.45-micron, and 0.05-micron average-pore-diameter membrane filters, evaporated to dryness, and each residue was ashed and analyzed by a semiquantitative spectrographic method.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The ashed residues of the exudates contain lithium, beryllium, boron, sodium, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, arsenic, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, lead, bismuth, cadmium, tin, antimony, barium, and lanthanum.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The presence of these elements suggests that volatile exudates from vegetation are a medium for the transport of elements in the biogeochemical cycle in subalpine environments. Thus, air sampling and analysis of aerosols derived from volatile exudates may be a useful tool in geochemical exploration.</div></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(74)90025-9","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Curtin, G., King, H.D., and Mosier, E.L., 1974, Movement of elements into the atmosphere from coniferous trees in subalpine forests of Colorado and Idaho: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 3, no. 3, p. 245-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(74)90025-9.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"263","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221150,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, 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D.","contributorId":89113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mosier, E. L.","contributorId":71537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70006566,"text":"70006566 - 1973 - Versatile combustion-amalgamation technique for the photometric determination of mercury in fish and environmental samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-03T16:00:13.34117","indexId":"70006566","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2533,"text":"Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Versatile combustion-amalgamation technique for the photometric determination of mercury in fish and environmental samples","docAbstract":"<p><span>Total mercury in a variety of substances is determined rapidly and precisely by direct sample combustion, collection of released mercury by amalgamation, and photometric measurement of mercury volatilized from the heated amalgam. Up to 0.2 g fish tissue is heated in a stream of O</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;(1.2 L/min) for 3.5 min in 1 tube of a 2-tube induction furnace. The released mercury vapor and combustion products are carried by the stream of O</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;through a series of traps (6% NaOH scrubber, water condenser, and Mg(ClO</span><sub>4</sub><span>)</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;drying tube) and the mercury is collected in a 10 mm diameter column of 24 gauge gold wire (8 g) cut into 3 mm lengths. The resulting amalgam is heated in the second tube of the induction furnace and the volatilized mercury is measured with a mercury vapor meter equipped with a recorder-integrator. Total analysis time is approximately 8 min/sample. The detection limit is less than 0.002&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>g and the system is easily converted for use with other biological materials, water, and sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","publisherLocation":"Gaithersburg, MD","doi":"10.1093/jaoac/56.4.1008","usgsCitation":"Willford, W.A., Hesselberg, R.J., and Bergman, H.L., 1973, Versatile combustion-amalgamation technique for the photometric determination of mercury in fish and environmental samples: Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, v. 56, no. 4, p. 1008-1014, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/56.4.1008.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1008","endPage":"1014","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263343,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ae0609e4b03b26ec4d3840","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willford, Wayne A.","contributorId":67446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willford","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hesselberg, Robert J.","contributorId":36074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesselberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergman, Harold L.","contributorId":99099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70001390,"text":"70001390 - 1973 - Vesicles, water, and sulfur in Reykjanes Ridge basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T22:20:49.285414","indexId":"70001390","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:21","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vesicles, water, and sulfur in Reykjanes Ridge basalts","docAbstract":"<p>Dredge hauls of fresh submarine basalt collected from the axis of the Reykjanes Ridge (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) south of Iceland were taken aboard<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R/ V TRIDENT</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in 1967 and 1971. The samples show systematic changes as the water depth of collection (and eruption) decreases: radially elongate vesicles and concentric zones of vesicles appear at about 700 m depth and are conspicuous to shallow water; the smoothed volume percent of vesicles increases from 5% at 1000 m, 10% at 700 m, to 16% at 500 m, and the scatter in degree of vesicularity increases in shallower water; specific gravity decreases from 2.7±0.1 at 1000 m to 2.3±0.3 at 100 m.</p><p>Bulk sulfur content for the outer 2 cm averages 843 ppm up to a depth of 200 m, then drops off rapidly in shallower water owing to degassing. Sulfur content below 200 m is independent of depth (or geographic position), and the melt is apparently saturated with sulfur, but the excess cannot escape the lava unless another vehicle carries it out. Only shallower than 200 m, where intense vesiculation of other gases occurs can excess sulfur be lost from the lava erupting on the sea floor.