{"pageNumber":"6905","pageRowStart":"172600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184812,"records":[{"id":70221358,"text":"70221358 - 1957 - Magmatic, connate, and metamorphic waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T13:17:43.45072","indexId":"70221358","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-11T08:14:41","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magmatic, connate, and metamorphic waters","docAbstract":"<p>Some major types of water of “deep” origin are believed to be recognizable from their chemical and isotopic compositions. Oil-field brines dominated by sodium and calcium chlorides differ markedly from average ocean water. In general, the brines are believed to be connate in origin (“fossil” sea water) with a negligible to high proportion of meteoric water. Many brines, particularly in pre-Tertiary rocks, are much higher in salinity than sea water and are greatly enriched in calcium as well as sodium chloride. Brines near the salinity of sea water are generally higher, relative to sea water, in bicarbonate, iodine, boron, lithium, silica, ammonium, and water-soluble organic compounds, and lower in sulfate, potassium, and magnesium.</p><p>Many changes take place after sea water is entrapped in newly deposited marine sediments: (1) Iodine, silicon, boron, nitrogen, and other elements have been selectively concentrated in organisms that decompose during and after burial in sediments. Many of the elements may redissolve in the interstitial water. (2) Bacteria are active in the sediments and reduce sulfate to sulfide and produce methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and other products. (3) Some elements have been selectively removed from sea water by inorganic processes, such as adsorption on clays and colloidal matter. When this matter is reconstituted by diagenetic and other changes, some components are redissolved. The abundance of lithium and possibly boron and other elements may be controlled to a considerable extent by these inorganic processes. (4) The interstitial water may react chemically with enclosing sediments and produce dolomite, reconstituted clays, and other minerals. The high loss of magnesium relative to calcium in most connate waters is probably caused by such reactions.</p><p>Volcanic hot-spring waters of different compositions have been discussed in an accompanying paper (White, 1957). The most significant type is believed to be dominated by sodium chloride, and is best explained as originating from dense gases driven at high temperature and pressure from magma and containing much matter of low volatility that is in solution because of the solvent properties of high-density steam. This dense vapor is condensed in and greatly diluted by deeply circulating meteoric water. Most other types of volcanic water are believed to be derived from the sodium-chloride type.</p><p>Volcanic sodium-chloride waters are similar in many respects to connate waters but are believed to be distinguishable by relatively high lithium, fluorine, silica, boron, sulfur, CO<sub>2</sub>, arsenic, and antimony; by relatively low calcium and magnesium; and by lack of hydrocarbons, water-soluble organic compounds, and perhaps ammonia and nitrate. Relatively high boron and combined CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>are alone not reliable indicators of a volcanic origin.</p><p>During compaction, rocks lose most of their interstitial high-chloride water; much additional water may then be lost during progressive metamorphism, and the content changes from about 5 per cent in shale to perhaps 1 per cent in gneiss. This expelled water is here called metamorphic. Because of pressure and permeability gradients, it must normally escape upward and mix with connate and meteoric water. Even though large quantities must exist, no example of metamorphic water has been positively identified.</p><p>Some thermal springs in California are high in salinity and relatively low in temperature and apparent associated heat flow. Some are clearly connate in origin. Other springs are characterized by very high combined carbon dioxide and boron, relative to chloride. Their compositions are considerably different from known connate and volcanic waters and are believed to be best explained by a metamorphic origin.</p><p>Although some major types of deep water seem to be recognizable, there is much danger of oversimplifying the problems. Many waters are no doubt mixtures of different types, and some of high salinity result from dissolution of salts by meteoric water.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1659:MCAMW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., 1957, Magmatic, connate, and metamorphic waters: GSA Bulletin, v. 68, no. 12, p. 1659-1682, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1659:MCAMW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1659","endPage":"1682","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70221356,"text":"70221356 - 1957 - Thermal effects of the ocean on permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T13:04:31.142961","indexId":"70221356","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-11T08:01:44","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal effects of the ocean on permafrost","docAbstract":"<p>In high latitudes the large difference between the mean annual temperature at the ground surface and in the unfrozen sediments beneath bodies of water can affect ground temperatures to depths of several hundred feet. The effect is of particular interest near the edge of the ocean where it depends upon the magnitude of the temperature difference between the land surface and ocean bottom, the thermal properties of the ground materials, and past changes in climate and/or shore-line configuration. Theoretical considerations suggest that, except where there are transgressing shore lines, permafrost to depths greater than about 100 feet beneath the ocean bottom is not to be expected at points farther than a few thousand feet offshore. Similar considerations indicate that geothermal installations along the Arctic coast can give information regarding post-Pleistocene shore-line changes.</p><p>The geothermal effects of bodies of water offer an explanation for the anomalously large outward earth-heat flow recently reported by A. D. Misener for Resolute Bay, Cornwallis Island, N. W. T., Canada.