The M 7.1 Darfield earthquake occurred 40 km west of Christchurch (New Zealand) on 4 September 2010. Six months after, the city was struck again with an M 6.2 event on 22 February local time (21 February UTC). These events resulted in significant damage to infrastructure in the city and its suburbs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of global predictive models (GMPEs) using the strong motion data obtained from these two events to improve future seismic hazard assessment and building code provisions for the Canterbury region.
The Canterbury region is located on the boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates; its surface expression is the active right lateral Alpine fault (Berryman et al. 1993). Beneath the North Island and the north South Island, the Pacific plate subducts obliquely under the Australian plate, while at the southwestern part of the South Island, a reverse process takes place. Although New Zealand has experienced several major earthquakes in the past as a result of its complex seismotectonic environment (e.g., M 7.1 1888 North Canterbury, M 7.0 1929 Arthur's Pass, and M 6.2 1995 Cass), there was no evidence of prior seismic activity in Christchurch and its surroundings before the September event. The Darfield and Christchurch earthquakes occurred along the previously unmapped Greendale fault in the Canterbury basin, which is covered by Quaternary alluvial deposits (Forsyth et al. 2008). In Figure 1, site conditions of the Canterbury epicentral area are depicted on a VS30 map. This map was determined on the basis of topographic slope calculated from a 1-km grid using the method of Allen and Wald (2007). Also shown are the locations of strong motion stations.
The Darfield event was generated as a result of a complex rupture mechanism; the recordings and geodetic data reveal that earthquake consists of three sub-events (Barnhart et al. 2011, page 815 of this issue). The first event was due to rupturing of a blind reverse fault with M 6.2, followed by a second event (M 6.9), releasing the largest portion of the energy on the right-lateral Greendale fault. The third sub-event (M 5.7) is due to a reverse fault with a right-lateral component (Holden et al. 2011). The Christchurch earthquake occurred on an oblique thrust fault. The comparison of spectral acceleration values at stations near Christchurch reveals that the second event produced much larger amplitudes of shaking than the Darfield event due to its proximity to the epicenter. Both events resulted in noticeably large amplitudes of the vertical motion, often exceeding horizontal motion in the near-fault area. The vertical motions, showing asymmetric acceleration traces and pulses, reached 1.26 g during the Darfield earthquake and 2.2 g during the Christchurch event. These events were recorded by more than 100 strong motion stations operated by the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (http://www.geonet.org.nz/). Using the processed data from these stations, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 5%-damped spectral acceleration values at 0.3, 1, and 3 s are used for performance evaluation of the global ground motion predictive equations (GMPEs). The selected GMPEs are the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) models of Abrahamson and Silva (2008), Boore and Atkinson (2008), Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008), and Chiou and Youngs (2008). The Graizer and Kalkan (2007, 2009) model, which is based on the NGA project database, is also included. These GMPEs are abbreviated respectively as AS08, BA08, CB08, CY08, and GK07. Because they have been used widely for seismic hazard analysis for crustal earthquakes, their performance assessment becomes a critical issue especially for immediate response and recovery planning after major events. The occurrence of aftershocks similar to the Christchurch event will most probably control seismic hazard in the broader area, as confirmed by the recent M 6.0 event on June 13, 2011.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.82.6.866","usgsCitation":"Segou, M., and Kalkan, E., 2011, Ground motion attenuation during M 7.1 Darfield and M 6.2 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes and performance of global predictive models: Seismological Research Letters, v. 82, no. 6, p. 866-874, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.6.866.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"866","endPage":"874","ipdsId":"IP-032577","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347818,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","city":"Christchurch, Darfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 170.5,\n -45\n ],\n [\n 173.5,\n -45\n ],\n [\n 173.5,\n -42\n ],\n [\n 170.5,\n -42\n ],\n [\n 170.5,\n -45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f98bc2e4b0531197afa08c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Segou, Margaret","contributorId":140800,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segou","given":"Margaret","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13572,"text":"Geoscience Azur","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":718213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kalkan, Erol 0000-0002-9138-9407 ekalkan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9138-9407","contributorId":1218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkan","given":"Erol","email":"ekalkan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193259,"text":"70193259 - 2011 - Radiotelemetry to estimate stream life of adult chum salmon in the McNeil River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:50:33","indexId":"70193259","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiotelemetry to estimate stream life of adult chum salmon in the McNeil River, Alaska","docAbstract":"Estimating salmon escapement is one of the fundamental steps in managing salmon populations. The area-under-the-curve (AUC) method is commonly used to convert periodic aerial survey counts into annual salmon escapement indices. The AUC requires obtaining accurate estimates of stream life (SL) for target species. Traditional methods for estimating SL (e.g., mark–recapture) are not feasible for many populations. Our objective in this study was to determine the average SL of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in the McNeil River, Alaska, through radiotelemetry. During the 2005 and 2006 runs, 155 chum salmon were fitted with mortality-indicating radio tags as they entered the McNeil River and tracked until they died. A combination of remote data loggers, aerial surveys, and foot surveys were used to determine the location of fish and provide an estimate of time of death. Higher predation resulted in tagged fish below McNeil Falls having a significantly shorter SL (12.6 d) than those above (21.9 d). The streamwide average SL (13.8 d) for chum salmon at the McNeil River was lower than the regionwide value (17.5 d) previously used to generate AUC indices of chum salmon escapement for the McNeil River. We conclude that radiotelemetry is an effective tool for estimating SL in rivers not well suited to other methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2011.574080","usgsCitation":"Peirce, J., Otis, E.O., Wipfli, M.S., and Follmann, E., 2011, Radiotelemetry to estimate stream life of adult chum salmon in the McNeil River, Alaska: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 31, no. 2, p. 315-322, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2011.574080.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"322","ipdsId":"IP-013106","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"McNeil River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.2978286743164,\n 59.0957028026867\n ],\n [\n -154.2037582397461,\n 59.0957028026867\n ],\n [\n -154.2037582397461,\n 59.13843678215489\n ],\n [\n -154.2978286743164,\n 59.13843678215489\n ],\n [\n -154.2978286743164,\n 59.0957028026867\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6107fce4b06e28e9c25632","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peirce, Joshua","contributorId":42510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peirce","given":"Joshua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otis, Edward O.","contributorId":19065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wipfli, Mark S. 0000-0002-4856-6068 mwipfli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-6068","contributorId":1425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"Mark","email":"mwipfli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Follmann, Erich H.","contributorId":75049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follmann","given":"Erich H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70193760,"text":"70193760 - 2011 - Inversion of multi-frequency electromagnetic induction data for 3D characterization of hydraulic conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-28T15:25:52","indexId":"70193760","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inversion of multi-frequency electromagnetic induction data for 3D characterization of hydraulic conductivity","docAbstract":"Electromagnetic induction (EMI) instruments provide rapid, noninvasive, and spatially dense data for characterization of soil and groundwater properties. Data from multi-frequency EMI tools can be inverted to provide quantitative electrical conductivity estimates as a function of depth. In this study, multi-frequency EMI data collected across an abandoned uranium mill site near Naturita, Colorado, USA, are inverted to produce vertical distribution of electrical conductivity (EC) across the site. The relation between measured apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and hydraulic conductivity (K) is weak (correlation coefficient of 0.20), whereas the correlation between the depth dependent EC obtained from the inversions, and K is sufficiently strong to be used for hydrologic estimation (correlation coefficient of − 0.62). Depth-specific EC values were correlated with co-located K measurements to develop a site-specific ln(EC)–ln(K) relation. This petrophysical relation was applied to produce a spatially detailed map of K across the study area. A synthetic example based on ECa values at the site was used to assess model resolution and correlation loss given variations in depth and/or measurement error. Results from synthetic modeling indicate that optimum correlation with K occurs at ~ 0.5 m followed by a gradual correlation loss of 90% at 2.3 m. These results are consistent with an analysis of depth of investigation (DOI) given the range of frequencies, transmitter–receiver separation, and measurement errors for the field data. DOIs were estimated at 2.0 ± 0.5 m depending on the soil conductivities. A 4-layer model, with varying thicknesses, was used to invert the ECa to maximize available information within the aquifer region for improved correlations with K. Results show improved correlation between K and the corresponding inverted EC at similar depths, underscoring the importance of inversion in using multi-frequency EMI data for hydrologic estimation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.02.004","usgsCitation":"Brosten, T.R., Day-Lewis, F.D., Schultz, G.M., Curtis, G.P., and Lane, J.W., 2011, Inversion of multi-frequency electromagnetic induction data for 3D characterization of hydraulic conductivity: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 73, no. 4, p. 323-335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.02.004.