This report is an outgrowth of permafrost and geologic field studies now in progress in the southeastern Copper River basin, Alaska and is in response to inquiries for information on permafrost and ground-water conditions. Various private and governmental groups have encountered severe differential settlement of building foundations on permafrost, and consequent maintenance problems. Settlement and expansion of communities in the area also have been retarded by the apparent lack of a ready and large source of potable water. The information below is presented to make available data on permafrost and ground-water conditions for the benefit of those undertaking construction projects in the area.
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1956 - Preliminary findings on ground-water conditions relative to Area B flood control plans, Miami, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr56111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-111","title":"Preliminary findings on ground-water conditions relative to Area B flood control plans, Miami, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr56111","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stallman, R.W., 1956, Preliminary findings on ground-water conditions relative to Area B flood control plans, Miami, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-111, 29 p. ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr56111.","productDescription":"29 p. ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c38a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stallman, Robert William","contributorId":94339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64502,"text":"i212A - 1956 - Geology of the southern Tuwayq quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T12:08:47","indexId":"i212A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"212","subseriesTitle":"NONE","chapter":"A","title":"Geology of the southern Tuwayq quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"Arabic, English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i212A","usgsCitation":"Bramkamp, R.A., Gierhart, R.D., Brown, G.F., and Jackson, R.O., 1956, Geology of the southern Tuwayq quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 212, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i212A.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260661,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0212a/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"scale":"500000","country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 45,20 ], [ 45,24 ], [ 48,24 ], [ 48,20 ], [ 45,20 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c791","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bramkamp, Richard A.","contributorId":53472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bramkamp","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gierhart, Ruel D.","contributorId":24443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gierhart","given":"Ruel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Glen F.","contributorId":23943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, Roy O.","contributorId":106575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":655,"text":"wsp1271 - 1956 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part I-A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:08","indexId":"wsp1271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1271","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part I-A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1271","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1956, Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part I-A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1271, viii, 259 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1271.","productDescription":"viii, 259 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1271/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25218,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1271/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6963a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22743,"text":"ofr5627 - 1956 - Relationship of sediment discharge to streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr5627","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-27","title":"Relationship of sediment discharge to streamflow","docAbstract":"The relationship between rate of sediment discharge and rate of water discharge at a cross section of a stream is frequently expressed by an average curve. This curve is the sediment rating curve. It has been widely used in the computation of average sediment discharge from water discharge for periods when sediment samples were not collected. This report discusses primarily the applications of sediment rating curves for periods during which at least occasional sediment samples were collected. Because sediment rating curves are of many kinds, the selection of the correct kind for each use is important. Each curve should be carefully prepared. In particular, the correct dependent variable must be used or the slope of the sediment rating curve may be incorrect for computing sediment discharges. Sediment rating curves and their applications were studied for the following gaging stations:\r\n\r\n1. Niobrara River near Cody, Nebr. \r\n2. Colorado River near Grand Canyon, Ariz. \r\n3. Rio Grande at San Martial, N. Mex. \r\n4. Rio Puerto near Bernardo, N. Mex. \r\n5. White River near Kadoka, S. Dak. \r\n6. Sandusky River near Fremont, Ohio \r\n\r\nExcept for the Sandusky River and the Rio Puerco, which transport mostly fine sediment, one instantaneous sediment rating curve was prepared for the discharge of suspended sands, at each station, and another for the discharge of sediment finer than 0.082 millimeter. Each curve was studied separately, and by trial-end-error multiple correlation some of the factors that cause scatter from the sediment rating curves were determined. Average velocity at the cross section, Water temperature, and erratic fluctuations in concentration seemed to be the three major factors that caused departures from the sediment rating curves for suspended sands. The concentration of suspended sands varied with about the 2.8 power of the mean velocity for the four sediment, rating curves for suspended sands. The effect of water temperature was not so consistent as that of velocity and theoretically should vary considerably with differences in the size composition of the suspended sands. Scatter from the sediment rating curves for sediments finer than 0.082 millimeter seemed to be caused by changes in supply of these sediments. Some of the scatter could be explained by seasonal variations, by a pattern of change in concentration of fine sediment following a rise, or by source of the runoff as indicated by the measured relative flows of certain tributaries. Daily or instantaneous sediment rating curves adjusted for factors that account for some of the scatter from an average curve often can be used to compute approximate daily, monthly, and annual sediment discharges. Accuracy of the computed sediment discharges should be better than average for streams that transport mostly sands rather than fine sediments and for some ephemeral or intermittent streams, such as Rio Puerco, in semiarid regions.