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1515:TEOTOO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A.H., 1957, Thermal effects of the ocean on permafrost: GSA Bulletin, v. 68, no. 11, p. 1515-1530, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1515:TEOTOO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1530","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70221173,"text":"70221173 - 1957 - Colorimetric estimation of milligram quantities of inorganic azides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-04T13:17:45.382283","indexId":"70221173","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-04T08:16:20","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Colorimetric estimation of milligram quantities of inorganic azides","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac60125a037","usgsCitation":"Roberson, C.E., and Austin, C., 1957, Colorimetric estimation of milligram quantities of inorganic azides: Analytical Chemistry, v. 29, no. 5, p. 854-855, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60125a037.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"854","endPage":"855","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberson, Charles Elmer","contributorId":79451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberson","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Elmer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austin, Calvin","contributorId":259279,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Austin","given":"Calvin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":37803,"text":"37803 - 1957 - Nutrias in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-24T13:54:33","indexId":"37803","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-01T13:54:03","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"389","title":"Nutrias in the United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1957, Nutrias in the United States (Revises and updates Wildlife Leaflet 319 (1949).): Wildlife Leaflet 389, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revises and updates Wildlife Leaflet 319 (1949).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd3f3e4b0824b2d177088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":529730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":37802,"text":"37802 - 1957 - Fur Catch in the United States, 1956","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-24T09:19:17","indexId":"37802","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-01T09:18:30","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"388","title":"Fur Catch in the United States, 1956","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in Section of Wild Fur Animal Investigations, Branch of Wildlife Research, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Branch of Wildlife Research, 1957, Fur Catch in the United States, 1956 (Succeeds Wildlife Leaflet 380 (1956).): Wildlife Leaflet 388, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290855,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Succeeds Wildlife Leaflet 380 (1956).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd3f3e4b0824b2d17708a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Branch of Wildlife Research","contributorId":127903,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Branch of Wildlife Research","id":529729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":37801,"text":"37801 - 1957 - Big game inventory for 1955","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-24T09:16:17","indexId":"37801","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-01T09:15:14","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"387","title":"Big game inventory for 1955","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled by Denver Wildlife Research Laborary, Branch of Wildlife Research, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.","usgsCitation":"Wildlife Research Laboratory, 1957, Big game inventory for 1955 (Reissued from Wildlife Leaflet 376 (1956) to fit 1955.): Wildlife Leaflet 387, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Reissued from Wildlife Leaflet 376 (1956) to fit 1955.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd3f3e4b0824b2d17708c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildlife Research Laboratory","contributorId":128030,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wildlife Research Laboratory","id":529728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":37875,"text":"37875 - 1957 - Ground squirrels and their control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T10:04:41","indexId":"37875","displayToPublicDate":"1957-05-01T10:04:12","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"356","title":"Ground squirrels and their control","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1957, Ground squirrels and their control: Wildlife Leaflet 356, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd3f3e4b0824b2d17708e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":529753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":37798,"text":"37798 - 1957 - Refuge bird lists","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-24T09:09:33","indexId":"37798","displayToPublicDate":"1957-05-01T09:07:58","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"384","title":"Refuge bird lists","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1957, Refuge bird lists: Wildlife Leaflet 384, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290853,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd3f4e4b0824b2d177090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","contributorId":128149,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","id":529727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":37797,"text":"37797 - 1957 - Public use of National Wildlife Refuges, 1956","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-24T09:06:21","indexId":"37797","displayToPublicDate":"1957-05-01T09:05:49","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"383","title":"Public use of National Wildlife Refuges, 1956","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.s. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Branch of Wildlife Refuges, 1957, Public use of National Wildlife Refuges, 1956 (Reissued from Wildlife Leaflet 375 (1956).): Wildlife Leaflet 383, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Reissued from Wildlife Leaflet 375 (1956).