Aluminum is unique among metals in the way it is obtained from its ore. The first step is to produce alumina, a white powder that bears no resemblance to the bauxite from which it is derived or to the metallic aluminum to which it is reduced by electrolytic action in a second step. Each step requires a complete plant facility, and the plants may be adjacent or separated by as much as the width of the North American continent. Field investigations sf every alumina plant and reduction works in the United States were undertaken to determine the industry's water use. Detailed studies were made of process and plant layout so that a water balance could be made for each plant to determine not only the gross water intake but also an approximation of the consumptive use of water.
Water requirements of alumina plants range from 0.28 to 1.10 gallons per pound of alumina; the average for the industry is 0.66 gallon. Water requirements of reduction works vary considerably more, ranging from 1.24 to 36.33 gallons per pound of aluminum, and average 14.62 gallons.
All alumina plants in the United States derive alumina from bauxite by the Bayer process or by the Combination process, a modification of the Bayer process. Although the chemical process for obtaining alumina from bauxite is essentially the same at all plants, different procedures are employed to cool the sodium aluminate solution before it enters the precipitating tanks and to concentrate it by evaporation of some of the water in the solution. Where this evaporation takes place in a cooling tower, water in the solution is lost to the atmosphere as water vapor and so is used consumptively. In other plants, the quantity of solution in the system is controlled by evaporation in a multiple-effect evaporator where practically all vapor distilled out of the solution is condensed to water that may be reused. The latter method is used in all recently constructed alumina plants, and some older plants are replacing cooling towers with multiple-effect evaporators.
All reduction works in the United States use the Hall process, but the variation in water requirements is even greater than the variation at alumina plants, and, further, the total daily water requirement for all reduction works is more than 9 times the total daily requirement of all alumina plants. Many reduction works use gas scrubbers, but some do not. As gas scrubbing is one of the principal water uses in reduction works, the manner in which wash water is used, cooled, and reused accounts in large measure for the variation in water requirements.
Although the supply of water for all plants but one was reported by the management to be ample for all plant needs, the economic factor of the cost of water differs considerably among plants. It is this factor that accounts in large measure for the widely divergent slant practices. Plant capacity alone has so little effect on plant water requirements that other conditions such as plant operation based on the cost of water, plant location, and the need for conservation of water mask any economy inherent in plant size.
","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330C","usgsCitation":"Conklin, H.L., 1956, Water requirements of the aluminum industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, v, 137 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330C.","productDescription":"v, 137 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"139","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":26025,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330c/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":138026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conklin, Howard L.","contributorId":81883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":65065,"text":"i124 - 1956 - Photogeologic map of the Castle Dale-16 quadrangle, Emery County, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":41279,"text":"ofr54278 - 1954 - Photogeologic map, Castle Dale 16 quadrangle, Emery County, Utah","indexId":"ofr54278","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Photogeologic map, Castle Dale 16 quadrangle, Emery County, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":65065,"text":"i124 - 1956 - Photogeologic map of the Castle Dale-16 quadrangle, Emery County, Utah","indexId":"i124","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Photogeologic map of the Castle Dale-16 quadrangle, Emery County, Utah"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:06","indexId":"i124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"124","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Photogeologic map of the Castle Dale-16 quadrangle, Emery County, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i124","usgsCitation":"Detterman, J., 1956, Photogeologic map of the Castle Dale-16 quadrangle, Emery County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 124, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i124.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102963,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1443.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1443"},{"id":190151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.11749999999999,39 ], [ -111.11749999999999,39.1175 ], [ -111,39.1175 ], [ -111,39 ], [ -111.11749999999999,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db687327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Detterman, J.S.","contributorId":77994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1182,"text":"wsp1330B - 1956 - Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":1182,"text":"wsp1330B - 1956 - Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","indexId":"wsp1330B","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Water requirements of the carbon-black industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T13:59:48","indexId":"wsp1330B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1330","chapter":"B","title":"Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","docAbstract":"Carbon blacks include an important group of industrial carbons used chiefly as a reinforcing agent in rubber tires. In 1953 more than 1,610 million pounds of carbon black was produced, of which approximately 1,134 million pounds was consumed by the rubber industry. The carbon-black industry uses small quantities of water as compared to some industries; however, the water requirements of the industry are important because of the dependence of the rubber-tire industry on carbon black.