</p><p>H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+110°</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>averages about 0.35 percent and H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+150°</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>about 0.25 percent, and both apparently decrease in water shallower than 200 m as a result of degassing. H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(below 200 m) decreases with distance from Iceland or increasing depth, presumably as a result of either adsorption of water on the surface of shallower, more vesicular rocks; or more likely due to the presence of the Iceland hot mantle plume supplying undifferentiated primordial material, relative to lavas of the Reykjanes Ridge supplied from the low velocity layer already depleted in volatiles and large lithophile elements. The H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+110°</sup>/S ratio of lava erupting below 200 m water depth ranges from 3 to 5 which is comparable to reliable gas analyses from oceanic basaltic volcanoes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00375036","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Schilling, J., 1973, Vesicles, water, and sulfur in Reykjanes Ridge basalts: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 41, no. 2, p. 105-118, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375036.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"118","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-14.5087,66.45589],[-14.73964,65.80875],[-13.60973,65.12667],[-14.90983,64.36408],[-17.79444,63.67875],[-18.65625,63.49638],[-19.97275,63.64363],[-22.76297,63.96018],[-21.77848,64.40212],[-23.95504,64.89113],[-22.1844,65.08497],[-22.22742,65.37859],[-24.32618,65.61119],[-23.65051,66.26252],[-22.13492,66.41047],[-20.57628,65.73211],[-19.05684,66.2766],[-17.79862,65.99385],[-16.16782,66.52679],[-14.5087,66.45589]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iceland\"}}]}","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601ece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, J.-G.","contributorId":55127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"J.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70162001,"text":"70162001 - 1973 - Loss of volatiles during fountaining and flowage of basaltic lava at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T14:07:42","indexId":"70162001","displayToPublicDate":"1973-11-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loss of volatiles during fountaining and flowage of basaltic lava at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>The amount of water and sulfur in pumice erupted during&nbsp;periods of vigorous activity during the 1969-71 Mauna Ulu eruption&nbsp;varied inversely with fountain height because of degassing during the&nbsp;fountaining. The pumice lost about 0.05 wt percent water and 0.003 wt&nbsp;percent sulfur during fountaining to heights of 400-540 m. Analyses&nbsp;suggest that the initial volatile content of Mauna Ulu lava was greater&nbsp;immediately preceding periods of high fountaining than during weak&nbsp;activity between those periods or after the last high fountains on&nbsp;December 30, 1969. Water and sulfur were systematically depleted&nbsp;during nearly isothermal flowage in lava tubes. Rapidly quenched&nbsp;samples of dipped melt show losses of about 0.03-0.04 wt percent&nbsp;water and 0.007-0.008 wt percent sulfur during flowage for several&nbsp;hours through a distance of 12 km. Glassy skins on cooled pahoehoe&nbsp;flows contain about 0.002-0.003 wt percent less sulfur than quenched&nbsp;melt at comparable distances from the vent, because of continued&nbsp;degassing under natural cooling conditions. Chlorine shows similar but&nbsp;less well defined trends. Pumice erupted in high fountains becomes&nbsp;more strongly oxidized than the parent magma, because of mixing with&nbsp;air while still at high temperatures.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D., and Fabbi, B.P., 1973, Loss of volatiles during fountaining and flowage of basaltic lava at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 6, p. 649-658.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"658","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":314169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.01022338867188,\n              19.33706180106996\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.04318237304688,\n              19.41997316110168\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.12969970703125,\n              19.462707821188026\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2752685546875,\n              19.44328437042322\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30410766601562,\n              19.47177130210513\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.32745361328125,\n              19.456233596018\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.44418334960938,\n              19.232066735684665\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.44692993164062,\n              19.198350361162994\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.39337158203125,\n              19.19056867766461\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.32058715820312,\n              19.228176737766262\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29998779296875,\n              19.257997699830604\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.25466918945312,\n              19.268368937880687\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.17501831054688,\n              19.250218840825692\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.01022338867188,\n              19.33706180106996\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e048e4b039675d005e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":22303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fabbi, Brent P.","contributorId":64244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabbi","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70241227,"text":"70241227 - 1973 - Phase relations of basalts