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"335","ipdsId":"IP-018972","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6107fbe4b06e28e9c25628","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brosten, Troy R. tbrosten@usgs.gov","contributorId":138512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosten","given":"Troy","email":"tbrosten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schultz, Gregory M.","contributorId":9582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35646,"text":"Sky Research, Inc., Hanover, NH","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":720281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curtis, Gary P. 0000-0003-3975-8882 gpcurtis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-8882","contributorId":2346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Gary","email":"gpcurtis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. jwlane@usgs.gov","contributorId":1738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70007218,"text":"ds628 - 2011 - EAARL coastal topography - Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-10T13:54:02.799351","indexId":"ds628","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"628","title":"EAARL coastal topography - Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia, 2010","docAbstract":"This DVD contains lidar-derived bare-earth (BE) and first-surface (FS) topography GIS datasets of a portion of the Assateague Island National Seashore in Maryland and Virginia. These datasets were acquired on March 19 and 24, 2010.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds628","usgsCitation":"Bonisteel-Cormier, J., Nayegandhi, A., Wright, C.W., Brock, J.C., Nagle, D., Vivekanandan, S., Klipp, E., Fredericks, X., and Stevens, S., 2011, EAARL coastal topography - Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 628, 1 DVD, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds628.","productDescription":"1 DVD","temporalStart":"2010-03-19","temporalEnd":"2010-03-24","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_628.png"},{"id":115702,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/628/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Assateague Island National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.38857371777085,\n 37.84844093424786\n ],\n [\n -75.3649834509245,\n 37.860082350616565\n ],\n [\n -75.34257269742092,\n 37.88568699515014\n ],\n [\n -75.3248799972862,\n 37.912678615268575\n ],\n [\n -75.29716143374168,\n 37.95640263016854\n ],\n [\n -75.25764773677473,\n 38.008465366429704\n ],\n [\n -75.22226233650525,\n 38.05073913617707\n ],\n [\n -75.19218474627667,\n 38.0957733221729\n ],\n [\n -75.16918423610174,\n 38.15330240871182\n ],\n [\n -75.15385056265177,\n 38.197346436647905\n ],\n [\n -75.12613935390668,\n 38.2609868971806\n ],\n [\n -75.10257434518851,\n 38.310119401378444\n ],\n [\n -75.09226465387444,\n 38.326296943484465\n ],\n [\n -75.09889231257623,\n 38.3274523440744\n ],\n [\n -75.11288403650259,\n 38.30318506406704\n ],\n [\n -75.12319372781712,\n 38.27890966313524\n ],\n [\n -75.14160389087849,\n 38.2413245847311\n ],\n [\n -75.15780483437209,\n 38.214714166327894\n ],\n [\n -75.18063343656797,\n 38.182305736140535\n ],\n [\n -75.1916795344048,\n 38.1730435354429\n ],\n [\n -75.1916795344048,\n 38.135403740077805\n ],\n [\n -75.20198922571888,\n 38.10991346951968\n ],\n [\n -75.22408142139248,\n 38.092528637694954\n ],\n [\n -75.24617361706609,\n 38.075719368796115\n ],\n [\n -75.26016534099247,\n 38.04788863960434\n ],\n [\n -75.28520316275562,\n 38.00728318805736\n ],\n [\n -75.31245020408736,\n 37.993316681345405\n ],\n [\n -75.30582254538511,\n 37.969518507681315\n ],\n [\n -75.32423270844647,\n 37.952100320779024\n ],\n [\n -75.3198142693119,\n 37.93874357989789\n ],\n [\n -75.3728355389278,\n 37.911441821046964\n ],\n [\n -75.38240882371957,\n 37.89865879169896\n ],\n [\n -75.39860976721364,\n 37.87424866083994\n ],\n [\n -75.39860976721364,\n 37.85855216117251\n ],\n [\n -75.38857371777085,\n 37.84844093424786\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a044de4b0c8380cd508b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonisteel-Cormier, J.M.","contributorId":8060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonisteel-Cormier","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nayegandhi, Amar","contributorId":37292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nayegandhi","given":"Amar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, C. W. wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":49758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brock, J. C.","contributorId":36095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nagle, D.B.","contributorId":40568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagle","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vivekanandan, Saisudha","contributorId":84325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vivekanandan","given":"Saisudha","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klipp, E.S.","contributorId":100340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klipp","given":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fredericks, Xan","contributorId":35704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredericks","given":"Xan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Stevens, Sara","contributorId":104015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Sara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70032545,"text":"70032545 - 2011 - Vegetation index-based crop coefficients to estimate evapotranspiration by remote sensing in agricultural and natural ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-02T15:45:38","indexId":"70032545","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation index-based crop coefficients to estimate evapotranspiration by remote sensing in agricultural and natural ecosystems","docAbstract":"Crop coefficients were developed to determine crop water needs based on the evapotranspiration (ET) of a reference crop under a given set of meteorological conditions. Starting in the 1980s, crop coefficients developed through lysimeter studies or set by expert opinion began to be supplemented by remotely sensed vegetation indices (VI) that measured the actual status of the crop on a field-by-field basis. VIs measure the density of green foliage based on the reflectance of visible and near infrared (NIR) light from the canopy, and are highly correlated with plant physiological processes that depend on light absorption by a canopy such as ET and photosynthesis. Reflectance-based crop coefficients have now been developed for numerous individual crops, including corn, wheat, alfalfa, cotton, potato, sugar beet, vegetables, grapes and orchard crops. Other research has shown that VIs can be used to predict ET over fields of mixed crops, allowing them to be used to monitor ET over entire irrigation districts. VI-based crop coefficients can help reduce agricultural water use by matching irrigation rates to the actual water needs of a crop as it grows instead of to a modeled crop growing under optimal conditions. Recently, the concept has been applied to natural ecosystems at the local, regional and continental scales of measurement, using time-series satellite data from the MODIS sensors on the Terra satellite. VIs or other visible-NIR band algorithms are combined with meteorological data to predict ET in numerous biome types, from deserts, to arctic tundra, to tropical rainforests. These methods often closely match ET measured on the ground at the global FluxNet array of eddy covariance moisture and carbon flux towers. The primary advantage of VI methods for estimating ET is that transpiration is closely related to radiation absorbed by the plant canopy, which is closely related to VIs. The primary disadvantage is that they cannot capture stress effects or soil evaporation. Copyright ?? 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/hyp.8392","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Glenn, E.P., Neale, C.M., Hunsaker, D., and Nagler, P., 2011, Vegetation index-based crop coefficients to estimate evapotranspiration by remote sensing in agricultural and natural ecosystems: Hydrological Processes, v. 25, no. 26, p. 4050-4062, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8392.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"4050","endPage":"4062","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213665,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8392"},{"id":241314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1d8e4b08c986b32a7bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, E. P.","contributorId":24463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"E.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neale, C. M. U.","contributorId":26523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neale","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. U.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":436747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunsaker, D.J.","contributorId":51549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunsaker","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nagler, P.L. 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":29937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004004,"text":"70004004 - 2011 - Estimating trends in alligator populations from nightlight survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T19:44:08.913963","indexId":"70004004","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating trends in alligator populations from nightlight survey data","docAbstract":"Nightlight surveys are commonly used to evaluate status and trends of crocodilian populations, but imperfect detection caused by survey- and location-specific factors makes it difficult to draw population inferences accurately from uncorrected data. We used a two-stage hierarchical model comprising population abundance and detection probability to examine recent abundance trends of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in subareas of Everglades wetlands in Florida using nightlight survey data. During 2001–2008, there were declining trends in abundance of small and/or medium sized animals in a majority of subareas, whereas abundance of large sized animals had either demonstrated an increased or unclear trend. For small and large sized class animals, estimated detection probability declined as water depth increased. Detection probability of small animals was much lower than for larger size classes. The declining trend of smaller alligators may reflect a natural population response to the fluctuating environment of Everglades wetlands under modified hydrology. It may have negative implications for the future of alligator populations in this region, particularly if habitat conditions do not favor recruitment of offspring in the near term. Our study provides a foundation to improve inferences made from nightlight surveys of other crocodilian populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s13157-010-0120-0","usgsCitation":"Fujisaki, I., Mazzotti, F., Dorazio, R.M., Rice, K.G., Cherkiss, M., and Jeffery, B., 2011, Estimating trends in alligator populations from nightlight survey data: Wetlands, v. 31, no. 1, p. 147-155, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0120-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"155","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.84814453125,\n 25.110471486223346\n ],\n [\n -80.2716064453125,\n 25.110471486223346\n ],\n [\n -80.2716064453125,\n 26.559049984075532\n ],\n [\n -81.84814453125,\n 26.559049984075532\n ],\n [\n -81.84814453125,\n 25.110471486223346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6ae4b0c8380cd526f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fujisaki, Ikuko","contributorId":31108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fujisaki","given":"Ikuko","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":350107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazzotti, Frank J.","contributorId":100018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"Frank J.","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":350110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorazio, Robert M. 0000-0003-2663-0468 bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":1668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"Robert","email":"bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rice, Kenneth G. 0000-0001-8282-1088 krice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-1088","contributorId":117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Kenneth","email":"krice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cherkiss, Michael 0000-0002-7802-6791","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7802-6791","contributorId":78068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherkiss","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jeffery, Brian","contributorId":55672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffery","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033878,"text":"70033878 - 2011 - Transient and steady state creep response of ice I and magnesium sulfate hydrate eutectic aggregates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-22T09:52:14","indexId":"70033878","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient and steady state creep response of ice I and magnesium sulfate hydrate eutectic aggregates","docAbstract":"Using uniaxial compression creep experiments, we characterized the transient and steady state deformation behaviors of eutectic aggregates of system ice I and MgSO4 11H2O (MS11; meridianiite), which has significance because of its likely presence on moons of the outer solar system. Synthetic samples of eutectic liquid bulk composition, which produce eutectic colonies containing 0.35-0.50 volume fraction MS11, were tested as functions of colony size and lamellar spacing, temperature (230-250 K), and confining pressure (0.1 and 50 MPa) to strains ???0.2. Up to a differential stress of 6 MPa, the ice I-MS11 aggregates display an order of magnitude higher effective viscosity and higher stress sensitivity than do aggregates of pure polycrystalline ice at the same conditions. The creep data and associated microstructural observations demonstrate, however, that the aggregates are additionally more brittle than pure ice, approaching rate-independent plasticity that includes rupture of the hydrate phase at 6-8 MPa, depending on the scale of the microstructure. Microstructures of deformed samples reveal forms of semibrittle flow in which the hydrate phase fractures while the ice phase deforms plastically. Semibrittle flow in the icy shell of a planetary body would truncate the lithospheric strength envelope and thereby decrease the depth to the brittle-ductile transition by 55% and reduce the failure limit for compressional surface features from 10 to ???6 MPa. A constitutive equation that includes eutectic colony boundary sliding and intracolony flow is used to describe the steady state rheology of the eutectic aggregates. Copyright ?? 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2010JE003689","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, C., Cooper, R., Goldsby, D., Durham, W., and Kirby, S.H., 2011, Transient and steady state creep response of ice I and magnesium sulfate hydrate eutectic aggregates: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 116, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003689.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475381,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d88w3rrk","text":"External Repository"},{"id":214534,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003689"},{"id":242269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6f7e4b08c986b326f89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, C.","contributorId":68112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, R.F.","contributorId":77740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldsby, D.L.","contributorId":84107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldsby","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70005579,"text":"70005579 - 2011 - Informal and formal trail monitoring protocols and baseline conditions: Acadia National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-06T13:33:34","indexId":"70005579","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Informal and formal trail monitoring protocols and baseline conditions: Acadia National Park","docAbstract":"At Acadia National Park, changing visitor use levels and patterns have contributed to an increasing degree of visitor use impacts to natural and cultural resources. To better understand the extent and severity of these resource impacts and identify effective management techniques, the park sponsored this research to develop monitoring protocols, collect baseline data, and identify suggestions for management strategies. Formal and informal trails were surveyed and their resource conditions were assessed and characterized to support park planning and management decision-making.","language":"English","publisher":"Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources & Environment","publisherLocation":"Blacksburg, VA","usgsCitation":"Marion, J.L., Wimpey, J.F., and Park, L., 2011, Informal and formal trail monitoring protocols and baseline conditions: Acadia National Park, iii, 95 p.","productDescription":"iii, 95 p.","numberOfPages":"98","ipdsId":"IP-030097","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331572,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5847dc7fe4b06d80b7af6ab9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":56322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":654984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wimpey, Jeremy F.","contributorId":83769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wimpey","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Park, L.","contributorId":36269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156280,"text":"70156280 - 2011 - 2011 statistical abstract of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-18T15:31:03","indexId":"70156280","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"2011 statistical abstract of the United States","docAbstract":"<p>The <i>Statistical Abstract of the United States</i>, published since 1878, is the authoritative and comprehensive summary of statistics on the social, political, and economic organization of the United States.</p> <br/> <p>Use the Abstract as a convenient volume for statistical reference, and as a guide to sources of more information both in print and on the Web.</p> <br/> <p>Sources of data include the Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and many other Federal agencies and private organizations.</p>
","language":"English","publisher":"United States Census Bureau","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Krisanda, J.M., 2011, 2011 statistical abstract of the United States.","numberOfPages":"1407","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d45729e4b0518e35469490","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krisanda, Joseph M. jkrisand@usgs.gov","contributorId":3980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krisanda","given":"Joseph","email":"jkrisand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":568488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70136550,"text":"70136550 - 2011 - Comparative phylogeography of a coevolved community: Concerted population expansions in Joshua trees and four yucca moths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T14:00:13.686015","indexId":"70136550","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative phylogeography of a coevolved community: Concerted population expansions in Joshua trees and four yucca moths","docAbstract":"Comparative phylogeographic studies have had mixed success in identifying common phylogeographic patterns among co-distributed organisms. Whereas some have found broadly similar patterns across a diverse array of taxa, others have found that the histories of different species are more idiosyncratic than congruent. The variation in the results of comparative phylogeographic studies could indicate that the extent to which sympatrically-distributed organisms share common biogeographic histories varies depending on the strength and specificity of ecological interactions between them. To test this hypothesis, we examined demographic and phylogeographic patterns in a highly specialized, coevolved community – Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) and their associated yucca moths. This tightly-integrated, mutually interdependent community is known to have experienced significant range changes at the end of the last glacial period, so there is a strong a priori expectation that these organisms will show common signatures of demographic and distributional changes over time. Using a database of >5000 GPS records for Joshua trees, and multi-locus DNA sequence data from the Joshua tree and four species of yucca moth, we combined paleaodistribution modeling with coalescent-based analyses of demographic and phylgeographic history. We extensively evaluated the power of our methods to infer past population size and distributional changes by evaluating the effect of different inference procedures on our results, comparing our palaeodistribution models to Pleistocene-aged packrat midden records, and simulating DNA sequence data under a variety of alternative demographic histories. Together the results indicate that these organisms have shared a common history of population expansion, and that these expansions were broadly coincident in time. However, contrary to our expectations, none of our analyses indicated significant range or population size reductions at the end of the last glacial period, and the inferred demographic changes substantially predate Holocene climate changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"PLoS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0025628","usgsCitation":"Smith, C.I., Tank, S., Godsoe, W., Levenick, J., Strand, E., Esque, T., and Pellmyr, O., 2011, Comparative phylogeography of a coevolved community: Concerted population expansions in Joshua trees and four yucca moths: PLoS ONE, v. 6, no. 10, e25628: 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025628.","productDescription":"e25628: 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-015534","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475089,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025628","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296979,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b61e4b08de9379b3358","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Christopher Irwin","contributorId":131173,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"Irwin","affiliations":[{"id":7268,"text":"Willamette