Two methods are used in the manufacture of carbon black - contact and furnace. The only process use of water in the contact method is that used in pelleting. Water is used also in the plant washhouse and for cleaning, and sometimes the company camp may be supplied by the plant. A survey made during the last quarter of 1953 showed that the average values of unit water use at contact plants for process use, all plant uses, and all uses including company camps are 0.08, 0.14, and 0.98 gallon of water per pound of carbon black respectively.
In addition to use in wet pelleting, large quantities of water are required in continuous and cyclic furnace methods to reduce the temperature of the gases of decomposition in order to separate and collect the entrained carbon black. The 22 furnace plants in operation in 1953 used a total of 12.4 million gallons per day for process use. Four furnace plants generate electric power for plant use; condenser-cooling water for one such plant may nearly equal the requirements of the entire industry for process use. The average values of unit water use at furnace plants for process use, all plant uses and all uses including company camps but excluding power generation are 3.26, 3.34, and 3.45 gallons of water per pound of carbon black respectively.
Carbon-black plants in remote, sparsely settled areas often must maintain company camps for employees. Twenty-one of twenty-seven contact plants surveyed in 1953 had company camps. These camps used large quantities of water: 0.84 gallon per pound of carbon black as compared to 0.14 gallon per pound used in the plants.
Furnace plants can generally be located near a labor supply and, therefore, do not require company camps. Ten of the twenty-two furnace plants surveyed in 1953 had company camps.
Because water used for pelleting and gas quenching is evaporated, leaving the dissolved minerals in the product as objectionable impurities, particular attention was paid to the quality of water available for use at the plants visited during the 1953 survey. Reports of chemical analyses of water samples were obtained at 23 plants. A study of these reports does not develop a pattern of the limits of tolerance of dissolved solids in water used in process or of the need for water treatment based on geographical location of the plant. However these analyses show that water used for quenching contains less dissolved solids than water used by the industry for any other purpose.
Based on trends in the industry it is expected that the quantity of water used by the carbon-black industry will increase more rapidly than will the quantity of carbon black produced because of the increasing percentage produced in furnace plants, and that selection of sites for modern furnace plants will be influenced more by quantity and quality of the available water supply than was the case in selecting sites for contact plants for which low-cost natural gas was the primary consideration.
","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330B","usgsCitation":"Conklin, H.L., 1956, Water requirements of the carbon-black industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330B.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26026,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330b/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"657.85 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conklin, Howard L.","contributorId":81883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44077,"text":"ofr5679 - 1956 - Surficial geology of the Council Bluffs, Iowa, area","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44077,"text":"ofr5679 - 1956 - Surficial geology of the Council Bluffs, Iowa, area","indexId":"ofr5679","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Surficial geology of the Council Bluffs, Iowa, area"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6237,"text":"pp472 - 1964 - Geology of the Omaha-Council Bluffs area, Nebraska-Iowa","indexId":"pp472","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Omaha-Council Bluffs area, Nebraska-Iowa"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6237,"text":"pp472 - 1964 - Geology of the Omaha-Council Bluffs area, Nebraska-Iowa","indexId":"pp472","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Omaha-Council Bluffs area, Nebraska-Iowa"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:31","indexId":"ofr5679","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-79","title":"Surficial geology of the Council Bluffs, Iowa, area","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5679","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.D., 1956, Surficial geology of the Council Bluffs, Iowa, area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-79, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5679.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688923","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Robert D.","contributorId":85168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62551,"text":"gq95 - 1956 - Geology of the Ubehebe Peak quadrangle, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T20:39:14.591015","indexId":"gq95","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95","title":"Geology of the Ubehebe Peak quadrangle, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gq95","usgsCitation":"McAllister, J.F., 1956, Geology of the Ubehebe Peak quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 95, Report: 2 p.; Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/gq95.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; Plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102006,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_383.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"383"},{"id":254021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":248711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Ubehebe Peak quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.75,36.5 ], [ -117.75,36.75 ], [ -117.5,36.75 ], [ -117.5,36.5 ], [ -117.75,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a34c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAllister, James Franklin","contributorId":16841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44299,"text":"b1009K - 1956 - Uranium-bearing nickel-cobalt-native silver deposits, Black Hawk district, Grant County, New Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44299,"text":"b1009K - 1956 - Uranium-bearing nickel-cobalt-native silver deposits, Black Hawk district, Grant County, New Mexico","indexId":"b1009K","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Uranium-bearing nickel-cobalt-native silver deposits, Black Hawk district, Grant County, New Mexico"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33195,"text":"b1009 - 1956 - Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54","indexId":"b1009","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":51667,"text":"ofr54110 - 1954 - Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Shadiovik and Canning Rivers, Alaska, 1947","indexId":"ofr54110","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the area of the Shadiovik and Canning Rivers, Alaska, 1947"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":44299,"text":"b1009K - 1956 - Uranium-bearing nickel-cobalt-native silver deposits, Black Hawk district, Grant County, New Mexico","indexId":"b1009K","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Uranium-bearing nickel-cobalt-native silver deposits, Black Hawk district, Grant County, New Mexico"},"id":2}],"isPartOf":{"id":33195,"text":"b1009 - 1956 - Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54","indexId":"b1009","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T22:07:18.31408","indexId":"b1009K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1009","chapter":"K","title":"Uranium-bearing nickel-cobalt-native silver deposits, Black Hawk district, Grant County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1009K","usgsCitation":"Gillerman, E., and Whitebread, D., 1956, Uranium-bearing nickel-cobalt-native silver deposits, Black Hawk district, Grant County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1009, Report; 31 p.; 3 Plates: 18.78 × 13.35 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1009K.","productDescription":"Report; 31 p.; 3 Plates: 18.78 × 13.35 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1009k/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109132,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20533.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20533"},{"id":99277,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1009k/report.pdf","size":"2058","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99280,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1009k/plate-16.pdf","size":"110","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99278,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1009k/plate-14.pdf","size":"2121","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99279,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1009k/plate-15.pdf","size":"246","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Grant County","otherGeospatial":"Black Hawk district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.517,\n 32.7060\n ],\n [\n -108.483,\n 32.7060\n ],\n [\n -108.483,\n 32.7420\n ],\n [\n -108.517,\n 32.7420\n ],\n [\n -108.517,\n 32.7060\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillerman, Elliot","contributorId":35741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillerman","given":"Elliot","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitebread, D. 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H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":37537,"text":"ssrw31 - 1956 - Investigations of woodcock, snipe, and rails in 1955","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"ssrw31","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Investigations of woodcock, snipe, and rails in 1955","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1956, Investigations of woodcock, snipe, and rails in 1955 (Revises and updates Special Scientific Report-Wildlife 28 (1952)): Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 31, 54 p.","productDescription":"54 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101741,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924055486694?urlappend=%3Bseq=323"}],"edition":"Revises and updates Special Scientific Report-Wildlife 28 (1952)","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66738e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":529657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4182,"text":"cir394 - 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1956 - Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"cir392","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"392","title":"Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir392","usgsCitation":"Bailey, E., 1956, Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 392, 24 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir392.","productDescription":"24 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0392/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0392/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2fd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, E.G.","contributorId":94287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4179,"text":"cir396 - 1956 - Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"cir396","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"396","title":"Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir396","usgsCitation":"Bailey, E., 1956, Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 396, 10 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir396.","productDescription":"10 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0396/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31290,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0396/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f30dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, E.G.","contributorId":94287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23056,"text":"ofr5646 - 1956 - Reconnaissance investigation of ground water in the Wellpinit area, Stevens County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr5646","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-46","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of ground water in the Wellpinit area, Stevens County, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Ground Water Branch,","doi":"10.3133/ofr5646","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Foxworthy, B., and Washburn, R., 1956, Reconnaissance investigation of ground water in the Wellpinit area, Stevens County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-46, 14 p. ill., maps. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5646.","productDescription":"14 p. ill., maps. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68500c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foxworthy, B. 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They rank among the most destructive in the country's his ory. Augmented by the antecedent hurricane sto m of August 11-15, the rainfall of August 17-20 accompanying hurricane Diane reached maximum val es of 17 to 19 inches in south-central Massachusett • Record-breaking floods resulted within a broad re ion extending from southeastern Pennsylvania to east rn Massachusetts. The floods were outstanding in four categories: The large geogra hie area covered by floods of such magnitude; the ex ensive damage and loss .of life ranking with the grea est recorded in this country; the degree to which prio records were exceeded; and the distribution which as such that the greatest floods occurred predominate! on the smaller streams. Property damage has been stimated to be about half a billion dollars and was most~y concentrated in the heavily industrialized valleys f New England. A death toll of 179 persons was attr\"buted to the floods. Peak discharges exceeded previ usly established maxima by 2. 