in their melting range at PH2O = 5 kb as a function of oxygen fugacity: Part I. Mafic phases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T14:39:41.796169","indexId":"70241227","displayToPublicDate":"1973-06-01T09:33:50","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Phase relations of basalts in their melting range at P<sub>H<sub>2</sub>O</sub> = 5 kb as a function of oxygen fugacity: Part I. Mafic phases","title":"Phase relations of basalts in their melting range at PH2O = 5 kb as a function of oxygen fugacity: Part I. Mafic phases","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The phase relations of three basalts, the Picture Gorge tholeiite, the 1921 Kilauea olivine tholeiite, and the 1801 Hualalai alkali basalt, were studied at 5 kb water pressure, 680–1000°C, at the oxygen fugacities of the quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) and hematite-magnetite (HM) buffers.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">In the range 680–850 °C, the crystalline assemblage on the QFM buffer is dominantly hornblende+ plagioclase, ± ilmenite, magnetite, sphene, fayalitic olivine, and phlogopitic mica. From 875 to 1000 °C the crystalline assemblage is hornblende+ olivine± augite+ ilmenite± magnetite. A melt phase is present from 700 to 1000 °C; a vapor phase was present in all charges.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The hornblendes formed on the QFM buffer range in composition from common green hornblendes at low temperatures to kaersutitic hornblendes at 1000 °C. A1(IV) and Ti increase temperature. AI(VI) passes through a maximum near 825 °C, decreasing both above and below this temperature. AI(IV) is proportional to the sum A1(VI)+2Ti. There is a positive linear correlation of approximately 3 : 1 between AI(IV) and the number of cations in the A-site. The most likely explanation for this correlation at present is that the substitution of AI(VI) or Ti<sup>+4</sup>for a divalent cation creates local charge imbalances in the amphibole structure which can be compensated only by further A-site substitution. There also appears to be a correlation between the a-cell dimension of hornblende and the A-site occupancy. Above a thresh hold value of approxmately 0.5 cations in A,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>increases as A-site occupancy increases.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Phase relations on the hematite-magnetite buffer are considerably simpler. The hornblendes show relatively little change in composition as temperature increases, and in the tholelitic compositions break down at or below 970 °C 35–60 °C above the first appearance of augite±olivine. The melting of hornblende is incongruent in all cases. The Fe-Ti oxides are pseudo-brookite and titanohematite; at 1000 °C these oxides make up 10 per cent by weight of the assemblage and contain most of the Tio<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and FeO in the charge.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The patterns of hornblende variation observed in this study compare closely with those reported in a wide range of experimental and field data. The appearance of high-TiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>kaersutitic hornblendes in the tholeities at 1000° C, P<sub>H2O</sub>= 5 kb on the QFM buffer implies that the restricted occurence of kaersutite in nature (where it is associated only with mafic to intermediate alkalic rocks) is controlled by volatile content (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>,</sub>F<sub>2</sub>)rather than by differences in condensed bulk composition.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/14.2.249","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., 1973, Phase relations of basalts in their melting range at PH2O = 5 kb as a function of oxygen fugacity: Part I. Mafic phases: Journal of Petrology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 249-302, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.2.249.","productDescription":"54 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414222,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":866591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13945,"text":"ofr72148 - 1972 - Availability of low-sulfur coal in Fayette County, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-15T12:49:43","indexId":"ofr72148","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-148","title":"Availability of low-sulfur coal in Fayette County, West Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Fayette County is in central West Virginia. Rocks exposed at the&nbsp;surface are about 3,200 feet thick and comprise the Pocahontas, New River,&nbsp;Kanawha, and Allegheny Formations of Pennsylvanian age. The stratigraphic&nbsp;relations and distribution of coal in these formations were studied by the&nbsp;U.S. Geological Survey in connection with a low-sulfur coal program of the U.S. Bureau of Mines.</p><p>The coal in Fayette County is medium-volatile and high-volatile A&nbsp;and B bituminous ranks. Of 51 coal beds in the county, 22 are 28 inches&nbsp;to as much as 9 feet thick and contain substantial reserves. Several&nbsp;coals have been mined locally in the past by underground, stripping, and&nbsp;auger methods. Of the 22 coals discussed, 17 contain less than 1.0 percent&nbsp;sulfur, and the remainder average less than 2.0 percent sulfur.</p><p>Of an original 2,210 million tons of recoverable coal estimated for&nbsp;Fayette County, 678 million tons were mined between 1888 and 1966. Thus,&nbsp;the remaining recoverable coal reserves at the end of 1966 were 1,530&nbsp;million tons. Of this amount, 86 percent or 1,320 million tons of coal&nbsp;is classified as low sulfur, and 210 million tons is classified as medium&nbsp;sulfur.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72148","usgsCitation":"Hadley, D.G., 1972, Availability of low-sulfur coal in Fayette County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-148, Report: iii, 20 p.; 2 Plates: 11.48 x 37.94 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72148.