University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tank, Shantel","contributorId":131174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tank","given":"Shantel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6711,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godsoe, William","contributorId":131175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Godsoe","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6711,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Levenick, Jim","contributorId":131176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levenick","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7268,"text":"Willamette University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Strand, Eva","contributorId":82611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strand","given":"Eva","affiliations":[{"id":6711,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Esque, Todd C. tesque@usgs.gov","contributorId":127766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"Todd C.","email":"tesque@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pellmyr, Olle","contributorId":131177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pellmyr","given":"Olle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6711,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70036259,"text":"70036259 - 2011 - A hierarchical spatial framework and database for the national river fish habitat condition assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-28T14:45:30.141569","indexId":"70036259","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hierarchical spatial framework and database for the national river fish habitat condition assessment","docAbstract":"Fisheries management programs, such as the National Fish Habitat Action Plan (NFHAP), urgently need a nationwide spatial framework and database for health assessment and policy development to protect and improve riverine systems. To meet this need, we developed a spatial framework and database using National Hydrography Dataset Plus (I-.100,000-scale); http://www.horizon-systems.com/nhdplus). This framework uses interconfluence river reaches and their local and network catchments as fundamental spatial river units and a series of ecological and political spatial descriptors as hierarchy structures to allow users to extract or analyze information at spatial scales that they define. This database consists of variables describing channel characteristics, network position/connectivity, climate, elevation, gradient, and size. It contains a series of catchment-natural and human-induced factors that are known to influence river characteristics. Our framework and database assembles all river reaches and their descriptors in one place for the first time for the conterminous United States. This framework and database provides users with the capability of adding data, conducting analyses, developing management scenarios and regulation, and tracking management progresses at a variety of spatial scales. This database provides the essential data needs for achieving the objectives of NFHAP and other management programs. The downloadable beta version database is available at http://ec2-184-73-40-15.compute-1.amazonaws.com/nfhap/main/.","language":"English, Spanish","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/03632415.2011.607075","issn":"03632415","usgsCitation":"Wang, L., Infante, D., Esselman, P., Cooper, A., Wu, D., Taylor, W., Beard, D., Whelan, G., and Ostroff, A., 2011, A hierarchical spatial framework and database for the national river fish habitat condition assessment: Fisheries, v. 36, no. 9, p. 436-449, https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2011.607075.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"436","endPage":"449","costCenters":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36940,"text":"National Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":218397,"rank":2,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2011.607075"},{"id":246399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":475255,"rank":3,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/141797","text":"External Repository"}],"volume":"36","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e41ce4b0c8380cd463ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, L.","contributorId":76904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Infante, D.","contributorId":71418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Infante","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esselman, P.","contributorId":67763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esselman","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooper, A.","contributorId":47517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wu, D.","contributorId":57215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, W.","contributorId":51140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Beard, D.","contributorId":6305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Whelan, G.","contributorId":52775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ostroff, A.","contributorId":36401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostroff","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70159146,"text":"70159146 - 2011 - Chapter 39 The Edwardsburg Formation and related rocks, Windermere Supergroup, central Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-15T16:34:22","indexId":"70159146","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 39 The Edwardsburg Formation and related rocks, Windermere Supergroup, central Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"In central Idaho, Neoproterozoic stratified rocks are engulfed by the Late Cretaceous Idaho batholith and by Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Challis event. Studied sections in the Gospel Peaks and Big Creek areas of west-central Idaho are in roof pendants of the Idaho batholith. A drill core section studied from near Challis, east-central Idaho, lies beneath the Challis Volcanic Group and is not exposed at the surface. Metamorphic and deformational overprinting, as well as widespread dismembering by the younger igneous rocks, conceals many primary details. Despite this, these rocks provide important links for regional correlations and have produced critical geochronological data for two Neoproterozoic glacial periods in the North American Cordillera. At the base of the section, the more than 700-m-thick Edwardsburg Formation (Fm.) contains interlayered diamictite and volcanic rocks. There are two diamictite-bearing members in the Edwardsburg Fm. that are closely related in time. Each of the diamictites is associated with intermediate composition tuff or flow rocks and the diamictites are separated by mafic volcanic rocks. SHRIMP U–Pb dating indicates that the lower diamictite is about 685±7 Ma, whereas the upper diamictite is 684±4 Ma. The diamictite units are part of a cycle of rocks from coarse clastic, to fine clastic, to carbonate rocks that, by correlation to better preserved sections, are thought to record an older Cryogenian glacial to interglacial period in the northern US Cordillera. The more than 75-m-thick diamictite of Daugherty Gulch is dated at 664±6 Ma. This unit is preserved only in drill core and the palaeoenvironmental interpretation and local stratigraphic relations are non-unique. Thus, the date for this diamictite may provide a date for a newly recognized glaciogenic horizon or may be a minimum age for the diamictite in the Edwardsburg Fm. The c. 1000-m-thick Moores Lake Fm. is an amphibolite facies diamictite in which glacial features have not been observed. However, it is part of a sedimentary cycle from unsorted siliclastic deposits to mud and carbonate deposits. Using lithostratigraphy and available geochronology, the Moores Lake Fm. is correlated with a younger succession of Cryogenian glaciogenic rocks in southeastern Idaho. Traditional correlations of Neoproterozoic rocks in the Cordillera recognize two levels of Cryogenian diamictites. The Edwardsburg and Moores Lake diamictites along the middle Cordillera fit well into the scenario of two glacial events. Because of the correlations, dates that provide ages for the diamictites in central Idaho (and corroborated in southeastern Idaho, Link & Fanning 2008) could constrain the age of correlated glaciogenic deposits elsewhere in the Cordillera. However, in the absence of dates for the glaciogenic diamictites in Canadian and southern US Cordilleran sections, the correlations are considered possible but uncertain.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Lund, K., Evans, K.V., and Alienikoff, J.N., 2011, Chapter 39 The Edwardsburg Formation and related rocks, Windermere Supergroup, central Idaho, USA: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 36, p. 437-448.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"448","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309968,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Central Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 46.17983040759436\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -112.8955078125,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -116.96044921875,\n 44.18220395771566\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -117.00439453125,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -116.806640625,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -116.78466796875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 46.17983040759436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ce57e4b06217fc478acd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lund, Karen 0000-0002-4249-3582 klund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-3582","contributorId":1235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"Karen","email":"klund@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Karl V. kvevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Karl","email":"kvevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":577700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alienikoff, John N.","contributorId":85078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alienikoff","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035590,"text":"70035590 - 2011 - Columnar jointing in vapor-phase-altered, non-welded Cerro Galán Ignimbrite, Paycuqui, Argentina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-12T12:46:30","indexId":"70035590","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Columnar jointing in vapor-phase-altered, non-welded Cerro Galán Ignimbrite, Paycuqui, Argentina","docAbstract":"Columnar jointing is thought to occur primarily in lavas and welded pyroclastic flow deposits. However, the non-welded Cerro Galán Ignimbrite at Paycuqui, Argentina, contains well-developed columnar joints that are instead due to high-temperature vapor-phase alteration of the deposit, where devitrification and vapor-phase crystallization have increased the density and cohesion of the upper half of the section. Thermal remanent magnetization analyses of entrained lithic clasts indicate high emplacement temperatures, above 630°C, but the lack of welding textures indicates temperatures below the glass transition temperature. In order to remain below the glass transition at 630°C, the minimum cooling rate prior to deposition was 3.0 × 10−3–8.5 × 10−2°C/min (depending on the experimental data used for comparison). Alternatively, if the deposit was emplaced above the glass transition temperature, conductive cooling alone was insufficient to prevent welding. Crack patterns (average, 4.5 sides to each polygon) and column diameters (average, 75 cm) are consistent with relatively rapid cooling, where advective heat loss due to vapor fluxing increases cooling over simple conductive heat transfer. The presence of regularly spaced, complex radiating joint patterns is consistent with fumarolic gas rise, where volatiles originated in the valley-confined drainage system below. Joint spacing is a proxy for cooling rates and is controlled by depositional thickness/valley width. We suggest that the formation of joints in high-temperature, non-welded deposits is aided by the presence of underlying external water, where vapor transfer causes crystallization in pore spaces, densifies the deposit, and helps prevent welding.