2 and 2. 3 times respec ively, on Blackstone River at Woonsocket, R. I. , and Q inebaug River at Putnam, Conn.; 4. 1 times on Nau atuck River near Thomaston, Conn. ; and 4. 5 times on 1 ush Kill at Shoemakers, Pa. A unit runoff of 2, 300 c 1 hie feet per second per square mile occurred from ~· 50 square miles on Powdermill Brook near Westfiel , Mass. Although the floods were generally greate t on the smaller streams, Connecticut River at Hart ord reached the third highest stage since settlement an Delaware River between Port Jervis and Trenton exce ded the previous historic flood of 1903. This adv ce report has been prepared to supply preliminary · formation needed for immediate planning. It has been r leased pending preparation of a more comprehensive r port covering a three-month period of floods within an area from Massachusetts to North Carolina. In luded herein, for the region from Massachuset s to Pennsylvania, are general descriptions of the fEods, peak discharges for the present and previous rec rd floods at gaging stations, peak discharges at m y miscellaneous sites in the areas of greatest floo ing, and detailed stage and discharge data at 51 selecte gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir377","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1956, Floods of August 1955 in the Northeastern States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 377, iii, 76 p. :maps (1 fold.) diagrs., tables. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir377.","productDescription":"iii, 76 p. :maps (1 fold.) diagrs., tables. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30966,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0377/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30967,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0377/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0377/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5dff7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3929,"text":"cir388 - 1956 - Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, part 8, Western Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:33","indexId":"cir388","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"388","title":"Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, part 8, Western Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir388","usgsCitation":"Gatewood, J.S., 1956, Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, part 8, Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 388, 25 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir388.","productDescription":"25 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0388/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31015,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0388/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2f11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gatewood, J. 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1956 - Petroliferous sand of the Chignik formation at Chignik Lagoon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr5671","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-71","title":"Petroliferous sand of the Chignik formation at Chignik Lagoon, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr5671","usgsCitation":"Keller, A.S., and Cass, J.T., 1956, Petroliferous sand of the Chignik formation at Chignik Lagoon, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-71, 5 p. & 2 fold. maps.27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5671.","productDescription":"5 p. & 2 fold. maps.27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37537,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0071/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37538,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0071/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37539,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687d71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Abraham Samuel","contributorId":31390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Abraham","email":"","middleInitial":"Samuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cass, John T.","contributorId":13983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76919,"text":"tem959 - 1956 - Photogeologic map of the Jacob Lake NE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:41","indexId":"tem959","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"959","title":"Photogeologic map of the Jacob Lake NE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tem959","collaboration":"This map has been compiled mainly from photogeologic data but has not been checked in the field.","usgsCitation":"Marshall, C.H., 1956, Photogeologic map of the Jacob Lake NE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 959, map, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem959.","productDescription":"map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91197,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0959/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91198,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0959/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91199,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0959/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91200,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0959/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.11749999999999,36.6175 ], [ -112.11749999999999,36.75 ], [ -112,36.75 ], [ -112,36.6175 ], [ -112.11749999999999,36.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, C. 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The difference in the quartz:quartzite:chert ratios of the pebbles, the presence of limestone and siltstone pebbles, and to a lesser degree,the difference in color of pebbles serve to distinguish the Moss Back from the Shinarump. In areas where both the Moss Back and Shinarump are present, the average ratios of quartz, quartzite, a.nd chert are respectively about 12:37:51 and 82:16:2. Limestone and siltstone pebbles are commonly found in the Moss Back, whereas they are rarely found in the Shinarump. The colors of the Moss \r\nBack pebbles are generally darker than those of the Shinarump pebbles. \r\nThe Moss Back contains more gray to black pebbles and fewer light-colored pebbles, such as red, orange, and white, than the Shinarump. Size, \r\nsphericity, and roundness of pebbles do not show a significant difference \r\nbetween the two units.