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd3f4e4b0824b2d177092","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Branch of Wildlife Refuges","contributorId":127986,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Branch of Wildlife Refuges","id":529726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5220906,"text":"5220906 - 1957 - A summer whistling cock count of bobwhite quail as an index to wintering populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-31T17:04:37.584418","indexId":"5220906","displayToPublicDate":"1957-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A summer whistling cock count of bobwhite quail as an index to wintering populations","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3797580","usgsCitation":"Rosene, W., 1957, A summer whistling cock count of bobwhite quail as an index to wintering populations: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 21, no. 2, p. 153-158, https://doi.org/10.2307/3797580.","productDescription":"6 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,{"id":70230871,"text":"70230871 - 1957 - Brant of the Bering Sea — Migration and mortality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-27T14:20:19.916935","indexId":"70230871","displayToPublicDate":"1957-03-04T09:03:32","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5322,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","printIssn":"0078-1355","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"Brant of the Bering Sea — Migration and mortality","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the 22nd North American Wildlife Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"22nd North American Wildlife Conference","conferenceDate":"March 4-6, 1957","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","publisherLocation":"Washington, D. C.","usgsCitation":"Hansen, H., and Nelson, U.C., 1957, Brant of the Bering Sea — Migration and mortality, <i>in</i> Transactions of the 22nd North American Wildlife Conference, March 4-6, 1957, p. 237-256.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"256","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","state":"Alaska, Baja California, British Columbia, California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Yukon Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -169.892578125,\n              61.56457388515458\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.255859375,\n              53.014783245859235\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.5390625,\n              48.04870994288686\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.978515625,\n              38.75408327579141\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.158203125,\n              23.725011735951796\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.533203125,\n              27.916766641249065\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.31249999999999,\n              31.80289258670676\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.103515625,\n              33.94335994657882\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.76171875,\n              35.88905007936091\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.87109375,\n              40.04443758460856\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.57421875,\n              43.068887774169625\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.22265625000001,\n              46.37725420510028\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.640625,\n              47.635783590864854\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.728515625,\n              49.26780455063753\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.94726562499999,\n              51.45400691005982\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.626953125,\n              52.32191088594773\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.16015625,\n              56.511017504952136\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.830078125,\n              61.897577621605016\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.892578125,\n              61.56457388515458\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Henry A.","contributorId":15533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Henry A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Urban C.","contributorId":290674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Urban","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70219992,"text":"70219992 - 1957 - Physical and ecologic features of the Sagadahoc Bay Tidal Flat, Georgetown, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T17:03:54.075817","indexId":"70219992","displayToPublicDate":"1957-03-01T11:53:52","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1726,"text":"GSA Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical and ecologic features of the Sagadahoc Bay Tidal Flat, Georgetown, Maine","docAbstract":"<p>Sagadahoc Bay is open to the ocean at the south and has no significant fresh-water stream entering it. The intertidal zone is roughly a mile long by half a mile wide; most of it is made up of medium to fine sand, but organic-rich mud characterizes the head of the flat and the protected coves. Refraction-seismograph surveys showed that the bedrock surface lies 30 to 200 feet below the surface of the tidal flat and that it is irregular and fluted longitudinally. Repeated surveys indicate that the intertidal flat builds up and cuts down but is apparently in equilibrium with the present sea level. The sediment that fills the bay came from the sea. Waves and tidal currents tend to move it landward; storms accelerate this, or reverse the direction of movement, depending on the characteristics of the storm.</p><p>Tidal- and wave-generated currents 0.1 foot above the bottom range in velocity from 0.35 to 0.82 foot per second on incoming tides and from 0.20 to 0.58 foot per second on ebbing tides. Incoming tides float large quantities of sand landward; ebbing tides never carry floating sand.</p><p>Two distinctive and extensive<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>shell-pavement layers were found at depths of roughly 2 and 3 feet below the present surface of the tidal flat. The lower layer is approximately 1,000 years old according to a radiocarbon age determination of its<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>shells. It is suggested that these shell layers formed by sluicing away of a layer of sand about 2 feet thick, which had been thrown into loose packing by an earthquake at high tide. The earth shock induced a submarine slide of the sand in the outer part of the bay, which oversteepened the profile of the sand headward nearly to the head of the bay.