The drainage area of a stream at a specified location ordinarily may be defined as that area, measured in a horizontal plane, which is enclosed by a topographic divide such that direct surface runoff from precipitation would drain by gravity into the river basin above the specified point.
\nOne of the most important factors in the hydrologic computation for the design of structures on or over watercourses is the drainage area upstream from the point under consideration. Other hydrologic studies such as low-flow, flood-frequency analyses, rainfall-runoff correlations, stream density, and area-distance make use of this factor as a basic premise for computation.
\nIn order that the drainage-area information of the interior streams of Iowa be of uniform accuracy and available to all users of these data, this report has been compiled, and the drainage areas of all streams in excess of 5 square mies are listed. For the larger streams, drainage areas have been determined at numerous intermediate points. As a result of this report much basic background material has been compiled that will he useful in future hydrologic studies of drainage basin characteristics.
\nThis publication is limited to the presentation of the drainage-area data for the interior streams of the State. The methods of application of these data to the study of streamflow characteristics, and the design of related structures are properly the function of the design engineer and are not discussed herein.
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The former rocks are eugeosynclinal in character and are very badly faulted but for the most part apparently only moderately folded. With the exception of a large, partly low-angle thrust, the writer has not recognized evidence of strong tangential stresses. Intra-formational folding in the older complex is interpreted as caused by submarine sliding (slump structure). Except in the vicinity of the larger plutonic intrusions and in the northeastern and southwestern corners of the island, the main strike alignment of the older complex is northwestward. The plutons are roughtly concordant with the structure of the country rock and show varying degrees of differentiation. Their average composition seems to be more acidic than that of the volcanic and volcanogenetic rocks into which they are intruded. The middle Tertiary sequence is nonvolcanic, made up dominantly of calcareous marine sediments. It crops out on the north and south sides of the island and in structural troughs on the west coast. On the north coast the beds dip gently to the north, and, except for slight terracings and a flexure at the northwestern corner of the island, are not folded. The middle Tertiary sequence on the south side of the island is somewhat folded. Seismic-reflection studies of the north coast indicate, however, a pronounced northward thickening, possibly some folding, and unconformities at depth. Unconformities which may be local have also been noted at several places on the surface. Several large faults in the middle Tertiary sequence have been recognized in both the north- and south-coast belts. The pattern of master joints that is inferred in the north-coast middle Tertiary belt from topographic alignments seems to indicate (1) control by fades contacts, (2) possible downwarping associated with the sinking of an arm of the Puerto Rican Trench, and (3) tension during upwarping along the island axis. The dates of the major diastrophic events that are decipherable from the Puerto Rican data are: (1) early Tertiary (possibly late Paleocene, but more probably Eocene), when the older complex was deformed; (2) Miocene, when the middle Tertiary sequence was deformed; (3) late Pliocene and possibly early Pleistocene, when block faulting on a large scale produced the present topographic relief. Remnants of the fault scarps resulting from the latter deformation occur widely. Quaternary marine deposits and marine terraces suggest that Puerto Rico has been relatively unaffected by crustal movement at least since the late Pleistocene.
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A.","contributorId":6003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207233,"text":"70207233 - 1957 - Military geology in the United States sector of the European theater of operations during World War II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-15T13:22:45.024933","indexId":"70207233","displayToPublicDate":"1957-12-31T14:26:56","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Military geology in the United States sector of the European theater of operations during World War II","docAbstract":"Geology, which was of far-reaching importance on the Western Front of World War I, played a less spectacular role during World War II in so far as the United States armies in Europe were concerned. The U. S. Army in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) used geologists in two capacities: (1) to make staff studies at the level of Theater Headquarters, and (2) as officer personnel in a water-supply unit. In the first category, only one group of seven geologists was employed, forming part of the Information Section, Intelligence Division, Office of the Chief Engineer, ETO. The products of this group consisted largely of regional and localized terrain (trafficability) studies that ranged geographically from the Normandy invasion beaches to Czechoslovakia. Problems of water supply, sources of road material, and many other questions of a geologic nature also arose. French geologists collaborated closely with the work of the section. As the campaign progressed, the Military Geology Unit of the U. S. Geological Survey made important contributions to the geologic intelligence of Germany.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[47:MGITUS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Kaye, C.A., 1957, Military geology in the United States sector of the European theater of operations during World War II: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 68, no. 1, p. 47-54, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[47:MGITUS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"47","endPage":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaye, C. A.","contributorId":6003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206668,"text":"70206668 - 1957 - Lithofacies of the salt wash member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-15T06:59:33","indexId":"70206668","displayToPublicDate":"1957-12-31T06:54:03","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Lithofacies of the salt wash member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado plateau","title":"Lithofacies of the salt wash member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado plateau","docAbstract":"The Salt Wash is the basal member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in parts of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. Deposited by streams, it comprises lenticular beds of