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 20 p.; 2 Plates: 11.48 x 37.94 inches and smaller","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr72148.jpg"},{"id":328671,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0148/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":328670,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":328672,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0148/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","county":"Fayette County","publicComments":"Alternate report number: Open-File Report 1648","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hadley, Donald G.","contributorId":19527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010144,"text":"70010144 - 1972 - Mass spectrometric analysis of organic compounds, water and volatile constituents in the atmosphere and surface of Mars: The Viking Mars Lander","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T16:07:05","indexId":"70010144","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass spectrometric analysis of organic compounds, water and volatile constituents in the atmosphere and surface of Mars: The Viking Mars Lander","docAbstract":"<p>An experiment centering around a mass spectrometer is described, which is aimed at the identification of organic substances present in the top 10 cm of the surface of Mars and an analysis of the atmosphere for major and minor constituents as well as isotopic abundances. In addition, an indication of the abundance of water in the surface and some information concerning the mineralogy can be obtained by monitoring the gases produced upon heating the soil sample.</p><p>The organic material will simply be expelled by heating to 150°, 300°, and 500° into the carrier gas stream of a gas chromatograph interfaced to the mass spectrometer or by slowly heating the sample in direct communication with the spectrometer. It is planned to analyze a total of up to nine soil samples in order to study diurnal and seasonal variations. The system is designed to give useful data even for minor constituents if the total of organics should be as low as 5ppm. The spectrometer covers the mass range of 12–200 with adequate resolution.</p><p>The results of these experiments, which are deliberately designed to cover a wide spectrum of possibilities independent of terrestrial models, are expected to produce a good picture of the planet's organic chemistry and its possible biological significance as well as allow conclusions regarding the history of the planet's atmosphere.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(72)90140-6","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.M., Biemann, K., Orgel, L.E., Oro, J., Owen, T., Shulman, G.P., Toulmin, P., and Urey, H.C., 1972, Mass spectrometric analysis of organic compounds, water and volatile constituents in the atmosphere and surface of Mars: The Viking Mars Lander: Icarus, v. 16, no. 1, p. 111-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(72)90140-6.","startPage":"111","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5255e4b0c8380cd6c328","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Duwayne M.","contributorId":191734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Duwayne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":33087,"text":"Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":358109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biemann, K.","contributorId":76065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biemann","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orgel, Leslie E.","contributorId":50652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orgel","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":33348,"text":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":358111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oro, John","contributorId":21683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oro","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33349,"text":"Department of Biophysical Science, University of Houston","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":358108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Owen, Tobias","contributorId":103788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owen","given":"Tobias","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shulman, Garson P.","contributorId":16155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shulman","given":"Garson","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":358107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Toulmin, Priestley III","contributorId":8522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Toulmin","given":"Priestley","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12805,"text":"Univ. of California at San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":358113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Urey, H. C.","contributorId":44284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urey","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70010128,"text":"70010128 - 1972 - Geological framework of the south polar region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T01:26:10.222017","indexId":"70010128","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological framework of the south polar region of Mars","docAbstract":"<p>The first 4 months of Mariner 9 photography of the south polar region are discussed. Three major geological units have been recognized, separated by erosional unconformities. From oldest to youngest they are: cratered terrain, pitted plains, and laminated terrain. The latter unit is unique in occurrence to the polar region, volatiles are probably involved in its origin, and may still be present within the laminated terrain as layered ice.</p><p>The residual south polar cap has been observed to survive the disappearance of the thin annual CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>frost deposit and to last virtually unchanged in outline through the southern summer. That exposed deposit is inferred to be composed of water-ice. The residual cap appears to lie at the apex of an unusual quasi-circular structure composed of laminated terrain; a similar structure also appears to exist near the north pole.