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and other shells settled through the layer of quicksand while the sand was running out seaward.</p><p>Living in the intertidal zone is the usual assemblage of clams, gastropods, crustaceans, worms, and seaweeds found on most northern New England tidal flats. The<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya arenaria</i><span>&nbsp;</span>population is decreasing, but in general myas are more numerous in the muddy areas than in the sandy areas. They grow more rapidly in the sand, though in the past decade there has been no significant renewal of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>population in the sandy part of the flat.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Macoma balthica</i><span>&nbsp;</span>inhabits the muddy areas, whereas<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Ensis, Spisula,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Arctica</i><span>&nbsp;</span>are restricted to the low-tide zone and the shallow water below.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Gemma gemma</i><span>&nbsp;</span>grows in great abundance in the sandy part of the flat but is rare in the muddy parts. Small shrimp and green crabs are common.</p><p>The calcareous shells of these animals are all potential fossils, but the shrimp and crab exoskeletons are not, for their tests are rapidly decomposed in this environment. Other potential fossils are wood and bark, acorn caps, conifer cones, leaves of deciduous trees, seeds, and occasionally even grass stems and pieces of eel grass. All these are reasonably well preserved in the constant reducing environment that prevails an inch or two below the surface.</p><p>An inverse relationship exists between the abundances of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya arenaria</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Gemma gemma.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Cores and test pits show that gemmas are more numerous on the Sagadahoc flat now than they have been in the recent past (estimated 10–100 years). Gemmas are the dominant mollusk in the sandy part of the flat now that the myas are so extremely rare. The speculation is that gemmas became dominant largely because the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>population was greatly reduced by intensive digging during and just after the last war and through depredations by green crabs. Possibly the warming climate has favored the gemmas selectively.</p><p>The writer infers that the gemmas are a serious competitor of the myas and that the gemmas now starve out<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>spat, which is known to be carried into the bay each spring and fall. Two recommendations are made: (1) determining under controlled laboratory conditions the food requirements of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Gemma</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and the density of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Gemma</i><span>&nbsp;</span>population that will permit survival of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>larvae from set through a stage that will assure maturation; and (2) killing off a large percentage of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Gemma</i><span>&nbsp;</span>population and observing whether or not a natural set of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>occurs. Gemmas can be killed quickly under a flame shield such as is used to soften asphalt-sand mixtures in street paving. Inasmuch as gemmas are ovoviviparous they should not repopulate the flat rapidly.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM67V2-p641","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W., 1957, Physical and ecologic features of the Sagadahoc Bay Tidal Flat, Georgetown, Maine: GSA Memoirs, v. 67, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM67V2-p641.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385165,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Sagadahoc Bay Tidal Flat","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.80712890625,\n              43.72744458647464\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.36767578124999,\n              43.72744458647464\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.36767578124999,\n              43.929549935614595\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.80712890625,\n              43.929549935614595\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.80712890625,\n              43.72744458647464\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W.H.","contributorId":220222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70206839,"text":"70206839 - 1957 - Development of marine paleoecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-21T23:51:00.271615","indexId":"70206839","displayToPublicDate":"1957-03-01T07:04:59","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Development of marine paleoecology","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM67V2-p67","usgsCitation":"Ladd, H.S., and Gunter, G., 1957, Development of marine paleoecology, chap. 3 <i>of</i> Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology, v. 67, no. 2, p. 67-74, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM67V2-p67.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"74","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369522,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ladd, Harry Stephen","contributorId":61811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunter, G.","contributorId":220859,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gunter","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70219988,"text":"70219988 - 1957 - Radiocarbon age of the damariscotta shell heaps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T16:46:38.39069","indexId":"70219988","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-31T11:37:52","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiocarbon age of the damariscotta shell heaps","docAbstract":"<p><span>The large oyster shell heaps on both sides of the Damariscotta River, just north of the towns of Damariscotta and Newcastle, Maine, have been known for many years and both geologists and archaeologists have speculated about their age. During the summer of 1955 I made 2 collections of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Mya</span><span>&nbsp;shells from the largest shell heap on the west side of the river (Glidden estate) for radiocarbon age determinations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for American Archaeology","doi":"10.2307/276571","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W., 1957, Radiocarbon age of the damariscotta shell heaps: American Antiquity, v. 22, no. 3, p. 296-296, https://doi.org/10.2307/276571.