cross-laminated sandstone irregularly interbedded with mudstone, siltstone, claystone, and horizontally laminated sandstone. The term \"lithofacies,\" as used in this paper, denotes lithologic aspect. The specific lithofacies of the Salt Wash member at a given locality is determined by the thickness, proportion, and continuity of the stream and flood-plain deposits that make up the Salt Wash. Stream deposits include all rocks interpreted as deposited from moving water; flood-plain deposits include all rocks interpreted as deposited from slack water. Regional differences in lithofacies show that the Salt Wash member is a fan-shaped wedge of sedimentary rocks whose apex is in south-central Utah. Within the wedge, the thickness of the Salt Wash and the thickness, proportion, and continuity of the contained stream deposits decrease relatively uniformly to the north, northeast, and southeast of the apex. Interpretation of the regional differences in lithofacies indicates deposition by a distributary stream system whose apex was in south-central Utah and which spread sediments to the north, east, and southeast over a nearly flat plain. Irregularities on this plain near the Four Corners area and in west-central Colorado modified the distributary system, and therefore the wedge is not symmetrical. Most uranium-vanadium ore deposits in the Salt Wash member occur in a lithofacies near the center of the wedge. This may be a genetic relation and can be explained as a function of transmissibility of the particular lithofacies. The ore deposits, however, are concentrated in a relatively small part of the central lithofacies. Because local geologic features such as structure or igneous intrusions might control the localization of ore deposits in the small area, the high degree of correlation of ore deposits and a certain lithofacies may be coincidental. © 1957, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[505:LOTSWM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Mullens, T.E., and Freeman, V.L., 1957, Lithofacies of the salt wash member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 68, no. 4, p. 505-526, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[505:LOTSWM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"526","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States 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\"}}]}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullens, T. E.","contributorId":34573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullens","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, V. L.","contributorId":52958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197728,"text":"70197728 - 1957 - Franciscan group in Coast Ranges and its equivalents in Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T14:44:20.871456","indexId":"70197728","displayToPublicDate":"1957-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Franciscan group in Coast Ranges and its equivalents in Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"The Franciscan group is an assemblage of detrital and chemical sedimentary and volcanic rocks that crops out discontinuously in a structurally complex, northwesterly trending belt along the Coast Ranges of Cahfornia. On the east, along the west side of the Sacramento Valley, a thick section of detrital sedimentary rocks has been subdivided into the Knoxville, Paskenta, and Horsetown forma tions of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age, and several units of early Late Cretaceous age. The Sacramento Valley section represents deposition during most of the time from Late Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous.
The Franciscan group is widely held to be restricted to Late Jurassic age, the Knoxville formation to be an upper shaly phase of the Franciscan group, and the two to be overlain unconformably by detrital strata of Cretaceous age. Sparse paleontologic evidence indicates this view to be incorrect. Rather, the Franciscan group seems mainly to have been deposited contemporaneously with the Knoxville, Paskenta, Horsetown, and lower Upper Cretaceous strata, as fossils ranging from Late Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous in age have been found in the Franciscan group. The Franciscan group and strata of the Sacramento Valley section therefore may represent two fades of the same stratigraphic section.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/0BDA598D-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Irwin, W., 1957, Franciscan group in Coast Ranges and its equivalents in Sacramento Valley, California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 41, no. 10, p. 2284-2297, https://doi.org/10.1306/0BDA598D-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2284","endPage":"2297","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355155,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coast Ranges, Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.37565386102392,\n 35.43697381907357\n ],\n [\n -119.56766784450022,\n 35.756423682247146\n ],\n [\n -121.26063833013268,\n 38.958627533836875\n ],\n [\n -122.39424444228172,\n 40.46413166128349\n ],\n [\n -123.63732039385647,\n 40.748395672260216\n ],\n [\n -123.58010245482978,\n 41.9121390843971\n ],\n [\n -124.29984848942979,\n 41.90701007677032\n ],\n [\n -124.08823796557783,\n 40.959378695262984\n ],\n [\n -124.37981704914156,\n 40.314101124394995\n ],\n [\n -123.85452818235751,\n 39.535918156217065\n ],\n [\n -123.70880379131722,\n 38.89660014813049\n ],\n [\n -122.97653408073239,\n 37.93776287592166\n ],\n [\n -122.39459687777702,\n 37.13215129931295\n ],\n [\n -121.73102873565779,\n 36.533638813884764\n ],\n [\n -120.35395583583437,\n 35.41809758668549\n ],\n [\n -120.37565386102392,\n 35.43697381907357\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, William P.","contributorId":12889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"William P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206840,"text":"70206840 - 1957 - Chapter 22: Environments and facies of existing bays on the central Texas coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-25T07:33:53","indexId":"70206840","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-25T07:26:58","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 22: Environments and facies of existing bays on the central Texas coast","docAbstract":"The estuaries and neritic waters along the central Texas coast are characterized by broad ranges of environmental factors, providing conditions favorable to temperate organisms in winter and tropical organisms in summer. Dredging in the coastal waters revealed a number of distinct faunal facies, the distribution of which appears to be controlled primarily by salinity. Characteristic assemblages are found in the following areas: closed bays, polyhaline bays, a highly saline lagoon, passes, beaches on the open Gulf, and shallow waters of the open gulf. In the closed bays three subfacies are