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-011-0524-6","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Wright, H.M., Lesti, C., Cas, R.A., Porreca, M., Viramonte, J.G., Folkes, C.B., and Giordano, G., 2011, Columnar jointing in vapor-phase-altered, non-welded Cerro Galán Ignimbrite, Paycuqui, Argentina: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 73, no. 10, p. 1567-1582, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0524-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1567","endPage":"1582","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487788,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11336/14542","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216068,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0524-6"}],"country":"Argentina","otherGeospatial":"Cerro Galán","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.587890625,\n -26.017297563851734\n ],\n [\n -67.587890625,\n -25.22482017676502\n ],\n [\n -66.610107421875,\n -25.22482017676502\n ],\n [\n -66.610107421875,\n -26.017297563851734\n ],\n [\n -67.587890625,\n -26.017297563851734\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7d0e4b0c8380cd4ccfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Heather M. 0000-0001-9013-507X hwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9013-507X","contributorId":3949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Heather","email":"hwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lesti, Chiara","contributorId":24577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesti","given":"Chiara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cas, Ray A.F.","contributorId":44361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cas","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Porreca, Massimiliano","contributorId":17840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porreca","given":"Massimiliano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Viramonte, Jose G.","contributorId":72211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viramonte","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Folkes, Christopher B.","contributorId":62032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folkes","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Giordano, Guido","contributorId":100202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giordano","given":"Guido","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035587,"text":"70035587 - 2011 - Epistemic uncertainty in the location and magnitude of earthquakes in Italy from Macroseismic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-17T19:54:59","indexId":"70035587","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epistemic uncertainty in the location and magnitude of earthquakes in Italy from Macroseismic data","docAbstract":"Three independent techniques (Bakun and Wentworth, 1997; Boxer from Gasperini et al., 1999; and Macroseismic Estimation of Earthquake Parameters [MEEP; see Data and Resources section, deliverable D3] from R.M.W. Musson and M.J. Jimenez) have been proposed for estimating an earthquake location and magnitude from intensity data alone. The locations and magnitudes obtained for a given set of intensity data are almost always different, and no one technique is consistently best at matching instrumental locations and magnitudes of recent well-recorded earthquakes in Italy. Rather than attempting to select one of the three solutions as best, we use all three techniques to estimate the location and the magnitude and the epistemic uncertainties among them. The estimates are calculated using bootstrap resampled data sets with Monte Carlo sampling of a decision tree. The decision-tree branch weights are based on goodness-of-fit measures of location and magnitude for recent earthquakes. The location estimates are based on the spatial distribution of locations calculated from the bootstrap resampled data. The preferred source location is the locus of the maximum bootstrap location spatial density. The location uncertainty is obtained from contours of the bootstrap spatial density: 68% of the bootstrap locations are within the 68% confidence region, and so on. For large earthquakes, our preferred location is not associated with the epicenter but with a location on the extended rupture surface. For small earthquakes, the epicenters are generally consistent with the location uncertainties inferred from the intensity data if an epicenter inaccuracy of 2-3 km is allowed. The preferred magnitude is the median of the distribution of bootstrap magnitudes. As with location uncertainties, the uncertainties in magnitude are obtained from the distribution of bootstrap magnitudes: the bounds of the 68% uncertainty range enclose 68% of the bootstrap magnitudes, and so on. The instrumental magnitudes for large and small earthquakes are generally consistent with the confidence intervals inferred from the distribution of bootstrap resampled magnitudes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120110118","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., Gomez, C.A., and Stucchi, M., 2011, Epistemic uncertainty in the location and magnitude of earthquakes in Italy from Macroseismic data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 101, no. 6, p. 2712-2725, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110118.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2712","endPage":"2725","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216041,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110118"},{"id":243880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 6.63,35.29 ], [ 6.63,47.09 ], [ 18.78,47.09 ], [ 18.78,35.29 ], [ 6.63,35.29 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"101","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a16e4b0c8380cd521cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomez, Capera A.","contributorId":87390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"Capera","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stucchi, M.","contributorId":8695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stucchi","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035557,"text":"70035557 - 2011 - Are patterns in nutrient limitation belowground consistent with those aboveground: Results from a 4 million year chronosequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-23T19:12:59.425482","indexId":"70035557","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are patterns in nutrient limitation belowground consistent with those aboveground: Results from a 4 million year chronosequence","docAbstract":"Accurately predicting the effects of global change on net carbon (C) exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere requires a more complete understanding of how nutrient availability regulates both plant growth and heterotrophic soil respiration. Models of soil development suggest that the nature of nutrient limitation changes over the course of ecosystem development, transitioning from nitrogen (N) limitation in ‘young’ sites to phosphorus (P) limitation in ‘old’ sites. However, previous research has focused primarily on plant responses to added nutrients, and the applicability of nutrient limitation-soil development models to belowground processes has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we assessed the effects of nutrients on soil C cycling in three different forests that occupy a 4 million year substrate age chronosequence where tree growth is N limited at the youngest site, co-limited by N and P at the intermediate-aged site, and P limited at the oldest site. Our goal was to use short-term laboratory soil C manipulations (using 14C-labeled substrates) and longer-term intact soil core incubations to compare belowground responses to fertilization with aboveground patterns. When nutrients were applied with labile C (sucrose), patterns of microbial nutrient limitation were similar to plant patterns: microbial activity was limited more by N than by P in the young site, and P was more limiting than N in the old site. However, in the absence of C additions, increased respiration of native soil organic matter only occurred with simultaneous additions of N and P. Taken together, these data suggest that altered nutrient inputs into ecosystems could have dissimilar effects on C cycling above- and belowground, that nutrients may differentially affect of the fate of different soil C pools, and that future changes to the net C balance of terrestrial ecosystems will be partially regulated by soil nutrient status.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s10533-010-9522-6","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Reed, S.C., Vitousek, P., and Cleveland, C., 2011, Are patterns in nutrient limitation belowground consistent with those aboveground: Results from a 4 million year chronosequence: Biogeochemistry, v. 106, no. 3, p. 323-336, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9522-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216125,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9522-6"}],"volume":"106","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed5ee4b0c8380cd4977f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Sasha C. 0000-0002-8597-8619 screed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619","contributorId":462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Sasha","email":"screed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vitousek, P.M.","contributorId":102208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vitousek","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cleveland, C.C.","contributorId":62387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035494,"text":"70035494 - 2011 - Isotopic evolution of the idaho batholith and Challis intrusive province, Northern US Cordillera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-24T18:00:16.189486","indexId":"70035494","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic evolution of the idaho batholith and Challis intrusive province, Northern US Cordillera","docAbstract":"The Idaho batholith and spatially overlapping Challis intrusive province in the North American Cordillera have a history of magmatism spanning some 55 Myr. New isotopic data from the ∼98 Ma to 54 Ma Idaho batholith and ∼51 Ma to 43 Ma Challis intrusions, coupled with recent geochronological work, provide insights into the evolution of magmatism in the Idaho segment of the Cordillera. Nd and Hf isotopes show clear shifts towards more evolved compositions through the batholith's history and Pb isotopes define distinct fields correlative with the different age and compositionally defined suites of the batholith, whereas the Sr isotopic compositions of the various suites largely overlap. The subsequent Challis magmatism shows the full range of isotopic compositions seen in the batholith. These data suggest that the early suites of metaluminous magmatism (98–87 Ma) represent crust–mantle hybrids. Subsequent voluminous Atlanta peraluminous suite magmatism (83–67 Ma) results primarily from melting of different crustal components. This can be attributed to crustal thickening, resulting from either subduction processes or an outboard terrane collision. A later, smaller crustal melting episode, in the northern Idaho batholith, resulted in the Bitterroot peraluminous suite (66–54 Ma) and tapped different crustal sources. Subsequent Challis magmatism was derived from both crust and mantle sources and corresponds to extensional collapse of the over-thickened crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egr050","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Gaschnig, R.M., Vervoort, J., Lewis, R.S., and Tikoff, B., 2011, Isotopic evolution of the idaho batholith and Challis intrusive province, Northern US Cordillera: Journal of Petrology, v. 52, no. 12, p. 2397-2429, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr050.