\r\n\r\nAccuracy of computed sediment discharges can be much improved for many streams by shifting the sediment rating curve on the basis of 2 or 4 measurements of sediment discharge per month. Of 26 annual sediment discharges that were computed by shifting sediment rating curves to either 2 or 4 measured sediment discharges per month, 18 were within I0 percent of the annual-sediment discharges that were computed on the basis of a daily sampling program. Monthly and daily sediment discharges computed from daily or instantaneous sediment rating curves, either shifted or unshifted, were less accurate than similarly computed annual sediment discharges. Even so, the difference in cost between occasional sediment samples and daily samples is so great that the added accuracy from daily sampling may not Justify the added cost. \r\n\r\nMonthly and annual sediment-rating curves can be applied simply, with adjustments if required, to compute monthly and annual sediment discharges with reasonably good accuracy for gaging stations like the Rio Puerco near Bernardo, ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr5627","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Colby, B.R., 1956, Relationship of sediment discharge to streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-27, 170 p. ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5627.","productDescription":"170 p. ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0027/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52180,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0027/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52181,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0027/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52182,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0027/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52183,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0027/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52184,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0027/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52185,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0027/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52186,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0027/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52187,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684f91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colby, B. R.","contributorId":59776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1182,"text":"wsp1330B - 1956 - Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":1182,"text":"wsp1330B - 1956 - Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","indexId":"wsp1330B","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Water requirements of the carbon-black industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T13:59:48","indexId":"wsp1330B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1330","chapter":"B","title":"Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","docAbstract":"Carbon blacks include an important group of industrial carbons used chiefly as a reinforcing agent in rubber tires. In 1953 more than 1,610 million pounds of carbon black was produced, of which approximately 1,134 million pounds was consumed by the rubber industry. The carbon-black industry uses small quantities of water as compared to some industries; however, the water requirements of the industry are important because of the dependence of the rubber-tire industry on carbon black.
Two methods are used in the manufacture of carbon black - contact and furnace. The only process use of water in the contact method is that used in pelleting. Water is used also in the plant washhouse and for cleaning, and sometimes the company camp may be supplied by the plant. A survey made during the last quarter of 1953 showed that the average values of unit water use at contact plants for process use, all plant uses, and all uses including company camps are 0.08, 0.14, and 0.98 gallon of water per pound of carbon black respectively.
In addition to use in wet pelleting, large quantities of water are required in continuous and cyclic furnace methods to reduce the temperature of the gases of decomposition in order to separate and collect the entrained carbon black. The 22 furnace plants in operation in 1953 used a total of 12.4 million gallons per day for process use. Four furnace plants generate electric power for plant use; condenser-cooling water for one such plant may nearly equal the requirements of the entire industry for process use. The average values of unit water use at furnace plants for process use, all plant uses and all uses including company camps but excluding power generation are 3.26, 3.34, and 3.45 gallons of water per pound of carbon black respectively.
Carbon-black plants in remote, sparsely settled areas often must maintain company camps for employees. Twenty-one of twenty-seven contact plants surveyed in 1953 had company camps. These camps used large quantities of water: 0.84 gallon per pound of carbon black as compared to 0.14 gallon per pound used in the plants.
Furnace plants can generally be located near a labor supply and, therefore, do not require company camps. Ten of the twenty-two furnace plants surveyed in 1953 had company camps.
Because water used for pelleting and gas quenching is evaporated, leaving the dissolved minerals in the product as objectionable impurities, particular attention was paid to the quality of water available for use at the plants visited during the 1953 survey. Reports of chemical analyses of water samples were obtained at 23 plants. A study of these reports does not develop a pattern of the limits of tolerance of dissolved solids in water used in process or of the need for water treatment based on geographical location of the plant. However these analyses show that water used for quenching contains less dissolved solids than water used by the industry for any other purpose.
Based on trends in the industry it is expected that the quantity of water used by the carbon-black industry will increase more rapidly than will the quantity of carbon black produced because of the increasing percentage produced in furnace plants, and that selection of sites for modern furnace plants will be influenced more by quantity and quality of the available water supply than was the case in selecting sites for contact plants for which low-cost natural gas was the primary consideration.
","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330B","usgsCitation":"Conklin, H.L., 1956, Water requirements of the carbon-black industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330B.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26026,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330b/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"657.85 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conklin, Howard L.","contributorId":81883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}