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(72)90004-8","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Murray, B.C., Soderblom, L., Cutts, J., Sharp, R., Milton, D., and Leighton, R., 1972, Geological framework of the south polar region of Mars: Icarus, v. 17, no. 2, p. 328-345, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(72)90004-8.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"328","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2264e4b0c8380cd56fdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, B. C.","contributorId":49870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cutts, J.A.","contributorId":56790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutts","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sharp, R.P.","contributorId":6993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Milton, D.J.","contributorId":44121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leighton, R.B.","contributorId":73745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leighton","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70227311,"text":"70227311 - 1971 - The geochemist’s involvement with the pollution problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T20:31:46.702923","indexId":"70227311","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T14:22:21","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The geochemist’s involvement with the pollution problem","docAbstract":"<div class=\"widget widget-SplitView widget-instance-SplitView_Book\"><div class=\"article\"><div class=\"widget widget-BookChapterMainView widget-instance-BookChapterMainView\"><div class=\"content-inner-wrap\"><div class=\"widget widget-ChapterTopInfo widget-instance-ChapterTopInfo\"><div class=\"chapterTopInfo content-metadata_wrap\"><div class=\"chapter-doi clearfix\"></div></div></div><div class=\"book-chapter-body\"><div id=\"ContentTab\" class=\"content active\"><div class=\"widget widget-BookSectionsText widget-instance-BookChaptertext\"><div class=\"module-widget\"><div class=\"widget-items\" data-widgetname=\"BookSectionsText\"><div class=\"category-section content-section js-content-section\" data-statsid=\"3788888\"><div><div class=\"fn\"><div class=\"footnote-content\">The geochemist can contribute much information of value toward assessing the effect of environment, including inorganic pollution, on health. The average composition of rocks, soils, plants, and water and also the increments of inorganic substances that can be expected in geologic environments of high-metal content are essential for comparison with metal contents of these components of the environment in areas contaminated by various types of inorganic air and water pollution.<br></div></div></div></div><div class=\"category-section content-section js-content-section\" data-statsid=\"4710429\"><p>Background levels of lead, zinc, nickel, chromium, copper, and manganese in soils and in four classes of vegetation have been estimated from collections that were made in remote areas presumed to be free from inorganic contamination. The trace-metal content of soils and plants varies widely in different geologic provinces of the United States; in those areas of high natural mineralization, additions of metals from man-made pollution may compound a possible hazard. Results of sampling in urban areas show that contamination of vegetation by gasoline lead can be expected for at least 1000 ft back from transportation lanes, and that the lead burden is increasing greatly with time. Ore-treatment plants can also be a source of air contamination for several miles downwind and several thousand feet in other directions. Soils of naturally high metal content in a mining district may be further contaminated with both major and minor elements from smelting operations. Recent studies show that volatile elements are released directly to the air from ore deposits in place. Concentrations of mercury, for instance, may be as much as 20 times background for several hundred feet in altitude over ore deposits in which mercury occurs as a relatively minor constituent.</p><p>The source of inorganic pollution in surface drainage and also in ground water is commonly geologic, as rivers may be contaminated from coal and metal deposits in place and also from mining and smelting operations.</p><p>More information of the type illustrated should be accumulated and made available to scientists who are working in environmental health, and, in particular, to those involved in the pollution problem. Only by these means can we provide a scientific basis for the enactment of realistic and effective legislation for pollution control.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental geochemistry in health and disease","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM123-p155","usgsCitation":"Cannon, H., and Anderson, B.M., 1971, The geochemist’s involvement with the pollution problem, chap. <i>of</i> Environmental geochemistry in health and disease, v. 123, p. 155-178, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM123-p155.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"178","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394057,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","volume":"123","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cannon, Helen L.","contributorId":96249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Helen L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830402,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopps, Howard C.","contributorId":189752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopps","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830403,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, Helen L.","contributorId":96249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Helen L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Barbara M.","contributorId":75155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}