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"2397","endPage":"2429","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215197,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr050"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Idaho batholith","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.091796875,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -113.818359375,\n 41.376808565702355\n ],\n [\n -113.203125,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 49.210420445650286\n ],\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -125.33203125,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -126.12304687500001,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -121.025390625,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -119.091796875,\n 34.379712580462204\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fb5e4b0c8380cd6474e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaschnig, Richard M.","contributorId":31220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaschnig","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vervoort, J.D.","contributorId":98126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vervoort","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, R. S.","contributorId":19951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tikoff, B.","contributorId":90934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tikoff","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035461,"text":"70035461 - 2011 - Geodynamic interpretation of the 40Ar/39Ar dating of ophiolitic and arc-related mafics and metamafics of the northern part of the Anadyr-Koryak region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-03T16:17:02.259076","indexId":"70035461","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1826,"text":"Geotectonics","onlineIssn":"1556-1976","printIssn":"0016-8521","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodynamic interpretation of the 40Ar/39Ar dating of ophiolitic and arc-related mafics and metamafics of the northern part of the Anadyr-Koryak region","docAbstract":"Isotope datings of amphibole-bearing mafics and metamafics in the northern part of the Anadyr-Koryak region allow clarification of the time of magmatic and metamorphic processes, which are synchronous with certain stages of the geodynamic development of the northwest segment of the Pacific mobile belt in the Phanerozoic. To define the 40Ar/39Ar age of amphiboles, eight samples of amphibole gabbroids and metamafics were selected during field work from five massifs representing ophiolites and mafic plutons of the island arc. Rocks from terranes of three foldbelts: 1) Pekulnei (Chukotka region), 2) Ust-Belaya (West Koryak region), and 3) the Tamvatnei and El’gevayam subterranes of the Mainits terrane (Koryak-Kamchatka region), were studied. The isotope investigations enabled us to divide the studied amphiboles into two groups varying in rock petrographic features. The first was represented by gabbroids of the Svetlorechensk massif of the Pekulnei Range and by ophiolites of the Tamvatnei Mts.; their magmatic amphiboles show the distribution of argon isotopes in the form of clearly distinguished plateau with an age ranging within 120–129 Ma. The second group includes metamorphic amphiboles of metagabbroids and apogabbro amphibolites of the Ust-Belaya Mts., Pekulnei and Kenkeren ranges (El’gevayam subterranes). Their age spectra show loss of argon and do not provide well defined plateaus the datings obtained for them are interpreted as minimum ages. Dates of amphiboles from the metagabbro of the upper tectonic plate of the Ust-Belaya allochthon points to metamorphism in the suprasubduction environment in the fragment of Late Neoproterozoic oceanic lithosphere in Middle-Late Devonian time, long before the Uda-Murgal island arc system was formed. The amphibolite metamorphism in the dunite-clinopyroxenite-metagabbro Pekulnei sequence was dated to occur at the Permian-Triassic boundary. The age of amphiboles from gabbrodiorites of the Kenkeren Range was dated to be Early Jurassic that confirmed their assignment to the El’gevayam volcanic-plutonic assemblage. These data are consistent with geological concepts and make more precise the available age dates. Neocomian-Aptian 40Ar/39Ar age of amphibolites from the Pekulnei and Tamvatnei gabbroids make evident that mafics of these terranes (varying in geodynamic formation settings and in petrogenesis) were generated in later stages of the development of the West Pekulnei and Mainits-Algan Middle-Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous island arc systems, presumably due to breakup of island arcs in the Neocomian.
A common practice for characterizing uncertainty in coal resource assessments has been the itemization of tonnage at the mining unit level and the classification of such units according to distance to drilling holes. Distance criteria, such as those used in U.S. Geological Survey Circular 891, are still widely used for public disclosure. A major deficiency of distance methods is that they do not provide a quantitative measure of uncertainty. Additionally, relying on distance between data points alone does not take into consideration other factors known to have an influence on uncertainty, such as spatial correlation, type of probability distribution followed by the data, geological discontinuities, and boundary of the deposit. Several geostatistical methods have been combined to formulate a quantitative characterization for appraising uncertainty. Drill hole datasets ranging from widespread exploration drilling to detailed development drilling from a lignite deposit in Texas were used to illustrate the modeling. The results show that distance to the nearest drill hole is almost completely unrelated to uncertainty, which confirms the inadequacy of characterizing uncertainty based solely on a simple classification of resources by distance classes. The more complex statistical methods used in this study quantify uncertainty and show good agreement between confidence intervals in the uncertainty predictions and data from additional drilling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2010.10.001","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., Luppens, J.A., and Tewalt, S.J., 2011, Methodology for quantifying uncertainty in coal assessments with an application to a Texas lignite deposit: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 85, no. 1, p. 78-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2010.10.001.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"90","ipdsId":"IP-022188","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":215349,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2010.10.001"},{"id":243145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5573e4b0c8380cd6d1f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":450580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luppens, James A. 0000-0001-7607-8750 jluppens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-8750","contributorId":550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luppens","given":"James","email":"jluppens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tewalt, Susan J. stewalt@usgs.gov","contributorId":138923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tewalt","given":"Susan","email":"stewalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12545,"text":"USGS retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035328,"text":"70035328 - 2011 - Satellite and ground observations of the June 2009 eruption of Sarychev Peak volcano, Matua Island, Central Kuriles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-08T12:37:22.253723","indexId":"70035328","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite and ground observations of the June 2009 eruption of Sarychev Peak volcano, Matua Island, Central Kuriles","docAbstract":"After 33 years of repose, one of the most active volcanoes of the Kurile island arc—Sarychev Peak on Matua Island in the Central Kuriles—erupted violently on June 11, 2009. The eruption lasted 9 days and stands among the largest of recent historical eruptions in the Kurile Island chain. Satellite monitoring of the eruption, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Meteorological Agency Multifunctional Transport Satellite, and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data, indicated at least 23 separate explosions between 11 and 16 June 2009. Eruptive clouds reached altitudes of generally 8–16 km above sea level (ASL) and in some cases up to 21 km asl. Clouds of volcanic ash and gas stretched to the north and northwest up to 1,500 km and to the southeast for more than 3,000 km. For the first time in recorded history, ash fall occurred on Sakhalin Island and in the northeast sector of the Khabarovsky Region, Russia. Based on satellite image analysis and reconnaissance field studies in the summer of 2009, the eruption produced explosive tephra deposits with an estimated bulk volume of 0.4 km3. The eruption is considered to have a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4. Because the volcano is remote, there was minimal risk to people or infrastructure on the ground. Aviation transport, however, was significantly disrupted because of the proximity of air routes to the volcano.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-011-0481-0","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Rybin, A., Chibisova, M., Webley, P., Steensen, T., Izbekov, P., Neal, C.A., and Realmuto, V., 2011, Satellite and ground observations of the June 2009 eruption of Sarychev Peak volcano, Matua Island, Central Kuriles: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 73, no. 9, p. 1377-1392, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0481-0.