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"296","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Maine","city":"Newcastle and Damariscotta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.66430664062499,\n              43.96119063892024\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.42535400390625,\n              43.96119063892024\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.42535400390625,\n              44.10139306449849\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.66430664062499,\n              44.10139306449849\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.66430664062499,\n              43.96119063892024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W.H.","contributorId":220222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70048784,"text":"tem1026 - 1957 - Preliminary geologic map of the Paria Plateau SE Quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T09:58:29","indexId":"tem1026","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-22T08:45:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1026","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Paria Plateau SE Quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem1026","usgsCitation":"Petersen, R., 1957, Preliminary geologic map of the Paria Plateau SE Quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 1026, Report: 2 p.; Plate: 31.71 inches x 31.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem1026.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; Plate: 31.71 inches x 31.40 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284735,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/1026/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":284736,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/1026/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Coconino County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.875,36.750 ], [ -111.875,36.875 ], [ -111.750,36.875 ], [ -111.750,36.750 ], [ -111.875,36.750 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6d21e4b0b29085104f8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, R.G.","contributorId":35807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70055525,"text":"tem1076 - 1957 - Preliminary geologic map of the Orange Cliffs 3 NE Quadrangle, Wayne and Garfield Counties, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T10:20:43","indexId":"tem1076","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-16T14:13:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1076","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Orange Cliffs 3 NE Quadrangle, Wayne and Garfield Counties, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem1076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"McKeown, F.A., Hawley, C.G., and Orkild, P.P., 1957, Preliminary geologic map of the Orange Cliffs 3 NE Quadrangle, Wayne and Garfield Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 1076, Report: 1 p.; Plate: 27.74 inches x 33.41 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem1076.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; Plate: 27.74 inches x 33.41 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":279021,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284799,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/1076/report.pdf"},{"id":284800,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/1076/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Garfield County;Wayne County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.3750,38.1250 ], [ -110.3750,38.2500 ], [ -110.2500,38.2500 ], [ -110.2500,38.1250 ], [ -110.3750,38.1250 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6d1fe4b0b29085104f6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKeown, Frank A.","contributorId":94386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawley, Charles G.","contributorId":46404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawley","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orkild, Paul P.","contributorId":14441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orkild","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":72008,"text":"tem1070 - 1957 - Photogeologic map of the Cockscomb SE Quadrangle, Kane County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T10:17:00","indexId":"tem1070","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-16T11:53:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1070","title":"Photogeologic map of the Cockscomb SE Quadrangle, Kane County, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem1070","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"McIntosh, W., 1957, Photogeologic map of the Cockscomb SE Quadrangle, Kane County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 1070, Report: 3 p.; Plate: 23.85 inches x 28.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem1070.","productDescription":"Report: 3 p.; Plate: 23.85 inches x 28.83 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":279015,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284789,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/1070/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":284790,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/1070/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Kane County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.875,37.250 ], [ -111.875,37.375 ], [ -111.750,37.375 ], [ -111.750,37.250 ], [ -111.875,37.250 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6b33e4b0b29085103c11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIntosh, W.L.","contributorId":103744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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