\r\n\r\nFossiliferous pebbles in the Moss Back and Shinarump were derived chiefly from sediments of Carboniferous and Permian ages and could have had common sources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tem832","usgsCitation":"Albee, H.F., 1956, Comparison of the pebbles of the Shinarump and Moss Back members of the Chinle formation: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 832, 12 p. : ill. ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem832.","productDescription":"12 p. : ill. ; 27 cm.","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0832/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0832/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abc2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albee, Howard Franklin","contributorId":102159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albee","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":77081,"text":"tem800 - 1956 - Temple Mountain member, a new member of the Chinle formation in the San Rafael Swell, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:56","indexId":"tem800","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"800","title":"Temple Mountain member, a new member of the Chinle formation in the San Rafael Swell, Utah","docAbstract":"A lithologic unit, referred to as mottled purple and white, or the 'pinto bed,' in the San Rafael Swell has E?nough thickness and continuity to be formally named the Temple Mountain member of the Chinle formationo The member is characterized by the presence of: the interfingering of siltstone, mudstone, and sandstone; purple and white color; quartz grains and pebbles; jasper; and coalified material.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tem800","usgsCitation":"Robeck, R.C., 1956, Temple Mountain member, a new member of the Chinle formation in the San Rafael Swell, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 800, 19 p. : ill., maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem800.","productDescription":"19 p. : ill., maps ; 27 cm.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0800/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0800/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68488c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robeck, Raymond C.","contributorId":22425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robeck","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58725,"text":"mf94 - 1956 - Dinnehotso SE quadrangle, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:16","indexId":"mf94","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94","title":"Dinnehotso SE quadrangle, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf94","usgsCitation":"Witkind, I.J., 1956, Dinnehotso SE quadrangle, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 94, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf94.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104134,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3001.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"3001"},{"id":184703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.86749999999999,36.75 ], [ -109.86749999999999,36.8675 ], [ -109.75,36.8675 ], [ -109.75,36.75 ], [ -109.86749999999999,36.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witkind, I. J.","contributorId":54221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witkind","given":"I.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16241,"text":"ofr56137 - 1956 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Putah and Suisun-Fairfield areas, Solano County, California, with special references to the usable ground-water storage capacity","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16241,"text":"ofr56137 - 1956 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Putah and Suisun-Fairfield areas, Solano County, California, with special references to the usable ground-water storage capacity","indexId":"ofr56137","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Putah and Suisun-Fairfield areas, Solano County, California, with special references to the usable ground-water storage capacity"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2809,"text":"wsp1464 - 1960 - Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California","indexId":"wsp1464","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2809,"text":"wsp1464 - 1960 - Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California","indexId":"wsp1464","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:05","indexId":"ofr56137","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-137","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Putah and Suisun-Fairfield areas, Solano County, California, with special references to the usable ground-water storage capacity","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[s.n.],","doi":"10.3133/ofr56137","usgsCitation":"Thomasson, H., Olmsted, F.H., and LeRoux, E.F., 1956, Geology and ground-water resources of the Putah and Suisun-Fairfield areas, Solano County, California, with special references to the usable ground-water storage capacity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-137, 719 p.; 5 v. :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr56137.","productDescription":"719 p.; 5 v. :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68551a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomasson, H.G. Jr.","contributorId":45694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomasson","given":"H.G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olmsted, F. H.","contributorId":24765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olmsted","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeRoux, E. F.","contributorId":29795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeRoux","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":34536,"text":"b1046A - 1956 - Inferred relationship of some uranium deposits and calcium carbonate cement in southern Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:26","indexId":"b1046A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1046","chapter":"A","title":"Inferred relationship of some uranium deposits and calcium carbonate cement in southern Black Hills, South Dakota","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1046A","usgsCitation":"Gott, G.B., 1956, Inferred relationship of some uranium deposits and calcium carbonate cement in southern Black Hills, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1046, p. 1-8, ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1046A.","productDescription":"p. 1-8, ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1046a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62421,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1046a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee952","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gott, Garland Bayard","contributorId":6420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gott","given":"Garland","email":"","middleInitial":"Bayard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}