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1377","endPage":"1392","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, Japan","otherGeospatial":"Kuril Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 145.72265625,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n 155.21484375,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n 159.697265625,\n 52.3755991766591\n ],\n [\n 154.599609375,\n 52.855864177853974\n ],\n [\n 146.6015625,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n 143.173828125,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n 145.72265625,\n 42.293564192170095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86cee4b08c986b316133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rybin, A.","contributorId":83754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybin","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chibisova, M.","contributorId":39212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chibisova","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webley, P.","contributorId":96915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webley","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":13097,"text":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steensen, T.","contributorId":108331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steensen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Izbekov, P.","contributorId":46748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbekov","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825 tneal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":131135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina","email":"tneal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Realmuto, V.","contributorId":50746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Realmuto","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035325,"text":"70035325 - 2011 - Generalized bootstrap method for assessment of uncertainty in semivariogram inference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T15:28:47","indexId":"70035325","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2701,"text":"Mathematical Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generalized bootstrap method for assessment of uncertainty in semivariogram inference","docAbstract":"The semivariogram and its related function, the covariance, play a central role in classical geostatistics for modeling the average continuity of spatially correlated attributes. Whereas all methods are formulated in terms of the true semivariogram, in practice what can be used are estimated semivariograms and models based on samples. A generalized form of the bootstrap method to properly model spatially correlated data is used to advance knowledge about the reliability of empirical semivariograms and semivariogram models based on a single sample. Among several methods available to generate spatially correlated resamples, we selected a method based on the LU decomposition and used several examples to illustrate the approach. The first one is a synthetic, isotropic, exhaustive sample following a normal distribution, the second example is also a synthetic but following a non-Gaussian random field, and a third empirical sample consists of actual raingauge measurements. Results show wider confidence intervals than those found previously by others with inadequate application of the bootstrap. Also, even for the Gaussian example, distributions for estimated semivariogram values and model parameters are positively skewed. In this sense, bootstrap percentile confidence intervals, which are not centered around the empirical semivariogram and do not require distributional assumptions for its construction, provide an achieved coverage similar to the nominal coverage. The latter cannot be achieved by symmetrical confidence intervals based on the standard error, regardless if the standard error is estimated from a parametric equation or from bootstrap.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11004-010-9269-6","issn":"18748961","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., and Pardo-Iguzquiza, E., 2011, Generalized bootstrap method for assessment of uncertainty in semivariogram inference: Mathematical Geosciences, v. 43, no. 2, p. 203-228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-010-9269-6.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"228","ipdsId":"IP-013963","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215127,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11004-010-9269-6"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1515e4b0c8380cd54cad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":450190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pardo-Iguzquiza, E.","contributorId":34345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardo-Iguzquiza","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035272,"text":"70035272 - 2011 - Near-field hazard assessment of March 11, 2011 Japan Tsunami sources inferred from different methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-08T12:35:24.696834","indexId":"70035272","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Near-field hazard assessment of March 11, 2011 Japan Tsunami sources inferred from different methods","docAbstract":"Tsunami source is the origin of the subsequent transoceanic water waves, and thus the most critical component in modern tsunami forecast methodology. Although impractical to be quantified directly, a tsunami source can be estimated by different methods based on a variety of measurements provided by deep-ocean tsunameters, seismometers, GPS, and other advanced instruments, some in real time, some in post real-time. Here we assess these different sources of the devastating March 11, 2011 Japan tsunami by model-data comparison for generation, propagation and inundation in the near field of Japan. This study provides a comparative study to further understand the advantages and shortcomings of different methods that may be potentially used in real-time warning and forecast of tsunami hazards, especially in the near field. The model study also highlights the critical role of deep-ocean tsunami measurements for high-quality tsunami forecast, and its combination with land GPS measurements may lead to better understanding of both the earthquake mechanisms and tsunami generation process.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"OCEANS'11 - MTS/IEEE Kona, Program Book","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"MTS/IEEE Kona Conference, OCEANS'11","conferenceDate":"September 19-22, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Kona, HI","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107294","isbn":"9781457714276","usgsCitation":"Wei, Y., Titov, V., Newman, A., Hayes, G., Tang, L., and Chamberlin, C., 2011, Near-field hazard assessment of March 11, 2011 Japan Tsunami sources inferred from different methods, in OCEANS'11 - MTS/IEEE Kona, Program Book, Kona, HI, September 19-22, 2011, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.23919/OCEANS.2011.6107294.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[134.63843,34.14923],[134.76638,33.80633],[134.20342,33.20118],[133.79295,33.52199],[133.28027,33.28957],[133.01486,32.70457],[132.36311,32.98938],[132.37118,33.46364],[132.92437,34.0603],[133.49297,33.94462],[133.90411,34.36493],[134.63843,34.14923]]],[[[140.97639,37.14207],[140.59977,36.34398],[140.77407,35.84288],[140.25328,35.13811],[138.97553,34.6676],[137.2176,34.60629],[135.79298,33.46481],[135.12098,33.84907],[135.07943,34.59654],[133.34032,34.37594],[132.15677,33.90493],[130.98614,33.88576],[132.00004,33.14999],[131.33279,31.45035],[130.68632,31.02958],[130.20242,31.41824],[130.44768,32.31947],[129.81469,32.61031],[129.40846,33.29606],[130.35394,33.60415],[130.87845,34.23274],[131.88423,34.74971],[132.61767,35.43339],[134.6083,35.73162],[135.67754,35.52713],[136.72383,37.30498],[137.39061,36.82739],[138.8576,37.82748],[139.4264,38.21596],[140.05479,39.43881],[139.88338,40.56331],[140.30578,41.19501],[141.36897,41.37856],[141.91426,39.99162],[141.8846,39.18086],[140.95949,38.174],[140.97639,37.14207]]],[[[143.91016,44.1741],[144.61343,43.96088],[145.32083,44.38473],[145.54314,43.26209],[144.05966,42.98836],[143.18385,41.99521],[141.61149,42.67879],[141.06729,41.58459],[139.95511,41.56956],[139.81754,42.56376],[140.31209,43.33327],[141.38055,43.38882],[141.67195,44.77213],[141.96764,45.55148],[143.14287,44.51036],[143.91016,44.1741]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Japan\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63dee4b0c8380cd72749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wei, Y.","contributorId":9502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Titov, V.V.","contributorId":48752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titov","given":"V.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newman, A.","contributorId":32791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayes, G.","contributorId":81349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tang, Liujuan","contributorId":34045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"Liujuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chamberlin, C.","contributorId":76197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chamberlin","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035270,"text":"70035270 - 2011 - Field verification of stable perched groundwater in layered bedrock uplands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-26T12:59:51.456144","indexId":"70035270","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field verification of stable perched groundwater in layered bedrock uplands","docAbstract":"Data substantiating perched conditions in layered bedrock uplands are rare and have not been widely reported. Field observations in layered sedimentary bedrock in southwestern Wisconsin, USA, provide evidence of a stable, laterally extensive perched aquifer. Data from a densely instrumented field site show a perched aquifer in shallow dolomite, underlain by a shale‐and‐dolomite aquitard approximately 25 m thick, which is in turn underlain by sandstone containing a 30‐m‐thick unsaturated zone above a regional aquifer. Heads in water supply wells indicate that perched conditions extend at least several kilometers into hillsides, which is consistent with published modeling studies. Observations of unsaturated conditions in the sandstone over a 4‐year period, historical development of the perched aquifer, and perennial flow from upland springs emanating from the shallow dolomite suggest that perched groundwater is a stable hydrogeologic feature under current climate conditions. Water‐table hydrographs exhibit apparent differences in the amount and timing of recharge to the perched and regional flow systems; steep hydraulic gradients and tritium and chloride concentrations suggest there is limited hydraulic connection between the two. Recognition and characterization of perched flow systems have practical importance because their groundwater flow and transport pathways may differ significantly from those in underlying flow systems. Construction of multi‐aquifer wells and groundwater withdrawal in perched systems can further alter such pathways.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00736.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., Gotkowitz, M., and Anderson, M.P., 2011, Field verification of stable perched groundwater in layered bedrock uplands: Ground Water, v. 49, no. 3, p. 383-392, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00736.