recognized-one in the bay heads, one on the reefs, and one in the interreef areas; in the open gulf the assemblages living close to shore are differentiated from those found 2-4 miles off shore. In most stations each facies is characterized by an abundance of certain living forms. Dead shells and other skeletal parts are much more widely distributed, but many such strays may be recognized as transported elements by their rarity or by their eroded surfaces. Each group of organisms has one or more centers of maximum development in numbers of species. The Foraminifera, for example, attain their greatest development in the polyhaline bays and near the heads of passes, the ostracodes near the bay heads, mollusks in the polyhaline bays and in the Gulf, and diatoms under normal marine conditions in the Gulf. The reef assemblage of the closed bays is poor in numbers of species, but the individuals are so numerous that they form extensive deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM67V2-p599","issn":" 00721069","usgsCitation":"Ladd, H.S., Hedgpeth, J., and Post, R., 1957, Chapter 22: Environments and facies of existing bays on the central Texas coast: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 67, no. 2, p. 599-640, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM67V2-p599.","productDescription":"42 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"67","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ladd, H. S.","contributorId":95537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedgpeth, J.W.","contributorId":220860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hedgpeth","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Post, R.J.","contributorId":60696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70216357,"text":"70216357 - 1957 - Gravity prospecting for chromite deposits in Camaguey Province, Cuba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T21:26:19.531372","indexId":"70216357","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-12T15:18:43","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity prospecting for chromite deposits in Camaguey Province, Cuba","docAbstract":"Detailed gravity surveys were made in Camaguey Province, Cuba, as part of a systematic exploration program conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey on behalf of the General Services Administration to locate deposits of refractory-grade chromite. During the period August 4, 1954, to April 5, 1956, a total of 41,921 gravity stations were established in nine areas embracing about 11.8 square miles in the Camaguey chromite district. The results of the surveys were used in connection with information obtained in geologic investigations to guide exploratory drilling.Gravimeters with low scale constants were used in making measurements sufficiently accurate to delimit anomalies as small as 0.5 gravity unit. The measurements were made over 20 X 40 and 30 X 60 meter grids and at stations 20 and 30 meters apart, respectively, along intermediate traverses in anomalous areas. Gravity differences were determined by single observations at individual stations, observing base stations hourly, and re-observing a few stations to check drift and accuracy of measurement. About 11 percent of the stations established had to be re-run because of errors in closure, microseisms, and instrument trouble.A large number of anomalies were found and evaluated according to geology, areal extent, and gravity relief. Depths to disturbing hypothetical bodies were computed to guide drilling. Test drilling of 106 positive anomalies revealed that ten features overlie deposits of chromite and 89 occur over bodies of other dense materials. The other seven anomalies were not explained by materials found in drilling. Core drilling on five of the chromite deposits revealed about 236,000 tons of chromite. An additional estimated 12,000 tons are contained in three deposits which were not blocked out. No estimate was made of the tonnage in two small deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1438427","usgsCitation":"Davis, W., Jackson, W., and Richter, D., 1957, Gravity prospecting for chromite deposits in Camaguey Province, Cuba: Geophysics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 848-869, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438427.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"848","endPage":"869","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cuba","otherGeospatial":"Camaguey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.0303955078125,\n 22.131443290658808\n ],\n [\n -78.7664794921875,\n 21.51951706014707\n ],\n [\n -78.409423828125,\n 20.53507732696281\n ],\n [\n -77.9095458984375,\n 20.45789615504684\n ],\n [\n -76.8328857421875,\n 21.458181127146066\n ],\n [\n -77.8436279296875,\n 22.253512814974744\n ],\n [\n -78.0303955078125,\n 22.131443290658808\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Willard E.","contributorId":8549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Willard E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Wayne H.","contributorId":15091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Wayne H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":804795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70216356,"text":"70216356 - 1957 - Application of punched cards to geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T21:18:22.735488","indexId":"70216356","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-12T15:14:13","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of punched cards to geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone","docAbstract":"The punched card has been chosen for use in compiling the great mass of geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone into permanent file. The most valuable uses of the punched-card file are as a multiple index to data and as a means of correlating different data. By using the punched card, uranium deposits in sandstone can also be compared to other metalliferous deposits in sandstone.Besides the geographic location of the deposit, about 120 different items can be punched on the sides of the card. In the center of the card more detailed data and a summary of the report are given. Although the card is designed for data on a single deposit or group of deposits, topical data on many studies such as chemistry, geobotanical prospecting, and geophysics can be summarized on the card.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.52.2.180","usgsCitation":"Finch, W.I., 1957, Application of punched cards to geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone: Economic Geology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 180-191, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.52.2.180.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"180","endPage":"191","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, Warren I.","contributorId":91923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}