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"392","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Southwestern Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.68115234375,\n 42.53689200787315\n ],\n [\n -88.76953125,\n 42.50450285299051\n ],\n [\n -88.87939453125,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -89.033203125,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 43.46886761482925\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 43.24520272203356\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -90.68115234375,\n 42.53689200787315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fa0e4b0c8380cd53966","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, J.T.","contributorId":24587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gotkowitz, M.B.","contributorId":37537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotkowitz","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Marilyn P.","contributorId":102970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035239,"text":"70035239 - 2011 - SPECTRAL data-based estimation of soil heat flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T14:16:32","indexId":"70035239","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3619,"text":"Transactions of the ASABE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SPECTRAL data-based estimation of soil heat flux","docAbstract":"Numerous existing spectral-based soil heat flux (G) models have shown wide variation in performance for maize and soybean cropping systems in Nebraska, indicating the need for localized calibration and model development. The objectives of this article are to develop a semi-empirical model to estimate G from a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and net radiation (Rn) for maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) fields in the Great Plains, and present the suitability of the developed model to estimate G under similar and different soil and management conditions. Soil heat fluxes measured in both irrigated and rainfed fields in eastern and south-central Nebraska were used for model development and validation. An exponential model that uses NDVI and Rn was found to be the best to estimate G based on r2 values. The effect of geographic location, crop, and water management practices were used to develop semi-empirical models under four case studies. Each case study has the same exponential model structure but a different set of coefficients and exponents to represent the crop, soil, and management practices. Results showed that the semi-empirical models can be used effectively for G estimation for nearby fields with similar soil properties for independent years, regardless of differences in crop type, crop rotation, and irrigation practices, provided that the crop residue from the previous year is more than 4000 kg ha-1. The coefficients calibrated from particular fields can be used at nearby fields in order to capture temporal variation in G. However, there is a need for further investigation of the models to account for the interaction effects of crop rotation and irrigation. Validation at an independent site having different soil and crop management practices showed the limitation of the semi-empirical model in estimating G under different soil and environment conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.39837","issn":"00012351","usgsCitation":"Singh, R.K., Irmak, A., Walter-Shea, E., Verma, S., and Suyker, A., 2011, SPECTRAL data-based estimation of soil heat flux: Transactions of the ASABE, v. 54, no. 5, p. 1589-1597, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.39837.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1589","endPage":"1597","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers/525","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf7ce4b0c8380cd875f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singh, Ramesh K. 0000-0002-8164-3483","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-3483","contributorId":85424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"Ramesh","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irmak, A.","contributorId":101473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irmak","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter-Shea, Elizabeth","contributorId":84579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter-Shea","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verma, S.B.","contributorId":103890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verma","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Suyker, A.E.","contributorId":42051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suyker","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035176,"text":"70035176 - 2011 - Patterns of space and habitat use by northern bobwhites in south Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-26T13:03:37.09582","indexId":"70035176","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1595,"text":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of space and habitat use by northern bobwhites in south Florida, USA","docAbstract":"The manner by which animals use space and select resources can have important management consequences. We studied patterns of habitat selection by northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) on Babcock-Webb Wildlife Management Area, Charlotte County, Florida and evaluated factors influencing the sizes of their home ranges. A total of 1,245 radio-tagged bobwhites were monitored for 19,467 radio days during 2002–2007. The mean ( ± 1 SE) annual home range size, estimated using the Kernel density method, was 88.43 ( ± 6.16) ha and did not differ between genders. Winter home ranges of bobwhites (69.27 ± 4.92 ha) were generally larger than summer home ranges (53.90 ± 4.93 ha). Annual and winter home ranges were smaller for bobwhites whose ranges contained food plots compared to those that did not; however, the presence of food plots did not influence summer home ranges. We used distance-based methods to investigate habitat selection by bobwhites at two scales: selection of home ranges within the study site (second-order selection) and selection of habitats within home ranges (third-order selection). Across both scales, bobwhites generally preferred food plots and dry prairie habitat and avoided wet prairies and roads. This pattern was generally consistent between genders and across years. Our data indicate that management practices aimed at increasing and maintaining a matrix of food plots and dry prairie habitat would provide the most favorable environment for bobwhites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10344-010-0393-x","issn":"16124642","usgsCitation":"Singh, A., Hines, T., Hostetler, J., Percival, H.F., and Oli, M., 2011, Patterns of space and habitat use by northern bobwhites in south Florida, USA: European Journal of Wildlife Research, v. 57, no. 1, p. 15-26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-010-0393-x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Southern Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.210693359375,\n 26.70635985763354\n ],\n [\n -81.353759765625,\n 26.70635985763354\n ],\n [\n -81.353759765625,\n 27.078691552927534\n ],\n [\n -82.210693359375,\n 27.078691552927534\n ],\n [\n -82.210693359375,\n 26.70635985763354\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75ebe4b0c8380cd77e03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singh, A.","contributorId":61211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, T.C.","contributorId":36252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, J.A. 0000-0003-3669-1758","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-1758","contributorId":47994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Percival, H. Franklin percivalf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.","email":"percivalf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":449598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oli, M.K.","contributorId":108069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oli","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035151,"text":"70035151 - 2011 - The contribution of competition to tree mortality in old-growth coniferous forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-01T17:59:39.957482","indexId":"70035151","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The contribution of competition to tree mortality in old-growth coniferous forests","docAbstract":"Competition is a well-documented contributor to tree mortality in temperate forests, with numerous studies documenting a relationship between tree death and the competitive environment. Models frequently rely on competition as the only non-random mechanism affecting tree mortality. However, for mature forests, competition may cease to be the primary driver of mortality.
We use a large, long-term dataset to study the importance of competition in determining tree mortality in old-growth forests on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, U.S.A. We make use of the comparative spatial configuration of dead and live trees, changes in tree spatial pattern through time, and field assessments of contributors to an individual tree's death to quantify competitive effects.
Competition was apparently a significant contributor to tree mortality in these forests. Trees that died tended to be in more competitive environments than trees that survived, and suppression frequently appeared as a factor contributing to mortality. On the other hand, based on spatial pattern analyses, only three of 14 plots demonstrated compelling evidence that competition was dominating mortality. Most of the rest of the plots fell within the expectation for random mortality, and three fit neither the random nor the competition model. These results suggest that while competition is often playing a significant role in tree mortality processes in these forests it only infrequently governs those processes. In addition, the field assessments indicated a substantial presence of biotic mortality agents in trees that died.
While competition is almost certainly important, demographics in these forests cannot accurately be characterized without a better grasp of other mortality processes. In particular, we likely need a better understanding of biotic agents and their interactions with one another and with competition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2010.12.035","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Das, A., Battles, J., Stephenson, N., and van Mantgem, P.J., 2011, The contribution of competition to tree mortality in old-growth coniferous forests: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 261, no. 7, p. 1203-1213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.12.035.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1213","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215450,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.12.035"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sequoia National Park and Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.9814453125,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -120.34423828125,\n 37.35269280367274\n ],\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 36.82687474287728\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 35.71083783530009\n ],\n [\n -117.59765625,\n 35.67514743608467\n ],\n [\n -118.125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -119.0478515625,\n 38.013476231041935\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -121.4208984375,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -120.9814453125,\n 38.61687046392973\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"261","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa5ce4b08c986b3227ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Das, A.","contributorId":45097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Das","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battles, J.","contributorId":35973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battles","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, N.L.","contributorId":17559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"van Mantgem, Phillip J. 0000-0002-3068-9422 pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9422","contributorId":2838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"Phillip","email":"pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}